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Baroque architecture

January 09, 2023

Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the Catholic Church, particularly by the Jesuits, as a means to combat the Reformation and the Protestant church with a new architecture that inspired surprise and awe.[1] It reached its peak in the High Baroque (1625–1675), when it was used in churches and palaces in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Bavaria and Austria. In the Late Baroque period (1675–1750), it reached as far as Russia and the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. About 1730, an even more elaborately decorative variant called Rococo appeared and flourished in Central Europe.[2][3]

Baroque architecture
Clockwise from top left: Church of Saint Ignatius of Loyola in Italy, Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco in Mexico, Smolny Cathedral in Russia, St-Gervais-et-St-Protais in France
Years activelate 16th–18th centuries

Baroque architects took the basic elements of Renaissance architecture, including domes and colonnades, and made them higher, grander, more decorated, and more dramatic. The interior effects were often achieved with the use of quadratura, or trompe-l'œil painting combined with sculpture; the eye is drawn upward, giving the illusion that one is looking into the heavens. Clusters of sculpted angels and painted figures crowd the ceiling. Light was also used for dramatic effect; it streamed down from Cupolas, and was reflected from an abundance of gilding. Twisted columns were also often used, to give an illusion of upwards motion, and cartouches and other decorative elements occupied every available space. In Baroque palaces, grand stairways became a central element.[4]

The Early Baroque (1584–1625) was largely dominated by the work of Roman architects, notably the Church of the Gesù by Giacomo della Porta (consecrated 1584) facade and colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica by Carlo Maderno (completed 1612) and the lavish Barberini Palace interiors by Pietro da Cortona (1633–1639). Church of the Gesù by Giacomo della Porta (consecrated 1584), interior, and Santa Susanna (1603), by Carlo Maderno. In France, the Luxembourg Palace (1615–45) built by Salomon de Brosse for Marie de Medici was an early example of the style.[5]

The High Baroque (1625–1675) produced major works in Rome by Pietro da Cortona, including the (Church of Santi Luca e Martina) (1635–50); by Francesco Borromini (San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634–1646)); and by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (The colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica) (1656–57). In Venice, High Baroque works included Santa Maria della Salute by Baldassare Longhena. Examples in France included the Pavillon de l’Horloge of the Louvre Palace by Jacques Lemercier (1624–1645), the Chapel of the Sorbonne by Jacques Lemercier (1626–35) and the Château de Maisons by François Mansart (1630–1651).

The Late Baroque (1675–1750) saw the style spread to all parts of Europe, and to the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World. National styles became more varied and distinct. The Late Baroque in France, under Louis XIV, was more ordered and classical; examples included the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles and the dome of Les Invalides. An especially ornate variant, appeared in the early 18th century; it was first called Rocaille in France; then Rococo in Spain and Central Europe. The sculpted and painted decoration covered every space on the walls and ceiling. Its most celebrated architect was Balthasar Neumann, noted for the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the Würzburg Residence (1749–51).[6]

History

Early Baroque (1584–1625)

Main articles: Italian Baroque architecture and French Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture first appeared in the late 16th and early 17th century in religious architecture in Rome a means to counter the popular appeal of the Protestant Reformation. It was a reaction against the more severe and academic earlier style of earlier churches, it aimed to inspire the common people with the effects of surprise, emotion and awe. To achieve this, it used a combination of contrast, movement, trompe-l'œil and other dramatic and theatrical effects, such as quadratura the use of painted ceilings that gave the illusion that one was looking up directly at the sky. The new style was particularly favored by the new religious orders, including the Theatines and the Jesuits, who built new churches designed to attract and inspire a wide popular audience.[7]

Rome

One of the first Baroque architects, Carlo Maderno, used Baroque effects of space and perspective in the new facade and colonnade of Saint Peter's Basilica, which was designed to contrast with and complement the gigantic dome built earlier by Michelangelo.[8] Other influential early examples in Rome included the Church of the Gesù by Giacomo della Porta (consecrated 1584), with the first Baroque facade and a highly ornate interior, and Santa Susanna (1603), by Carlo Maderno.[9]

Paris

The Jesuits soon imported the style to Paris. The Church of Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais in Paris (1615–1621) had the first Baroque facade in France, the first facade in France, featuring, like the Italian Baroque facades, the three superimposed classical orders.[10] The Italian style of palaces was also imported to Paris by Marie de Medici for her new residence, the Luxembourg Palace (1615–1624) by architect Salomon de Brosse, and for a new wing of the Chateau of Blois by Francois Mansard (1635–38). Nicolas Fouquet, the superintendent of finances for the young King Louis XIV, chose the new style for his château at Vaux-le-Vicomte (1612–1670) by Louis Le Vau. He was later imprisoned by the King because of the extravagant cost of the palace.[11]

Central Europe

The first example of early Baroque in Central Europe was the Corpus Christi Church, Nesvizh in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, built by the Jesuits on the Roman model between 1586 and 1593 in Nieśwież (after 1945 Niasvizh in Belarus).[12][13] The church also holds a distinction of being the first domed basilica with a Baroque façade in the Commonwealth and Eastern Europe.[13] Another early example in Poland is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków, built between 1597 and 1619 by the Italian Jesuit architect Giovanni Maria Bernardoni.[14]

High Baroque (1625–1675)

Italy

Pope Urban VIII, who occupied the Papacy from 1623 to 1644, became the most influential patron of the Baroque style. After the death of Carlo Maderno in 1629, Urban named the architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini as the chief Papal architect. Bernini created not only Baroque buildings, but also Baroque interiors, squares and fountains, transforming the center of Rome into an enormous theater. Bernini rebuilt the Church of Santa Bibiana and the Church of San Sebastiano al Palatino on the Palatine Hill into Baroque landmarks, planned the Fontana del Tritone in the Piazza Barberini, and created the soaring baldacchino as the centerpiece St Peter's Basilica.[15]

The High Baroque spread gradually across Italy, beyond Rome. The period saw the construction of Santa Maria della Salute by Baldassare Longhena in Venice (1630–31). Churches were not the only buildings to use the Baroque style. One of the finest monuments of the early Baroque is the Barberini Palace (1626–1629), the residence of the family of Urban VIII, begun by Carlo Maderno, and completed and decorated by Bernini and Francesco Borromini. The outside of the Pope's family residence, was relatively restrained, but the interiors, and especially the immense fresco on the ceiling of the salon, the Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power painted by Pietro da Cortona, are considered masterpieces of Baroque art and decoration.[16] Curving facades and the illusion of movement were a speciality of Francesco Borromini, most notably in San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634–1646), one of the landmarks of the high Baroque.[17] Another important monument of the period was the Church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome by Pietro da Cortona (1635–50), in the form of a Greek cross with an elegant dome. After the death or Urban VIII and the brief reign of his successor, the Papacy of Pope Alexander VII from 1666 until 1667 saw more construction of Baroque churches, squares and fountains in Rome by Carlo Rainaldi, Bernini and Carlo Fontana.[18]

France

King Louis XIII had sent the architect Jacques Lemercier to Rome between 1607 and 1614 to study the new style. On his return to France, he designed the Pavillon de l’Horloge of the Louvre Palace (beginning 1626), and, more importantly, the Church of the Sorbonne, the first church dome in Paris. It was designed in 1626, and construction began in 1635.[19] The next important French Baroque project was a much larger dome for the church of Val-de-Grace begun in 1645 by Lemercier and François Mansart, and finished in 1715. A third Baroque dome was soon added for the College of the Four Nations (now the Institut de France).[20]

In 1661, following the death of Cardinal Mazarin, the young Louis XIV took direct charge of the government. The arts were put under the direction of his controller of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Charles Le Brun, director of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, was named Superintendent of Buildings of the King, in charge of all royal architectural projects. The Royal Academy of Architecture was founded in 1671, with the mission of making Paris, not Rome, the artistic and architectural model for the world.[21]

The first architectural project of Louis XIV was a proposed reconstruction of the facade of the east wing of the Louvre Palace. Bernini, then Europe's most famous architect, was summoned to Paris to submit a project. Beginning in 1664, Bernini proposed several Baroque variants, but in the end the King selected a design by a French architect, Charles Perrault, in a more classical variant of Baroque. This gradually became the Louis XIV style. Louis was soon engaged in an even larger project, the construction of the new Palace of Versailles. The architects chosen were Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and the facades of the new palace were constructed around the earlier Marble Court between 1668 and 1678. The Baroque grandeur of Versailles, particularly the facade facing the garden and the Hall of Mirrors by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, became models for other palaces across Europe.[22]

Late Baroque (1675–1750)

See also: Rococo architecture

During the period of the Late Baroque (1675–1750), the style appeared across Europe, from England and France to Central Europe and Russia, from Spain and Portugal to Scandinavia, and in the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World and the Philippines. It often took different names, and the regional variations became more distinct. A particularly ornate variant appeared in the early 18th century, called Rocaille in France and Rococo in Spain and Central Europe. The sculpted and painted decoration covering every space on the walls and ceiling. The most prominent architects of this style included Balthasar Neumann, noted for the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the Wurzburg Residence (1749–51). These works were among the final expressions of the Rococo or the Late Baroque.[6]

Italy

By the early 18th century, Baroque buildings could be found in all parts of Italy, often with regional variations. Notable examples included the Basilica of Superga, overlooking Turin, by Filippo Juvarra (1717–1731), which was later used as model for the Panthéon in Paris.[23] The Stupinigi Palace (1729–31) was a hunting lodge and one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy near Turin. It was also built Filippo Juvarra.[24]

France

Main article: French Baroque architecture
See also: Rocaille and Style Louis XV

The Late Baroque period in France saw the evolving decoration of the Palace of Versailles, including the Hall of Mirrors and the Chapel. Later in the period, during the reign of Louis XV, a new, more ornate variant, the Rocaille style, or French Rococo, appeared in Paris and flourished between about 1723 and 1759.[25] The most prominent example was the salon of the Princess in Hôtel de Soubise in Paris, designed by Germain Boffrand and Charles-Joseph Natoire (1735–40).[26][27]

England

Main article: English Baroque

Christopher Wren was the leading figure of the late Baroque in England, with his reconstruction of St. Paul's Cathedral (1675–1711) inspired by the model of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, his plan for Greenwich Hospital (begun 1695), and Hampton Court Palace (1690–96). Other British figures of the late Baroque included Inigo Jones for Wilton House (1632–1647 and two pupils of Wren, John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor, for Castle Howard (1699–1712) and Blenheim Palace (1705–1724).[28]

Central Europe

Many of the most extraordinary buildings of the Late Baroque were constructed in Austria, Germany, and Czechia. In Austria, the leading figure was Fischer von Erlach, who built the Karlskirche, the largest church of Vienna, to glorify the Austrian Emperors. These works sometimes borrowed elements from Versailles combined with elements of the Italian Baroque to create grandiose new effects, as in the Schwarzenberg Palace (1715). Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt used grand stairways and ellipses to achieve his effects at the upper and lower Belvedere Palace in Vienna (1714–1722). In The Abbey of Melk, Jakob Prandtauer used an abundance of polychrome marble and stucco, statuary and ceiling paintings to achieve harmonious and highly theatrical effects.[29]

Another important figure of German Baroque was Balthasar Neumann (1687–1753), whose works included the Würzburg Residence for the Prince-Bishops at Würzburg, with its famous staircase.[30]

In Bohemia, the leading Baroque architect was Christoph Dientzenhofer, whose building featured complex curves and counter-curves and elliptical forms, making Prague, like Vienna, a capital of the late Baroque.[31]

Spain

Main article: Spanish Baroque architecture

Political and economic crises in the 17th century largely delayed the arrival of the Baroque in Span until the late period, though the Jesuits strongly promoted it. Its early characteristics were a lavish exterior contrasting with a relatively simple interior and multiple spaces. They carefully planned lighting in the interior to give an impression of mystery. Early 18th century,[32] Notable Spanish examples included the new west facade of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, (1738–50), with its spectacular towers, by Fernando de Casas Novoa. In Seville, Leonardo de Figueroa was the creator of the College of San Telmo, with a facade inspired by Italian Baroque. The most ornate works of the Spanish Baroque were made by Jose Benito de Churriguera in Madrid and Salamanca. In his work, the buildings are nearly overwhelmed by the ornament of gilded wood, gigantic twisting columns, and sculpted vegetation. His two brothers, Joaquin and Alberto, also made important, if less ornamented, contributions to what became known simply as the Churrigueresque style.[32]

Latin America and North America

Main articles: New Spanish Baroque, Baroque in Brazil, and Andean Baroque
See also: Spanish missions in the Americas

The Baroque style was imported into Latin America in the 17th century by the Spanish and the Portuguese, particularly by the Jesuits for the construction of churches. The style was sometimes called Churrigueresque, after the family of Baroque architects in Salamanca. A particularly fine example is Zacatecas Cathedral in Zacatecas City, in north-central Mexico, with its lavishly sculpted facade and twin bell towers. Another important example is San Cristobal de las Casas in Mexico.[33] A notable example in Brazil is the Monastery of Sao Bento in Rio de Janeiro. begun in 1617, with additional decoration after 1668. The Metropolitan Tabernacle the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, to the right of the main cathedral, built by Lorenzo Rodríguez between 1749 and 1760, to house the archives and vestments of the archbishop, and to receive visitors.[34]

Portuguese colonial architecture was modeled after the architecture of Lisbon, different from the Spanish style. The most notable architect in Brazil was Aleijadinho, who was native of Brazil, half-Portuguese, and self-taught. His most famous work is the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto.[35]

Characteristics

Baroque architecture often used visual and theatrical effects, designed to surprise and awe the viewer:

  • domes were a common feature. Their interiors were often painted with a sky filled with angels and sculpted sunbeams, suggesting glory or a vision of heaven. Pear-shaped domes were sometimes used in the Bavarian, Czech, Polish and Ukrainian Baroque
  • quadratura. Paintings in trompe-l'œil of angels and saints in the dome and on the ceiling, combined with stucco frames or decoration, which give the illusion of three dimensions, and of looking through the ceiling to the heavens. Sometimes painted or sculpted figures of Atlantes appear to be holding up the ceiling. In some Baroque churches, illusionistic ceiling painting gave the illusion of three dimensions.
  • grand stairways. Stairways often occupied a central place and were used for dramatic effect. winding upwards in stages, giving changing views from different levels, serving as a setting for ceremonies.[37]
  • cartouche in elaborate forms and sculpted frames break up the surfaces and add three-dimensional effects to the walls.
  • mirrors to give the impression of depth and greater space, particularly when combined with windows, as in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.
  • incomplete architectural elements, such as frontons with sections missing, causing sections to merge and disorienting the eye.
  • chiaroscuro. Use of strong contrasts of darkness and light for dramatic effect.
  • overhead sculpture. Putti or figures on or just below the ceiling, made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing, giving the impression of floating in the air.
  • Solomonic columns, which gave an illusion of motion.[37]
  • elliptical or oval spaces, eliminating right angles. Sometimes an oval nave was surrounded by radiating circular chapels. This was a distinctive feature of the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers of Balthasar Neumann.[38]

Plans

Major Baroque architects and works, by country

 
The Dome of Les Invalides, Paris

Italy

Main articles: Italian Baroque architecture and Sicilian Baroque

France

Main article: French Baroque architecture

England

Main articles: English Baroque and Edwardian Baroque architecture

The Netherlands

Main article: Dutch Baroque architecture

Germany

Main article: Architecture of Germany
 
The Zwinger in Dresden by Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann (1697–1716)
 
Upper Belvedere Palace in Vienna (1721–23)
 
Troja Palace, Prague (1679–1691)

Austria

Czech Republic

Main article: Czech Baroque architecture

Slovakia

  • Pietro Spozzo – Jesuit Church of Trnava (1629–37)

Hungary

Romania

Main article: Romanian architecture

Lithuania

 
Interior of the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Vilnius (1668–1701)

Poland

Main article: Baroque in Poland
 
Wilanów Palace, Warsaw (1677–1696)
 
Church of Santa Engrácia, Lisbon (now National Pantheon of Portugal; begun 1681)

Portugal

Main article: Baroque architecture in Portugal

Portuguese Colonial Baroque

 
Interior of the Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo in Recife, Brazil, built between 1665 and 1767
See also: Baroque in Brazil and Portuguese Colonial architecture

Spain

Main article: Spanish Baroque architecture

Spanish Colonial Baroque

Main articles: New Spanish Baroque, Andean Baroque, Churrigueresque, and Earthquake Baroque

Nordic Countries

Main articles: Architecture of Sweden, Architecture of Denmark, Architecture of Norway, and Architecture of Finland

Russia

 
Znamenskaya Church (Dubrovitsy) 1690-1698 Podolsk, Moscow
Main articles: Naryshkin Baroque, Petrine Baroque, Elizabethan Baroque, and Siberian Baroque

Turkey

Main article: Ottoman Baroque architecture

Ukraine

Main article: Ukrainian Baroque

Malta

Main article: Maltese Baroque architecture

See also

References

  1. ^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque: Jesuit Art in Rome, 1565–1610 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003).
  2. ^ Oudin, Dictionnaire des Architectes (1994), pp. 43–44
  3. ^ Ducher (1988), Flammarion, pp. 102–104
  4. ^ Ducher (1988), Flammarion, p. 102
  5. ^ Toman (Rolf, L'Art Baroque – Architecture – Sculpture- Peinture (2015) pp. 12–70
  6. ^ a b Toman (2015), pp. 190–194
  7. ^ Ducher, Caracteristique des Styles (1989), p. 102
  8. ^ Ducher, Caracteristique des Styles (1989), p. 104
  9. ^ Wittkower R., Art & Architecture in Italy 1600–1750, 1985 edn, p. 111
  10. ^ Texier, Simon, Paris – Panorama de l'architecture (2012), p. 31
  11. ^ Toman, L'Art Baroque (2015) p. 125
  12. ^ Aliaksiej Sierka. "The Farny Roman-Catholic Church". www.belarusguide.com. from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  13. ^ a b Adam Mickiewicz University (1991). "Volumes 5–6". Lituano-Slavica Posnaniensia (in Polish). UAM. p. 90. ISBN 83-232-0408-X.
  14. ^ Cohen, Gary B.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (1 July 2008). Embodiments of Power: Building Baroque Cities in Europe. Berghahn Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-85745-050-0.
  15. ^ Toman, L'Art Baroque (2015), pp. 15–45
  16. ^ Toman, L'Art baroque (2015), pp. 21–23
  17. ^ Ducher (1989) p. 104
  18. ^ Toman, L'Art baroque (2015), pp. 24–45
  19. ^ Toman (2015) p. 128
  20. ^ Ranum, Orest (1968). Paris in the Age of Absolutism: An Essay (revised ed.). Penn State Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-271-04645-7. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  21. ^ Toman (2015) pp. 129–131
  22. ^ Toman (2015) pp. 133–35
  23. ^ Toman 2015, p. 58.
  24. ^ Collier, William (1963). "French Influence on the Architecture of Filippo Juvarra". Architectural History. 6: 41–53. doi:10.2307/1568282. ISSN 0066-622X. JSTOR 1568282. S2CID 158774259.
  25. ^ Lovreglio, Aurélia and Anne, Dictionnaire des Mobiliers et des Objets d'art, Le Robert, Paris, 2006, p. 369
  26. ^ Hopkins 2014, pp. 92–93.
  27. ^ De Morant 1970, p. 382.
  28. ^ Toman (2015) pp. 162–169
  29. ^ Cabanne (1988), pp. 89–91
  30. ^ Cabanne (1988), pp. 901
  31. ^ Cabanne (1988), pp. 90–92
  32. ^ a b Cabanne (1988) pp. 49–51
  33. ^ Toman (2015) p. 120
  34. ^ Horz de Via, Elena (1991). Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad de Mexico. Mexico City: INAH-SALVAT. pp. 28–30. ISBN 968-32-0540-2.
  35. ^ Toman (2015) p. 121
  36. ^ a b Belmont Freeman (23 June 2018). Modern architecture in Cuba and Contemporary Preservation Challenges. Columbia University.
  37. ^ a b Ducher (1988), p. 102
  38. ^ Ducher, Robert, Caractéristique des Styles (1988), pp. 102–103
  39. ^ Toman (2015), pp. 168–169)
  40. ^ Toman (2015) p. 177
  41. ^ Toman (2015) pp. 202–205
  42. ^ Toman (2015) pp. 206–207
  43. ^ a b Toman (2015) p. 264
  44. ^ Toman (2015) p. 266
  45. ^ Toman (2015) p. 270
  46. ^ *Aleijadinho at Encyclopædia Britannica
  47. ^ a b c Cabanne (1988) p. 49
  48. ^ Cabanne (1988) p. 50
  49. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus. An Outline of European Architecture. New York: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1963
  50. ^ Oudin, Dictionnaire des Architectes, p. 430
  51. ^ Adriana Olivera (1 June 2016). "Descubre La Paz: Museo de San Francisco". La Región (Bolivian newspaper). La Paz.
  52. ^ Toman (2015) p. 272
  53. ^ Bonello, Giovanni (2003). "Bontadino de Bontadini – The Murder of the First Baroque Architect in Malta". Histories of Malta – Convictions and Conjectures. Malta: Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. pp. 44–61. ISBN 9789993210276.
  54. ^ a b . Culture Malta. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016.
  55. ^ Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. II G–Z. Pietà: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 851–852. ISBN 9789993291329.

Bibliography

  • Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Baroque & Rococo. London: Phaidon Press, 2012.
  • Cabanne, Perre (1988), L'Art Classique et le Baroque, Paris: Larousse, ISBN 978-2-03-583324-2
  • De Morant, Henry (1970). Histoire des arts décoratifs (in French). Librarie Hachette.
  • Ducher, Robert, Caractéristique des Styles, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (In French); ISBN 2-08-011539-1
  • Hopkins, Owen (2014). Les styles en architecture. Dunod. ISBN 978-2-10-070689-1.
  • Texier, Simon (2012). Paris- Panorama de l'architecture. Parigramme. ISBN 978-2-84096-667-8.
  • Oudin, Bernard (1992), Dictionnaire des Architects (in French), Paris: Seghers, ISBN 2-232-10398-6
  • Toman, Rolf (2015). L'art baroque architecture, sculpture, peinture (in French). Cologne-Paris: H.F. Ullmann. ISBN 978-3-8480-0856-8.
  • Robbins Landon, H. C. and David Wyn Jones (1988) Haydn: His Life and Music. Thames and Hudson.

External links

 
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    January 09, 2023
    baroque, architecture, highly, decorative, theatrical, style, which, appeared, italy, early, 17th, century, gradually, spread, across, europe, originally, introduced, catholic, church, particularly, jesuits, means, combat, reformation, protestant, church, with. Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe It was originally introduced by the Catholic Church particularly by the Jesuits as a means to combat the Reformation and the Protestant church with a new architecture that inspired surprise and awe 1 It reached its peak in the High Baroque 1625 1675 when it was used in churches and palaces in Italy Spain Portugal France Bavaria and Austria In the Late Baroque period 1675 1750 it reached as far as Russia and the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America About 1730 an even more elaborately decorative variant called Rococo appeared and flourished in Central Europe 2 3 Baroque architectureClockwise from top left Church of Saint Ignatius of Loyola in Italy Church of Santa Prisca de Taxco in Mexico Smolny Cathedral in Russia St Gervais et St Protais in FranceYears activelate 16th 18th centuriesBaroque architects took the basic elements of Renaissance architecture including domes and colonnades and made them higher grander more decorated and more dramatic The interior effects were often achieved with the use of quadratura or trompe l œil painting combined with sculpture the eye is drawn upward giving the illusion that one is looking into the heavens Clusters of sculpted angels and painted figures crowd the ceiling Light was also used for dramatic effect it streamed down from Cupolas and was reflected from an abundance of gilding Twisted columns were also often used to give an illusion of upwards motion and cartouches and other decorative elements occupied every available space In Baroque palaces grand stairways became a central element 4 The Early Baroque 1584 1625 was largely dominated by the work of Roman architects notably the Church of the Gesu by Giacomo della Porta consecrated 1584 facade and colonnade of St Peter s Basilica by Carlo Maderno completed 1612 and the lavish Barberini Palace interiors by Pietro da Cortona 1633 1639 Church of the Gesu by Giacomo della Porta consecrated 1584 interior and Santa Susanna 1603 by Carlo Maderno In France the Luxembourg Palace 1615 45 built by Salomon de Brosse for Marie de Medici was an early example of the style 5 The High Baroque 1625 1675 produced major works in Rome by Pietro da Cortona including the Church of Santi Luca e Martina 1635 50 by Francesco Borromini San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane 1634 1646 and by Gian Lorenzo Bernini The colonnade of St Peter s Basilica 1656 57 In Venice High Baroque works included Santa Maria della Salute by Baldassare Longhena Examples in France included the Pavillon de l Horloge of the Louvre Palace by Jacques Lemercier 1624 1645 the Chapel of the Sorbonne by Jacques Lemercier 1626 35 and the Chateau de Maisons by Francois Mansart 1630 1651 The Late Baroque 1675 1750 saw the style spread to all parts of Europe and to the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World National styles became more varied and distinct The Late Baroque in France under Louis XIV was more ordered and classical examples included the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles and the dome of Les Invalides An especially ornate variant appeared in the early 18th century it was first called Rocaille in France then Rococo in Spain and Central Europe The sculpted and painted decoration covered every space on the walls and ceiling Its most celebrated architect was Balthasar Neumann noted for the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the Wurzburg Residence 1749 51 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early Baroque 1584 1625 1 1 1 Rome 1 1 2 Paris 1 1 3 Central Europe 1 2 High Baroque 1625 1675 1 2 1 Italy 1 2 2 France 1 3 Late Baroque 1675 1750 1 3 1 Italy 1 3 2 France 1 3 3 England 1 3 4 Central Europe 1 3 5 Spain 1 3 6 Latin America and North America 2 Characteristics 3 Plans 4 Major Baroque architects and works by country 4 1 Italy 4 2 France 4 3 England 4 4 The Netherlands 4 5 Germany 4 6 Austria 4 7 Czech Republic 4 8 Slovakia 4 9 Hungary 4 10 Romania 4 11 Lithuania 4 12 Poland 4 13 Portugal 4 13 1 Portuguese Colonial Baroque 4 14 Spain 4 14 1 Spanish Colonial Baroque 4 15 Nordic Countries 4 16 Russia 4 17 Turkey 4 18 Ukraine 4 19 Malta 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksHistory EditEarly Baroque 1584 1625 Edit Main articles Italian Baroque architecture and French Baroque architecture Facade of the Church of the Gesu Rome consecrated 1584 Interior view of Dome of the Church of the Gesu by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta Corpus Christi Church Grand Duchy of Lithuania today Nyasvizh Belarus 1586 and 1593 Facade of Santa Susanna Rome by Carlo Maderno 1603 Saints Peter and Paul Church Krakow Poland by Giovanni Maria Bernardoni 1605 1619 The Church of St Gervais et St Protais the first Paris church with a facade in the new Baroque style 1616 20 The Luxembourg Palace by Salomon de Brosse 1615 1624 Basilica of Bom Jesus A World Heritage Site built in Baroque style and completed in 1604 AD It has the body of St Francis Xavier Baroque architecture first appeared in the late 16th and early 17th century in religious architecture in Rome a means to counter the popular appeal of the Protestant Reformation It was a reaction against the more severe and academic earlier style of earlier churches it aimed to inspire the common people with the effects of surprise emotion and awe To achieve this it used a combination of contrast movement trompe l œil and other dramatic and theatrical effects such as quadratura the use of painted ceilings that gave the illusion that one was looking up directly at the sky The new style was particularly favored by the new religious orders including the Theatines and the Jesuits who built new churches designed to attract and inspire a wide popular audience 7 Rome Edit One of the first Baroque architects Carlo Maderno used Baroque effects of space and perspective in the new facade and colonnade of Saint Peter s Basilica which was designed to contrast with and complement the gigantic dome built earlier by Michelangelo 8 Other influential early examples in Rome included the Church of the Gesu by Giacomo della Porta consecrated 1584 with the first Baroque facade and a highly ornate interior and Santa Susanna 1603 by Carlo Maderno 9 Paris Edit The Jesuits soon imported the style to Paris The Church of Saint Gervais Saint Protais in Paris 1615 1621 had the first Baroque facade in France the first facade in France featuring like the Italian Baroque facades the three superimposed classical orders 10 The Italian style of palaces was also imported to Paris by Marie de Medici for her new residence the Luxembourg Palace 1615 1624 by architect Salomon de Brosse and for a new wing of the Chateau of Blois by Francois Mansard 1635 38 Nicolas Fouquet the superintendent of finances for the young King Louis XIV chose the new style for his chateau at Vaux le Vicomte 1612 1670 by Louis Le Vau He was later imprisoned by the King because of the extravagant cost of the palace 11 Central Europe Edit The first example of early Baroque in Central Europe was the Corpus Christi Church Nesvizh in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth built by the Jesuits on the Roman model between 1586 and 1593 in Nieswiez after 1945 Niasvizh in Belarus 12 13 The church also holds a distinction of being the first domed basilica with a Baroque facade in the Commonwealth and Eastern Europe 13 Another early example in Poland is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church Krakow built between 1597 and 1619 by the Italian Jesuit architect Giovanni Maria Bernardoni 14 High Baroque 1625 1675 Edit Italy Edit Baldaquin by Bernini in the Basilica of Saint Peter Rome 1623 34 Fresco on ceiling of the grand salon of Barberini Palace in Rome by Pietro da Cortona 1633 1639 Church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome by Pietro da Cortona 1635 50 Santa Maria della Salute by Baldassare Longhena in Venice 1630 31 Pope Urban VIII who occupied the Papacy from 1623 to 1644 became the most influential patron of the Baroque style After the death of Carlo Maderno in 1629 Urban named the architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini as the chief Papal architect Bernini created not only Baroque buildings but also Baroque interiors squares and fountains transforming the center of Rome into an enormous theater Bernini rebuilt the Church of Santa Bibiana and the Church of San Sebastiano al Palatino on the Palatine Hill into Baroque landmarks planned the Fontana del Tritone in the Piazza Barberini and created the soaring baldacchino as the centerpiece St Peter s Basilica 15 The High Baroque spread gradually across Italy beyond Rome The period saw the construction of Santa Maria della Salute by Baldassare Longhena in Venice 1630 31 Churches were not the only buildings to use the Baroque style One of the finest monuments of the early Baroque is the Barberini Palace 1626 1629 the residence of the family of Urban VIII begun by Carlo Maderno and completed and decorated by Bernini and Francesco Borromini The outside of the Pope s family residence was relatively restrained but the interiors and especially the immense fresco on the ceiling of the salon the Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power painted by Pietro da Cortona are considered masterpieces of Baroque art and decoration 16 Curving facades and the illusion of movement were a speciality of Francesco Borromini most notably in San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane 1634 1646 one of the landmarks of the high Baroque 17 Another important monument of the period was the Church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome by Pietro da Cortona 1635 50 in the form of a Greek cross with an elegant dome After the death or Urban VIII and the brief reign of his successor the Papacy of Pope Alexander VII from 1666 until 1667 saw more construction of Baroque churches squares and fountains in Rome by Carlo Rainaldi Bernini and Carlo Fontana 18 France Edit Pavillon de l Horloge of the Louvre Palace by Jacques Lemercier 1624 1645 Chapel of the Sorbonne by Jacques Lemercier 1626 35 Chateau de Maisons by Francois Mansart 1630 1651 King Louis XIII had sent the architect Jacques Lemercier to Rome between 1607 and 1614 to study the new style On his return to France he designed the Pavillon de l Horloge of the Louvre Palace beginning 1626 and more importantly the Church of the Sorbonne the first church dome in Paris It was designed in 1626 and construction began in 1635 19 The next important French Baroque project was a much larger dome for the church of Val de Grace begun in 1645 by Lemercier and Francois Mansart and finished in 1715 A third Baroque dome was soon added for the College of the Four Nations now the Institut de France 20 In 1661 following the death of Cardinal Mazarin the young Louis XIV took direct charge of the government The arts were put under the direction of his controller of finance Jean Baptiste Colbert Charles Le Brun director of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was named Superintendent of Buildings of the King in charge of all royal architectural projects The Royal Academy of Architecture was founded in 1671 with the mission of making Paris not Rome the artistic and architectural model for the world 21 The first architectural project of Louis XIV was a proposed reconstruction of the facade of the east wing of the Louvre Palace Bernini then Europe s most famous architect was summoned to Paris to submit a project Beginning in 1664 Bernini proposed several Baroque variants but in the end the King selected a design by a French architect Charles Perrault in a more classical variant of Baroque This gradually became the Louis XIV style Louis was soon engaged in an even larger project the construction of the new Palace of Versailles The architects chosen were Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin Mansart and the facades of the new palace were constructed around the earlier Marble Court between 1668 and 1678 The Baroque grandeur of Versailles particularly the facade facing the garden and the Hall of Mirrors by Jules Hardouin Mansart became models for other palaces across Europe 22 Late Baroque 1675 1750 Edit See also Rococo architecture During the period of the Late Baroque 1675 1750 the style appeared across Europe from England and France to Central Europe and Russia from Spain and Portugal to Scandinavia and in the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World and the Philippines It often took different names and the regional variations became more distinct A particularly ornate variant appeared in the early 18th century called Rocaille in France and Rococo in Spain and Central Europe The sculpted and painted decoration covering every space on the walls and ceiling The most prominent architects of this style included Balthasar Neumann noted for the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the Wurzburg Residence 1749 51 These works were among the final expressions of the Rococo or the Late Baroque 6 Italy Edit The Basilica of Superga near Turin by Filippo Juvarra 1717 1731 Interior of the Basilica of Superga by Filippo Juvarra The Palazzo Carignano now the Museum of the Italian Renaissance TurinBy the early 18th century Baroque buildings could be found in all parts of Italy often with regional variations Notable examples included the Basilica of Superga overlooking Turin by Filippo Juvarra 1717 1731 which was later used as model for the Pantheon in Paris 23 The Stupinigi Palace 1729 31 was a hunting lodge and one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy near Turin It was also built Filippo Juvarra 24 France Edit Main article French Baroque architecture See also Rocaille and Style Louis XV Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles by Jules Hardouin Mansart begun 1678 1686 Chapel of Les Invalides Jules Hardouin Mansart completed 1708 Chapel of the Palace of Versailles begun by Jules Hardouin Mansart 1699 to 1710 Salon of the Hotel de Soubise in Paris 1735 40 by Germain BoffrandThe Late Baroque period in France saw the evolving decoration of the Palace of Versailles including the Hall of Mirrors and the Chapel Later in the period during the reign of Louis XV a new more ornate variant the Rocaille style or French Rococo appeared in Paris and flourished between about 1723 and 1759 25 The most prominent example was the salon of the Princess in Hotel de Soubise in Paris designed by Germain Boffrand and Charles Joseph Natoire 1735 40 26 27 England Edit Main article English Baroque Christopher Wren was the leading figure of the late Baroque in England with his reconstruction of St Paul s Cathedral 1675 1711 inspired by the model of St Peter s Basilica in Rome his plan for Greenwich Hospital begun 1695 and Hampton Court Palace 1690 96 Other British figures of the late Baroque included Inigo Jones for Wilton House 1632 1647 and two pupils of Wren John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor for Castle Howard 1699 1712 and Blenheim Palace 1705 1724 28 West facade of Saint Paul s Cathedral by Christopher Wren 1675 1702 Greenwich Hospital by Sir Christopher Wren 1694 Castle Howard North Yorkshire by John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor 1699 1712 Blenheim Palace by John Vanbrugh and Nicholas HawksmoorCentral Europe Edit Many of the most extraordinary buildings of the Late Baroque were constructed in Austria Germany and Czechia In Austria the leading figure was Fischer von Erlach who built the Karlskirche the largest church of Vienna to glorify the Austrian Emperors These works sometimes borrowed elements from Versailles combined with elements of the Italian Baroque to create grandiose new effects as in the Schwarzenberg Palace 1715 Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt used grand stairways and ellipses to achieve his effects at the upper and lower Belvedere Palace in Vienna 1714 1722 In The Abbey of Melk Jakob Prandtauer used an abundance of polychrome marble and stucco statuary and ceiling paintings to achieve harmonious and highly theatrical effects 29 Another important figure of German Baroque was Balthasar Neumann 1687 1753 whose works included the Wurzburg Residence for the Prince Bishops at Wurzburg with its famous staircase 30 In Bohemia the leading Baroque architect was Christoph Dientzenhofer whose building featured complex curves and counter curves and elliptical forms making Prague like Vienna a capital of the late Baroque 31 Interior of the church of the Abbey of Melk by Jakob Prandtauer 1702 1736 Library of the Clementinum the Jesuit university in Prague 1722 Karlskirche Vienna by Fischer von Erlach consecrated 1737 Kaisersaal of Wurzburg Residence by Balthasar Neumann 1749 51 Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers by Balthasar Neumann 1743 1772 Royal Palace of Godollo Hungary by Andras Mayerhoffer 1730s 1785 Spain Edit Main article Spanish Baroque architecture Political and economic crises in the 17th century largely delayed the arrival of the Baroque in Span until the late period though the Jesuits strongly promoted it Its early characteristics were a lavish exterior contrasting with a relatively simple interior and multiple spaces They carefully planned lighting in the interior to give an impression of mystery Early 18th century 32 Notable Spanish examples included the new west facade of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral 1738 50 with its spectacular towers by Fernando de Casas Novoa In Seville Leonardo de Figueroa was the creator of the College of San Telmo with a facade inspired by Italian Baroque The most ornate works of the Spanish Baroque were made by Jose Benito de Churriguera in Madrid and Salamanca In his work the buildings are nearly overwhelmed by the ornament of gilded wood gigantic twisting columns and sculpted vegetation His two brothers Joaquin and Alberto also made important if less ornamented contributions to what became known simply as the Churrigueresque style 32 Late Baroque facade Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 1738 1750 Palacio de San Telmo in Seville by Leonardo de Figueroa 1682 1895 Retable in the Sagrario Chapel of Segovia Cathedral 1686 by Jose Benito de Churriguera the earliest architect of the Churrigueresque styleLatin America and North America Edit Main articles New Spanish Baroque Baroque in Brazil and Andean BaroqueSee also Spanish missions in the Americas The Baroque style was imported into Latin America in the 17th century by the Spanish and the Portuguese particularly by the Jesuits for the construction of churches The style was sometimes called Churrigueresque after the family of Baroque architects in Salamanca A particularly fine example is Zacatecas Cathedral in Zacatecas City in north central Mexico with its lavishly sculpted facade and twin bell towers Another important example is San Cristobal de las Casas in Mexico 33 A notable example in Brazil is the Monastery of Sao Bento in Rio de Janeiro begun in 1617 with additional decoration after 1668 The Metropolitan Tabernacle the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral to the right of the main cathedral built by Lorenzo Rodriguez between 1749 and 1760 to house the archives and vestments of the archbishop and to receive visitors 34 Portuguese colonial architecture was modeled after the architecture of Lisbon different from the Spanish style The most notable architect in Brazil was Aleijadinho who was native of Brazil half Portuguese and self taught His most famous work is the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto 35 Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto Brazil built between 1765 and 1775 by Brazilian Aleijadinho Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral Mexico City built between 1571 and 1813 by several architects Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas in Mexico built between 1729 and 1772 an example of the Churrigueresque style Havana Cathedral Cuba built between 1748 and 1777 36 High altar of the Iglesia de El Sagrario Quito church built between 1617 and 1747 by Spaniard Jose Jaime Ortiz It is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO Complete facade of the Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco Quito built between 1550 and 1680 Iglesia de la Compania de Jesus Cusco Peru built between 1576 and 1668 by Jean Baptiste Gilles and Diego Martinez de Oviedo Panorama of the facade of the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco Lima built between 1657 and 1672 by the Portuguese Constantino de Vasconcellos and the Liman Manuel Escobar is a World Heritage City by UNESCO Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purisima Concepcion de Acuna in Texas built between 1711 and 1731 Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo in San Antonio built between 1760 and 1782 Characteristics EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Baroque architecture news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Decorative cartouche designed for the Palazzo Barberini by Filippo Juvarra 1711 Ceiling of the Farnese Gallery by Annibale Carracci 1597 1704 Illusionistic painting on the ceiling of the Jesuit church in Vienna by Andrea Pozzo 1703 Grand staircase of the Wurzburg Residence 1720 1780 Trompe l œil effect on the ceiling of the Church of the Gesu Rome by Giovanni Battista Gaulli completed 1679 Baroque garden at Vaux le Vicomte The parterre designed to be viewed from above from the Chateau windows and terrace was an extension of the interior architecture and designBaroque architecture often used visual and theatrical effects designed to surprise and awe the viewer domes were a common feature Their interiors were often painted with a sky filled with angels and sculpted sunbeams suggesting glory or a vision of heaven Pear shaped domes were sometimes used in the Bavarian Czech Polish and Ukrainian Baroque quadratura Paintings in trompe l œil of angels and saints in the dome and on the ceiling combined with stucco frames or decoration which give the illusion of three dimensions and of looking through the ceiling to the heavens Sometimes painted or sculpted figures of Atlantes appear to be holding up the ceiling In some Baroque churches illusionistic ceiling painting gave the illusion of three dimensions grand stairways Stairways often occupied a central place and were used for dramatic effect winding upwards in stages giving changing views from different levels serving as a setting for ceremonies 37 cartouche in elaborate forms and sculpted frames break up the surfaces and add three dimensional effects to the walls mirrors to give the impression of depth and greater space particularly when combined with windows as in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles incomplete architectural elements such as frontons with sections missing causing sections to merge and disorienting the eye chiaroscuro Use of strong contrasts of darkness and light for dramatic effect overhead sculpture Putti or figures on or just below the ceiling made of wood often gilded plaster or stucco marble or faux finishing giving the impression of floating in the air Solomonic columns which gave an illusion of motion 37 elliptical or oval spaces eliminating right angles Sometimes an oval nave was surrounded by radiating circular chapels This was a distinctive feature of the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers of Balthasar Neumann 38 Plans Edit Cruciform plan of a high Baroque Church Santi Luca e Martina in Rome by Pietro da Cortona 1639 1669 Floor plan of Sant Andrea al Quirinale by Gian Lorenzo Bernini 1658 1661 showing the entrance below altar top and radiating chapels Plan of the Late Baroque Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers by Balthasar Neumann constructed between 1743 and 1772 The altar is in an oval in the center Major Baroque architects and works by country Edit Chapel of the Holy Shroud Turin The Dome of Les Invalides Paris Italy Edit Main articles Italian Baroque architecture and Sicilian Baroque Carlo Maderno Santa Susanna 1595 603 St Peter s Basilica and Sant Andrea della Valle Rome Pietro da Cortona Santa Maria della Pace 1656 68 Santi Luca e Martina Rome Gian Lorenzo Bernini Saint Peter s Square Palazzo Barberini Sant Andrea al Quirinale Rome Francesco Borromini San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Sant Ivo alla Sapienza Rome Carlo Fontana San Marcello al Corso 1692 1697 Francesco de Sanctis Spanish Steps 1723 Luigi Vanvitelli Caserta Palace begun 1752 Guarino Guarini Palazzo Carignano in Turin 1679 Chapel of the Holy Shroud Turin Filippo Juvarra Basilica of Superga Turin 1717 31 France Edit Main article French Baroque architecture Salomon de Brosse Luxembourg Palace 1615 1645 Louis Le Vau Vaux le Vicomte 1658 1661 College des Quatre Nations 1662 1688 Cour Carree of the Louvre Palace 1668 1680 Jules Hardouin Mansart domed chapel of Les Invalides finished 1708 Garden facade and began Hall of Mirrors of Palace of Versailles Robert de Cotte Chapel of Palace of Versailles 1643 1715 Grand Trianon 1643 1715 England Edit Main articles English Baroque and Edwardian Baroque architecture Greenwich Hospital by Sir Christopher Wren 1694 Christopher Wren St Paul s Cathedral 1675 1711 Hampton Court Palace 1690 1696 Greenwich Hospital begun 1695 39 Nicholas Hawksmoor and John Vanbrugh Castle Howard 1699 1712 Blenheim Palace 1705 1724 James Gibbs Radcliffe Camera Oxford 1739 49 40 The Netherlands Edit Main article Dutch Baroque architecture Jacob Van Campen Royal Palace of Amsterdam then city hall begun 1648 Noordeinde Palace 1640 and Mauritshuis 1641 Lieven de Key City Hall Haarlem 1620 Pieter Post Huis ten Bosch 1645 1652 and Maastricht City Hall 1686 Maurits Post Soestdijk Palace 1650 Daniel Stalpaert Het Scheepvaartmuseum 1655 1656 Daniel Marot Het Loo Palace 1684 1686 Bartholomeus van Bassen Nieuwe Kerk The Hague 1656 Pierre Cuypers Oudenbosch Basilica 1892 Germany Edit Main article Architecture of Germany The Zwinger in Dresden by Matthaus Daniel Poppelmann 1697 1716 Upper Belvedere Palace in Vienna 1721 23 Troja Palace Prague 1679 1691 Agostino Barelli Nymphenburg Palace Munich 1664 1675 Matthaus Daniel Poppelmann Zwinger Dresden 1697 1716 41 Georg Bahr Dresden Frauenkirche 1722 1738 destroyed in 1944 rebuilt in 1994 2005 42 Johann Arnold Nering Charlottenburg Palace Berlin 1695 1713 Balthasar Neumann Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers 1743 1772 Wurzburg Residence 1735 Johann Dientzenhofer and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt Schloss Weissenstein in Pommersfelden Bavaria 1711 1718 Augustusburg PalaceAustria Edit Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt Upper Belvedere Palace in Vienna 1721 23 Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach University Church Salzburg begun 1696 Karlskirche Vienna 1716 37 Austrian National Library begun 1722 Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt Palais Auersperg in Vienna Jakob Prandtauer and Josef Munggenast Abbey of Melk 1702 1738 Santino Solari Salzburg Cathedral Facade and interior of dome 1614 1628 Czech Republic Edit Main article Czech Baroque architecture Jean Baptiste Mathey Troja Palace Prague 1679 1691 43 Christoph Dientzenhofer Brevnov Monastery Prague 1708 1721 Church of St Nicholas Prague 1704 55 43 Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer Kinsky Palace Prague 1755 1765 44 Slovakia Edit Pietro Spozzo Jesuit Church of Trnava 1629 37 Hungary Edit Andras Mayerhoffer Godollo Palace near Budapest begun 1733 Ignac Oraschek and Marton Wittwer Esterhazy Palace in Fertod St George s Cathedral of Timișoara by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach Romania Edit Main article Romanian architecture Johann Eberhard Blaumann Banffy Palace in Cluj 1774 75 Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt Bishopric Palace in Oradea 1736 1750 Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach St George s Cathedral of Timișoara Anton Erhard Martinelli Holy Trinity Cathedral of Blaj 1738 1749 Samuel von Brukenthal Brukenthal Palace in Sibiu 1777 87 Franz Burger Brukenthal High School in Sibiu 1779 81 Roman Catholic Church of Sibiu 1726 33 Gheorghe Lazăr National College of SibiuLithuania Edit Interior of the Church of St Peter and St Paul in Vilnius 1668 1701 Johann Christoph Glaubitz St Johns Church in Vilnius 1738 48 Giovanni Battista Frediani Jan Zaor Church of St Peter and St Paul in Vilnius 1668 1701 Pietro Puttini Carlo Puttini and Giovanni Battista Frediani Pazaislis Monastery and the Church of the Visitation in Kaunas 1662 1674 Poland Edit Main article Baroque in Poland Wilanow Palace Warsaw 1677 1696 Giovanni Maria Bernardoni Saints Peter and Paul Church Krakow 1597 1619 Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach Chapel of the Holy Sacrament Wroclaw Cathedral Karl Friedrich Poppelmann Blue Palace in Warsaw 1728 Tylman van Gameren Krasinski Palace Warsaw 1677 1682 Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt Wroclaw Palace Warsaw 1711 Friedrich Karcher Enlargement of Royal Castle Warsaw 1700 Augustyn Wincenty Locci and Andreas Schluter Reconstruction of Wilanow Palace 1677 1696 45 Church of Santa Engracia Lisbon now National Pantheon of Portugal begun 1681 Portugal Edit Main article Baroque architecture in Portugal Joao Antunes Church of Santa Engracia Lisbon now National Pantheon of Portugal begun 1681 Nicolau Nasoni Clerigos Church in Porto 1732 1763 Mateus Palace in Vila Real 1739 1743 Portuguese Colonial Baroque Edit Interior of the Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo in Recife Brazil built between 1665 and 1767 See also Baroque in Brazil and Portuguese Colonial architecture Aleijadinho church of Sao Francisco in Ouro Preto Brazil 46 1771 1794 Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo in Recife Brazil 1665 1767 Church of St Anne in Goa India 1577 1695 Church of Saint Dominic Macau China 1587 Spain Edit Main article Spanish Baroque architecture Fernando de Casas Novoa West facade of Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 1738 1750 47 Alonzo Cano Baroque additions to Granada Cathedral 1667 47 Leonardo de Figueroa College of San Telmo Seville 1682 47 Jose Benito de Churriguera San Cayetano Church Madrid Altar of the Church of San Esteban Salamanca 1693 48 Francisco Hurtado Izquierdo Granada Charterhouse Granada 1727 1764 49 Spanish Colonial Baroque Edit Main articles New Spanish Baroque Andean Baroque Churrigueresque and Earthquake Baroque Lorenzo Rodriguez Metropolitan Tabernacle of Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral Mexico 1749 1760 50 Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas in Zacatecas City Mexico 1729 1772 Spaniard Jose de la Cruz Antonio de Nava and Luigi Tomassi Cathedral of Chihuahua Mexico 1725 1760 Convent of San Francisco Mexico City built around the 16th century Flemish Jean Baptiste Gilles and Diego Martinez de Oviedo Iglesia de la Compania de Jesus in Cusco Peru 1668 Juan Miguel de Veramendi Juan Correa Miguel Gutierrez Sencio Cusco Cathedral in Cusco Peru 1560 1664 Palacio de Torre Tagle in Lima Peru 1715 Lima Cathedral in Lima Peru 1535 1649 Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Senora de la Merced in Lima Peru 1535 Basilica of San Francisco in La Paz Bolivia 1743 1772 51 Havana Cathedral in Cuba built between 1748 and 1777 36 Basilica Menor de San Francisco de Asis in Havana Cuba built between 1580 and 1738 San Agustin Church in Manila Philippines 1586 1607 Santa Maria Church in Santa Maria Ilocos Sur Philippines built around the 18th century Miagao Church in Miagao Iloilo Philippines built around the 18th century Paoay Church in Paoay Ilocos Norte Philippines 1694 1710 Daraga Church in Daraga Albay Philippines 1772 1773 Nordic Countries Edit Main articles Architecture of Sweden Architecture of Denmark Architecture of Norway and Architecture of Finland Church of Our Saviour Copenhagen 1682 1747 Elias David Hausser Denmark Christiansborg Palace 1st Lambert van Haven Denmark Church of Our Saviour Copenhagen 1682 1747 Nicodemus Tessin the Elder Sweden Drottningholm Palace 1662 1681 Kalmar Cathedral in Smaland Sweden 1660 1703 Russia Edit Znamenskaya Church Dubrovitsy 1690 1698 Podolsk Moscow Main articles Naryshkin Baroque Petrine Baroque Elizabethan Baroque and Siberian Baroque Giovanni Maria Fontana Menshikov Palace in Saint Petersburg 1710 1720s Georg Johann Mattarnovi Kunstkamera in Petrine Baroque Saint Petersburg completed by 1727 Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli Facade of Smolny Convent Saint Petersburg 1748 1754 Stroganov Palace 1753 1754 Vorontsov Palace Saint Petersburg 1749 1757 Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg 1754 1762 52 Domenico Trezzini Peter and Paul Fortress Saint Petersburg 1706 1740 Mikhail Zemtsov Transfiguration Cathedral Saint Petersburg 1743 54 Turkey Edit Main article Ottoman Baroque architecture Nuruosmaniye Mosque 1749 1755 Ukraine Edit St Andrew s Church Kyiv Main article Ukrainian Baroque Mariinskyi Palace in Kyiv 1744 1752 by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli St Andrew s Church Kyiv 1744 1767 by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli Portions of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra 17th 18th century Portions of Vydubychi Monastery 17th 18th century Malta Edit Main article Maltese Baroque architecture Bontadino de Bontadini Wignacourt Aqueduct 1612 1615 and Wignacourt Arch 53 Francesco Bounamici Church of the Jesuits in Valletta 1635 54 Mattia Preti Saint John s Co Cathedral 1660s Church of Our Lady of Victories 1752 Lorenzo Gafa Church of St Lawrence in Birgu 1681 97 St Paul s Cathedral in Mdina 1696 1705 the Cathedral of the Assumption in Victoria Gozo 1697 1711 55 Andrea Belli Auberge de Castille 1741 45 54 See also Edit Architecture portalList of Baroque architecture List of Baroque residences Baroque music Baroque sculpture Earthquake Baroque Baroque Churches of the PhilippinesReferences Edit Gauvin Alexander Bailey Between Renaissance and Baroque Jesuit Art in Rome 1565 1610 Toronto University of Toronto Press 2003 Oudin Dictionnaire des Architectes 1994 pp 43 44 Ducher 1988 Flammarion pp 102 104 Ducher 1988 Flammarion p 102 Toman Rolf L Art Baroque Architecture Sculpture Peinture 2015 pp 12 70 a b Toman 2015 pp 190 194 Ducher Caracteristique des Styles 1989 p 102 Ducher Caracteristique des Styles 1989 p 104 Wittkower R Art amp Architecture in Italy 1600 1750 1985 edn p 111 Texier Simon Paris Panorama de l architecture 2012 p 31 Toman L Art Baroque 2015 p 125 Aliaksiej Sierka The Farny Roman Catholic Church www belarusguide com Archived from the original on 8 July 2010 Retrieved 6 August 2010 a b Adam Mickiewicz University 1991 Volumes 5 6 Lituano Slavica Posnaniensia in Polish UAM p 90 ISBN 83 232 0408 X Cohen Gary B Szabo Franz A J 1 July 2008 Embodiments of Power Building Baroque Cities in Europe Berghahn Books p 101 ISBN 978 0 85745 050 0 Toman L Art Baroque 2015 pp 15 45 Toman L Art baroque 2015 pp 21 23 Ducher 1989 p 104 Toman L Art baroque 2015 pp 24 45 Toman 2015 p 128 Ranum Orest 1968 Paris in the Age of Absolutism An Essay revised ed Penn State Press p 185 ISBN 978 0 271 04645 7 Retrieved 29 May 2022 Toman 2015 pp 129 131 Toman 2015 pp 133 35 Toman 2015 p 58 Collier William 1963 French Influence on the Architecture of Filippo Juvarra Architectural History 6 41 53 doi 10 2307 1568282 ISSN 0066 622X JSTOR 1568282 S2CID 158774259 Lovreglio Aurelia and Anne Dictionnaire des Mobiliers et des Objets d art Le Robert Paris 2006 p 369 Hopkins 2014 pp 92 93 De Morant 1970 p 382 Toman 2015 pp 162 169 Cabanne 1988 pp 89 91 Cabanne 1988 pp 901 Cabanne 1988 pp 90 92 a b Cabanne 1988 pp 49 51 Toman 2015 p 120 Horz de Via Elena 1991 Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad de Mexico Mexico City INAH SALVAT pp 28 30 ISBN 968 32 0540 2 Toman 2015 p 121 a b Belmont Freeman 23 June 2018 Modern architecture in Cuba and Contemporary Preservation Challenges Columbia University a b Ducher 1988 p 102 Ducher Robert Caracteristique des Styles 1988 pp 102 103 Toman 2015 pp 168 169 Toman 2015 p 177 Toman 2015 pp 202 205 Toman 2015 pp 206 207 a b Toman 2015 p 264 Toman 2015 p 266 Toman 2015 p 270 Aleijadinho at Encyclopaedia Britannica a b c Cabanne 1988 p 49 Cabanne 1988 p 50 Pevsner Nikolaus An Outline of European Architecture New York Penguin Books Ltd 1963 Oudin Dictionnaire des Architectes p 430 Adriana Olivera 1 June 2016 Descubre La Paz Museo de San Francisco La Region Bolivian newspaper La Paz Toman 2015 p 272 Bonello Giovanni 2003 Bontadino de Bontadini The Murder of the First Baroque Architect in Malta Histories of Malta Convictions and Conjectures Malta Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti pp 44 61 ISBN 9789993210276 a b Baroque Architecture Culture Malta Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 Schiavone Michael J 2009 Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol II G Z Pieta Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza pp 851 852 ISBN 9789993291329 Bibliography EditBailey Gauvin Alexander Baroque amp Rococo London Phaidon Press 2012 Cabanne Perre 1988 L Art Classique et le Baroque Paris Larousse ISBN 978 2 03 583324 2 De Morant Henry 1970 Histoire des arts decoratifs in French Librarie Hachette Ducher Robert Caracteristique des Styles 1988 Flammarion Paris In French ISBN 2 08 011539 1 Hopkins Owen 2014 Les styles en architecture Dunod ISBN 978 2 10 070689 1 Texier Simon 2012 Paris Panorama de l architecture Parigramme ISBN 978 2 84096 667 8 Oudin Bernard 1992 Dictionnaire des Architects in French Paris Seghers ISBN 2 232 10398 6 Toman Rolf 2015 L art baroque architecture sculpture peinture in French Cologne Paris H F Ullmann ISBN 978 3 8480 0856 8 Robbins Landon H C and David Wyn Jones 1988 Haydn His Life and Music Thames and Hudson External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baroque architecture Siberian Baroque Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baroque architecture amp oldid 1130553652, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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