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Łódź

May 22, 2023

This article is about the city in Poland. For other uses, see Łódź (disambiguation).

Łódź,[a] also seen without diacritics as Lodz,[b] is a city in central Poland and a former industrial centre. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is located approximately 120 km (75 mi) south-west of Warsaw.[7] The city's coat of arms is an example of canting, as it depicts a boat (łódź in Polish), which alludes to the city's name. As of 2022, Łódź has a population of 670,642[1] making it the country's fourth largest city.

Łódź
Lodz
Flag
Coat of arms
Wordmark
Motto: 
Ex navicula navis ("From a boat a ship")
Łódź
Location of Łódź in Łódź Voivodeship
Łódź
Łódź (Łódź Voivodeship)
Coordinates: 51°46′37″N 19°27′17″E / 51.77694°N 19.45472°E / 51.77694; 19.45472
Country Poland
Voivodeship Łódź
Countycity county
First mentioned1332
City rights1423
Government
 • BodyŁódź City Council
 • City mayorHanna Zdanowska (PO)
 • Sejm of PolandŁódź
Area
 • City293.25 km2 (113.22 sq mi)
Highest elevation
278 m (912 ft)
Lowest elevation
162 m (531 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2021)
 • City670,642 (4th)[1]
 • Density2,292/km2 (5,940/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,100,000
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
90-001 to 94–413
Area code+48 42
Car platesEL
Primary airportŁódź Władysław Reymont Airport
Highways
Websitewww.uml.lodz.pl

Łódź was once a small settlement that first appeared in 14th-century records. It was granted town rights in 1423 by Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and it remained a private town of the Kuyavian bishops and clergy until the late 18th century. In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź was annexed to Prussia before becoming part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw; the city joined Congress Poland, a Russian client state, at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The Second Industrial Revolution (from 1870) brought rapid growth in textile manufacturing and in population owing to the inflow of migrants, notably Germans and Jews. Ever since the industrialization of the area, the city has been multinational and struggled with social inequalities, as documented in the novel The Promised Land by Nobel Prize–winning author Władysław Reymont. The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city, where luxurious mansions coexisted with red-brick factories and dilapidated tenement houses.[8]

The industrial development and demographic surge made Łódź one of the largest cities in Poland. Under the German occupation during World War II Łódź was briefly renamed Litzmannstadt after Karl Litzmann. The city's population was persecuted and its large Jewish minority was forced into a walled zone known as the Łódź Ghetto, from where they were sent to German concentration and extermination camps. The city became Poland's temporary seat of power in 1945.

Łódź experienced a sharp demographic and economic decline after 1989. It was only in the 2010s that the city began to experience revitalization of its neglected downtown area.[9][10] Łódź is ranked by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network on the “Sufficiency” level of global influence[11] and is internationally known for its National Film School, a cradle for the most renowned Polish actors and directors, including Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski.[8] In 2017, the city was inducted into the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and named UNESCO City of Film.[12]

Name and toponymy

The Polish name for the city, Łódź, directly translates to 'boat' in the English language.[13][14] There is no unanimous consensus on its precise origin, but popular theories link it with the medieval village of Lodzia and the now-canalised River Łódka on which the modern city was founded.[15] It may have also derived from the term łoza denoting a willow tree and the personal Old Polish name Włodzisław.[16]

History

Main article: History of Łódź
See also: Timeline of Łódź

Early beginnings (1332–1815)

 
Sigillum oppidi Lodzia – seal dating back to 1577

Łódź first appears in a 1332 written record issued by Władysław the Hunchback, Duke of Łęczyca, which transferred the village of Lodzia to the Bishopric of Włocławek.[17] The document enumerated the privileges of its inhabitants, notably the right to graze land, establish pastures and engage in logging.[18] In 1423, King of Poland Władysław II Jagiełło officially granted town rights to the village under Magdeburg Law.[19] For centuries, it remained a small remote settlement situated among woodlands and marshes, which was privately held by the Kuyavian bishops.[20] The economy was predominantly driven by agriculture and farming until the 19th century.[21] The earliest two versions of the coat of arms appeared on seal emblems in 1535 and 1577, with the latter illustrating a boat-like vessel and a turned oar.[22]

With the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź was annexed by Prussia.[23] In 1798, the Kuyavian bishops' ownership over the region was formally revoked during the secularisation of church property.[24] The town, governed by a burgomaster (burmistrz), at the time had only 190 residents, 44 occupied dwellings, a church and a prison.[18] In 1806, Łódź was incorporated into the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw.[23] In the aftermath of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the duchy was dissolved and the town became part of the Congress Kingdom of Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire.[25]

Partitions and development (1815–1918)

 
One of the first city plans, illustrating the housing allotments and new development around Piotrkowska Street, 1823

In 1820, the government of the Congress Kingdom designated Łódź and its rural surroundings for centrally planned industrial development.[26] Rajmund Rembieliński, head of the Administrative Council and prefect of Masovia, became the president of a commission that subdivided the works two major phases; the first (1821–23) comprised the creation of a new city centre with an octagonal square (contemporary plac Wolności; Liberty Square) and arranged housing allotments on greenfield land situated south of the old marketplace; the second stage (1824–28) involved the establishment of cotton mill colonies and a linear street system along with an arterial north-south thoroughfare, Piotrkowska.[26] Many of the early dwellings were timber cottages built for housing weavers (domy tkaczy).[27]

During this time, a sizeable number of German craftsmen settled in the city,[27] encouraged by exemptions from tax obligations.[28] Their settlement in Poland was encouraged by renowned philosopher and statesman Stanisław Staszic, who acted as the director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry.[29]

 
Izrael Poznański's industrial complex (Manufaktura) pictured in 1895.

In 1851, the Imperial authorities abolished a customs barrier which was imposed on Congress Poland following the failed November Uprising (1830–1831).[30] The suppression of tariffs allowed the city to freely export its goods to Russia, where the demand for textiles was high.[30] Poland's first steam-powered loom commenced operations at Ludwik Geyer's White Factory in 1839.[31] During the first weeks of the January Uprising (1863–1864), a unit of 300 Polish insurgents entered the city without resistance and seized weapons, and later on, there were also clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops in the city.[32] In 1864, the inhabitants of adjacent villages were permitted to settle in Łódź without restrictions.[33] The development of railways in the region was also instrumental in expanding the textile industry; in 1865 the Łódź–Koluszki line, a branch of the Warsaw–Vienna railway, was opened, thus providing a train connection to larger markets.[34] In 1867, the city was incorporated into the Piotrków Governorate, a local province.[35]

The infrastructure and edifices of Łódź were built at the expense of industrialists and business magnates, chiefly Karl Wilhelm Scheibler and Izrael Poznański, who sponsored schools, hospitals, orphanages, and places of worship.[36] From 1872 to 1892, Poznański established a major textile manufactory composed of twelve factories, power plants, worker tenements, a private fire station, and a large eclectic palace.[37] By the end of the century, Scheibler's Księży Młyn became one of Europe's largest industrial complexes, employing 5,000 workers within a single facility.[38] The years 1870–1890 saw the most intense industrialisation,[39] which was marked by social inequalities and dire working conditions.[40] Łódź soon became a notable centre of the socialist movement and the so-called Łódź rebellion(pl) in May 1892 was quelled by a military intervention.[40]

 
The Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka, completed in 1912, is one of Poland's tallest churches.

The turn of the 20th century coincided with cultural and technological progress; in 1899, the first stationary cinema in Poland (Gabinet Iluzji) was opened in Łódź.[41] In the same year, Józef Piłsudski, the future Marshal of Poland, settled in the city and began printing the Robotnik (The Worker; p. 1894–1939), an underground newspaper published by the Polish Socialist Party.[42] During the June Days (1905), approximately 100,000 unemployed labourers went on a mass strike, barricaded the streets and clashed with troops.[43] Officially, 151 demonstrators were killed and thousands were wounded.[44] In 1912, the Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka was completed and its tower[c] at 104 metres (341 ft) is one of the tallest in Poland.[45][46]

Despite the impending crisis preceding World War I, Łódź grew exponentially and was one of the world's most densely populated industrial cities, with a population density of 13,200 inhabitants per square kilometre (34,000/sq mi) by 1914.[47] In the aftermath of the Battle of Łódź (1914), the city came under Imperial German occupation on 6 December.[48] With Polish independence restored in November 1918, the local population disarmed the German army.[49] Subsequently, the textile industry of Łódź stalled and its population briefly decreased as ethnic Germans left the city.[50]

Restored Poland (1918–1939)

 
Plac Wolności (Liberty Square) with the Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument and Holy Spirit Church in 1930

Despite its large population and economic output, Łódź did not serve as the seat of its province until the 20th century.[51] Following the establishment of the Second Polish Republic, it became the capital of the Łódź Voivodeship in 1919.[52] The early interwar period was characterised by considerable economic hardship and industrial stagnation.[53] The Great Depression and the German–Polish customs war closed western markets to Polish textiles while the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War in Russia put an end to the most profitable trade with the East.[53][52]

Because of rapid and, consequently, chaotic development in the previous century, Łódź did not possess the adequate infrastructure and living standards for its inhabitants.[54] Pollution was acute, sanitary conditions were poor and the authorities did not invest in a sewage treatment system until the 1920s.[55][56] From 1918 to 1939, many cultural, educational and scientific institutions were created, including elementary schools, museums, art galleries and public libraries which prior to the First World War did not exist.[57] Łódź also began developing an entertainment scene, with 34 movie theatres opened by 1939.[57] On 13 September 1925, the city's first airport, Lublinek, commenced operations.[58] In 1930, the first radio transmission from a newly-founded broadcasting station took place.[59]

The ideological orientation of Łódź was strongly left-wing and the city was a notable centre of socialist, communist and bundist activity in Polish politics during the interbellum.[60]

Second World War (1939–1945)

See also: Battle of Łódź (1939) and Łódź Ghetto
 
Łódź Ghetto (Ghetto Litzmannstadt), was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe

During the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Polish forces of General Juliusz Rómmel's Army Łódź defended the city against the German assault by forming a line of resistance between Sieradz and Piotrków Trybunalski.[61] The attack was perpetrated by the 8th Army of Johannes Blaskowitz, who encircled the city with the X Army Corps.[62] After fierce resistance, a Polish delegation surrendered to the Nazis on 8 September, and the first Wehrmacht troops entered in the early hours of 9 September.[63] The German Einsatzgruppe III paramilitary death squad entered the city on 12 September.[64] Arthur Greiser incorporated Łódź into a new administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany called Reichsgau Wartheland on 9 November 1939,[65] and on 11 April 1940 the city was renamed to Litzmannstadt after German general and NSDAP member Karl Litzmann.[66]

The city became subjected to immediate Germanisation, with Polish and Jewish establishments closed, and Polish-language press banned.[67] Low-wage forced labour was imposed on the city's inhabitants aged 16 to 60; many were subsequently deported to Germany.[68] As part of the Intelligenzaktion, Polish intellectuals from the city and region were imprisoned at Radogoszcz and then either sent to concentration camps or murdered in the forests of Łagiewniki and the village of Lućmierz-Las.[69] Polish children were forcibly taken from their parents,[70] and from 1942 to 1945 the German Sicherheitspolizei operated a camp for kidnapped Polish children from various regions in Łódź.[71]

The Nazi authorities established the Łódź Ghetto (Ghetto Litzmannstadt) in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the region, who were systematically sent to German extermination camps.[72] It was the second-largest ghetto in occupied Europe,[73] and the last major ghetto to be liquidated, in August 1944.[74] The Polish resistance movement (Żegota) operated in the city and aided the Jewish people throughout its existence.[75] However, only 877 Jews were still alive by 1945.[76] Of the 223,000 Jews in Łódź before the invasion, 10,000 survived the Holocaust in other places.[77] The Germans also created camps for non-Jews, including the Romani people deported from abroad, who were ultimately murdered at Chełmno,[78] as well as a penal forced labour camp,[79] four transit camps for Poles expelled from the city and region, and a racial research camp.[80]

Contemporary times (1945–present)

 
Retkinia, one of many post-war utilitarian residential areas on the outskirts of Łódź.

Following the end of the Second World War, Łódź informally and temporarily took over the functions of Poland's capital, and most of the government and country administration resided in the city prior to Warsaw's reconstruction.[81] Łódź also experienced an influx of refugees from eastern territories annexed by the Soviet Union; many migrated into its suburbs and occupied empty – formerly Jewish – properties.[81] Under the Polish People's Republic, the city's industry and private companies were nationalised.[81] On 24 May 1945, the University of Łódź was inaugurated.[82] On 8 March 1948, the National Film School was opened, later becoming Poland's primary academy of drama and cinema.[83]

Post-war spatial and urban planning was conducted in accordance with the Athens Charter, where the population from the old core was relocated into new residential zones.[84] However, as a result, the inner-city and historical areas fell in significance and degenerated into a slum.[84] A number of extensive panel block housing estates (including Retkinia, Teofilów, Widzew, Radogoszcz and Chojny) were constructed between 1960 and 1990, covering an area of almost 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi) and accommodating a large part of the populace.[85]

In mid-1981 Łódź became famous for its massive hunger demonstration of local mothers and their children.[86][87] After the period of economic transition during the 1990s, most enterprises were again privatised.

Geography

Łódź covers an area of approximately 293 square kilometres (113 sq mi) and is located in the centre of Poland.[88] The city lies in the lowlands of the Central European Plain, not exceeding 300 metres in elevation.[88] Topographically, the Łódź region is generally characterised by a flat landscape, with only several highlands which do not exceed 50 metres above the terrain level.[89] The soil is predominantly sandy (62%) followed by clay (24%), silt (8%), and organogenic formations (6%) from regional wetlands.[90] The forest cover (equivalent to 4.2% of the whole country) is considerably low compared to other cities, regions, and provinces of Poland.[91]

Climate

Łódź has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Climate data for Łódź, elevation: 68 m (223 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		29.9
(85.8) 		32.7
(90.9) 		36.3
(97.3) 		37.3
(99.1) 		37.6
(99.7) 		34.7
(94.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		14.9
(58.8) 		37.6
(99.7)
Average high °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		7.4
(45.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.7
(72.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		2.4
(36.3) 		13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		8.8
(47.8)
Average low °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		4.6
(40.3)
Record low °C (°F) −31.1
(−24.0) 		−27.4
(−17.3) 		−21.9
(−7.4) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−16.8
(1.8) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−31.1
(−24.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.3
(1.39) 		34.1
(1.34) 		37.6
(1.48) 		35.2
(1.39) 		60.9
(2.40) 		62.3
(2.45) 		81.1
(3.19) 		54.1
(2.13) 		53.4
(2.10) 		44.0
(1.73) 		39.4
(1.55) 		40.7
(1.60) 		578.1
(22.76)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.8
(2.7) 		6.6
(2.6) 		4.7
(1.9) 		1.6
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		2.2
(0.9) 		3.6
(1.4) 		6.8
(2.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.27 14.60 14.17 11.17 13.33 13.43 13.77 11.80 11.73 13.03 14.30 16.37 164.97
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 15.3 13.3 6.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.4 8.6 47.9
Average relative humidity (%) 87.6 84.2 77.5 68.6 70.0 70.5 71.3 71.4 78.9 84.1 89.2 89.4 78.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 48.2 65.8 122.7 187.0 241.8 244.6 250.9 243.4 160.1 111.1 51.2 40.4 1,767.3
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 6 6 6 6 4 2 1 0 3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),[100][101][102] WeatherAtlas (UV)[103]

Districts

Łódź was previously subdivided into five boroughs (dzielnica): Bałuty, Widzew, Śródmieście, Polesie, Górna.

However, the city is now divided into 36 osiedla ('districts'): Bałuty-Centrum, Bałuty-Doły, Bałuty Zachodnie, Julianów-Marysin-Rogi, Łagiewniki, Radogoszcz, Teofilów-Wielkopolska, Osiedle Wzniesień Łódzkich, Chojny, Chojny-Dąbrowa, Górniak, Nad Nerem, Piastów-Kurak, Rokicie, Ruda, Wiskitno, Osiedle im. Józefa Montwiłła-Mireckiego, Karolew-Retkinia Wschód, Koziny, Lublinek-Pienista, Retkinia Zachód-Smulsko, Stare Polesie, Zdrowie-Mania, Złotno, Śródmieście-Wschód, Osiedle Katedralna, Andrzejów, Dolina Łódki, Mileszki, Nowosolna, Olechów-Janów, Stary Widzew, Stoki, Widzew-Wschód, Zarzew, and Osiedle nr 33.

Demographics

 
Female employees at a textile factory in Łódź, 1950s
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950620,273—    
1960709,698+14.4%
1970762,699+7.5%
1980835,658+9.6%
1990848,258+1.5%
2000798,418−5.9%
2010737,098−7.7%
2020672,185−8.8%
source[104]

According to Statistics Poland (GUS), Łódź was inhabited by 672,185 people and had a population density of 2,292 persons per square kilometre (5,940/sq mi), as of December 2020.[105] Approximately 55.7 percent of inhabitants are of working age (18–64 years), which is a considerable decrease from 64.1 percent in 2010.[106] An estimated 29.1 percent is of post-working age compared to 21.8 percent ten years earlier.[107] In 2020, 54.39 percent (365,500) of all residents were women.[107] Łódź has one of the highest feminisation rates among Poland's major cities, a legacy of the city's industrial past, when the textile factories attracted large numbers of female employees.[108]

At its peak in 1988 the population was around 854,000,[109] however, the it has since declined due to low fertility rates, outward migration and a lower life expectancy than in other parts of Poland.[110] Łódź was the country's second largest city until 2007, when it lost its position to Kraków.[108] A major contributing factor was the abrupt transition from socialist to market-based economy after 1989 and the resulting economic crisis,[111] but the economic growth which followed has not reversed the trend.[112] Depopulation and ageing are a major impediments for the future development of the city, putting strain on social infrastructure and medical services.[108]

Historically, Łódź was multi-ethnic and its diverse population comprised migrants from other regions of Europe. In 1839, approximately 78 percent (6,648) of the total population was German. In 1913, Łódź had a population of 506,100 people, of whom 251,700 (49.7%) were Poles, 171,900 (34%) were Jews, 75,000 (14.8%) were Germans, and 6,300 (1.3%) were Russians.[113] According to the 1931 Polish census, the total population of 604,000 included 375,000 (59%) Poles, 192,000 (32%) Jews and 54,000 (9%) Germans. By 1939, the Jewish minority had grown to well over 200,000.[114]

Places of interest

 
Sculpture of Artur Rubinstein and his childhood home at Piotrkowska Street

The most notable and recognizable landmark of the city is Piotrkowska Street, which remains the high-street and main tourist attraction in the city, runs north to south for a little over five kilometres (3.1 miles). This makes it one of the longest commercial streets in the world. Most of the building façades, many of which date back to the 19th century, have been renovated.[115] It is the site of most restaurants, bars and cafes in Łódź's city centre.

Many neglected tenement houses throughout the entire city centre have been renovated in recent years as part of the ongoing revitalization project run by the local authorities.[116] The best example of urban regeneration in Łódź is the Manufaktura complex, occupying a large area of a former cotton factory dating back to the nineteenth century.[117] The site, which was the heart of Izrael Poznański's industrial empire, now hosts a shopping mall, numerous restaurants, 4-star hotel, multiplex cinema, factory museum, bowling and fitness facilities and a science exhibition centre.[118] Opened in 2006, it quickly became a centre of cultural entertainment and shopping,[118] as well as a recognizable city landmark attracting both domestic and foreign tourists.[117] The city is also likely to receive a large boost in terms of tourism once the massive revitalization project of the city's downtown (worth 4 billion PLN) is completed.[10] The local government's efforts to transform the former industrial city into a thriving urban environment and tourist destination formed the basis for the city's failed bid to organise the 2022 International EXPO exhibition on the subject of urban renewal.[119]

 
Light Move Festival in Łódź

Łódź has one of the best museums of modern art in Poland. Muzeum Sztuki has three branches, two of which (ms1 and ms2) display collections of 20th and 21st-century art. The newest addition to the museum, ms2 was opened in 2008 in the Manufaktura complex.[120] The unique collection of the Museum is presented in an unconventional way: instead of a chronological lecture on the development of art, works of art representing various periods and movements are arranged into a story touching themes and motifs important for the contemporary public. The third branch of Muzeum Sztuki, located in one of the city's many industrial palaces, also has more traditional art on display, presenting works by European and Polish masters such as Stanisław Wyspiański and Henryk Rodakowski.[121]

 
Muzeum Sztuki, ms2 branch, a museum and gallery of modern art

Among the 14 registered museums to be found in Łódź,[122] there is the independent Book Art Museum, awarded the American Printing History Association's Institutional Award for 2015 for its outstanding contribution to the study, recording, preservation, and dissemination of printing history in Poland over the last 35 years.[123] Other notable museums include the Central Museum of Textiles with its open-air display of wooden architecture, the Cinematography Museum, located in Scheibler Palace, and the Museum of Independence Traditions, occupying the building of a historical Tsarist prison from the late 19th century.[120] A more unusual establishment, the Dętka museum offers tourists a chance to visit the municipal sewer designed in the early years of the 20th century by the British engineer William Heerlein Lindley.

 
Orientarium in the Łódź Zoo opened in 2022

Łódź also provides plenty of green spaces for recreation. Woodland areas cover 9.61% of the city, with parks taking up an additional 2.37% of the area of Łódź (as of 2014).[124] Las Łagiewnicki ('Łagiewnicki Forest'), the largest forest within city limits, is referred to in scholarship as "the largest forested area within the administrative borders of any city in Europe."[125] It has an area of 1,245 ha[124] and is cut across by a number of hiking trails that traverse the hilly landscape on the western edge of Łódź Hills Landscape Park.[126] A "natural complex which has remained nearly intact as oak-hornbeam and oak woodland,"[125] the forest is also rich in history, and its attractions include a Franciscan friary dating back to the early 18th century and two 17th-century wooden chapels.[127] Out of a total of 44 parks in Łódź (as of 2014), 11 have historical status, the oldest of them dating back to the middle of the 19th century.[128] The largest of these, Józef Piłsudski Park (188.21 hectares (0.7267 sq mi)),[124] is located near the Łódź Zoo and the city's botanical garden, and together with them it comprises an extensive green complex known as Zdrowie serving the recreational needs of the city. Another notable park located in Łódź is the Józef Poniatowski Park.

 
Herbst Palace, designed by Hilary Majewski, an art gallery within a historical mansion, which holds paintings from all over Europe

The Jewish Cemetery at Bracka Street, one of the largest of its kind in Europe, was established in 1892. After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939, this cemetery became a part of Łódź's eastern territory known as the enclosed Łódź ghetto (Ghetto Field). Between 1940 and 1944, approximately 43,000 burials took place within the grounds of this rounded-up cemetery.[129] In 1956, a monument by Muszko in memory of the victims of the Łódź Ghetto was erected at the cemetery. It features a smooth obelisk, a menorah, and a broken oak tree with leaves stemming from the tree (symbolizing death, especially death at a young age). As of 2014, the cemetery has an area of 39.6 hectares (98 acres). It contains approximately 180,000 graves, approximately 65,000 labelled tombstones, ohels and mausoleums. Many of these monuments have significant architectural value; 100 of these have been declared historical monuments and have been in various stages of restoration. The mausoleum of Izrael and Eleanora Poznański is perhaps the largest Jewish tombstone in the world and the only one decorated with mosaics.[130][131]

Economy and infrastructure

 
High-rise buildings in central Łódź

Before 1990, the economy of Łódź was heavily reliant on the textile industry, which had developed in the city in the nineteenth century owing to the abundance of rivers used to power the industry's fulling mills, bleaching plants and other machinery.[132] Because of the growth in this industry, the city has sometimes been called the "Polish Manchester"[133] and the "lingerie capital of Poland".[134] As a result, Łódź grew from a population of 13,000 in 1840 to over 500,000 in 1913. By the time right before World War I Łódź had become one of the most densely populated industrial cities in the world, with 13,280 inhabitants per km2, and also one of the most polluted. The textile industry declined dramatically in 1990 and 1991, and no major textile company survives in Łódź today. However, countless small companies still provide a significant output of textiles, mostly for export. Łódź is no longer a significant industrial centre, but it has become a major hub for the business services sector in Poland owing to the availability of highly skilled workers and active cooperation between local universities and the business sector.[135]

 
Manufaktura – once a textile factory, now a shopping centre

The city benefits from its central location in Poland. A number of firms have located their logistics centres in the vicinity. Two motorways, A1 spanning from the north to the south of Poland, and A2 going from the east to the west, intersect northeast of the city. As of 2012, the A2 is complete to Warsaw and the northern section of A1 is largely completed. With these connections, the advantages of the city's central location should increase even further. Work has also begun on upgrading the railway connection with Warsaw, which reduced the 2-hour travel time to make the 137 km (85 mi) journey 1.5 hours in 2009. As of 2018, travel time from Łódź to Warsaw is around 1.2 hours with the modern Pesa SA Dart trains.[136]

Recent years have seen many foreign companies opening and establishing their offices in Łódź. The Indian IT company Infosys has one of its centres in the city. In January 2009 Dell announced that it will shift production from its plant in Limerick, Ireland to its plant in Łódź, largely because the labour costs in Poland are a fraction of those in Ireland.[137] The city's investor friendly policies have attracted 980 foreign investors by January 2009.[137] Foreign investment was one of the factors which decreased the unemployment rate in Łódź to 6.5 percent in December 2008, from 20 percent four years earlier.[137]

Transport

 
Major road network in the city
 
Łódź tram network

Łódź is situated near the geographical centre of Poland, only a short distance away from the motorway junction in Stryków where the two main north–south (A1) and east–west (A2) Polish transport corridors meet, which positions the city on two of the ten major trans-European routes: from Gdańsk to Žilina and Brno and from Berlin to Moscow via Warsaw.[138] It is also part of the New Silk Road,[139] a regular cargo rail connection with the Chinese city of Chengdu operating since 2013.[140] Łódź is served by the national motorway network, an international airport, and long-distance and regional railways. It is at the centre of a regional and commuter rail network operating from the city's various train stations. Bus and tram services are operated by a municipal public transport company. There are 193 km (120 mi) of bicycle routes throughout the city (as in January 2019).[141]

Major roads include:

  • A1: Gdańsk – Toruń – Łódź – Częstochowa – Cieszyn (national border)
  • A2: Świecko (national border) – Poznań – Łódź – Warszawa
  • S8: Wrocław – Sieradz – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Warszawa – Białystok
  • S14: Pabianice – Konstantynów Łódzki – Aleksandrów Łódzki – Zgierz
  • DK14: Łowicz – Stryków – Łódź – Zduńska Wola – Sieradz – Złoczew – Walichnowy
  • DK72: Konin – Turek – Poddębice – Łódź – Brzeziny – Rawa Mazowiecka
  • DK91: Gdańsk – Tczew – Toruń – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Radomsko – Częstochowa

Airport

Main article: Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport

The city has an international airport: Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport located 6 kilometres (4 miles) from the city centre. Flights connect the city with destinations in Europe including Turkey.[142] In 2014 the airport handled 253,772 passengers.[143] It is the 8th largest airport in Poland.[144][circular reference]

Public Transport

See also: Trams in Łódź
 
Piotrkowska Centrum tram station, also known as "The Unicorn Stable"

The Municipal Transport Company – Łódź (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne – Łódź), owned by the Łódź City Government, is responsible for operating 58 bus routes and 19 tram lines.[145][146]

Rail

Łódź has a number of long distance and local railway stations. There are two main stations in the city, but with no direct rail connection between them—a legacy of 19th-century railway network planning. Originally constructed in 1866, the centrally-located Łódź Fabryczna was a terminus station for a branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna railway,[147] whereas Łódź Kaliska was built more than thirty years later on the central section of the Warsaw-Kalisz railway. For this reason most intercity train traffic goes to this day through Łódź Kaliska station, despite its relative distance from the city centre, and Łódź Fabryczna serves mainly as a terminal station for trains to Warsaw. The situation will be remedied in 2021 after the construction of a tunnel connecting the two,[148] which is likely to make Łódź Poland's main railway hub.[149] The tunnel will additionally serve Łódź Commuter Railway, providing a rapid transit system for the city, dubbed the Łódź Metro by the media and local authorities.[150] Two new stations are to be constructed on the underground line, one serving the needs of the Manufaktura complex and the other located in the area of Piotrkowska Street.[150]

In December 2016, a few years after the demolition of the old building of Łódź Fabryczna station, a new underground station was opened.[149] It is considered to be the largest and most modern of all train stations in Poland and is designed to handle increased traffic after the construction of the tunnel.[151] It also serves as a multimodal transport hub, featuring an underground intercity bus station, and is integrated with a new transport interchange serving taxis and local trams and buses.[152] The construction of the new Łódź Fabryczna station was part of a broader project of urban renewal known as Nowe Centrum Łodzi (New Centre of Łódź).[153]

The third-largest train station in Łódź is Łódź Widzew. There are also many other stations and train stops in the city, many of which were upgraded as part of the Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna commuter rail project. The rail service, founded as part of a major regional rail upgrade and owned by Łódź Voivodeship, operates on routes to Kutno, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Łowicz, and on selected days to Warsaw, with plans for further expansion after the construction of the tunnel.[154]

Education

 
University of Łódź rector's office
 
Łódź University of Technology rector's office
 
National Film School
 
Academy of Music in Łódź
Main article: Education in Łódź

Łódź is a thriving center of academic life. Currently Łódź hosts three major state-owned universities, six higher education establishments operating for more than a half of the century, and a number of smaller schools of higher education. The tertiary institutions with the most students in Łódź include:

In the 2018 general ranking of state-owned tertiary education institutions in Poland, the University of Łódź came 20th (6th place among universities) and Lodz University of Technology 12th (6th place among technical universities). The Medical University of Łódź was ranked 5th among Polish medical universities. Leading courses taught in Łódź include administration (3rd place), law (4th) and biology (4th).

There is also a number of private-owned institutions of higher learning in Łódź. The largest of these are the University of Social Sciences (Społeczna Akademia Nauk) and the University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź (Akademia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi). In the 2018 ranking of private universities in Poland the former was ranked 9th, and the latter 23rd.

National Film School in Łódź

Main article: National Film School in Łódź

The Leon Schiller National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi) is the most notable academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff in Poland. It was founded on 8 March 1948 and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt following the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and today is one of the best-known institutions of higher education in the city.

At the end of the Second World War Łódź remained the only large Polish city besides Kraków which war had not destroyed. The creation of the National Film School gave Łódź a role of greater importance from a cultural viewpoint, which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Kraków. Early students of the School include the directors Andrzej Munk, Roman Polanski, Andrzej Wajda, Kazimierz Karabasz (one of the founders of the so-called Black Series of Polish Documentary) and Janusz Morgenstern, who at the end of the 1950s became famous as one of the founders of the Polish Film School of Cinematography.[155]

Culture

Primary cultural institutions
 
Museum of Art
 
Grand Theatre
 
Central Museum of Textiles
 
Łódź Philharmonic

Museums in Łódź

Łódź in literature and cinema

Three major novels depict the development of industrial Łódź: Władysław Reymont's The Promised Land (1898), Joseph Roth's Hotel Savoy (1924) and Israel Joshua Singer's The Brothers Ashkenazi (1937). Roth's novel depicts the city on the eve of a workers' riot in 1919. Reymont's novel was made into a film by Andrzej Wajda in 1975. In the 1990 film Europa Europa, Solomon Perel's family flees pre-World War II Berlin and settles in Łódź. Paweł Pawlikowski's film Ida was partially shot in Łódź. Łódź. Chava Rosenfarb’s Yiddish trilogy “The Tree of Life” (1972; English translation 1985) portrays life within the Łódź Ghetto.

Theatre

Sport

 
Atlas Arena, the main indoor arena of Łódź

The city has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the 2009 EuroBasket,[156] the 2011 EuroBasket Women, the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup, with the opening and final of the latter taking place at Stadion Widzewa. Łódź will also host the sixth edition of the European Universities Games in 2022.[157]

Under communism it was common for clubs to participate in many different sports for all ages and sexes. Many of these traditional clubs still survive today. Originally they were owned directly by a public body, but now they are independently operated by clubs or private companies. However they get public support through the cheap rent of land and other subsidies from the city. Some of their sections have gone professional and separated from the clubs as private companies. For example, Budowlani S.A is a private company that owns the only professional rugby team in Łódź, while Klub Sportowy Budowlani remains a community amateur club.

In Ekstraklasa of Polish beach soccer Łódź have three professional clubs: Grembach, KP and BSCC [pl].

Horticultural Expo 2029

Łódź bid for the Specialized Expo 2022/2023 but lost out to Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Łódź was planned to host the Horticultural Expo in 2024. However, multiple Expo events were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a Horticultural Expo in Doha, Qatar from 2021/22 to 23/24 among them.[160] As a result, the Horticultural Expo in Łódź has been rescheduled to 2029 to maintain a required time interval between them.[161]

Notable residents

 
Arthur Rubinstein, one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century, was born in Łódź
 
Daniel Libeskind, notable architect and designer
 
Andrzej Sapkowski, best known for The Witcher book series
 
Marcin Gortat, Polish former NBA player
 
Julian Tuwim, poet, a major figure in Polish children's literature
 
Jerzy Kosiński, Polish-American writer
 
Bat-Sheva Dagan, a pioneer in children's Holocaust education

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Łódź is home to nine foreign consulates, all of which are Honorary. They are subordinate to the following states' main representation in Poland: French, Danish, German, Austrian, British, Belgian, Latvian, Hungarian and Moldavian.

Twin towns – sister cities

Łódź is twinned with:[187]

Łódź belongs also to the Eurocities network.

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Łódź terminated the partnership with Russian cities Ivanovo and Kaliningrad, and with Minsk, the capital of Belarus on 2 March 2022.[206]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^
  2. ^ English pronunciation: /lɒdz/ LODZ.[citation needed]
  3. ^ The tower was completed in 1927.[45]

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Łódź.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Łódź.
  • Official website
  • Public Transport Official Site
  • Historic images of Łódź
  • Łódź Special Economic Zone
  • Łódź-Lublinek Airport 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • "Lodz" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 862.
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived 2019-09-05) —English language newspaper
  • The Łódź Ghetto 20 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  • Łódź, Poland at JewishGen

May 22, 2023
Łódź, this, article, about, city, poland, other, uses, disambiguation, also, seen, without, diacritics, lodz, city, central, poland, former, industrial, centre, capital, voivodeship, located, approximately, south, west, warsaw, city, coat, arms, example, canti. This article is about the city in Poland For other uses see Lodz disambiguation Lodz a also seen without diacritics as Lodz b is a city in central Poland and a former industrial centre It is the capital of Lodz Voivodeship and is located approximately 120 km 75 mi south west of Warsaw 7 The city s coat of arms is an example of canting as it depicts a boat lodz in Polish which alludes to the city s name As of 2022 update Lodz has a population of 670 642 1 making it the country s fourth largest city Lodz LodzTop then left to right Manufaktura top Piotrkowska Street second row left Lodz Fabryczna railway station second row right Poznanski Palace Museum of the City of Lodz third row left Wooden Architecture Skansen near the White Factory third row right Grand Theater bottom row left EC1 Science and Technology Center bottom row right FlagCoat of armsWordmarkMotto Ex navicula navis From a boat a ship LodzLocation of Lodz in Lodz VoivodeshipShow map of PolandLodzLodz Lodz Voivodeship Show map of Lodz VoivodeshipCoordinates 51 46 37 N 19 27 17 E 51 77694 N 19 45472 E 51 77694 19 45472Country PolandVoivodeship LodzCountycity countyFirst mentioned1332City rights1423Government BodyLodz City Council City mayorHanna Zdanowska PO Sejm of PolandLodzArea City293 25 km2 113 22 sq mi Highest elevation278 m 912 ft Lowest elevation162 m 531 ft Population 31 December 2021 City670 642 4th 1 Density2 292 km2 5 940 sq mi Metro1 100 000Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code90 001 to 94 413Area code 48 42Car platesELPrimary airportLodz Wladyslaw Reymont AirportHighwaysWebsitewww wbr uml wbr lodz wbr plLodz was once a small settlement that first appeared in 14th century records It was granted town rights in 1423 by Polish King Wladyslaw II Jagiello and it remained a private town of the Kuyavian bishops and clergy until the late 18th century In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 Lodz was annexed to Prussia before becoming part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw the city joined Congress Poland a Russian client state at the 1815 Congress of Vienna The Second Industrial Revolution from 1870 brought rapid growth in textile manufacturing and in population owing to the inflow of migrants notably Germans and Jews Ever since the industrialization of the area the city has been multinational and struggled with social inequalities as documented in the novel The Promised Land by Nobel Prize winning author Wladyslaw Reymont The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city where luxurious mansions coexisted with red brick factories and dilapidated tenement houses 8 The industrial development and demographic surge made Lodz one of the largest cities in Poland Under the German occupation during World War II Lodz was briefly renamed Litzmannstadt after Karl Litzmann The city s population was persecuted and its large Jewish minority was forced into a walled zone known as the Lodz Ghetto from where they were sent to German concentration and extermination camps The city became Poland s temporary seat of power in 1945 Lodz experienced a sharp demographic and economic decline after 1989 It was only in the 2010s that the city began to experience revitalization of its neglected downtown area 9 10 Lodz is ranked by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network on the Sufficiency level of global influence 11 and is internationally known for its National Film School a cradle for the most renowned Polish actors and directors including Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski 8 In 2017 the city was inducted into the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and named UNESCO City of Film 12 Contents 1 Name and toponymy 2 History 2 1 Early beginnings 1332 1815 2 2 Partitions and development 1815 1918 2 3 Restored Poland 1918 1939 2 4 Second World War 1939 1945 2 5 Contemporary times 1945 present 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Districts 4 Demographics 5 Places of interest 6 Economy and infrastructure 6 1 Transport 6 1 1 Airport 6 1 2 Public Transport 6 1 3 Rail 7 Education 7 1 National Film School in Lodz 8 Culture 8 1 Museums in Lodz 8 2 Lodz in literature and cinema 8 3 Theatre 8 4 Sport 8 5 Horticultural Expo 2029 9 Notable residents 10 International relations 10 1 Twin towns sister cities 11 See also 12 Explanatory notes 13 References 13 1 Inline citations 13 2 Bibliography 14 External linksName and toponymy EditThe Polish name for the city Lodz directly translates to boat in the English language 13 14 There is no unanimous consensus on its precise origin but popular theories link it with the medieval village of Lodzia and the now canalised River Lodka on which the modern city was founded 15 It may have also derived from the term loza denoting a willow tree and the personal Old Polish name Wlodzislaw 16 History EditMain article History of Lodz See also Timeline of Lodz Early beginnings 1332 1815 Edit Sigillum oppidi Lodzia seal dating back to 1577 Lodz first appears in a 1332 written record issued by Wladyslaw the Hunchback Duke of Leczyca which transferred the village of Lodzia to the Bishopric of Wloclawek 17 The document enumerated the privileges of its inhabitants notably the right to graze land establish pastures and engage in logging 18 In 1423 King of Poland Wladyslaw II Jagiello officially granted town rights to the village under Magdeburg Law 19 For centuries it remained a small remote settlement situated among woodlands and marshes which was privately held by the Kuyavian bishops 20 The economy was predominantly driven by agriculture and farming until the 19th century 21 The earliest two versions of the coat of arms appeared on seal emblems in 1535 and 1577 with the latter illustrating a boat like vessel and a turned oar 22 With the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 Lodz was annexed by Prussia 23 In 1798 the Kuyavian bishops ownership over the region was formally revoked during the secularisation of church property 24 The town governed by a burgomaster burmistrz at the time had only 190 residents 44 occupied dwellings a church and a prison 18 In 1806 Lodz was incorporated into the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw 23 In the aftermath of the 1815 Congress of Vienna the duchy was dissolved and the town became part of the Congress Kingdom of Poland a client state of the Russian Empire 25 Partitions and development 1815 1918 Edit One of the first city plans illustrating the housing allotments and new development around Piotrkowska Street 1823 In 1820 the government of the Congress Kingdom designated Lodz and its rural surroundings for centrally planned industrial development 26 Rajmund Rembielinski head of the Administrative Council and prefect of Masovia became the president of a commission that subdivided the works two major phases the first 1821 23 comprised the creation of a new city centre with an octagonal square contemporary plac Wolnosci Liberty Square and arranged housing allotments on greenfield land situated south of the old marketplace the second stage 1824 28 involved the establishment of cotton mill colonies and a linear street system along with an arterial north south thoroughfare Piotrkowska 26 Many of the early dwellings were timber cottages built for housing weavers domy tkaczy 27 During this time a sizeable number of German craftsmen settled in the city 27 encouraged by exemptions from tax obligations 28 Their settlement in Poland was encouraged by renowned philosopher and statesman Stanislaw Staszic who acted as the director of the Department of Trade Crafts and Industry 29 Izrael Poznanski s industrial complex Manufaktura pictured in 1895 In 1851 the Imperial authorities abolished a customs barrier which was imposed on Congress Poland following the failed November Uprising 1830 1831 30 The suppression of tariffs allowed the city to freely export its goods to Russia where the demand for textiles was high 30 Poland s first steam powered loom commenced operations at Ludwik Geyer s White Factory in 1839 31 During the first weeks of the January Uprising 1863 1864 a unit of 300 Polish insurgents entered the city without resistance and seized weapons and later on there were also clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops in the city 32 In 1864 the inhabitants of adjacent villages were permitted to settle in Lodz without restrictions 33 The development of railways in the region was also instrumental in expanding the textile industry in 1865 the Lodz Koluszki line a branch of the Warsaw Vienna railway was opened thus providing a train connection to larger markets 34 In 1867 the city was incorporated into the Piotrkow Governorate a local province 35 The infrastructure and edifices of Lodz were built at the expense of industrialists and business magnates chiefly Karl Wilhelm Scheibler and Izrael Poznanski who sponsored schools hospitals orphanages and places of worship 36 From 1872 to 1892 Poznanski established a major textile manufactory composed of twelve factories power plants worker tenements a private fire station and a large eclectic palace 37 By the end of the century Scheibler s Ksiezy Mlyn became one of Europe s largest industrial complexes employing 5 000 workers within a single facility 38 The years 1870 1890 saw the most intense industrialisation 39 which was marked by social inequalities and dire working conditions 40 Lodz soon became a notable centre of the socialist movement and the so called Lodz rebellion pl in May 1892 was quelled by a military intervention 40 The Archcathedral of St Stanislaus Kostka completed in 1912 is one of Poland s tallest churches The turn of the 20th century coincided with cultural and technological progress in 1899 the first stationary cinema in Poland Gabinet Iluzji was opened in Lodz 41 In the same year Jozef Pilsudski the future Marshal of Poland settled in the city and began printing the Robotnik The Worker p 1894 1939 an underground newspaper published by the Polish Socialist Party 42 During the June Days 1905 approximately 100 000 unemployed labourers went on a mass strike barricaded the streets and clashed with troops 43 Officially 151 demonstrators were killed and thousands were wounded 44 In 1912 the Archcathedral of St Stanislaus Kostka was completed and its tower c at 104 metres 341 ft is one of the tallest in Poland 45 46 Despite the impending crisis preceding World War I Lodz grew exponentially and was one of the world s most densely populated industrial cities with a population density of 13 200 inhabitants per square kilometre 34 000 sq mi by 1914 47 In the aftermath of the Battle of Lodz 1914 the city came under Imperial German occupation on 6 December 48 With Polish independence restored in November 1918 the local population disarmed the German army 49 Subsequently the textile industry of Lodz stalled and its population briefly decreased as ethnic Germans left the city 50 Restored Poland 1918 1939 Edit Plac Wolnosci Liberty Square with the Tadeusz Kosciuszko Monument and Holy Spirit Church in 1930 Despite its large population and economic output Lodz did not serve as the seat of its province until the 20th century 51 Following the establishment of the Second Polish Republic it became the capital of the Lodz Voivodeship in 1919 52 The early interwar period was characterised by considerable economic hardship and industrial stagnation 53 The Great Depression and the German Polish customs war closed western markets to Polish textiles while the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War in Russia put an end to the most profitable trade with the East 53 52 Because of rapid and consequently chaotic development in the previous century Lodz did not possess the adequate infrastructure and living standards for its inhabitants 54 Pollution was acute sanitary conditions were poor and the authorities did not invest in a sewage treatment system until the 1920s 55 56 From 1918 to 1939 many cultural educational and scientific institutions were created including elementary schools museums art galleries and public libraries which prior to the First World War did not exist 57 Lodz also began developing an entertainment scene with 34 movie theatres opened by 1939 57 On 13 September 1925 the city s first airport Lublinek commenced operations 58 In 1930 the first radio transmission from a newly founded broadcasting station took place 59 The ideological orientation of Lodz was strongly left wing and the city was a notable centre of socialist communist and bundist activity in Polish politics during the interbellum 60 Second World War 1939 1945 Edit See also Battle of Lodz 1939 and Lodz Ghetto Lodz Ghetto Ghetto Litzmannstadt was the second largest ghetto in all of German occupied Europe During the invasion of Poland in September 1939 the Polish forces of General Juliusz Rommel s Army Lodz defended the city against the German assault by forming a line of resistance between Sieradz and Piotrkow Trybunalski 61 The attack was perpetrated by the 8th Army of Johannes Blaskowitz who encircled the city with the X Army Corps 62 After fierce resistance a Polish delegation surrendered to the Nazis on 8 September and the first Wehrmacht troops entered in the early hours of 9 September 63 The German Einsatzgruppe III paramilitary death squad entered the city on 12 September 64 Arthur Greiser incorporated Lodz into a new administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany called Reichsgau Wartheland on 9 November 1939 65 and on 11 April 1940 the city was renamed to Litzmannstadt after German general and NSDAP member Karl Litzmann 66 The city became subjected to immediate Germanisation with Polish and Jewish establishments closed and Polish language press banned 67 Low wage forced labour was imposed on the city s inhabitants aged 16 to 60 many were subsequently deported to Germany 68 As part of the Intelligenzaktion Polish intellectuals from the city and region were imprisoned at Radogoszcz and then either sent to concentration camps or murdered in the forests of Lagiewniki and the village of Lucmierz Las 69 Polish children were forcibly taken from their parents 70 and from 1942 to 1945 the German Sicherheitspolizei operated a camp for kidnapped Polish children from various regions in Lodz 71 The Nazi authorities established the Lodz Ghetto Ghetto Litzmannstadt in the city and populated it with more than 200 000 Jews from the region who were systematically sent to German extermination camps 72 It was the second largest ghetto in occupied Europe 73 and the last major ghetto to be liquidated in August 1944 74 The Polish resistance movement Zegota operated in the city and aided the Jewish people throughout its existence 75 However only 877 Jews were still alive by 1945 76 Of the 223 000 Jews in Lodz before the invasion 10 000 survived the Holocaust in other places 77 The Germans also created camps for non Jews including the Romani people deported from abroad who were ultimately murdered at Chelmno 78 as well as a penal forced labour camp 79 four transit camps for Poles expelled from the city and region and a racial research camp 80 Contemporary times 1945 present Edit Retkinia one of many post war utilitarian residential areas on the outskirts of Lodz Following the end of the Second World War Lodz informally and temporarily took over the functions of Poland s capital and most of the government and country administration resided in the city prior to Warsaw s reconstruction 81 Lodz also experienced an influx of refugees from eastern territories annexed by the Soviet Union many migrated into its suburbs and occupied empty formerly Jewish properties 81 Under the Polish People s Republic the city s industry and private companies were nationalised 81 On 24 May 1945 the University of Lodz was inaugurated 82 On 8 March 1948 the National Film School was opened later becoming Poland s primary academy of drama and cinema 83 Post war spatial and urban planning was conducted in accordance with the Athens Charter where the population from the old core was relocated into new residential zones 84 However as a result the inner city and historical areas fell in significance and degenerated into a slum 84 A number of extensive panel block housing estates including Retkinia Teofilow Widzew Radogoszcz and Chojny were constructed between 1960 and 1990 covering an area of almost 30 square kilometres 12 sq mi and accommodating a large part of the populace 85 In mid 1981 Lodz became famous for its massive hunger demonstration of local mothers and their children 86 87 After the period of economic transition during the 1990s most enterprises were again privatised Geography EditLodz covers an area of approximately 293 square kilometres 113 sq mi and is located in the centre of Poland 88 The city lies in the lowlands of the Central European Plain not exceeding 300 metres in elevation 88 Topographically the Lodz region is generally characterised by a flat landscape with only several highlands which do not exceed 50 metres above the terrain level 89 The soil is predominantly sandy 62 followed by clay 24 silt 8 and organogenic formations 6 from regional wetlands 90 The forest cover equivalent to 4 2 of the whole country is considerably low compared to other cities regions and provinces of Poland 91 Climate Edit Lodz has a humid continental climate Dfb in the Koppen climate classification Climate data for Lodz elevation 68 m 223 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 12 8 55 0 17 5 63 5 23 8 74 8 29 9 85 8 32 7 90 9 36 3 97 3 37 3 99 1 37 6 99 7 34 7 94 5 25 9 78 6 19 2 66 6 14 9 58 8 37 6 99 7 Average high C F 1 2 34 2 2 9 37 2 7 4 45 3 14 4 57 9 19 4 66 9 22 7 72 9 24 9 76 8 24 6 76 3 19 1 66 4 13 0 55 4 6 8 44 2 2 4 36 3 13 2 55 8 Daily mean C F 1 5 29 3 0 3 31 5 3 1 37 6 9 0 48 2 13 8 56 8 17 1 62 8 19 2 66 6 18 7 65 7 13 7 56 7 8 6 47 5 3 9 39 0 0 0 32 0 8 8 47 8 Average low C F 4 0 24 8 3 3 26 1 0 7 30 7 3 6 38 5 8 2 46 8 11 6 52 9 13 6 56 5 13 3 55 9 9 0 48 2 5 0 41 0 1 3 34 3 2 4 27 7 4 6 40 3 Record low C F 31 1 24 0 27 4 17 3 21 9 7 4 8 0 17 6 3 6 25 5 0 3 31 5 4 2 39 6 3 3 37 9 1 9 28 6 9 9 14 2 16 8 1 8 24 6 12 3 31 1 24 0 Average precipitation mm inches 35 3 1 39 34 1 1 34 37 6 1 48 35 2 1 39 60 9 2 40 62 3 2 45 81 1 3 19 54 1 2 13 53 4 2 10 44 0 1 73 39 4 1 55 40 7 1 60 578 1 22 76 Average extreme snow depth cm inches 6 8 2 7 6 6 2 6 4 7 1 9 1 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 0 9 3 6 1 4 6 8 2 7 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 17 27 14 60 14 17 11 17 13 33 13 43 13 77 11 80 11 73 13 03 14 30 16 37 164 97Average snowy days 0 cm 15 3 13 3 6 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 8 6 47 9Average relative humidity 87 6 84 2 77 5 68 6 70 0 70 5 71 3 71 4 78 9 84 1 89 2 89 4 78 6Mean monthly sunshine hours 48 2 65 8 122 7 187 0 241 8 244 6 250 9 243 4 160 1 111 1 51 2 40 4 1 767 3Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 6 6 6 6 4 2 1 0 3Source 1 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Source 2 Meteomodel pl records relative humidity 1991 2020 100 101 102 WeatherAtlas UV 103 Districts Edit Lodz was previously subdivided into five boroughs dzielnica Baluty Widzew Srodmiescie Polesie Gorna However the city is now divided into 36 osiedla districts Baluty Centrum Baluty Doly Baluty Zachodnie Julianow Marysin Rogi Lagiewniki Radogoszcz Teofilow Wielkopolska Osiedle Wzniesien Lodzkich Chojny Chojny Dabrowa Gorniak Nad Nerem Piastow Kurak Rokicie Ruda Wiskitno Osiedle im Jozefa Montwilla Mireckiego Karolew Retkinia Wschod Koziny Lublinek Pienista Retkinia Zachod Smulsko Stare Polesie Zdrowie Mania Zlotno Srodmiescie Wschod Osiedle Katedralna Andrzejow Dolina Lodki Mileszki Nowosolna Olechow Janow Stary Widzew Stoki Widzew Wschod Zarzew and Osiedle nr 33 Demographics Edit Female employees at a textile factory in Lodz 1950s Historical populationYearPop 1950620 273 1960709 698 14 4 1970762 699 7 5 1980835 658 9 6 1990848 258 1 5 2000798 418 5 9 2010737 098 7 7 2020672 185 8 8 source 104 According to Statistics Poland GUS Lodz was inhabited by 672 185 people and had a population density of 2 292 persons per square kilometre 5 940 sq mi as of December 2020 update 105 Approximately 55 7 percent of inhabitants are of working age 18 64 years which is a considerable decrease from 64 1 percent in 2010 106 An estimated 29 1 percent is of post working age compared to 21 8 percent ten years earlier 107 In 2020 54 39 percent 365 500 of all residents were women 107 Lodz has one of the highest feminisation rates among Poland s major cities a legacy of the city s industrial past when the textile factories attracted large numbers of female employees 108 At its peak in 1988 the population was around 854 000 109 however the it has since declined due to low fertility rates outward migration and a lower life expectancy than in other parts of Poland 110 Lodz was the country s second largest city until 2007 when it lost its position to Krakow 108 A major contributing factor was the abrupt transition from socialist to market based economy after 1989 and the resulting economic crisis 111 but the economic growth which followed has not reversed the trend 112 Depopulation and ageing are a major impediments for the future development of the city putting strain on social infrastructure and medical services 108 Historically Lodz was multi ethnic and its diverse population comprised migrants from other regions of Europe In 1839 approximately 78 percent 6 648 of the total population was German In 1913 Lodz had a population of 506 100 people of whom 251 700 49 7 were Poles 171 900 34 were Jews 75 000 14 8 were Germans and 6 300 1 3 were Russians 113 According to the 1931 Polish census the total population of 604 000 included 375 000 59 Poles 192 000 32 Jews and 54 000 9 Germans By 1939 the Jewish minority had grown to well over 200 000 114 Places of interest Edit Sculpture of Artur Rubinstein and his childhood home at Piotrkowska Street The most notable and recognizable landmark of the city is Piotrkowska Street which remains the high street and main tourist attraction in the city runs north to south for a little over five kilometres 3 1 miles This makes it one of the longest commercial streets in the world Most of the building facades many of which date back to the 19th century have been renovated 115 It is the site of most restaurants bars and cafes in Lodz s city centre Many neglected tenement houses throughout the entire city centre have been renovated in recent years as part of the ongoing revitalization project run by the local authorities 116 The best example of urban regeneration in Lodz is the Manufaktura complex occupying a large area of a former cotton factory dating back to the nineteenth century 117 The site which was the heart of Izrael Poznanski s industrial empire now hosts a shopping mall numerous restaurants 4 star hotel multiplex cinema factory museum bowling and fitness facilities and a science exhibition centre 118 Opened in 2006 it quickly became a centre of cultural entertainment and shopping 118 as well as a recognizable city landmark attracting both domestic and foreign tourists 117 The city is also likely to receive a large boost in terms of tourism once the massive revitalization project of the city s downtown worth 4 billion PLN is completed 10 The local government s efforts to transform the former industrial city into a thriving urban environment and tourist destination formed the basis for the city s failed bid to organise the 2022 International EXPO exhibition on the subject of urban renewal 119 Light Move Festival in Lodz Lodz has one of the best museums of modern art in Poland Muzeum Sztuki has three branches two of which ms1 and ms2 display collections of 20th and 21st century art The newest addition to the museum ms2 was opened in 2008 in the Manufaktura complex 120 The unique collection of the Museum is presented in an unconventional way instead of a chronological lecture on the development of art works of art representing various periods and movements are arranged into a story touching themes and motifs important for the contemporary public The third branch of Muzeum Sztuki located in one of the city s many industrial palaces also has more traditional art on display presenting works by European and Polish masters such as Stanislaw Wyspianski and Henryk Rodakowski 121 Muzeum Sztuki ms2 branch a museum and gallery of modern art Among the 14 registered museums to be found in Lodz 122 there is the independent Book Art Museum awarded the American Printing History Association s Institutional Award for 2015 for its outstanding contribution to the study recording preservation and dissemination of printing history in Poland over the last 35 years 123 Other notable museums include the Central Museum of Textiles with its open air display of wooden architecture the Cinematography Museum located in Scheibler Palace and the Museum of Independence Traditions occupying the building of a historical Tsarist prison from the late 19th century 120 A more unusual establishment the Detka museum offers tourists a chance to visit the municipal sewer designed in the early years of the 20th century by the British engineer William Heerlein Lindley Orientarium in the Lodz Zoo opened in 2022 Lodz also provides plenty of green spaces for recreation Woodland areas cover 9 61 of the city with parks taking up an additional 2 37 of the area of Lodz as of 2014 update 124 Las Lagiewnicki Lagiewnicki Forest the largest forest within city limits is referred to in scholarship as the largest forested area within the administrative borders of any city in Europe 125 It has an area of 1 245 ha 124 and is cut across by a number of hiking trails that traverse the hilly landscape on the western edge of Lodz Hills Landscape Park 126 A natural complex which has remained nearly intact as oak hornbeam and oak woodland 125 the forest is also rich in history and its attractions include a Franciscan friary dating back to the early 18th century and two 17th century wooden chapels 127 Out of a total of 44 parks in Lodz as of 2014 update 11 have historical status the oldest of them dating back to the middle of the 19th century 128 The largest of these Jozef Pilsudski Park 188 21 hectares 0 7267 sq mi 124 is located near the Lodz Zoo and the city s botanical garden and together with them it comprises an extensive green complex known as Zdrowie serving the recreational needs of the city Another notable park located in Lodz is the Jozef Poniatowski Park Herbst Palace designed by Hilary Majewski an art gallery within a historical mansion which holds paintings from all over Europe The Jewish Cemetery at Bracka Street one of the largest of its kind in Europe was established in 1892 After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939 this cemetery became a part of Lodz s eastern territory known as the enclosed Lodz ghetto Ghetto Field Between 1940 and 1944 approximately 43 000 burials took place within the grounds of this rounded up cemetery 129 In 1956 a monument by Muszko in memory of the victims of the Lodz Ghetto was erected at the cemetery It features a smooth obelisk a menorah and a broken oak tree with leaves stemming from the tree symbolizing death especially death at a young age As of 2014 update the cemetery has an area of 39 6 hectares 98 acres It contains approximately 180 000 graves approximately 65 000 labelled tombstones ohels and mausoleums Many of these monuments have significant architectural value 100 of these have been declared historical monuments and have been in various stages of restoration The mausoleum of Izrael and Eleanora Poznanski is perhaps the largest Jewish tombstone in the world and the only one decorated with mosaics 130 131 Economy and infrastructure Edit High rise buildings in central Lodz Before 1990 the economy of Lodz was heavily reliant on the textile industry which had developed in the city in the nineteenth century owing to the abundance of rivers used to power the industry s fulling mills bleaching plants and other machinery 132 Because of the growth in this industry the city has sometimes been called the Polish Manchester 133 and the lingerie capital of Poland 134 As a result Lodz grew from a population of 13 000 in 1840 to over 500 000 in 1913 By the time right before World War I Lodz had become one of the most densely populated industrial cities in the world with 13 280 inhabitants per km2 and also one of the most polluted The textile industry declined dramatically in 1990 and 1991 and no major textile company survives in Lodz today However countless small companies still provide a significant output of textiles mostly for export Lodz is no longer a significant industrial centre but it has become a major hub for the business services sector in Poland owing to the availability of highly skilled workers and active cooperation between local universities and the business sector 135 Manufaktura once a textile factory now a shopping centre The city benefits from its central location in Poland A number of firms have located their logistics centres in the vicinity Two motorways A1 spanning from the north to the south of Poland and A2 going from the east to the west intersect northeast of the city As of 2012 update the A2 is complete to Warsaw and the northern section of A1 is largely completed With these connections the advantages of the city s central location should increase even further Work has also begun on upgrading the railway connection with Warsaw which reduced the 2 hour travel time to make the 137 km 85 mi journey 1 5 hours in 2009 As of 2018 update travel time from Lodz to Warsaw is around 1 2 hours with the modern Pesa SA Dart trains 136 Recent years have seen many foreign companies opening and establishing their offices in Lodz The Indian IT company Infosys has one of its centres in the city In January 2009 Dell announced that it will shift production from its plant in Limerick Ireland to its plant in Lodz largely because the labour costs in Poland are a fraction of those in Ireland 137 The city s investor friendly policies have attracted 980 foreign investors by January 2009 137 Foreign investment was one of the factors which decreased the unemployment rate in Lodz to 6 5 percent in December 2008 from 20 percent four years earlier 137 Transport Edit Major road network in the city Lodz tram network Lodz is situated near the geographical centre of Poland only a short distance away from the motorway junction in Strykow where the two main north south A1 and east west A2 Polish transport corridors meet which positions the city on two of the ten major trans European routes from Gdansk to Zilina and Brno and from Berlin to Moscow via Warsaw 138 It is also part of the New Silk Road 139 a regular cargo rail connection with the Chinese city of Chengdu operating since 2013 140 Lodz is served by the national motorway network an international airport and long distance and regional railways It is at the centre of a regional and commuter rail network operating from the city s various train stations Bus and tram services are operated by a municipal public transport company There are 193 km 120 mi of bicycle routes throughout the city as in January 2019 141 Major roads include A1 Gdansk Torun Lodz Czestochowa Cieszyn national border A2 Swiecko national border Poznan Lodz Warszawa S8 Wroclaw Sieradz Lodz Piotrkow Trybunalski Warszawa Bialystok S14 Pabianice Konstantynow Lodzki Aleksandrow Lodzki Zgierz DK14 Lowicz Strykow Lodz Zdunska Wola Sieradz Zloczew Walichnowy DK72 Konin Turek Poddebice Lodz Brzeziny Rawa Mazowiecka DK91 Gdansk Tczew Torun Lodz Piotrkow Trybunalski Radomsko CzestochowaAirport Edit Main article Lodz Wladyslaw Reymont Airport The city has an international airport Lodz Wladyslaw Reymont Airport located 6 kilometres 4 miles from the city centre Flights connect the city with destinations in Europe including Turkey 142 In 2014 the airport handled 253 772 passengers 143 It is the 8th largest airport in Poland 144 circular reference Public Transport Edit See also Trams in Lodz Piotrkowska Centrum tram station also known as The Unicorn Stable The Municipal Transport Company Lodz Miejskie Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacyjne Lodz owned by the Lodz City Government is responsible for operating 58 bus routes and 19 tram lines 145 146 Rail Edit Lodz has a number of long distance and local railway stations There are two main stations in the city but with no direct rail connection between them a legacy of 19th century railway network planning Originally constructed in 1866 the centrally located Lodz Fabryczna was a terminus station for a branch line of the Warsaw Vienna railway 147 whereas Lodz Kaliska was built more than thirty years later on the central section of the Warsaw Kalisz railway For this reason most intercity train traffic goes to this day through Lodz Kaliska station despite its relative distance from the city centre and Lodz Fabryczna serves mainly as a terminal station for trains to Warsaw The situation will be remedied in 2021 after the construction of a tunnel connecting the two 148 which is likely to make Lodz Poland s main railway hub 149 The tunnel will additionally serve Lodz Commuter Railway providing a rapid transit system for the city dubbed the Lodz Metro by the media and local authorities 150 Two new stations are to be constructed on the underground line one serving the needs of the Manufaktura complex and the other located in the area of Piotrkowska Street 150 In December 2016 a few years after the demolition of the old building of Lodz Fabryczna station a new underground station was opened 149 It is considered to be the largest and most modern of all train stations in Poland and is designed to handle increased traffic after the construction of the tunnel 151 It also serves as a multimodal transport hub featuring an underground intercity bus station and is integrated with a new transport interchange serving taxis and local trams and buses 152 The construction of the new Lodz Fabryczna station was part of a broader project of urban renewal known as Nowe Centrum Lodzi New Centre of Lodz 153 The third largest train station in Lodz is Lodz Widzew There are also many other stations and train stops in the city many of which were upgraded as part of the Lodzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna commuter rail project The rail service founded as part of a major regional rail upgrade and owned by Lodz Voivodeship operates on routes to Kutno Sieradz Skierniewice Lowicz and on selected days to Warsaw with plans for further expansion after the construction of the tunnel 154 Education Edit University of Lodz rector s office Lodz University of Technology rector s office National Film School Academy of Music in Lodz Main article Education in Lodz Lodz is a thriving center of academic life Currently Lodz hosts three major state owned universities six higher education establishments operating for more than a half of the century and a number of smaller schools of higher education The tertiary institutions with the most students in Lodz include University of Lodz UL Uniwersytet Lodzki Lodz University of Technology PL Politechnika Lodzka Medical University of Lodz Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lodzi National Film School in Lodz Panstwowa Wyzsza Szkola Filmowa Telewizyjna i Teatralna w Lodzi Academy of Music in Lodz Akademia Muzyczna im Grazyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczow w Lodzi Academy of Fine Arts In Lodz Akademia Sztuk Pieknych im Wl Strzeminskiego w Lodzi In the 2018 general ranking of state owned tertiary education institutions in Poland the University of Lodz came 20th 6th place among universities and Lodz University of Technology 12th 6th place among technical universities The Medical University of Lodz was ranked 5th among Polish medical universities Leading courses taught in Lodz include administration 3rd place law 4th and biology 4th There is also a number of private owned institutions of higher learning in Lodz The largest of these are the University of Social Sciences Spoleczna Akademia Nauk and the University of Humanities and Economics in Lodz Akademia Humanistyczno Ekonomiczna w Lodzi In the 2018 ranking of private universities in Poland the former was ranked 9th and the latter 23rd National Film School in Lodz Edit Main article National Film School in Lodz The Leon Schiller National Higher School of Film Television and Theatre in Lodz Panstwowa Wyzsza Szkola Filmowa Telewizyjna i Teatralna im Leona Schillera w Lodzi is the most notable academy for future actors directors photographers camera operators and TV staff in Poland It was founded on 8 March 1948 and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt following the Warsaw Uprising However in the end the school remained in Lodz and today is one of the best known institutions of higher education in the city At the end of the Second World War Lodz remained the only large Polish city besides Krakow which war had not destroyed The creation of the National Film School gave Lodz a role of greater importance from a cultural viewpoint which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Krakow Early students of the School include the directors Andrzej Munk Roman Polanski Andrzej Wajda Kazimierz Karabasz one of the founders of the so called Black Series of Polish Documentary and Janusz Morgenstern who at the end of the 1950s became famous as one of the founders of the Polish Film School of Cinematography 155 Culture EditPrimary cultural institutions Museum of Art Grand Theatre Central Museum of Textiles Lodz Philharmonic Museums in Lodz Edit Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum Book Art Museum Central Museum of Textiles City of Lodz History Museum Film Museum Herbst Palace Museum Muzeum Sztuki Museum of Art Natural History Museum University of Lodz Muzeum Tradycji Niepodleglosciowych Independence Traditions Museum with three parts Radegast train station Mausoleum and museum in Radogoszcz Radogoszcz prison exhibition Kuznia Romow Roma forge in former Lodz Ghetto Se ma for museum of stop motion film animation The Centre for Science and Technology EC1 in former Lodz power plantLodz in literature and cinema Edit Three major novels depict the development of industrial Lodz Wladyslaw Reymont s The Promised Land 1898 Joseph Roth s Hotel Savoy 1924 and Israel Joshua Singer s The Brothers Ashkenazi 1937 Roth s novel depicts the city on the eve of a workers riot in 1919 Reymont s novel was made into a film by Andrzej Wajda in 1975 In the 1990 film Europa Europa Solomon Perel s family flees pre World War II Berlin and settles in Lodz Pawel Pawlikowski s film Ida was partially shot in Lodz Lodz Chava Rosenfarb s Yiddish trilogy The Tree of Life 1972 English translation 1985 portrays life within the Lodz Ghetto Theatre Edit Studio TheatreSport Edit Atlas Arena the main indoor arena of Lodz Stadion Miejski Widzewa The city has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the 2009 EuroBasket 156 the 2011 EuroBasket Women the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men s World Championship and the 2019 FIFA U 20 World Cup with the opening and final of the latter taking place at Stadion Widzewa Lodz will also host the sixth edition of the European Universities Games in 2022 157 Under communism it was common for clubs to participate in many different sports for all ages and sexes Many of these traditional clubs still survive today Originally they were owned directly by a public body but now they are independently operated by clubs or private companies However they get public support through the cheap rent of land and other subsidies from the city Some of their sections have gone professional and separated from the clubs as private companies For example Budowlani S A is a private company that owns the only professional rugby team in Lodz while Klub Sportowy Budowlani remains a community amateur club Budowlani Lodz rugby six times Polish champions hockey wrestling volleyball LKS Lodz association football two times Polish champions basketball Polish champions 1953 volleyball two times Polish champions handball boxing SMS Lodz 158 association football volleyball basketball KS Spolem Lodz road and track cycling SKS Start Lodz 159 football swimming Widzew Lodz association football four time Polish champions semi finalists of the 1982 83 European Cup Orzel Lodz motorcycle speedway teamIn Ekstraklasa of Polish beach soccer Lodz have three professional clubs Grembach KP and BSCC pl Horticultural Expo 2029 Edit Lodz bid for the Specialized Expo 2022 2023 but lost out to Buenos Aires Argentina Lodz was planned to host the Horticultural Expo in 2024 However multiple Expo events were delayed due to the COVID 19 pandemic a Horticultural Expo in Doha Qatar from 2021 22 to 23 24 among them 160 As a result the Horticultural Expo in Lodz has been rescheduled to 2029 to maintain a required time interval between them 161 Notable residents Edit Arthur Rubinstein one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century was born in Lodz Daniel Libeskind notable architect and designer Andrzej Sapkowski best known for The Witcher book series Marcin Gortat Polish former NBA player Julian Tuwim poet a major figure in Polish children s literature Jerzy Kosinski Polish American writer Bat Sheva Dagan a pioneer in children s Holocaust education Daniel Amit 1938 2007 Israeli physicist Yehuda Ashlag 1885 1954 also known as the Baal Ha Sulam Rabbi Grazyna Bacewicz 1909 1969 composer 162 Aleksander Bardini 1913 1995 theatre director and actor 163 Andrzej Bartkowiak born 1950 cameraman and film director 164 Jurek Becker 1937 1997 writer 165 Sylwester Bednarek born 1989 high jumper Marek Belka born 1952 politician former Prime Minister Finance Minister of Poland member European Parliament 166 Karolina Bielawska born 1999 model and Miss World 2021 Kazimierz Brandys 1916 2000 writer 167 Artur Brauner 1918 2019 film producer Edward Gustave Brisch 1901 1960 industrial coding and classification expert He was the designer of the Brisch Classification widely known and used in building and engineering Jacob Bronowski 1908 1974 writer mathematician and Britain s leading academic TV figure of the 1970s Sabina Citron born 1928 Holocaust survivor activist and author Bat Sheva Dagan born 1925 Holocaust survivor teacher psychologist author 168 Karl Dedecius 1921 2016 translator 169 Elizabeth Diller born 1954 American architect Karl Dominik born 1980 China s first Chinese speaking Polish actor Marek Edelman 1919 1922 2009 Holocaust survivor one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Solidarity activist Polish politician human rights activist Jacob Eisner born 1947 Israeli basketball player Max Factor Sr 1877 1938 businessman founder of the Max Factor cosmetics company 170 Dov Freiberg 1927 2008 Holocaust survivor and writer Magdalena Frech born 1997 tennis player 171 Joseph Friedenson 1922 2013 Holocaust survivor and writer Piotr Fronczewski born 1946 Polish actor Maciej Golubiewski born 1976 Polish political scientist and diplomat Consul General at the Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in New York City Marcin Gortat born 1984 NBA basketball player for the Washington Wizards 172 Mendel Grossman 1913 1945 Lodz ghetto photographer 173 Jozef Hecht 1891 1951 engraver and printmaker 174 Jerzy Janowicz born 1990 tennis player 175 Josef Joffe born 1944 journalist Michal Kalecki 1899 1970 Marxian economist one of the most distinguished economists of the 20th century Roman Kantor 1912 1943 epee fencer Nordic champion and Soviet champion killed by the Nazis Jan Karski 1914 2000 diplomat and anti nazi resistant 176 Aharon Katzir 1914 1972 Israeli pioneer in study of electrochemistry of biopolymers killed in Lod Airport Massacre Lea Koenig born 1929 Israeli actress Paul Klecki 1900 1973 conductor Katarzyna Kobro 1898 1951 sculptor 177 Tomasz Konieczny born 1972 opera singer Jerzy Kosinski 1933 1991 writer 178 Jan Kowalewski 1892 1965 cryptologist who broke Soviet military codes and ciphers during the Polish Soviet War Karolina Kowalkiewicz born 1985 UFC Strawweight Title challenger Feliks W Kres born 1966 fantasy writer Anna Lewandowska born 1988 karateka and nutrition expert Nathan Lewin Washington D C attorney Daniel Libeskind born 1946 architect 179 Tadeusz Micinski 1873 1918 poet Stanislaw Mikulski 1929 2014 actor Ruth Minsky Sender born 1926 author and survivor Zew Wawa Morejno 1916 2011 Chief Rabbi Henry Morgentaler 1923 2013 physician Konstantin Petrovich Nechaev 1883 1946 White movement leader and mercenary commander in China Zbigniew Nienacki 1929 1994 writer Marek Oledzki born 1951 archaeologist Marian P Opala 1921 2010 Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice Adam Ostrowski born 1980 better known as O S T R rapper Adam Palma born 1974 Polish British guitarist and teacher Wladyslaw Pasikowski born 1959 film director Roman Polanski born 1933 cinema director Oscar and Golden Palm winner 180 Piotr Pustelnik born 1951 alpine and high altitude climber the 20th man to climb all 14 eight thousanders Ze ev Raban 1890 1970 Israeli painter and sculptor Adolph Moses Radin 1848 1909 rabbi Damian Radowicz born 1989 footballer Wladyslaw Reymont 1867 1925 writer Nobel Prize winner Joseph Rotblat 1908 2005 physicist Nobel Prize winner Stefan Rozental 1903 1994 nuclear physicist Artur Rubinstein 1887 1982 pianist 181 Arnold Rutkowski opera singer Zbigniew Rybczynski born 1949 animator and Oscar winner 182 Marek Saganowski born 1978 football player Andrzej Sapkowski born 1948 fantasy writer 183 Carl Wilhelm Scheibler 1820 1881 one of the most important Lodz industrialists Euzebiusz Smolarek born 1981 football player Piotr Sobocinski 1958 2001 cinematographer Andrzej Sontag born 1952 track and field athlete Natan Spigel 1900 1942 painter Wladyslaw Strzeminski 1893 1952 painter Katarzyna Kobro s husband 184 Borys Szyc born 1978 actor and musician Arthur Szyk 1894 1951 artist Adam Szymczyk born 1970 art critic and curator Aleksander Tansman 1897 1986 composer and pianist Jack Tramiel 1928 2012 computer manufacturer the founder of Commodore 185 Julian Tuwim 1894 1953 poet Andrzej Udalski born 1957 astronomer and astrophysicist Mis Uszatek cartoon character Michal Wisniewski born 1972 singer Pawel Zatorski born 1990 volleyball player double World Champion Hanna Zdanowska born 1959 politician Mayor of Lodz 186 Aleksandra Ziolkowska Boehm born 1949 writerInternational relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Lodz is home to nine foreign consulates all of which are Honorary They are subordinate to the following states main representation in Poland French Danish German Austrian British Belgian Latvian Hungarian and Moldavian Twin towns sister cities Edit Lodz is twinned with 187 Chemnitz in Germany since 1972 188 Stuttgart in Germany since 1988 189 Lyon in France since 1991 190 Vilnius in Lithuania since 1991 191 192 Odesa in Ukraine since 1993 193 194 Tel Aviv in Israel since 1994 195 Rustavi in Georgia since 1995 196 197 Barreiro in Portugal since 1996 198 Tampere in Finland since 1996 199 Puebla in Mexico since 1996 200 Murcia in Spain since 1999 201 Orebro in Sweden since 2001 202 Lviv in Ukraine since 2003 203 Denizli in Turkey since 2005 204 Szeged in Hungary since 2008 205 Guangzhou in People s Republic of China since 2014 Chengdu in People s Republic of China since 2015 Lodz belongs also to the Eurocities network After the Russian invasion of Ukraine Lodz terminated the partnership with Russian cities Ivanovo and Kaliningrad and with Minsk the capital of Belarus on 2 March 2022 206 See also Edit Poland portal European Union portalHistory of Lodz Lodz Design Festival International Festival of Comics and Games in LodzExplanatory notes Edit Pronunciation British English w ʊ tʃ WUUTCH 2 3 4 5 American English w uː tʃ l uː dʒ WOOTCH LOOJ 6 5 Polish wut ɕ listen Other names German Lodz or Lodsch 1940 1945 Litzmannstadt Russian Lodz romanized Lodz Latin Lodzia English pronunciation l ɒ d z LODZ citation needed The tower was completed in 1927 45 References EditInline citations Edit a b Local Data Bank Statistics Poland Retrieved 10 July 2022 Data for territorial unit 1061000 Lodz Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press n d Retrieved 16 September 2018 Lodz Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 16 September 2018 Lodz Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Retrieved 16 September 2018 a b Lodz The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 11 April 2019 Lodz permanent dead link Lodz Warszawa trasa i odleglosc na mapie dojazd PKP BUS PKS www trasa info Retrieved 2 August 2018 a b Lodz Tourism Tourist Information Lodz Poland staypoland com eTravel S A Cysek Pawlak Monika Krzysztofik Sylwia 2017 Integrated Approach as a Means of Leading the Degraded Post Industrial Areas Out of Crisis A Case Study of Lodz IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 245 8 082036 Bibcode 2017MS amp E 245h2036C doi 10 1088 1757 899X 245 8 082036 eISSN 1757 899X ISSN 1757 8981 a b 4 Billion PLN for Revitalization of Downtown Lodz lodzpost com Retrieved 18 July 2017 The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Retrieved 3 September 2020 Poland s Lodz named UNESCO City of Film Archived 31 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Radio Poland Retrieved 3 November 2017 Albert 2020 p 387 Szperling Severin Szperling Julie 2010 A Catalog of Holocaust Medals A History Etched in Metal Wheatmark Inc p 31 ISBN 978 1 60494 421 1 Rymut 1987 p 145 Grzegorczyk 2008 pp 12 13 Strumillo 2015 p 1 a b Brunell 2005 p 161 Lerski 1996 p 324 Podgarbi 1990 p 33 Brunet Jailly 2017 p 178 Pus 1987 p 10 a b Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne w Lodzi 1976 p 48 Rosset 1962 p 5 Malone 2007 p 210 a b Larkham amp Conzen 2014 p 153 a b Larkham amp Conzen 2014 pp 153 154 Susquehanna University 1975 p 51 Reddaway 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Gola 2020 p 149 Ledniowski amp Gola 2020 p 147 Trunk amp Shapiro 2006 pp XI 9 13 Trunk amp Shapiro 2006 p XXXIII Wieviorka 2006 pp 7 8 Datner 1968 p 69 Trunk amp Shapiro 2006 p XI Peck 1997 Trunk amp Shapiro 2006 p L Wardzynska2 2009 p 30 sfn error no target CITEREFWardzynska22009 help Ledniowski amp Gola 2020 pp 148 149 a b c Cudny amp Kunc 2021 Werra amp Wozny 2018 p 481 Dixon 2015 p 207 a b Muller 2005 p 172 Klysik 1998 p 175 Ash Timothy Garton 1 January 1999 The Polish Revolution Solidarity Yale University Press ISBN 0300095686 via Google Books Markham James M 28 July 1981 Polish Minister and Union Reach Compromise on Meat Ration Cut The New York Times Three more days of limited protests are planned in Lodz which appears to have suffered especially from meat shortages a b Cudny 2016 p 120 Marszal et al 2014 p 90 Marszal et al 2014 p 91 Marszal et al 2014 pp 91 92 Srednia dobowa temperatura powietrza Normy klimatyczne 1991 2020 in Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 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7 Statistical Office in Lodz Lodzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021 p 7 a b Statistical Office in Lodz Lodzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021 pp 7 8 a b c Cudny 2012 pp 11 12 Obraniak 2007 p 5 Szukalski Martinez Fernandez amp Weyman 2013 p 7 Cox 2014 p 14 Holm Marcinczak amp Ogrodowczyk 2015 pp 169 170 Kossert 2010 p 40 Gordon J Horwitz Ghettostadt Lodz and the Making of a Nazi City Harvard University Press 2009 p 3 Piotrkowska Street Stroll Poland s Official Travel Website Retrieved 18 July 2017 Krakowiak Beata 2015 Museums in Lodz as an Element of Tourism Space and the Connection Between Museums and the City s Tourism Image Tourism 25 2 87 96 doi 10 1515 tour 2015 0008 eISSN 2080 6922 ISSN 0867 5856 Retrieved 18 July 2017 permanent dead link p 93 a b Kaczmarek Sylwia Marcinczak Szymon 2013 The Blessing in Disguise Urban Regeneration in Poland in a Neo Liberal Milieu In Leary Michael E McCarthy John eds The Routledge Companion to Urban Regeneration Routledge pp 98 106 ISBN 978 0 415 53904 3 p 103 a b Strumillo Krystyna 2016 Adaptive Reuse of Buildings as an Important Factor of Sustainable Development In Charytonowicz Jerzy ed Advances in Human Factors and Sustainable Infrastructure Springer pp 51 59 ISBN 978 3 319 41940 4 p 56 Poland to invest in Lodz despite failed bid for Expo 2022 Radio Poland 16 November 2017 Retrieved 16 November 2017 a b Krakowiak p 88 Krakowiak p 91 Krakowiak p 88 Krakowiak also lists 13 more institutions that operate as museums but are not registered with the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections p 95 bringing the total number of museums in Lodz to 27 Discover the Book Art Museum Lodz Poland AEPM Association of European Printing Museums January 2015 Retrieved 18 July 2017 a b c Dlugonski Andrzej Szumanski Marek 2015 Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Lodz Poland Journal of Urban Planning and Development 141 3 n pag doi 10 1061 ASCE UP 1943 5444 0000242 eISSN 1943 5444 ISSN 0733 9488 Article first published online in 2014 a b Jaskulski Marcin Szmidt Aleksander 2015 The Tourism Attractiveness of Landforms in Lagiewnicki Forest Lodz Tourism 25 2 27 35 doi 10 1515 tour 2015 0003 eISSN 2080 6922 ISSN 0867 5856 Retrieved 28 July 2017 permanent dead link p 27 See Jaskulski and Szmidt p 29 for a map of tourism trails in the forest Grzegorczyk Arkadiusz ed 2015 Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Lodzi Lodz pp 59 61 ISBN 978 83 939822 0 2 Kaniewska Anna Najstarsze lodzkie parki Archiwum Panstwowe w Lodzi The State Archive in Lodz 3 April 2009 Retrieved 28 July 2017 Jewish Lodz Cemetery About Cemetery At Bracka Street Retrieved 25 January 2017 The New Cemetery in Lodz Lodz ShtetLinks Retrieved 12 January 2013 Jewish Cemetery Fundacja Monumentum Iudaicum Lodzese Retrieved 12 January 2013 Kobojek Elzbieta 2017 A Small River Within the Urban Space the Evolution of the Relationship Using the Example of Lodz PDF Space Society Economy 19 19 7 20 doi 10 18778 1733 3180 19 01 ISSN 1733 3180 Retrieved 13 July 2018 p 10 Lamprecht Mariusz 2014 Fluctuations in the Development of Cities A Case Study of Lodz Studia Regionalia 38 77 91 ISSN 0860 3375 Retrieved 13 July 2018 p 82 Cormier Amanda 25 December 2019 The Best Bras Might Be Made in Poland The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 30 December 2019 Association of Business Service Leaders ABSL 2019 Business Services Sector in Poland 2019 PDF Report ABSL pp 28 55 a href Template Cite report html title Template Cite report cite report a author has generic name help Pociagi Lodz Warszawa Omio www pl omio com Retrieved 14 February 2018 a b c AFP 24 Jan 2009 24 January 2009 AFP Dell seeks refuge in Poland as crisis bites Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 Retrieved 11 April 2010 Wisniewski Szymon 2017 Lodz in the Regional and National Transportation System PDF Space Society Economy 19 19 65 86 doi 10 18778 1733 3180 19 04 ISSN 1733 3180 Retrieved 17 July 2018 p 66 Shepard Wade 10 November 2016 Europe Finally Wakes Up To The New Silk Road And This Could Be Big Forbes Retrieved 22 July 2018 Bentyn Zbigniew 2016 Poland as a Regional Logistic Hub Serving the Development of the Northern Corridor of the New Silk Route Journal of Management Marketing and Logistics 3 2 135 44 ISSN 2148 6670 Archived from the original on 22 July 2018 Retrieved 20 July 2018 p 142 Statystyki rowerowek Bike roads statistics rowerowalodz pl in Polish Archived from the original on 15 August 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2020 www lifemotion pl Our destinations Port Lotniczy Lodz im Wladyslawa Reymonta lodz pl Wisniewski p 79 Statistic taken from the Lodz Wladyslaw Reymont Airport Wikipedia article on 19 July 2015 Sourced from the Lodz article on the Polish Wikipedia site on 19 July 2015 About MPK MPK Lodz Spolka z o o lodz pl Grzegorczyk p 144 Lodz railway tunnel tender announced RailwayPro 6 December 2016 Retrieved 3 August 2017 a b Superdworzec juz jest bedzie prawie metro Lodz ma byc komunikacyjnym centrum kraju TVN24 2 December 2016 Retrieved 3 August 2017 a b Lodz bedzie miala metro I to juz niedlugo Wyborcza pl Magazyn Lodz 18 May 2016 Retrieved 3 August 2017 Rogaczewska Beata 1 November 2016 Lodz Fabryczna najwiekszy podziemny dworzec kolejowy w Polsce i trzeci w Europie rp pl Retrieved 3 August 2017 Kozlowski Remigiusz Palczewska Anna Jablonski Jakub 2016 The Scope and Capabilities of ITS The Case of Lodz In Mikulski Jerzy ed Challenge of Transport Telematics Springer pp 305 16 ISBN 9783319496450 p 308 The New Centre of Lodz has a Local Action Plan URBACT urbact eu Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 19 July 2015 Rekordowy rok Lodzkiej Kolei Aglomeracyjnej kurierkolejowy eu 22 December 2016 Retrieved 3 August 2017 Dana Przemek 16 January 2015 Janusz Morgenstern rezyser m in Stawki wiekszej niz zycie nie zyje Retrieved 14 February 2018 2009 EuroBasket ARCHIVE FIBA com Retrieved 5 June 2016 Pavitt Michael 13 April 2018 Poland and Hungary awarded upcoming editions of European Universities Games insidethegames biz Retrieved 14 April 2018 Szkola Mistrzostwa Sportowego im K Gorskiego w Lodzi Oficjalna strona internetowa Szkoly Mistrzostwa Sportowego w Lodzi smslodz pl Spoldzielczy Klub Sportowy START Lodz ul sw Teresy 56 58 Oficjalny serwis sksstart com Expo 2021 Doha Bureau International des Expositions Retrieved 15 November 2020 The Government of the State of Qatar has formally requested BIE approval to change the opening dates of Expo 2021 Doha to 2 October 2023 28 March 2024 The request follows in depth discussions on the global impact of the Covid 19 pandemic The Executive Committee of the BIE unanimously agreed to propose the postponement of Horticultural Expo 2021 Doha with the BIE General Assembly to vote on the recommendation during its next meeting on 1 December 2020 Rok 2029 nowy termin Zielonego Expo w Lodzi in Polish Urzad Miasta Lodzi 23 September 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2020 Grazyna Bacewicz Retrieved 10 July 2022 Aleksander Bardini Retrieved 10 July 2022 Andrzej Bartkowiak in Polish Retrieved 10 July 2022 Jurek Becker 59 Novelist Survived Nazi Imprisonment The New York Times 24 March 1997 Retrieved 10 July 2022 Marek BELKA Retrieved 10 July 2022 Kazimierz Brandys Retrieved 10 July 2022 Batsheva Dagan Retrieved 10 July 2022 Karl Dedecius nie zyje Zmarl wielki lodzianin in Polish 27 February 2016 Retrieved 10 July 2022 Max Factor Lodz Retrieved 25 January 2017 Magdalena Frech Retrieved 10 July 2022 Marcin Gortat Retrieved 10 July 2022 Shapiro Robert Moses May 1999 Holocaust chronicles Google Books ISBN 978 0 88125 630 7 Retrieved 25 January 2010 Jozef Hecht in Polish Retrieved 11 July 2022 Jerzy Janowicz Retrieved 10 July 2022 Jan Karski Retrieved 10 July 2022 Katarzyna Kobro Retrieved 10 July 2022 Jerzy Kosinski A Complicated Life amp Literary Legacy Retrieved 10 July 2022 Daniel Liebeskind Retrieved 10 July 2022 Alonso Stephane 30 October 2009 Polanski Exhibit Draws Crowds in Lodz Der Spiegel Retrieved 10 July 2022 Arthur Rubinstein Retrieved 10 July 2022 Zbigniew Rybczynski Retrieved 10 July 2022 Andrzej Sapkowski Retrieved 10 July 2022 Wladyslaw Strzeminski Retrieved 10 July 2022 Jack Tramiel founder of Commodore computers Lodz survivor dies at 83 j the Jewish news weekly of Northern California 20 April 2012 Retrieved 25 January 2017 Hanna Zdanowska in Polish 30 September 2019 Retrieved 10 July 2022 Twin Cities The City of Lodz Office in Polish and English 2007 Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 Retrieved 23 October 2008 Chemnitz Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Stuttgart Stadtepartnerschaften Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart Abteilung Aussenbeziehungen in German Retrieved 27 July 2013 Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon Mairie de Lyon 2008 Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 Retrieved 21 October 2008 Wilno Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Wilno PDF bip uml lodz pl Retrieved 14 December 2018 Porozumienie o ustanowieniu braterskich wiezi miedzy miastami Lodz Polska i Odessa Ukraina Agreement to establish fraternal ties between cities of Lodz Poland and Odesa Ukraine PDF uml lodz pl in Polish and Russian 7 May 1993 Retrieved 14 December 2018 Odessa Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Tel Aviv sister cities in Hebrew Tel Aviv Yafo Municipality Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 Retrieved 19 January 2008 Rustawi Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Uchwala XXIV 275 95 Rady Miejskiej w Lodzi The City Council resolution No XXIV 275 95 PDF uml lodz pl in Polish 27 December 1995 Retrieved 14 December 2018 Barreiro Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Tampere Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Puebla Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Murcia Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Vanorter orebro se Archived 27 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine Lwow Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Tjanjin Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Archived from the original on 15 December 2018 Retrieved 14 December 2018 Szeged Urzad Miasta Lodzi in Polish Retrieved 14 December 2018 Dorota Adamska City Council Office 2 March 2022 Podsumowanie LVI nadzwyczajnej sesji Rady Miejskiej w Lodzi Summary of the 56 extraordinary session of the Lodz City Council Urzad Miasta Lodzi uml lodz pl in Polish Bibliography Edit Marszal Tadeusz Kobojek Elzbieta Niewiadomski Arkadiusz Toloczko Wojciech 2014 Natural environment of Poland and its protection in Lodz University Geographical Research Lodz University Press pp 79 99 ISBN 9788379691340 Kossert Andreas 2010 Religion in urban everyday life shaping modernity in Lodz and Manchester 1820 1914 In Berglund Bruce R Porter Szucs Brian eds Christianity and Modernity in Eastern Europe Central European University Press ISBN 9789639776654 Muller Bernhard 2005 Rise and decline of industry in Central and Eastern Europe a comparative study of cities and regions in eleven countries Berlin Springer ISBN 9783540404781 Cudny Waldemar Kunc Josef 2021 Growth and Change in Post socialist Cities of Central Europe New York Routledge ISBN 9780367484477 Klysik Kazimierz 1998 Charakterystyka powierzchni miejskich Lodzi z klimatologicznego punktu widzenia PDF Folia Geographica Physica 3 173 85 ISSN 1427 9711 Retrieved 27 July 2017 Werra Dagmara H Wozny Marzena 2018 Between history and archaeology papers in honour of Jacek Lech Oxford Archaeopress Publishing ISBN 9781784917722 Dixon Wheeler Winston 2015 Black and White Cinema A Short History New Brunswick Rutgers University Press ISBN 9780813572444 Wieviorka Annette 2006 The Era of the Witness Ithaca Cornell University Press ISBN 9780801443312 Wardzynska2 Maria Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich Biuletyn Instytutu Pamieci Narodowej in Polish Vol 4 no 99 IPN ISSN 1641 9561 Wardzynska1 Maria 2009 Byl rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczenstwa w Polsce Intelligenzaktion in Polish Warszawa IPN Datner Szymon 1968 Las sprawiedliwych in Polish Warszawa Ksiazka i Wiedza Peck Abraham J 1997 The Agony of the Lodz Ghetto 1941 1944 The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto 1941 1944 by Lucjan Dobroszycki and The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Washington D C The Simon Wiesenthal Center Retrieved 25 March 2015 Ledniowski Krzysztof Gola Beata 2020 Niemiecki oboz dla maloletnich Polakow w Lodzi przy ul Przemyslowej Zbrodnia bez kary Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacja niemiecka 1939 1945 in Polish Krakow Uniwersytet Jagiellonski Biblioteka Jagiellonska Trunk Isaiah Shapiro Robert Moses 2006 Lodz Ghetto A History Bloomington Indiana University Press ISBN 0253347556 von Plato Alexander Leh Almut Thonfeld Cristoph 2010 Hitler s Slaves Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi Occupied Europe New York Berghahn Books ISBN 9781845459901 Crowe David M 2021 The Holocaust Roots History and Aftermath New York Routledge ISBN 978 0367541248 Forczyk Robert 2019 Case White The Invasion of Poland 1939 New York Osprey ISBN 978 1472834973 Wojalski Miroslaw Zbigniew 1992 Dzialo sie w Lodzi It Happened in Lodz Lodz ZORA ISBN 8390080605 Badziak Kazimierz Lapa Malgorzata 2009 Wojewodztwo lodzkie 1919 2009 studia i materialy in Polish Lodz Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego ISBN 9788361253501 Zielinski Stanislaw 1913 Bitwy i potyczki 1863 1864 Na podstawie materyalow drukowanych i rekopismiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu in Polish Rapperswil Fundusz Wydawniczy Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu Cudny Waldemar 2012 Socio Economic Changes in Lodz The Result of Twenty Years of System Transformation PDF Geograficky casopis Geographical Journal 64 1 3 27 ISSN 1335 1257 Retrieved 25 November 2017 Szukalski Piotr Martinez Fernandez Cristina Weyman Tamara 2013 Lodzkie Region Demographic Challenges Within an Ideal Location OECD Local Economic and Employment Development LEED Working Papers 5 2013 1 56 doi 10 1787 5k4818gt720p en eISSN 2079 4797 hdl 11089 5816 Retrieved 25 November 2017 Cox Wendell 2014 International Shrinking Cities Analysis Classification and Prospects In Richardson Harry W Nam Chang Woon eds Shrinking Cities A Global Perspective London and New York Routledge pp 11 27 ISBN 978 0415643962 Holm Andrej Marcinczak Szymon Ogrodowczyk Agnieszka 2015 New Build Gentrification in the Post Socialist City Lodz and Leipzig Two Decades After Socialism PDF Geografie 120 2 164 187 doi 10 37040 geografie2015120020164 ISSN 1212 0014 Archived from the original PDF on 1 July 2016 Retrieved 25 November 2017 Roszkowski Wojciech 2015 East Central Europe A Concise History Warsaw Polish Academy of Sciences PAN ISBN 9788364091483 Karamouz Mohammad 2021 Water systems analysis design and planning urban infrastructure Boca Raton CRC Press ISBN 9780367528454 Feitelson Eran 2017 Advancing Sustainability at the Sub National Level the Potential and Limitations of Planning London Routledge ISBN 9781351960656 Czerny Miroslawa 2006 Poland in the geographical centre of Europe political social and economic consequences New York Nova Science ISBN 1594546037 University of Lodz 1979 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego II 21 22 OCLC 643789098 Retrieved 29 April 2022 Biskupski Mieczyslaw B 2012 Independence Day Myth Symbol and the Creation of Modern Poland Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199658817 DiNardo Richard L 2010 Breakthrough the Gorlice Tarnow Campaign 1915 ABC CLIO ISBN 9780313081835 Toporowski Jan 2013 Michal Kalecki An Intellectual Biography Vol 1 Rendezvous in Cambridge 1899 1939 London Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781137315397 Stefanski Krzysztof 2003 Atlas architektury dawnej Lodzi do 1939 r in Polish Lodz Archidiecezjalne Wydawn Lodzkie ISBN 8387931888 Bujak Adam 2007 Polish Cathedrals Krakow Bialy Kruk ISBN 9788360292372 Zimmerman Joshua D 2022 Jozef Pilsudski Founding Father of Modern Poland Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674984271 Cudny Waldemar 2016 Festivalisation of Urban Spaces Factors Processes and Effects Cham Springer International ISBN 9783319319971 Blanc Eric 2021 Revolutionary social democracy Boston Brill ISBN 9789004449930 Wandycz Piotr Stefan 2001 The Price of Freedom A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present London Routledge ISBN 9781351541305 Charles Victoria 2015 Factories New York Parkstone International ISBN 9781844847679 van Pelt Robert Jan 2015 Lodz and Getto Litzmannstadt promised land and croaking hole of Europe Toronto Art Gallery of Ontario ISBN 9781894243803 Wakeman Rosemary 2020 A Modern History of European Cities 1815 to the Present London Bloomsbury ISBN 9781350017665 Liszewski Stanislaw Young Craig 1997 A Comparative Study of Lodz and Manchester Lodz University Press ISBN 9788371710957 Brand Peter Thomas Michael 2013 Urban Environmentalism Global Change and the Mediation of Local Conflict Hoboken Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9780203970263 Davies Norman 1982 God s Playground A History of Poland in Two Volumes Vol 2 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0231043260 Obraniak Wlodzimierz 2007 Ludnosc Lodzi i innych wielkich miast w Polsce w latach 1984 2006 PDF Lodz Urzad Statystyczny w Lodzi p 5 Retrieved 27 July 2017 Statistical Office in Lodz Lodzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021 Lodz in figures PDF Lodz Statistics Poland Glowny Urzad Statystyczny GUS Leslie Roy Francis 1983 The History of Poland Since 1863 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521226457 Larkham Peter J Conzen Michael P 2014 Shapers of Urban Form Explorations in Morphological Agency New York Routledge ISBN 9781317812517 Reddaway W F Penson J H Halecki Oskar 2016 The Cambridge History of Poland Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1316620038 Susquehanna University 1975 Susquehanna University Studies 1 Vol 10 Selinsgrove University Press ISSN 0361 8250 Malone Peter 2007 Through a Catholic lens religious perspectives of nineteen film directors from around the world Lanham Sheed amp Ward ISBN 978 1299386389 Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne w Lodzi 1976 Prace i materialy Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Lodzi Prace i materialy Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Lodzi in Polish Lodz PWN 19 ISSN 0458 1520 Podgarbi Bronislaw 1990 The Jewish Cemetery in Lodz Lodz Artus ISBN 8385132007 Lerski Halina 1996 Historical Dictionary of Poland 966 1945 Santa Barbara ABC CLIO ISBN 1282427539 Brunell Laura 2005 Institutional Capital Building Post communist Government Performance Lanham University Press of America ISBN 0761829555 Strumillo Krystyna 2015 New Image of Post factory Buildings in Lodz in Kopernika Street PDF Lodz Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning Lodz University of Technology Berend Ivan 2013 Case studies on modern European economy entrepreneurs inventions institutions London Routledge ISBN 9780415639941 Grzegorczyk Arkadiusz 2008 Okres Pradziejow i Sredniowiecza PDF Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Lodzi in Polish Urzad Miasta Lodzi Biuro Analiz Medialnych i Wydawnictw 1 ISSN 1731 092X OCLC 749406762 Retrieved 20 April 2022 Rymut Kazimierz 1987 Nazwy miast Polski in Polish Wroclaw Zaklad Narodowy im Ossolinskich Wydawnictwo ISBN 8304024365 Albert Sylvie 2020 Innovative Solutions for Creating Sustainable Cities Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 9781527535930 Pus Wieslaw 1987 Dzieje Lodzi przemyslowej in Polish Lodz Muzeum Historii Miasta Lodzi Centrum Informacji Kulturalnej OCLC 749443747 Rosset Edward 1962 Lodz w latach 1945 1960 in Polish Lodz Towarzystwo Przyjaciol Lodzi OCLC 1150542144 Brunet Jailly Emmanuel 2017 Borderlands comparing border security in North America and Europe Ottawa University Press ISBN 9780776627151 Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides Lodz Ghetto A Community History Told in Diaries Journals and Documents Viking 1989 ISBN 0 670 82983 8 A Stairwell in Lodz Constance Cappel 2004 Xlibris in English self published source Horwitz Gordon J 2009 Ghettostadt Lodz and the making of a Nazi city Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press pp 27 54 55 62 ISBN 978 0674038790 Retrieved 21 March 2015 via Google Books preview Lodz The Last Ghetto in Poland Michal Unger Yad Vashem 600 pages in Hebrew Stefanski Krzysztof 2000 Gmachy uzytecznosci publicznej dawnej Lodzi Lodz 2000 ISBN 83 86699 45 0 Stefanski Krzysztof 2009 Ludzie ktorzy zbudowali Lodz Leksykon architektow i budowniczych miasta do 1939 roku Lodz 2009 ISBN 978 83 61253 44 0 Trunk Isaiah Shapiro Robert Moses 2006 Lodz Ghetto a history Indiana University Press Bloomington Indiana ISBN 978 0 253 34755 8 Retrieved 6 March 2010 Trunk Isaiah Shapiro Robert Moses 2008 2006 Lodz Ghetto A History Bloomington Ind Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0253347558 Retrieved 29 September 2015 via Google Books preview External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lodz Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lodz Official website Public Transport Official Site City map of Lodz Historic images of Lodz Lodz Special Economic Zone Lodz Lublinek Airport Archived 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Lodz Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 16 11th ed 1911 p 862 The Lodz Post at the Wayback Machine archived 2019 09 05 English language newspaper The Lodz Ghetto Archived 20 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Lodz Poland at JewishGen Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lodz amp oldid 1155750414, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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