Belgians
Belgians (Dutch: Belgen; French: Belges; German: Belgier) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
Map of the Belgian Diaspora in the world | |
| Total population | |
| c. 11–12 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Belgium 10,839,905 (Belgian nationality only, 1 January 2014)[1] | |
| United States | 352,630[2] |
| Canada | 176,615[3] |
| France | 133,066[4][5] |
| Netherlands | 117,495[6] |
| Spain | 52,000[7] |
| Italy | 46,000[7] |
| Germany | 20,000–50,000[8] |
| United Kingdom | 31,000[7] |
| Luxembourg | 22,000[7] |
| Switzerland | 17,000[7] |
| Turkey | 12,000[7] |
| South Africa | 10,000[7] |
| Australia | 8,000[7] |
| Poland | 7,000[7] |
| Brazil | 6,000[9] |
| Israel | 6,000[7] |
| Portugal | 5,183 [10] |
| Romania | 5,000[7] |
| Greece | 5,000[7] |
| Bulgaria | 3,000[7] |
| Austria | 3,000[7] |
| Hungary | 3,000[7] |
| Sweden | 3,000[7] |
| Denmark | 2,000[7] |
| Norway | 2,000[7] |
| Ireland | 2,000[7] |
| Morocco | 2,000[7] |
| Mexico | 1,000[7] |
| Slovakia | 1,000[7] |
| Malta | 1,000[7] |
| Czech Republic | 1,000[7] |
| Languages | |
| Dutch, French, German (also other Languages of Belgium) | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Roman Catholicism and irreligious Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Germanic and Romance peoples (especially French, Dutch, Frisians, Luxembourgers and Germans) | |
Etymology
The 1830 revolution led to the establishment of an independent country under a provisional government and a national congress.[11][12] The name "Belgium" was adopted for the country, the word being derived from Gallia Belgica, a Roman province in the northernmost part of Gaul that, before Roman invasion in 100 BC, was inhabited by the Belgae, a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples.[13][14]
The Latin name was revived in 1790 by the short-lived United Belgian States which was created after a revolution against Austrian rule took place in 1789. Since no adjective equivalent to "Belgian" existed at the time, the French noun "Belgique" (or "Belgium") was adopted as both noun and adjective; a phenomenon borrowed from Latin which was still commonly used during the period.[15] From the sixteenth century, the Low Countries" or "Netherlands", were referred to as 'Belgica' in Latin, as was the Dutch Republic.
Belgian culture
Relations between Belgian linguistic communities
Belgians are primarily a nationality or citizen group, by jus soli (Latin: right of the soil),[16] also known as birthright citizenship, and are not a homogeneous ethnic group.[17][18][19] Belgians are made up of two main linguistic and ethnic groups; the Dutch-speakers (called the Flemish) and the French-speakers (mostly Walloons), as well as a third tiny but constitutionally recognized group from two small German-speaking areas. These sometimes competing ethnic and linguistic priorities are governed by constitutionally designated "regions or communities", depending on the constitutional realm of the topic, a complex and uniquely Belgian political construct. Since many Belgians are at least bilingual, or even trilingual, it is common for business, social and family networks to include members of the various ethnic groups composing Belgium.[citation needed]
The Brussels-Capital Region occupies a unique political and cultural position since geographically and linguistically it is a bilingual enclave within the unilingual Flemish Region. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Belgium in 1830, the city of Brussels was francized, as it was transformed from an almost entirely Dutch-speaking into a multilingual city with French as the majority language and lingua franca.[20]
Since the independence of Belgium in 1830, the constitutional title of the Belgian head of state is the "King of the Belgians" rather than the "King of Belgium".[21][22]
Flemish (Dutch-speaking)
Within Belgium the Flemish, about 60% of the population, form a clearly distinguishable group, set apart by their language and customs. However, when compared to the Netherlands most of these cultural and linguistic boundaries quickly fade, as the Flemish share the same language, similar or identical customs and (though only with the southern part of today's Netherlands) traditional religion with the Dutch.[23]
However, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, Flemings will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.[24]
Walloon (French-speaking)
Walloons are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. Walloons are a distinctive community within Belgium,[25] important historical and anthropological criteria (religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the French people.[26][27] More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of the Walloon Region. They may speak regional languages such as Walloon (with Picard in the West and Gaumais in the South).
Though roughly three-quarters of Belgium's French speakers live in Wallonia, it is important to note that French-speaking residents of Brussels tend not to identify as Walloons.
German-speaking community
The German-speaking Community of Belgium is one of the three constitutionally recognized federal communities of Belgium.[28] Covering an area of less than 1,000 km2 within the province of Liège in Wallonia, it includes nine of the eleven municipalities of the so-called East Cantons and the local population numbers over 73,000 – less than 1% of the national total. Bordering the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg, the area has its own parliament and government at Eupen.
The German-speaking community is composed of the German-speaking parts of the lands that were annexed in 1920 from Germany. In addition, in contemporary Belgium there are also some other German-speaking areas that belonged to Belgium even before 1920, but they are not currently considered officially part of the German-speaking community in Belgium: Bleiberg-Welkenraat-Baelen in Northeastern province of Liège and Arelerland (city of Arlon and some of its nearby villages in Southeastern province of Belgian Luxembourg). However, in these localities, the German language is highly endangered due to the adoption of French.[29]
Religion
Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion, with approximately 65% of the Belgians declaring themselves to be Catholics.[30] However, by 2004, nationwide Sunday church attendance was only about 4 to 8% (9% for Flanders only). A 2006 inquiry in Flanders, long considered more religious than the Brussels or Wallonia regions in Belgium, showed 55% of its inhabitants calling themselves religious, while 36% said that they believed that God created the world.[31]
Demographics
Belgium had a population of 10,839,905 people on 1 January 2010, an increase of 601,000 in comparison to 2000 (10,239,085 inhabitants). Between 1990 (9,947,782 inhabitants) and 2000 the increase was only 291,000. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on 1 January 2010 was 6,251,983 (57.7%), 3,498,384 (32.3%) and 1,089,538 (10.1%), respectively.
Notable Belgians
See also
References
- ^ "National Institute for Statistics". Bestat.economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ Results Archived 12 February 2020 at archive.today American Fact Finder (US Census Bureau)
- ^ "Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". 12.statcan.gc.ca. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "Les Belges à l'étranger". Mondiaal Nieuws. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "Migration Data Hub". Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "CBS StatLine – Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari". Statline.cbs.nl. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". migrationpolicy.org. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ Germans with an immigrant background 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Panorama das relações belgo-brasileiras 24 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Reis, Silvia; Sousa, Pedro; Machado, Rui. "Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo 2020" [Immigration, Borders and Asylum Report 2020] (PDF). sefstat.sef.pt (in Portuguese). Coordination with Joaquim Estrela. SEF/GEPF. ISSN 2183-2935.
- ^ Dobbelaere, Karel; Voyé, Liliane (1990). (PDF). Oxford Journals, Oxford University Press: S1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Gooch, Brison Dowling (1963). Belgium and the February Revolution. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands. p. 112. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ Bunson, Matthew (1994). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (Hardcover 352pp ed.). Facts on File, New York. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-8160-4562-4.
- ^ Footnote: The Celtic and Germanic influences on and origins of the Belgae remains disputed. Further reading, e.g. Witt, Constanze Maria (May 1997). "Ethnic and Cultural Identity". Barbarians on the Greek Periphery?—Origins of Celtic Art. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, University of Virginia. from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ . Canaris1790.be. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- ^ jus soli, definition from merriam-webster.com.
- ^ Hobsbawm and Ranger (1983), The Invention of Tradition, Sider 1993 Lumbee Indian Histories
- ^ Seidner,(1982), Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective, pp. 2–3
- ^ Smith 1987 pp.21–22
- ^ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. p. 14. ISBN 1-57356-019-7.
- ^ Ramon Arango, Leopold III and the Belgian Royal Question, p.9.
- ^ Raymond Fusilier in Les monarchies parlementaires en Europe, Editions ouvrières, Paris, 1960, p. 350, wrote the Belgian regime of 1830 was also inspired by the French Constitution of the Kingdom of France (1791-1792), the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776 and the old political traditions of both Walloon and Flemish provinces.
- ^ National minorities in Europe, W. Braumüller, 2003, page 20.
- ^ Nederlandse en Vlaamse identiteit, Civis Mundi 2006 by S.W. Couwenberg. ISBN 90-5573-688-0. Page 62. Quote: "Er valt heel wat te lachen om de wederwaardigheden van Vlamingen in Nederland en Nederlanders in Vlaanderen. Ze relativeren de verschillen en beklemtonen ze tegelijkertijd. Die verschillen zijn er onmiskenbaar: in taal, klank, kleur, stijl, gedrag, in politiek, maatschappelijke organisatie, maar het zijn stuk voor stuk varianten binnen één taal-en cultuurgemeenschap." The opposite opinion is stated by L. Beheydt (2002): "Al bij al lijkt een grondiger analyse van de taalsituatie en de taalattitude in Nederland en Vlaanderen weinig aanwijzingen te bieden voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit. Dat er ook op andere gebieden weinig aanleiding is voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit is al door Geert Hofstede geconstateerd in zijn vermaarde boek Allemaal andersdenkenden (1991)." L. Beheydt, "Delen Vlaanderen en Nederland een culturele identiteit?", in P. Gillaerts, H. van Belle, L. Ravier (eds.), Vlaamse identiteit: mythe én werkelijkheid (Leuven 2002), 22–40, esp. 38. (in Dutch)
- ^ Ethnic Groups Worldwide, a ready reference Handbook, David Levinson, ORYX Press, (ISBN 1-57356-019-7), p. 13 : « Walloons are identified through their residence in Wallonia and by speaking dialects of French. They, too, are descended from the original Celtic inhabitants of the region and Romans and Franks who arrived later. Walloons are mainly Roman catholic. »
- ^ Ethnic Groups Worldwide, a ready reference Handbook, David Levinson, ORYX Press, ISBN 1-57356-019-7, p.13 : "Walloon culture was heavily influenced by the French"
- ^ The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World, A Henri Holt Reference Book, page 645 : « Culturally there is continuity between the French and the Walloons, Wallon culture consisting mainly of dialect literary productions. While historically most Wallons came within France's cultural orbit
- ^ . Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
- ^ Vieste, Associazione per i popoli minacciati – Sudtirolo, Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker – Suedtirol, Lia por i popui manacià, Society for Threatened Peoples (APM/GfbV/LPM/STP). Webdesign Mauro di. "Gefaehrdete Vielfalt – Kleine Sprachen ohne Zukunft. Ueber die Lage der Sprachminderheiten in der EU. Ein Ueberblick der GfbV-Suedtirol. 8.11.2000". Gfbv.it. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383, European Union: European Commission, p. 233, 2012, retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
- ^ Inquiry by 'Vepec', 'Vereniging voor Promotie en Communicatie' (Organisation for Promotion and Communication), published in Knack magazine 22 November 2006 p. 14 (The Dutch language term 'gelovig' was translated in the text as 'religious', more precisely it is a very common word for believing in particular in any kind of god in a monotheistic sense or in some afterlife.)
External links
Media related to People of Belgium at Wikimedia Commons