Batumi
Batumi (/bɑːˈtuːmi/; Georgian: ბათუმი pronounced [ˈbatʰumi] ⓘ) is the second-largest city of Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located on the coast of the Black Sea in Georgia's southwest, 20 kilometers north of the border with Turkey. It is situated in a subtropical zone at the foot of the Caucasus. Much of Batumi's economy revolves around tourism and gambling (it is nicknamed "The Las Vegas of the Black Sea"), but the city is also an important seaport and includes industries like shipbuilding, food processing and light manufacturing. Since 2010, Batumi has been transformed by the construction of modern high-rise buildings, as well as the restoration of classical 19th-century edifices lining its historic Old Town.[3]
Batumi ბათუმი | |
|---|---|
Flag Coat of arms | |
Batumi Location within Georgia Batumi Location within Adjara Batumi Location within Caucasus Batumi Location within Europe Batumi Batumi (Europe) | |
| Coordinates: 41°38′45″N 41°38′30″E / 41.64583°N 41.64167°E | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Autonomous republic | Adjara |
| Founded | 8th century |
| City status | 1866 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–Council |
| • Body | Batumi City Assembly |
| • Mayor | Archil Chikovani (GD) |
| Area | |
| • City | 64.9 km2 (25.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population (2023)[2] | |
| • City | 179,185[1] |
| • Metro | 302,497[a] |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (Georgian Time) |
| Postal code | 6000-6010 |
| Area code | (+995) 422 |
| Website | batumi |
History edit
Historical affiliations
Lazica (to 780)
Kingdom of Abkhazia, 780–1010
Kingdom of Georgia, 1010–1455
Kingdom of Imereti, 1455–1703
Ottoman Empire, 1703–1878
Russian Empire, 1878–1918
British Empire, 1918–1920
Dem. Rep. of Georgia, 1920–1921
USSR (Adj. ASSR in G.SSR) 1921–1991
Adjara (de facto independent, de jure part of Georgia) 1991–2004
Georgia (AR of Adjara), 1991 (2004)–present
Early history edit
Batumi is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony in Colchis called "Bathus" or "Bathys", derived from (Greek: βαθύς λιμεν, bathus limen; or βαθύς λιμήν, bathys limēn; lit. the 'deep harbour'). Under Hadrian (c. 117–138 AD), it was converted into a fortified Roman port and later deserted for the fortress of Petra founded in the time of Justinian I (c. 527–565). Garrisoned by the Roman-Byzantine forces, it was formally a possession of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs, who did not hold it; In 780 Lazica fell to kingdom of Abkhazia via a dynastic union; the latter led the unification of the Georgian monarchy in the 11th century.
From 1010, it was governed by the eristavi (ერისთავი, viceroy) of the king of Georgia. In the late 15th century, after the disintegration of the Georgian kingdom, Batumi passed to the princes (mtavari, მთავარი) of Guria, a western Georgian principality under the sovereignty of the kings of Imereti.
A curious incident occurred in 1444 when a Burgundian flotilla, after a failed crusade against the Ottoman Empire, penetrated the Black Sea and engaged in piracy along its eastern coastline until the Burgundians under the knight Geoffroy de Thoisy were ambushed while landing to raid Vaty, as Europeans then knew Batumi. De Thoisy was taken captive and released through the mediation of the emperor John IV of Trebizond.
Ottoman rule edit
In the 15th century in the reign of the prince Kakhaber Gurieli, the Ottomans conquered the town and its district but did not hold them. They returned to it in force a century later and inflicted a decisive defeat on the Georgian armies at Sokhoista. Batumi was recaptured by the Georgians several times, first in 1546 by prince Rostom Gurieli, who lost it soon afterwards, and again in 1609 by Mamia II Gurieli. In 1703, Batumi again became part of the Ottoman Empire. In the one-and-a-half century of Ottoman rule it grew into a provincial port serving the Empire's hinterlands on the eastern fringes of the Black Sea. After the Ottoman conquest, Islamization of the hitherto Christian region began but this was terminated and to a great degree reversed, after the area was annexed to Russian Imperial Georgia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.
Imperial Russian rule edit
It was the last Black Sea port annexed by Russia during the Russian conquest of that area of the Caucasus. In 1878, Batumi was annexed by the Russian Empire in accordance with the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (ratified on 23 March). Occupied by the Russians on 28 August 1878, the town was declared a free port until 1886. It functioned as the center of a special military district until being incorporated in the Kutaisi Governorate on 12 June 1883. Finally, on 1 June 1903, with the Artvin Okrug, the Batum Okrug was established as the Batum Oblast and placed under the direct administration of the Viceroy of the Caucasus.
The expansion of Batumi began with the construction of the Batumi–Tiflis–Baku Transcaucasus Railway (completed in 1883[4][5]), and the Baku–Batumi pipeline which opened in 1907.[6] Henceforth, Batumi became the chief Russian oil port in the Black Sea. The population increased rapidly doubling within 20 years: from 8,671 inhabitants in 1882 to 12,000 in 1889. By 1902 the population had reached 16,000, with 1,000 working in the refinery for Baron Rothschild's Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company.[7][8]
In the late 1880s and after, more than 7,400 Doukhobor emigrants sailed for Canada from Batumi, after the government agreed to let them emigrate. Quakers and Tolstoyans aided in collecting funds for the relocation of the religious minority, which had come into conflict with the Imperial government over its refusal to serve in the military and other positions. Canada settled them in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
Russian Civil War, Soviet Union, and 1991 independence edit
During 1901, sixteen years prior to the October Revolution, Joseph Stalin, the future leader of the Soviet Union, lived in the city organizing strikes. On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave the city back to the Ottoman Empire, confirmed in the Treaty of Batum of June 1918 between the Ottoman Empire and the new Democratic Republic of Georgia. As result of the end of World War I the British took control over Batumi from December 1918,[9] who stayed until July 1920 when the city and province was transferred to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which gave Adjara autonomy. In 1921 Kemal Atatürk ceded the northern part of Adjara, including Batumi, to the Bolsheviks who reconquered the Transcaucasian republics, on the condition that it be granted autonomy for the sake of the Muslims among Batumi's mixed population.[10]
When Georgia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Aslan Abashidze was appointed head of Adjara's governing council and subsequently held onto power throughout the unrest of the 1990s. While Abkhazia and South Ossetia areas attempted to break away from the Georgian state, Adjara remained an integral part of the republic. Instead, Abashidze turned Adjara into his personal fiefdom.[11] In May 2004, he fled to Russia[12] after mass protests in Batumi,[13] which concluded the 2004 Adjara crisis.
Post-1991 edit
Batumi today is one of the main port cities of Georgia. It has the capacity for 80,000-ton tankers to take materials such as oil that are shipped through Georgia from Central Asia. Additionally, the city exports regional agricultural products. Since 1995 the freight conversion of the port has constantly risen, with an approximate 8 million tons in 2001. The annual revenue from the port is estimated at between $200 million and $300 million.
Since the change of power in Adjara, Batumi has attracted international investors, and the prices of real estate in the city have trebled since 2001. In July 2007, the seat of the Constitutional Court of Georgia was moved from Tbilisi to Batumi to stimulate regional development.[14] Several new hotels opened after 2009, first the Sheraton in 2010 and the Radisson Blu in 2011. The city features several casinos that attract tourists from Turkey, where gambling is illegal.
Batumi was host to the Russian 12th Military Base. Following the Rose Revolution, the central government pushed for the removal of these forces and reached an agreement in 2005 with Moscow. According to the agreement, the process of withdrawal was planned to be completed in 2008, but the Russians completed the transfer of the Batumi base to Georgia on 13 November 2007, ahead of schedule.[15]
Geography edit
Climate edit
Batumi has a very wet humid subtropical climate (Cfa) according to Köppen's classification. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the onshore flow from the Black Sea and is subject to the orographic effect of the nearby hills and mountains, resulting in significant rainfall throughout most of the year, making Batumi the wettest city in both Georgia and the entire Caucasus Region.
The average annual temperature in Batumi is approximately 14 °C (57 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 7 °C (45 °F). August is the hottest month, with an average temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). The absolute minimum recorded temperature is −6 °C (21 °F), and the absolute maximum is 40 °C (104 °F). The number of days with daily temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) is 239. The city receives 1958 hours of sunshine per year.
Batumi's average annual precipitation is 2,435 mm (95.9 in). November is the wettest month with an average of 312 mm (12.3 in) of precipitation, while May is the driest, averaging 84 mm (3.3 in). Batumi receives snow most years, but it is often limited in amount (accumulating snowfall of more than 30 cm (11.8 in) is rare), and the number of days with snow cover for the year is 12. The average level of relative humidity ranges from 70 to 80%.
| Climate data for Batumi | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) | 27.4 (81.3) | 32.2 (90.0) | 38.3 (100.9) | 37.2 (99.0) | 39.9 (103.8) | 40.6 (105.1) | 39.5 (103.1) | 38.1 (100.6) | 35.4 (95.7) | 30.1 (86.2) | 28.3 (82.9) | 40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) | 11.2 (52.2) | 12.5 (54.5) | 16.2 (61.2) | 20.1 (68.2) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.5 (79.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 12.7 (54.9) | 18.3 (64.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 8.8 (47.8) | 12.3 (54.1) | 16.0 (60.8) | 20.2 (68.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 16.4 (61.5) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 14.5 (58.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 3.8 (38.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 9.3 (48.7) | 13.1 (55.6) | 17.3 (63.1) | 19.9 (67.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 16.9 (62.4) | 13.4 (56.1) | 9.1 (48.4) | 6.4 (43.5) | 11.6 (52.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.7 (18.1) | −8.2 (17.2) | −6.7 (19.9) | −2.5 (27.5) | 3.4 (38.1) | 8.1 (46.6) | 12.9 (55.2) | 12.6 (54.7) | 7.5 (45.5) | 2.0 (35.6) | −3.9 (25.0) | −4.2 (24.4) | −8.2 (17.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 238 (9.4) | 189 (7.4) | 153 (6.0) | 113 (4.4) | 108 (4.3) | 142 (5.6) | 168 (6.6) | 205 (8.1) | 262 (10.3) | 277 (10.9) | 312 (12.3) | 268 (10.6) | 2,435 (95.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 99 | 105 | 126 | 148 | 199 | 235 | 214 | 223 | 201 | 176 | 125 | 107 | 1,958 |
| Source 1: Climate Data[16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: [17][18] | |||||||||||||
Subdivisions edit
According to the 31 March 2008, decision of the Batumi City Council, Batumi is divided into seven boroughs, those of:
- Old Batumi (ძველი ბათუმის უბანი)
- Rustaveli (რუსთაველის უბანი)
- Khimshiashvili (ხიმშიაშვილის უბანი)
- Bagrationi (ბაგრატიონის უბანი)
- Aghmashenebeli (აღმაშენებლის უბანი)
- Javakhishvili (ჯავახიშვილის უბანი)
- Tamar (თამარის უბანი)
- Boni-Gorodok (ბონი-გოროდოკის უბანი)
- Airport (აეროპორტის უბანი)
- Gonio-Kvariati (გონიო-კვარიათის უბანი)
- Kakhaberi (კახაბრის უბანი)
- Batumi Industrial (ბათუმის სამრეწველო უბანი)
- Green Cape (მწვანე კონცხის უბანი)[19]
Cityscape edit
Contemporary architecture edit
Batumi's skyline has been transformed since 2007 with remarkable buildings and monuments of contemporary architecture,[3] including:[20]
- Radisson Blu hotel
- Public Service Hall
- Hilton Batumi
- Leogrand
A large Kempinski hotel and casino is to open in 2013, a Hilton Hotel as well as a 47-storey Trump Tower is also planned.[21] Alliance Privilege, a building compromising Marriot Hotel, Casino and serviced apartments is one of the contemporary buildings with unique architecture by the beach.
Novelty architecture edit
Novelty architecture in Batumi includes:
- Sheraton Hotel, designed in the style of the Great Lighthouse at Alexandria, Egypt[22]
- Alphabetic Tower (145 m, 476 ft high), celebrating Georgian script and writing
- Batumi Piazza, a mixed-used development in the form of an Italian piazza
- Buildings designed in the style of a lighthouse, the Acropolis, and an upside-down White House
Sites of interest edit
Main sights edit
Attractions include
- Adjara State Museum
- Aquarium
- Batumi Botanical Garden
- Circus
- Former resort area along the Black Sea coast.
Tourist attractions edit
- Batumi Boulevard
- The statue of "Man and Woman" AKA "Ali and Nino" by Georgian artist, Tamara Kvesitadze
- Batumi Botanical Gardens
- Cafe Fantasy
- Dancing Fountains, Batumi
- Dolphinarium
- Piazza Square
- Panoramic Wheel
- Astronomical clock
- Argo Cable Car
- 6 May Park
- Europe Square
- Alphabetic Tower
- Batumi Sea Port
- Miracle Park
- Chacha Clock Tower (defunct)
- Fountain of Neptun
- Batumi Archeological Museum
- Monument of Ilia Chavchavadze[23]
Demographics edit
| Year | Georgians | Armenians | Russians | Greeks | Others | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1886 | 2,518 | 17% | 3,458 | 23.4% | 2,982 | 20.1% | 1,660 | 11.2% | 4,185 | 28.3% | 14,803 |
| 1897[25][26] | 6,087 | 21.4% | 6,839 | 24% | 6,224 | 21.8% | 2,764 | 9.7% | 6,594 | 23.1% | 28,508 |
| 1916[27] | 6,481 | 32.4% | 5,524 | 27.6% | 4,825 | 24.1% | 3,190 | 15.9% | 20,020 | ||
| 1926 | 17,804 | 36.7% | 10,233 | 21.1% | 8,760 | 18.1% | 2,844 | 5.9% | 8,833 | 18.2% | 48,474 |
| 1959 | 40,181 | 48.8% | 12,743 | 15.5% | 20,857 | 25.3% | 1,668 | 2% | 6,879 | 8.4% | 82,328 |
| 2002[28] | 104,313 | 85.6% | 7,517 | 6.2% | 6,300 | 5.2% | 587 | 0.5% | 3,089 | 2.5% | 121,806 |
| 2014[29] | 142,691 | 93.4% | 4,636 | 3.0% | 2,889 | 1.9% | 289 | 0.2% | 2,334 | 1.5% | 152,839 |
Religion edit
Of the 4,970 inhabitants in 1872, about 4,500 were Muslim (Adjarians, Turks, Circassians, and Abkhazians). In the 1897 census, the Orthodox Christian population was 15,495 (mostly Slavs) while Muslims numbered 3,156, including some of whom were citizens of Turkey.[30]
Although there is no religious data available separately for Batumi, the majority of the region's inhabitants are Eastern Orthodox Christian, and primarily adhere to the national Georgian Orthodox Church.[31] There are also Muslim, Catholic, Armenian Apostolic, Jehovah's Witness, Seventh-day Adventist, and Batumi Synagogue.[31]
The main places of worship in the city are:
- Georgian Orthodox Cathedral of the Mother of God, and Saint Barbara Church
- Catholic Church of the Holy Spirit
- Saint Nicholas Church
- Batumi Mosque
- Batumi Synagogue[32]
Culture edit
Batumi has 18 various museums, including State Art Museum of Adjara. Rugby Union club Batumi RC competes in the Pan-European Rugby Europe Super Cup and the Georgian Didi 10. Football club FC Dinamo Batumi play at the Batumi stadium.
Notable people edit
Notable people who are from Batumi:
- Sesilia Takaishvili (1906-1984), georgian actress
- Anzor Erkomaishvili (1940-2021), singer, composer, and folk music researcher
- Valery Meladze (*1965), pop singer
- Zaza Khalvashi (1957-2020), film director
- Katie Melua (*1984), georgian-british singer-songwriter
- Sopho Khalvashi (*1986), singer, first Georgian entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 2007
- Mindia Khitarishvili (*1973), israeli and georgian composer
- Ioseb Bardanashvili (*1948), israeli and georgian composer
- Aleksandre Khomeriki (1948-2020), georgian opera singer
- Nino Nizharadze (*1945), artist
Economy and infrastructure edit
Transport edit
The city is served by Batumi Airport, one of three international airports in the country.[33] A bike-sharing system named BatumVelo allows you to rent a bicycle on the street with a smart card.[34]
The main types of public transport are buses, minibusses, and taxis. Batumi has modern electric buses. Using the service is possible by BATUMICARD, transit card, or debit/credit cards. Buses connect almost everywhere in the city.[35]
The port of Batumi is on one of the routes of China's proposed Eurasian Land Bridge (part of the "New Silk Road"), which would see an eastern freight link to China via Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea, and a western link by ferry to Ukraine and on to Europe.[36]
Postage stamps edit
Twin towns – sister cities edit
- Bari, Italy (1987)
- Savannah, United States (1992)
- Trabzon, Turkey (2000)
- Vanadzor, Armenia (2006)
- Volos, Greece (2007)
- Yalta, Ukraine (2008)
- Burgas, Bulgaria (2009)
- Marbella, Spain (2010)
- Kuşadası, Turkey (2010)
- Ordu, Turkey (2011)
- Ternopil, Ukraine (2011)
- Ashdod, Israel (2011)
- New Orleans, United States (2012)
- Yalova, Turkey (2012)
- Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan (2012)
- Daugavpils, Latvia (2012)
- Donetsk, Ukraine (2013)
- Prague 1, Czech Republic (2013)
- Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt (2014)
- Ürümqi, China (2015)
- Brest, Belarus (2015)
- Paphos, Cyprus (2016)
- Nysa, Poland (2017)
- Mogilev, Belarus (2017)[38]
- Netanya, Israel (2018)
- Wrocław, Poland (2019)[39]
- Constanța, Romania (2020)[40]
References edit
- ^ Population figure includes Khelvachauri and Kobuleti municipalities[1]
- ^ a b "Population by regions". National Statistics Office of Georgia. from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ "Population – National Statistics Office of Georgia". from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ a b Spritzer, Dinah (9 September 2010). "Glamour revives port of Batumi". The New York Times. from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ А.Э. Котов (A.E. Kotov) (17 July 2009). (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "Каспийско-Черноморское нефтепромышленное и торговое общество (Баку) - Ротшильды и Баку" [Caspian-Black Sea Oil Industry and Trade Society – Rothschilds and Baku] (in Russian). Our Baku. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ Mir-Yusif Mir-Babayev (February 2015). "Baku-Batumi – The world's longest pipeline". Visions of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin, page 77.
- ^ Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9780671799328.
- ^ Andersen, Andrew (2014). Abkhazia and Sochi – The roots of the conflict 1918-1921. Asteroid Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1495381454.
- ^ Nazaroff, Alexander (1922). "Russia's Treaty with Turkey". Current History (1916-1940). 17 (2): 276–279. ISSN 2641-080X.
- ^ "Aslan Abashidze". BBC. 4 May 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ "Abashidze Flees Georgia". Civil.ge. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "15,000 Protesters Demand Abashidze's Resignation". Civil.ge. 5 May 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ . constcourt.ge. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Russia Hands Over Batumi Military Base to Georgia". Civil Georgia, Tbilisi. 13 November 2007. from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
- ^ "The duration of sunshine in some cities of the former USSR" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
- ^ "37496: Batumi (Georgia)". OGIMET. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ^ (in Georgian) დადგენილება N 3-1 ბათუმის უბნები[permanent dead link] (Decision #3.1. Boroughs of Batumi). Batumi City Council. Accessed 15 November 2009
- ^ Planet, Lonely; Noble, John; Kohn, Michael; Systermans, Danielle (1 April 2012). Lonely Planet Georgia, Armenia & Azerbaijan. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781743213032. from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ "TOURISM IS FLOURISHING IN BLACK SEA RESORT", AP, November 11, 2012 17 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "News & Events". Archived from the original on 4 January 2013.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "население грузии". from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ "Батумский округ 1897". from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 182–185. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
- ^ "georgia-ethnic-2014". from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ Sichinava, V (1958). Batumis ist'oriidan ბათუმის ისტორიიდან [From the History of Batumi] (in Georgian). Batumi. p. 110.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b National Statistics Office of Georgia. Population Census 2014: Population by Regions and Religion 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved: 6 May 2016
- ^ "Batumi: sights". Official website of Batumi. from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ "Batumi Airport". batumiairport.com. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "BatumVelo". www.batumvelo.ge. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Batumi Cost of Living, Georgia – ExpatHub.GE". 2 August 2021.
- ^ Dyussembekova, Zhazira (21 January 2016). "Silk Road Renewed With Launch of New Commercial Transit Route". The Astana Times. from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "ჩვენი ქალაქი – დამეგობრებული ქალაქები". batumi.ge (in Georgian). Batumi. from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^ "Ბათუმი და ბალარუსის ქალაქი მოგილიოვი დამეგობრდნენ – TV25". from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Batumi miastem partnerskim Wrocławia". wroclaw.pl (in Polish). Wrocław. 17 July 2019. from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^ "Კონსტანცასა და ბათუმს შორის თანამშრომლობის მემორანდუმი გაფორმდა". from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia. Georgian SSR (Supplementary Edition). 1981. pp. 16–18.
External links edit
- Official website