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Wikipedia

KLM

April 21, 2023

This article is about the Dutch airline. For other uses, see KLM (disambiguation).

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. ([ˈkoːnɪŋklɪkə ˈlʏxtvaːrt ˈmaːtsxɑpɛi̯ ˌɛnˈveː], lit. 'Royal Aviation Company Plc.'),[6] is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands.[7] KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France–KLM group and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the oldest operating airline in the world, and has 35,488 employees with a fleet of 110 (excluding subsidiaries) as of 2021.[8] KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations.

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
IATA ICAO Callsign
KL KLM KLM
Founded7 October 1919; 103 years ago (1919-10-07)
HubsAmsterdam Airport Schiphol
Frequent-flyer programFlying Blue
Alliance
Subsidiaries
Fleet size110
Destinations145
Parent companyAir France–KLM
HeadquartersAmstelveen, Netherlands
Key people
Revenue€11.08 billion (2019)[4]
Operating income€875 million (2019)[4]
Employees35,410 (2019) [5]
Websitewww.klm.com

History

Early years

 
KLM poster featuring the airline's first commercial slogan. It is likely dated around the late 1920s, after it started service to Batavia.[9]

In 1919, a young aviator lieutenant named Albert Plesman sponsored the ELTA aviation exhibition in Amsterdam. Attendance at the exhibition was over half a million, and after it closed, several Dutch commercial interests intended to establish a Dutch airline, which Plesman was nominated to head.[10] In September 1919, Queen Wilhelmina awarded the yet-to-be-founded KLM its "Royal" ("Koninklijke") predicate.[11] On 7 October 1919, eight Dutch businessmen, including Frits Fentener van Vlissingen, founded KLM as one of the first commercial airline companies. Plesman became its first administrator and director.[10]

The first KLM flight took place on 17 May 1920. KLM's first pilot, Jerry Shaw, flew from Croydon Airport, London, to Amsterdam.[11] The flight was flown using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel de Havilland DH-16,[11] registration G-EALU, which was carrying two British journalists and some newspapers. In 1920, KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In April 1921, after a winter hiatus, KLM resumed its services using its pilots, and Fokker F.II and Fokker F.III aircraft.[11] In 1921, KLM started scheduled services.

 
KLM Fokker F-XVIII departing from the Dutch East Indies, 1932

KLM's first intercontinental experimental flight took off on 1 October 1924.[11] The final destination was Jakarta (then called 'Batavia'), Java, in the Dutch East Indies; the flight used a Fokker F.VII[11] with registration H-NACC and was piloted by Van der Hoop.[12] In 1927, Baltimore millionaire Van Lear Black, who had heard about the 1924 flight, chartered H-NADP to do the same flight, which departed June 15 and went successfully (16 days), and flew back to much rejoicing. This inspired KLM to make a second test flight, which left on October 1, returning successfully with much experience gained.[13] In September 1929, regular scheduled services between Amsterdam and Batavia commenced. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, this was the world's longest-distance scheduled service by airplane.[11] By 1926, it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, and Malmö, using primarily Fokker F.II and Fokker F.III aircraft.[14]

 
KLM Douglas DC-2 aircraft Uiver in transit at Rambang airfield on the east coast of Lombok island following the aircraft being placed second in the MacRobertson Air Race from RAF Mildenhall, England, to Melbourne in 1934[15]

In 1930, KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The Douglas DC-2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934. The first experimental transatlantic KLM flight was between Amsterdam and Curaçao in December 1934 using the Fokker F.XVIII "Snip".[11] The first of the airline's Douglas DC-3 aircraft were delivered in 1936; these replaced the DC-2s on the service via Batavia to Sydney. KLM was the first airline to serve Manchester's new Ringway airport, starting June 1938. KLM was the only civilian airline to receive the Douglas DC-5; the airline used two of them in the West Indies and sold two to the East Indies government, and is thus the only airline to have operated all Douglas 'DC' models other than the DC-1.

Second World War

The outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 restricted KLM's operations, with flights over France and Germany prohibited, and many of its aircraft painted in over-all orange to limit the potential for confusion with military aircraft. European routes were limited to services to Scandinavia, Belgium and the UK, with flights to Lisbon (bypassing both British and French airspace) starting in April 1940.[16]

When Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, several KLM aircraft—mostly DC-3s and a few DC-2s—were en route to or from the Far East, or were operating services in Europe. Five DC-3s and one DC-2 were taken to Britain. During the war, these aircraft and crew members flew scheduled passenger flights between Bristol and Lisbon under BOAC flight numbers and registration.[citation needed]

On 3 March 1942, Douglas DC-3 PH-ALP "Pelikaan", then registered as PK-AFV, was shot down over Western Australia by Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Mitsubishi A6M Zeros during the Attack on Broome while carrying a package of diamonds. The DC-3 crash landed at Carnot Bay, 80 kilometers from Broome. Pelikaan was subsequently strafed by the Zeros that had shot it down, killing three passengers and the flight engineer. Diamonds worth an estimated Australian pound 150,000–300,000 were stolen from the wreckage of the aircraft, and nobody has been convicted of the crime.

Douglas DC-3 PH-ALI "Ibis", then registered as G-AGBB, was attacked by the Luftwaffe on 15 November 1942, 19 April 1943, and finally shot down on 1 June 1943 as BOAC Flight 777, killing all passengers and crew.

Some KLM aircraft and their crews ended up in the Australia-Dutch East Indies region, where they helped transport refugees from Japanese aggression in that area.[17]

Although operations paused in Europe, KLM continued to fly and expand in the Caribbean.[18]

Post-World War II

Revenue passenger-kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions
Year Traffic
1947 454
1950 766
1955 1,485
1960 2,660
1965 3,342
1971 6,330
1975 10,077
1980 14,058
1985 18,039
1995 44,458
Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1947–55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960–1995

After the end of the Second World War in August 1945, KLM immediately started to rebuild its network. Since the Dutch East Indies were in a state of revolt, Plesman's priority was to re-establish KLM's route to Batavia. This service was reinstated by the end of 1945.[10] Domestic and European flights resumed in September 1945, initially with a fleet of Douglas DC-3s and Douglas DC-4s.[11] On 21 May 1946, KLM was the first continental European airline to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Amsterdam and New York City using Douglas DC-4 aircraft.[11] By 1948, KLM had reconstructed its network and services to Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean resumed.[10]

Long-range, pressurized Lockheed Constellations[19] and Douglas DC-6s[20] joined KLM's fleet in the late 1940s; the Convair 240 short-range pressurized twin-engine airliner began European flights for the company in late 1948.[21]

During the immediate post-war period, the Dutch government expressed interest in gaining a majority stake in KLM, thus partially nationalizing it. Plesman wanted KLM to remain a private company under private control; he allowed the Dutch government to acquire a minority stake in the airline.[10] In 1950, KLM carried 356,069 passengers. The expansion of the network continued in the 1950s with the addition of several destinations in western North America.[10] KLM's fleet expanded with the addition of new versions of the Lockheed Constellation and Lockheed Electra, of which KLM was the first European airline to fly.[10]

 
KLM Vickers Viscount 803

On 31 December 1953, the founder and president of KLM, Albert Plesman, died at the age of 64.[1][2] He was succeeded as president by Fons Aler.[22] After Plesman's death, the company and other airlines entered a difficult economic period. The conversion to jet aircraft placed a further financial burden on KLM. The Netherlands government increased its ownership of the company to two-thirds, thus partly nationalizing it. The board of directors remained under the control of private shareholders.[10]

On 25 July 1957, the airline introduced its flight simulator for the Douglas DC-7C – the last KLM aircraft with piston engines – which opened the transpolar route from Amsterdam via Anchorage to Tokyo on 1 November 1958.[11] Each crew flying the transpolar route over the Arctic was equipped with a winter survival kit, including a 7.62 mm selective-fire AR-10 carbine for use against polar bears, in the event the plane was forced down onto the polar ice.[23]

Jet age

The four-engine turboprop Vickers Viscount 800 was introduced on European routes in 1957.[24] Beginning in September 1959, KLM introduced the four-engine turboprop Lockheed L-188 Electra onto some of its European and Middle Eastern routes. In March 1960, the airline introduced the first Douglas DC-8 jet into its fleet.[11] In 1961, KLM reported its first year of losses.[10] In 1961, the airline's president Fons Aler was succeeded by Ernst van der Beugel. This change of leadership, however, did not lead to a reversal of KLM's financial difficulties.[10] Van der Beugel resigned as president in 1963 due to health reasons.[25] Horatius Albarda was appointed to succeed Ernst van der Beugel as president of KLM in 1963.[26] Alberda initiated a reorganization of the company, which led to the reduction of staff and air services.[10] In 1965, Alberda died in an air crash and was succeeded as president by Dr. Gerrit van der Wal.[27][28] Van der Wal forged an agreement with the Dutch government that KLM would be once again run as a private company. By 1966, the stake of the Dutch government in KLM was reduced to a minority stake of 49.5%.[10] In 1966, KLM introduced the Douglas DC-9 on European and Middle East routes.

 
KLM Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop airliner in 1965

The new terminal buildings at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened in April 1967, and in 1968 the stretched Douglas DC-8-63 ("Super DC-8") entered service.[11] With 244 seats, the Super DC-8 was the largest airliner in scheduled passenger service at the time. KLM was the first airline to put the higher-gross-weight Boeing 747-200B, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, into service in February 1971;[29] this began the airline's use of widebody jets.[11] In March 1971, KLM opened its current headquarters in Amstelveen.[11] In 1972, it purchased the first of several McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft—McDonnell Douglas's response to Boeing's 747.[10]

 
KLM Boeing 747-206B in 1971.

In 1973, Sergio Orlandini was appointed to succeed Gerrit van der Wal as president of KLM.[10][30] At the time, KLM, as well as other airlines, had to deal with overcapacity. Orlandini proposed to convert KLM 747s to "combis" that could carry a combination of passengers and freight in a mixed configuration on the main deck of the aircraft.[10] In November 1975, the first of these seven Boeing 747-200B Combi aircraft were added to the KLM fleet.[11] The airline previously operated DC-8 passenger and freight combi aircraft as well and currently operates Boeing 747-400 combi aircraft.

The 1973 oil crisis, which caused difficult economic conditions, led KLM to seek government assistance in arranging debt refinancing. The airline issued additional shares of stock to the government in return for its money. In the late 1970s, the government's stake had again increased to a majority of 78%, effectively re-nationalizing it.[10] The company management remained under the control of private stakeholders.[11]

1980s and 1990s

 
KLM Douglas DC-8-63 at London Heathrow Airport in 1982. The DC-8 was the mainstay of the KLM narrowbody jet fleet.
 
A McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operated by Northwest Airlines (tail number N237NW) in a hybrid Northwest-KLM livery (1999). This photo shows the starboard (above) and port side of the aircraft (below).
 

In 1980, KLM carried 9,715,069 passengers. In 1983, it reached an agreement with Boeing to upgrade ten of its Boeing 747-200 aircraft (Three 747-200Bs and seven 747-200Ms) with the stretched-upper-deck modification. The work started in 1984 at the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington, and finished in 1986. The converted aircraft were called Boeing 747-200SUD or 747-300, which the airline operated in addition to three newly built Boeing 747-300s manufactured from the ground up. In 1983, KLM took delivery of the first of ten Airbus A310 passenger jets.[10] Sergio Orlandini retired in 1987 and was succeeded as president of KLM by Jan de Soet.[31] In 1986, the Dutch government's shareholding in KLM was reduced to 54.8 percent.[10] It was expected that this share would be further reduced during the decade.[10] The Boeing 747-400 was introduced into KLM's fleet in June 1989.[11]

With the liberalization of the European market, KLM started developing its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by feeding its network with traffic from affiliated airlines.[10] As part of its development of a worldwide network, KLM acquired a 20% stake in Northwest Airlines in July 1989.[11] In 1990, KLM carried 16,000,000 passengers. KLM president Jan de Soet retired at the end of 1990 and was succeeded in 1991 by Pieter Bouw.[32] In December 1991, KLM was the first European airline to introduce a frequent flyer loyalty program, which was called Flying Dutchman.[11]

Joint venture

In January 1993, the United States Department of Transportation granted KLM and Northwest Airlines anti-trust immunity, which allowed them to intensify their partnership.[11] As of September 1993, the airlines operated their flights between the United States and Europe as part of a joint venture.[11] In March 1994, KLM and Northwest Airlines introduced World Business Class on intercontinental routes.[11] KLM's stake in Northwest Airlines was increased to 25% in 1994.[10]

KLM introduced the Boeing 767-300ER in July 1995.[11] In January 1996, KLM acquired a 26% share in Kenya Airways, the flag-carrier airline of Kenya.[11] In 1997, Pieter Bouw resigned as president of KLM and was succeeded by Leo van Wijk.[33] In August 1998, KLM repurchased all regular shares from the Dutch government to make KLM a private company.[11] On 1 November 1999, KLM founded AirCares, a communication and fundraising platform supporting worthy causes and focusing on underprivileged children.[11]

KLM renewed its intercontinental fleets by replacing the Boeing 767s, Boeing 747-300s, and eventually, the McDonnell Douglas MD-11s with Boeing 777-200ERs and Airbus A330-200s. Some 747s were withdrawn from service first. The MD-11s remained in service until October 2014.[34][35] The first Boeing 777 was received on 25 October 2003, while the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced on 25 August 2005.[11]

Air France–KLM merger

On 30 September 2003, Air France and KLM agreed to a merger plan in which Air France and KLM would become subsidiaries of a holding company called Air France–KLM. Both airlines would retain their own brands; both Charles de Gaulle Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol would become key hubs.[36] In February 2004, the European Commission and United States Department of Justice approved the proposed merger of the airlines.[37][38] In April 2004, an exchange offer in which KLM shareholders exchanged their KLM shares for Air France shares took place.[39] Since 5 May 2004, Air France–KLM has been listed on the Euronext exchanges in Paris, Amsterdam and New York.[40] In September 2004, the merger was completed by creation of the Air France–KLM holding company.[40] The merger resulted in the world's largest airline group and should have led to an estimated annual cost-saving of between €400 million and €500 million.[41]

It did not appear that KLM's longstanding joint venture with Northwest Airlines—which merged with Delta Air Lines in 2008—was affected by the merger with Air France. KLM and Northwest joined the SkyTeam alliance in September 2004. Also in 2004, senior management came under fire for providing itself with controversial bonuses after the merger with Air France, while 4,500 jobs were lost at KLM. After external pressure, management gave up on these bonuses.[42]

In March 2007, KLM started to use the Amadeus reservation system, along with partner Kenya Airways. After 10 years as president of the airline, Leo van Wijk resigned from his position and was succeeded by Peter Hartman.[43]

2010s

Beginning in September 2010, KLM integrated the passenger division of Martinair into KLM, transferring all personnel and routes. By November 2011, Martinair consisted of only the cargo and maintenance division.[44] In March 2011, KLM and InselAir reached an agreement for mutual cooperation on InselAir destinations, thus expanding its passenger services. Beginning 27 March 2011, KLM passengers could fly to all InselAir destinations through InselAir's hubs in Curaçao and Sint Maarten.[45][46] This cooperation was extended to a code share agreement in 2012.[47] In early 2018, the cooperation with Inselair was terminated, including any interlining agreements, after Inselair found itself in financial difficulties which forced the airline to sell off part of its fleet and cancel some of its routes.[48]

On 20 February 2013, KLM announced that Peter Hartman would resign as president and CEO of KLM on 1 July 2013. He was succeeded by Camiel Eurlings. Hartman remained employed by the company until he retired on 1 January 2014.[49] On 15 October 2014, KLM announced that Eurlings, in joint consultation with the supervisory board, had decided to immediately resign as president and CEO. As of this date, he was succeeded by Pieter Elbers.[3] KLM received the award for "Best Airline Staff Service" in Europe at the World Airline Awards 2013. This award represents the rating for an airline's performance across both airport staff and cabin staff combined.[50] It is the second consecutive year that KLM won this award; in 2012 it was awarded with this title as well.[51] On 19 June 2012, KLM made the first transatlantic flight fueled partly by sustainable biofuels to Rio de Janeiro. This was the longest distance any aircraft had flown on bio fuels.[52]

 
A KLM Boeing 737-700 with a "100 year" livery taking off from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport

In 2019, KLM celebrated its centennial, as it was founded in 1919. Since it is the oldest airline still operating under its original name, it was the first airline to achieve this feat.[53]

2020s

Being heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, KLM cut at least 6,000 jobs total. It also said that the decisions of the government to have all the passengers and crew COVID-19 tested before flying will have an impact on its flights.[54] On December 16, 2021, Air France-KLM announced an order for 100 Airbus A320neos to be divided between Transavia and KLM. [55] In July 2022, KLM was forced to cut their summer schedule due to disruption at airports across Europe.[56]

Corporate affairs and identity

Business trends

Key business and operating results of KLM are shown below (as at year ending 31 December):

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Revenue (€ m) 8,904 9,473 9,688 9,643 9,905 9,800 10,340 10,955 11,075 5,120 6,065
Net profit (€ m) 1 -98 133 341 54 519 -497 573 449 -1546 -1258
Number of employees 37,169 35,787 35,662 35,685 35,488 34,363 34,872 35,410 36,549 32,667 31,551
Number of passengers (m) 25.3 25.8 26.6 27.7 28.6 30.4 32.7 34.2 35.1 11.2 14.0
Passenger load factor (%) 84.3 85.7 85.8 86.5 86.4 87.2 88.4 89.1 89.4 52.2 49.6
Revenue passenger kilometres (m) 84.2 86.3 89.0 91.5 93.2 97.7 103.5 107.7 109.5 33.9 40.9
Number of aircraft (at year end) (incl. cargo) 204 203 206 202 199 203 204 214 229 218 218
Notes/sources [57][58] [59][57] [60][59] [61][60] [62][61] [62] [63][64] [64] [65] [66] [67]

Management

As of July 2022, KLM's corporate leader is its president and chief executive officer (CEO) Marjan Rintel, who succeeded Pieter Elbers. The president and CEO is part of the larger Executive Committee, which manages KLM and consists of the statutory managing directors and executive vice-presidents of KLM's business units that are represented in the Executive Committee.[68] The supervision and management of KLM are structured in accordance with the two-tier model; the Board of Managing Directors is supervised by a separate and independent Supervisory Board. The Supervisory Board also supervises the general performance of KLM.[69] The Board of Managing Directors is formed by the four Managing Directors, including the CEO. Nine Supervisory Directors compose the Supervisory Board.[68]

Head office

 
KLM head office in Amstelveen

KLM's head office is located in Amstelveen,[70] on a 6.5-hectare (16-acre) site near Schiphol Airport. The airline's current headquarters was built between 1968 and 1970.[71] Before the opening of the new headquarters, the airline's head office was on the property of Schiphol Airport in Haarlemmermeer.[72]

Subsidiaries

Companies in which KLM has a stake include:[73]

Company Type Principal activities Incorporated in Group's equity shareholding
Transavia Airlines CV Subsidiary Airline Netherlands 100%
Transavia France (via Transavia Airlines CV) Subsidiary Airline France 4%[74]
KLM Cityhopper BV Subsidiary Airline Netherlands 100%
KLM Cityhopper UK Ltd. Subsidiary Airline United Kingdom 100%
KLM Asia Subsidiary Airline Taiwan 100%
Martinair Holland NV Subsidiary Cargo airline Netherlands 100%
EPCOR BV Subsidiary Maintenance Netherlands 100%
KLM Catering Services Schiphol BV Subsidiary Catering services Netherlands 100%
KLM Equipment Services BV Subsidiary Equipment support Netherlands 100%
KLM Financial Services Subsidiary Financing Netherlands 100%
KLM Flight Academy BV Subsidiary Flight academy Netherlands 100%
KLM Health Services BV Subsidiary Health services Netherlands 100%
KLM UK Engineering Ltd. Subsidiary Engineering and maintenance United Kingdom 100%
Cygnific Subsidiary Sales and service Netherlands 100%
Schiphol Logistics Park Joint controlled entity Logistics Netherlands 53% (45% voting right)

Former subsidiaries

Subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures of KLM in the past include:

Company Type Year of establishment Year of rejection Notes References
Cobalt Ground Solutions Subsidiary 1995 2017 UK based ground handling (60% share) [75][76]
Air UK Associate 1987 1998 Renamed KLM uk upon obtaining majority stake [77]
Braathens Joint venture 1998 2003 — [78][79]
Buzz Subsidiary 2000 2003 Sold to Ryanair [80][81][82]
De Kroonduif Subsidiary 1955 1963 Acquired by Garuda Indonesia [83]
KLM alps Subsidiary 1998 2001 Franchise agreement with Air Engiadina and Air Alps [84][85]
KLM exel Subsidiary 1991 2004 — [86]
KLM Helicopters Subsidiary 1965 1998 Sold to Schreiner Airways [87][88][89]
KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf (KLM-IIB) Subsidiary 1947 1949 Nationalized and renamed Garuda Indonesia [90]
KLM uk Subsidiary 1998 2002 Merged with KLM Cityhopper [77][91]
NetherLines Subsidiary 1988 1991 Merged with NLM CityHopper and formed KLM Cityhopper [92][93]
NLM CityHopper Subsidiary 1966 1991 Merged with NetherLines and formed KLM Cityhopper [93][94]
High Speed Alliance Subsidiary 2007 2014 5% (10% voting) share before it became NS International [citation needed]

KLM also worked closely with ALM Antillean Airlines in the Caribbean in order to provide air service for the Dutch controlled islands in the region with KLM aircraft such as the Douglas DC-8 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 being operated by KLM flight crews on behalf of ALM.[24]

KLM Asia

 
A Boeing 747-400 Combi in KLM Asia livery. Pictured is PH-BFC, the aircraft involved in the KLM Flight 867 incident. This aircraft served the subsidiary from 1995 to 2012 before being transferred to KLM and repainted in the mainline KLM livery, where it remained in service until its retirement on 14 March 2018.

KLM Asia (Chinese: 荷蘭亞洲航空公司; pinyin: Hélán Yàzhōu Hángkōng Gōngsī) is a wholly owned subsidiary registered in Taiwan. The airline was established in 1995 to operate flights to Taipei without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People's Republic of China.[95] Aircraft operated by the subsidiary receive several modifications to their livery: the Flag of the Netherlands and Europe are removed while KLM's stylised Dutch Crown logo is replaced with the KLM Asia wordmark.

The fleet of aircraft operated by the subsidiary consists of seven Boeing 777-200ER and two Boeing 777-300ER aircraft as of March 2020. KLM Asia initially operated the Amsterdam-Bangkok-Taipei route with Boeing 747-400 Combi and Boeing 747-400 aircraft. Since March 2012, it has operated the revised Amsterdam-Taipei-Manila route with Boeing 777-200ER/-300ER aircraft.[96]

KLM Asia aircraft are also occasionally used to service other destinations in the wider KLM network. Despite this scenario, the only PRC destination that KLM Asia aircraft services is Hong Kong, a special administrative region outside of Mainland China.

Branding

Dirk Roosenburg designed the KLM logo at its establishment in 1919; he intertwined the letter K, L, and M, and gave them wings and a crown. The crown was depicted to denote KLM's royal status, which was granted at KLM's establishment.[97] The logo became known as the "vinklogo" in reference to the common chaffinch.[98] The KLM logo was largely redesigned in 1961 by F.H.K. Henrion. The crown, redesigned using a line, four blue circles and a cross, was retained. In 1991, the logo was further revised by Chris Ludlow of Henrion, Ludlow & Schmidt.[99] In addition to its main logo, KLM displays its alliance status in its branding, including "Worldwide Reliability" with Northwest Airlines (1993–2002) and the SkyTeam alliance (2004–present).[100]

 

Livery and uniforms

 
A current KLM pilot wing
 
One of KLM's Douglas DC-6s in 1953
 
A KLM Lockheed L-188 Electra in the airline's 1950s livery

KLM has utilized several major liveries since its founding, with numerous variations on each. Initially, many aircraft featured a bare-metal fuselage with a stripe above the windows bearing the phrase "The Flying Dutchman". The rudder was divided into three segments and painted to match the Dutch flag. Later aircraft types sometimes bore a white upper fuselage, and additional detail striping and titling. In the mid-1950s, the livery was changed to feature a split cheatline in two shades of blue on a white upper fuselage and angled blue stripes on the vertical stabilizer. The tail stripes were later enlarged and made horizontal, and the then-new crown logo was placed in a white circle. The final major variation of this livery saw the vertical stabilizer painted completely white with the crown logo in the center. All versions of this livery had small "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines" titles, first in red, and later in blue.[citation needed]

Since 1971, the KLM livery has primarily featured a bright blue fuselage, with variations on the striping and details. Originally a wide, dark blue cheatline covered the windows and was separated from the light grey lower fuselage by a thin white stripe. The KLM logo was placed centrally on the white tail and the front of the fuselage. In December 2002, KLM introduced an updated livery in which the white strip was removed and the dark-blue cheatline was significantly narrowed. The bright blue colour was retained and now covers most of the fuselage. The KLM logo was placed more centrally on the fuselage while its position on the tail and the tail design remained the same.[101] In 2014, KLM modified its livery with a swooping cheatline that wraps around the entire forward fuselage. The livery was first introduced on Embraer 190s.[102]

In April 2010, KLM introduced new uniforms for its female cabin attendants, ground attendants and pilots at KLM and KLM Cityhopper. The new uniform was designed by Dutch couturier Mart Visser. It retains the KLM blue colour that was introduced in 1971 and adds a touch of orange—the national colour of the Netherlands.[103]

Marketing slogans

KLM has used several slogans for marketing throughout its operational history:

  • "The businessman travels, sends, and receives by KLM" (translated from Dutch)[104][105] (1920s)
  • "The Flying Dutchman"[104][106]
  • "Bridging the World"[104] (1994)
  • "The Reliable Airline"[107]
  • "Journeys of Inspiration"[107][108] (2009–present)

Social media

KLM has an extensive presence on social media platforms and also runs a blog.[109] Customers can make inquiries through these channels. The airline also uses these networks to inform customers of KLM news, marketing campaigns and promotions.[110][111]

The airline's use of social media platforms to reach customers peaked when the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull erupted in April 2010, causing widespread disruption to air traffic. Customers used the social networks to contact the airline, which used them to provide information about the situation.[112] Following the increased use of social media, KLM created a centralized, public social media website named the Social Media Hub in October 2010.[113]

KLM has developed several services based on these social platforms, including:

  • Meet & Seat; this service allows passengers to find information about people who will be on the same KLM flight by connecting their Facebook or LinkedIn profiles to the flight. Meet & Seat facilitates contact with fellow travelers who have the same background or interests.[114] By launching Meet & Seat, KLM became the first airline to integrate social networking into its regular flight process.[115]
  • Trip Planner; this platform uses Facebook to organize a trip with Facebook friends.[116]
  • Twitterbots; KLM operates several Twitterbots, including one to request the current status of a flight and one to request the lowest KLM fares to a destination on a specified date or month.[117]

In June 2013, KLM launched its own 3D strategy game "Aviation Empire" for iOS and Android platforms. The game allows users to experience airline management. Players manage KLM from its establishment until the present; they can invest in a fleet, build a network with international destinations and develop airports. The game combines the digital world with the real world by enabling the unlocking of airports by GPS check-ins.[118]

Philanthropy

KLM started KLM AirCares, a program that aids underprivileged children in developing countries to which KLM flies, in 1999.[119] The airline collects money and airmiles from passengers. In 2012, new applications for support from the program were suspended because it needed an overhaul.[120]

Destinations

Main article: List of KLM destinations

KLM and its partners serve 163 destinations in 70 countries on five continents from their hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.[121][122] Codeshare agreements bring the total amount of destinations available via KLM to 826.[123]

Codeshare agreements

KLM has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[124]

Fleet

Main article: KLM fleet

Fleet strategy

KLM's first of 8 Boeing 787-10 aircraft was delivered on 28 June 2019; it featured 100th anniversary markings.[130]

On 19 June 2013, KLM ordered 7 Airbus A350-900s. In June 2019, Air France–KLM announced that KLM will not take up any of the group's ordered A350s, because of fleet rationalization purposes.

CEO Ben Smith has announced at Air France's Investor Day (5 November 2019) in Paris that "in the near future" KLM will only use the 777 and 787 as their long-haul fleet, retiring their 13 A330's.[131]

In December 2021, Air France-KLM ordered 100 Airbus A320neo family aircraft to replace KLM and Transavia’s Boeing 737 Next Generation and Air France’s Airbus A320’s.[55]

Special liveries

 
PH-BKA in a special 100 Years livery
 
PH-BVA painted in a special "Orange Pride" livery

KLM has several aircraft painted in special liveries; they include:

  • PH-BVA, a Boeing 777-300ER, features an orange forward fuselage that fades into the standard blue to commemorate the Netherlands national team's participation in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.[132]
  • PH-KZU, a Fokker F70, had been applied with a special livery featuring Anthony Fokker prior to its phase-out, the founder of Fokker, commemorating the airline's long-standing history with Fokker aircraft and the phase-out of the Fokker 70 aircraft in October 2017.[133]
  • Several aircraft bear the silver SkyTeam alliance livery, including PH-BVD (a 777-300ER), PH-BXO (a 737-900), and PH-EZX (a KLM Cityhopper ERJ-190).
  • PH-BKA, a Boeing 787-10, features the standard KLM livery with a 100 wrapped around its lettering on the plane, this is because of the 100 years of being an established airline.

Cabin

KLM has three cabin classes for international long-haul routes; World Business Class, Economy Comfort and Economy. Personal screens with audio-video on-demand, satellite telephone, SMS, and e-mail services are available in all cabins on all long-haul aircraft. European short-haul and medium-haul flights have Economy seats in the rear cabin, and Economy Comfort and Europe Business in the forward cabin.[134]

World Business Class

 
A Business Class seat on board a former refurbished KLM Boeing 747-400
 
Economy Comfort and Economy Class seats on board a KLM Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner

World Business Class is KLM's long-haul business class product. Seats in the older World Business Class are 20 inches (51 cm) wide and have a 60-inch (150 cm) pitch.[135] Seats can be reclined into a 170-degree angled flat bed with a length of 75 inches (190 cm). Seats are equipped with a 10.4-inch (26 cm) personal entertainment system with audio and video on demand in the armrest, privacy canopy, massage function and laptop power ports.[136] World Business Class seating is in a 2–2–2 abreast arrangement on all Airbus A330s.

In March 2013, KLM introduced a new World Business Class seat to the long-haul fleet. Dutch designer Hella Jongerius designed the new cabin. The diamond-type seat is manufactured by B/E Aerospace and is currently installed on all Airbus A330s and Boeing 777s. The seats were also refurbished on former KLM Boeing 747-400s between 2013 and 2014. The new seats are fully flat and offer 17-inch (43 cm)-high definition personal entertainment systems. When fully flat, the bed is about 2 metres (6.6 ft) long. The cabin features a cradle-to-cradle carpet made from old uniforms woven in an intricate pattern, which is combined with new pillows and curtains with a similar design.[137]

A completely new design of Business Class seat was introduced with the launch of KLM's Boeing 787; this aircraft's business class seats are based on the Zodiac Cirrus platform used by Air France. The new seats lie fully flat, with a 1-2-1 layout so every passenger has direct aisle access, a large side-storage area and 16-inch (41 cm) HD video screen.[138][139]

The tableware and cutlery for business class in-flight service was designed by Marcel Wanders.[140] Dutch fashion stylists Viktor & Rolf designed amenity kits for World Business Class passengers. A new design will be introduced each year and the color of the kits will change every six months. The kit contains socks, eye mask, toothbrush, toothpaste, earplugs and Viktor & Rolf lip balm.[141][142][143]

In 2022, KLM announced they would retrofit Boeing 777 aircraft in their fleet (notably, the 777-300 and 777-200) with seats in a 1-2-1 reverse herringbone configuration while installing Premium Comfort seats. These new seats will feature a "door" for extra privacy.

Europe Business Class

Europe Business Class is KLM's and KLM Cityhopper's short-haul business-class. Europe Business Class seats are 17-inch (43 cm) wide and have an average pitch of 33 inches (84 cm).[135] Middle seats in rows of three are blocked to increase passengers' personal space. Europe Business Class seats feature extra legroom and recline further than regular Economy Class seats. In-seat power is available on all Boeing 737 aircraft's.[144] Europe Business Class has no personal entertainment. Seating is arranged 3–3 abreast with the middle seat blocked on the Boeing 737 aircraft, and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer E-Jet family and Embraer E-Jet E2 aircraft.[145]

Premium Comfort

In 2022, KLM announced they would retrofit their long haul fleet to include Premium Comfort. Premium Comfort will be a new cabin in front of Economy Comfort, with between 21 and 28 new seats featuring a 13" touch screen, a movable leg- and footrest, 7.8 inches recline (20 cm) and up to 6.7 inches (17 cm) more pitch than Economy seats. Passengers in Premium Comfort can also enjoy improved food and beverage service, as well as SkyPriority benefits.


Economy Comfort

Economy Comfort is the premium economy class offered on all KLM and KLM Cityhopper flights. Economy Comfort seats on long-haul flights have 4 inches (10 cm) more pitch than Economy Class, a 35–36-inch (89–91 cm) pitch and recline up to 7 inches (18 cm); double the recline of Economy.[146] Economy Comfort seats on short-haul flights have 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) more pitch, totaling 33.5–34.5-inch (85–88 cm), and can recline up to 5 inches (13 cm) (40%) further.[147] Except for the increased pitch and recline, seating and service in Economy Comfort is the same as in Economy Class. Economy Comfort is located in a separate cabin before the Economy Class; passengers can exit the aircraft before Economy passengers.[148]

Economy Comfort seats can be reserved by Economy Class passengers. The service is free for passengers with a full-fare ticket, for Flying Blue Platinum members and Delta Air Lines SkyMiles Platinum or Diamond members. Discounts apply for Flying Blue Silver or Gold members, SkyTeam Elite Plus members and Delta SkyMiles members.[148]

Economy Class

The Economy Class seats on long-haul flights have a 31-to-32-inch (79–81 cm) pitch and are 17.5 inches (44 cm) wide.[135][146] All seats are equipped with adjustable winged headrests, a 9-inch (23 cm) PTV with AVOD, and a personal handset satellite telephone that can be used with a credit card. Economy Class seats in Airbus A330-300 aircraft are also equipped with in-seat power.[135] The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights have a 30-to-31-inch (76–79 cm) pitch and are 17 inches (43 cm) wide.[135][146] The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights do not feature any personal entertainment. The long-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–4–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-300ER aircraft and on Boeing 777-200ER aircraft, a 3-3-3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 787-9 aircraft, and a 2–4–2 abreast arrangement on the Airbus A330 aircraft. The short-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 737 aircraft and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 175 and 190 aircraft, and the seats on these aircraft are 17 inches (43 cm) wide.[145][149]

Services

In-flight entertainment

KLM's in-flight entertainment system is available in all classes on all widebody aircraft's; it provides all passengers with Audio/Video on Demand (AVOD). The system includes interactive entertainment including movies, television programs, music, games, and language courses. About 80 movies including recent releases, classics and world cinema are available in several languages. The selection is changed every month.[150] The in-flight entertainment system can be used to send SMS text messages and emails to the ground. Panasonic's 3000i system is installed on all Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-200ER, and on most of the Airbus A330-200 aircraft.[151] All Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, and some Airbus A330-200 aircraft are fitted with the Panasonic eX2 in-flight entertainment system.[152]

KLM provides a selection of international newspapers to its passengers on long-haul flights; on short-haul flights they are offered only to Europe Business Class passengers. A selection of international magazines is available for World Business Class passengers on long-haul flights.[153] All passengers are provided with KLM's in-flight magazine, the Holland Herald.[154] On board flights to China, South Korea and Japan, the airline offers in-flight magazines EuroSky (China and Japan), in either Chinese or Japanese, and Wings of Europe (South Korea) in Korean.[155] On 29 May 2013, KLM and Air France launched a pilot scheme to test in-flight WiFi internet access. Each airline equipped one Boeing 777-300ER in its fleet with WiFi, which passengers can use with their WiFi-enabled devices. Wireless service was available after the aircraft reached 20,000 feet (6,100 m) in altitude.[156]

Catering

World Business Class passengers are served a three-course meal. Each year KLM partners with a leading Dutch chef to develop the dishes that are served on board. Passengers in Europe Business Class are served either a cold meal, a hot main course, or a three-course meal depending on the duration of the flight.[157] All chicken served in World and Europe Business Class meets the standards of the Dutch Beter Leven Keurmerk (Better Life Quality Mark).[158] KLM partnered with Dutch designer Marcel Wanders to design the tableware of World and European Business Class.[159]

Economy Class passengers on long-haul flights are served a hot meal and a snack, and second hot meal or breakfast, depending on the duration of the flight. On short-haul flights, passengers are served sandwiches or a choice of sweet or savoury snack, depending on the duration and time of the day. If the flight is at least two hours long, "stroopwafel" cookies are served before the descent. Most alcoholic beverages are free-of-charge for all passengers. After a successful trial period, KLM introduced à la carte meals in Economy Class on 14 September 2011; Dutch, Japanese, Italian, cold delicacies, and Indonesian meals are offered.[160][161]

Special meals, include children's, vegetarian, medical, and religious meals, can be requested in each class up to 24 or 36 hours before departure.[162] On flights to India, China, South Korea, and Japan, KLM offers authentic Asian meals in all classes.[155] Meals served on KLM flights departing from Amsterdam are provided by KLM Catering Services.[163]

In September 2016, KLM launched the world's first in-flight draft beer under the partnership with Heineken. The new service made its premiere aboard a flight to Curaçao in the airline's World Business Class cabin.[164]

Delft Blue houses

See also: List of KLM Delft Blue houses
 
KLM Delft blue houses

Since the 1950s, KLM has presented its World Business Class passengers with a Delft blue miniature traditional Dutch house.[165] These miniatures are reproductions of real Dutch houses and are filled with Dutch genever.[166] Initially the houses were filled with Bols liqueur, which in 1986 was changed to Bols young genever.[167]

In 1952, KLM started to give the houses to its First Class passengers. With the elimination of First Class in 1993, the houses were handed out to all Business Class passengers.[168] The impetus for these houses was a rule aimed at curtailing a previously widespread practise of offering incentives to passengers by limiting the value of gifts given by airlines to US$0.75. KLM did not bill the Delft Blue houses as a gift, but as a last drink on the house, which was served in the house.[168][169]

Every year, a new house is presented on 7 October, the anniversary of KLM's founding in 1919.[166] The number on the last-presented house thus represents the number of years KLM has been in operation. Special edition houses—the Royal Palace of Amsterdam and the 17th century Cheese Weighing House De Waag in Gouda—are offered to special guests, such as VIPs and honeymoon couples.[168]

Ground services

KLM offers various check-in methods to its passengers, who can check in for their flights at self-service check-in kiosks at the airport, via the Internet, or a mobile telephone or tablet. At destinations where these facilities are not available, check-in is by an airline representative at the counter. Electronic boarding passes can be received on a mobile device while boarding passes can be printed at airport kiosks.[170][171]

Since 4 July 2008 KLM, in cooperation with Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, has been offering self-service baggage drop-off to its passengers. The project started with a trial that included one drop-off point.[172] The number of these points has gradually increased; as of 8 February 2012 there are 12 of them.[173] KLM passengers can now drop off their bags themselves. Before they are allowed to do that they are being checked by a KLM employee.

In November 2012, KLM started a pilot scheme at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to test self-service boarding. Passengers boarded the aircraft without any interference of a gate agent by scanning their boarding passes, which opened a gate. KLM partner airline Air France ran the same pilot at its hub at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. The pilot ran until March 2013, which was followed by an evaluation.[174]

KLM is the first airline to offer self-service transfer kiosks on its European and intercontinental routes for passengers connecting through Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.[175] The kiosks enable connecting passengers to view flight details of connecting flights, to change seat assignments or upgrade to a more comfortable seat. When a passenger misses a connecting flight, details about alternative flights can be viewed on the kiosk and a new boarding pass can be printed. Passengers who are entitled to coupons for a beverage, meal, the use of a telephone, or a travel discount can have these printed at the kiosk.[176]

Bus services and train codeshares

KLM has bus services for customers living in certain cities without flights from KLM, transporting them to airports where they may board KLM flights. It operates buses from Nijmegen railway station and Arnhem Central Station in the Netherlands to Amsterdam Schiphol, from Maastricht railway station (IATA-code ZYT) via Maastricht-Aachen Airport (IATA-code MST) and Eindhoven Airport (IATA-code EIN) to Amsterdam Schiphol (IATA-code AMS), and from Ottawa Railway Station to Montreal Dorval Airport in Canada. In addition KLM has codeshares with Thalys and SNCF services so passengers from various French cities may travel to Charles de Gaulle Airport and passengers from Belgium may go to Schiphol (from Antwerp) or Charles de Gaulle (from Brussels).[177]

Flying Blue

"Flying Blue" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Flying Blue (horse).

Air France-KLM's frequent flyer program, Flying Blue, awards miles based on the distance traveled, ticket fare and class of service. Other airlines that adopted the Flying Blue programme include Air Europa, Kenya Airways, Aircalin, and TAROM.[178] Miles can also be earned from all other SkyTeam partners.[179] Membership in the program is free.[180] When flying, members earn Experience Points (XP) and Award Miles. Award Miles can be exchanged for rewards and expire after 24 months without flying. Experience Points are used to determine membership level and remain valid until the end of the qualification period, which lasts for 1 year from counting from your first flight.[181]

Award Miles can be earned on Flying Blue partner airlines including Air Corsica, Airlinair, Bangkok Airways, Chalair Aviation, Copa Airlines, Gol Transportes Aéreos, Japan Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas, TAAG Angola, Twin Jet, and Ukraine International Airlines, as well as SkyTeam partners.[182][183] Award Miles are redeemable for free tickets, upgrades to a more expensive seating class, extra baggage allowance, wifi on board and lounge access. They can also be donated to charity through KLM AirCares,[184] or can be spent in the Flying Blue Store.[185]

The Flying Blue programme is divided into four tiers; Explorer, Silver (SkyTeam Elite), Gold (SkyTeam Elite Plus) and Platinum (SkyTeam Elite Plus). There are special tiers, such as Platinum For Life, Platinum Ultimate, ultimate platinum skipper, club2000 skipper (for those who did something special for KLM, cannot be requested but will be distributed by KLM).[186] The membership tier depends on the number of Experience Points earned and is recalculated each qualification period. Flying Blue privileges are additive by membership tier; higher tiers include all benefits listed for prior tiers. There is an additional fifth tier, Platinum for Life, which can be obtained after 10 consecutive years of Platinum membership. After the Platinum for Life status is obtained, re-qualification is not required.[187] XP can be earned with Air France, KLM, Air Europa, Kenya Airways, TAROM, and other SkyTeam partners.[181] Qualification levels and general benefits with SkyTeam airline partners of the Flying Blue tiers are:[187][188][189][190][191]

In June 2022, Brim Financial from Canada announce they will launch an Air France-KLM co-branded credit card. Target to expand their customer base into the Canadian market. [192]

Accidents and incidents

Tenerife airport disaster

Main article: Tenerife airport disaster
 
At the time of the accident, the Boeing 747 named Rhine was only six years old.

The Tenerife disaster, which occurred on 27 March 1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities, as well as the most recent fatal and notable incident involving a KLM aircraft. 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747-200B attempted to take off without clearance, and collided with a taxiing Pan Am Boeing 747-100 at Los Rodeos Airport on the Canary Island of Tenerife, Spain. No one on the KLM 747 survived (14 crew, 234 passengers were killed) while 61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error from the KLM aircraft was the primary cause. Owing to a communication misunderstanding, the KLM captain thought he had clearance for takeoff.[193][194] Another cause was dense fog, meaning the KLM flight crew was unable to see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately prior to the collision.[195] The accident had a lasting influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control (ATC) communication by both controllers and pilots alike, thereby reducing the chance for misunderstandings. As part of these changes, the word "takeoff" was removed from general usage, and is only spoken by ATC when clearing an aircraft to take off.[196]

Other accidents and incidents

Main article: List of KLM accidents and incidents

Notable employees

See also

Citations

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General bibliography

  • Taylor, H. A. & Alting, Peter (April–July 1980). "Fokker's 'Lucky Seven'". Air Enthusiast. No. 12. pp. 24–38. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • West, Michael (Autumn 2011). "Airliners in Warpaint - Warbirds in Civvies: 5: KLM in World War 2". Air-Britain Archive. pp. 133–137. ISSN 0262-4923.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to KLM.

April 21, 2023
this, article, about, dutch, airline, other, uses, disambiguation, royal, dutch, airlines, legally, koninklijke, luchtvaart, maatschappij, ˈkoːnɪŋklɪkə, ˈlʏxtvaːrt, ˈmaːtsxɑpɛi, ˌɛnˈveː, royal, aviation, company, flag, carrier, airline, netherlands, headquarte. This article is about the Dutch airline For other uses see KLM disambiguation KLM Royal Dutch Airlines legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N V ˈkoːnɪŋklɪke ˈlʏxtvaːrt ˈmaːtsxɑpɛi ˌɛnˈveː lit Royal Aviation Company Plc 6 is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands 7 KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol It is part of the Air France KLM group and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance Founded in 1919 KLM is the oldest operating airline in the world and has 35 488 employees with a fleet of 110 excluding subsidiaries as of 2021 update 8 KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations KLM Royal Dutch AirlinesIATA ICAO CallsignKL KLM KLMFounded7 October 1919 103 years ago 1919 10 07 HubsAmsterdam Airport SchipholFrequent flyer programFlying BlueAllianceSkyTeam SkyTeam CargoSubsidiariesKLM CityhopperKLM AsiaMartinairTransaviaCygnificFleet size110Destinations145Parent companyAir France KLMHeadquartersAmstelveen NetherlandsKey peopleAlbert Plesman founder 1 2 Marjan Rintel President amp CEO 3 Revenue 11 08 billion 2019 4 Operating income 875 million 2019 4 Employees35 410 2019 5 Websitewww wbr klm wbr com Contents 1 History 1 1 Early years 1 1 1 Second World War 1 1 2 Post World War II 1 2 Jet age 1 3 1980s and 1990s 1 4 Joint venture 1 5 Air France KLM merger 1 6 2010s 1 7 2020s 2 Corporate affairs and identity 2 1 Business trends 2 2 Management 2 3 Head office 2 4 Subsidiaries 2 5 Former subsidiaries 2 6 KLM Asia 2 7 Branding 2 7 1 Livery and uniforms 2 7 2 Marketing slogans 2 8 Social media 2 9 Philanthropy 3 Destinations 3 1 Codeshare agreements 4 Fleet 4 1 Fleet strategy 4 2 Special liveries 5 Cabin 5 1 World Business Class 5 2 Europe Business Class 5 3 Premium Comfort 5 4 Economy Comfort 5 5 Economy Class 6 Services 6 1 In flight entertainment 6 2 Catering 6 3 Delft Blue houses 6 4 Ground services 6 5 Bus services and train codeshares 6 6 Flying Blue 7 Accidents and incidents 7 1 Tenerife airport disaster 7 2 Other accidents and incidents 8 Notable employees 9 See also 10 Citations 11 General bibliography 12 External linksHistory EditEarly years Edit KLM poster featuring the airline s first commercial slogan It is likely dated around the late 1920s after it started service to Batavia 9 In 1919 a young aviator lieutenant named Albert Plesman sponsored the ELTA aviation exhibition in Amsterdam Attendance at the exhibition was over half a million and after it closed several Dutch commercial interests intended to establish a Dutch airline which Plesman was nominated to head 10 In September 1919 Queen Wilhelmina awarded the yet to be founded KLM its Royal Koninklijke predicate 11 On 7 October 1919 eight Dutch businessmen including Frits Fentener van Vlissingen founded KLM as one of the first commercial airline companies Plesman became its first administrator and director 10 The first KLM flight took place on 17 May 1920 KLM s first pilot Jerry Shaw flew from Croydon Airport London to Amsterdam 11 The flight was flown using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel de Havilland DH 16 11 registration G EALU which was carrying two British journalists and some newspapers In 1920 KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight In April 1921 after a winter hiatus KLM resumed its services using its pilots and Fokker F II and Fokker F III aircraft 11 In 1921 KLM started scheduled services KLM Fokker F XVIII departing from the Dutch East Indies 1932 KLM s first intercontinental experimental flight took off on 1 October 1924 11 The final destination was Jakarta then called Batavia Java in the Dutch East Indies the flight used a Fokker F VII 11 with registration H NACC and was piloted by Van der Hoop 12 In 1927 Baltimore millionaire Van Lear Black who had heard about the 1924 flight chartered H NADP to do the same flight which departed June 15 and went successfully 16 days and flew back to much rejoicing This inspired KLM to make a second test flight which left on October 1 returning successfully with much experience gained 13 In September 1929 regular scheduled services between Amsterdam and Batavia commenced Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 this was the world s longest distance scheduled service by airplane 11 By 1926 it was offering flights to Amsterdam Rotterdam Brussels Paris London Bremen Copenhagen and Malmo using primarily Fokker F II and Fokker F III aircraft 14 KLM Douglas DC 2 aircraft Uiver in transit at Rambang airfield on the east coast of Lombok island following the aircraft being placed second in the MacRobertson Air Race from RAF Mildenhall England to Melbourne in 1934 15 In 1930 KLM carried 15 143 passengers The Douglas DC 2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934 The first experimental transatlantic KLM flight was between Amsterdam and Curacao in December 1934 using the Fokker F XVIII Snip 11 The first of the airline s Douglas DC 3 aircraft were delivered in 1936 these replaced the DC 2s on the service via Batavia to Sydney KLM was the first airline to serve Manchester s new Ringway airport starting June 1938 KLM was the only civilian airline to receive the Douglas DC 5 the airline used two of them in the West Indies and sold two to the East Indies government and is thus the only airline to have operated all Douglas DC models other than the DC 1 Second World War Edit KLM Douglas DC 3 at Manchester Airport in 1947 The outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 restricted KLM s operations with flights over France and Germany prohibited and many of its aircraft painted in over all orange to limit the potential for confusion with military aircraft European routes were limited to services to Scandinavia Belgium and the UK with flights to Lisbon bypassing both British and French airspace starting in April 1940 16 When Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 several KLM aircraft mostly DC 3s and a few DC 2s were en route to or from the Far East or were operating services in Europe Five DC 3s and one DC 2 were taken to Britain During the war these aircraft and crew members flew scheduled passenger flights between Bristol and Lisbon under BOAC flight numbers and registration citation needed On 3 March 1942 Douglas DC 3 PH ALP Pelikaan then registered as PK AFV was shot down over Western Australia by Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Mitsubishi A6M Zeros during the Attack on Broome while carrying a package of diamonds The DC 3 crash landed at Carnot Bay 80 kilometers from Broome Pelikaan was subsequently strafed by the Zeros that had shot it down killing three passengers and the flight engineer Diamonds worth an estimated Australian pound 150 000 300 000 were stolen from the wreckage of the aircraft and nobody has been convicted of the crime Douglas DC 3 PH ALI Ibis then registered as G AGBB was attacked by the Luftwaffe on 15 November 1942 19 April 1943 and finally shot down on 1 June 1943 as BOAC Flight 777 killing all passengers and crew Some KLM aircraft and their crews ended up in the Australia Dutch East Indies region where they helped transport refugees from Japanese aggression in that area 17 Although operations paused in Europe KLM continued to fly and expand in the Caribbean 18 Post World War II Edit Revenue passenger kilometers scheduled flights only in millions Year Traffic1947 4541950 7661955 1 4851960 2 6601965 3 3421971 6 3301975 10 0771980 14 0581985 18 0391995 44 458Source ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1947 55 IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960 1995 After the end of the Second World War in August 1945 KLM immediately started to rebuild its network Since the Dutch East Indies were in a state of revolt Plesman s priority was to re establish KLM s route to Batavia This service was reinstated by the end of 1945 10 Domestic and European flights resumed in September 1945 initially with a fleet of Douglas DC 3s and Douglas DC 4s 11 On 21 May 1946 KLM was the first continental European airline to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Amsterdam and New York City using Douglas DC 4 aircraft 11 By 1948 KLM had reconstructed its network and services to Africa North and South America and the Caribbean resumed 10 Lockheed L 749A Constellation of KLM in 1953 Long range pressurized Lockheed Constellations 19 and Douglas DC 6s 20 joined KLM s fleet in the late 1940s the Convair 240 short range pressurized twin engine airliner began European flights for the company in late 1948 21 During the immediate post war period the Dutch government expressed interest in gaining a majority stake in KLM thus partially nationalizing it Plesman wanted KLM to remain a private company under private control he allowed the Dutch government to acquire a minority stake in the airline 10 In 1950 KLM carried 356 069 passengers The expansion of the network continued in the 1950s with the addition of several destinations in western North America 10 KLM s fleet expanded with the addition of new versions of the Lockheed Constellation and Lockheed Electra of which KLM was the first European airline to fly 10 KLM Vickers Viscount 803 On 31 December 1953 the founder and president of KLM Albert Plesman died at the age of 64 1 2 He was succeeded as president by Fons Aler 22 After Plesman s death the company and other airlines entered a difficult economic period The conversion to jet aircraft placed a further financial burden on KLM The Netherlands government increased its ownership of the company to two thirds thus partly nationalizing it The board of directors remained under the control of private shareholders 10 On 25 July 1957 the airline introduced its flight simulator for the Douglas DC 7C the last KLM aircraft with piston engines which opened the transpolar route from Amsterdam via Anchorage to Tokyo on 1 November 1958 11 Each crew flying the transpolar route over the Arctic was equipped with a winter survival kit including a 7 62 mm selective fire AR 10 carbine for use against polar bears in the event the plane was forced down onto the polar ice 23 Jet age Edit The four engine turboprop Vickers Viscount 800 was introduced on European routes in 1957 24 Beginning in September 1959 KLM introduced the four engine turboprop Lockheed L 188 Electra onto some of its European and Middle Eastern routes In March 1960 the airline introduced the first Douglas DC 8 jet into its fleet 11 In 1961 KLM reported its first year of losses 10 In 1961 the airline s president Fons Aler was succeeded by Ernst van der Beugel This change of leadership however did not lead to a reversal of KLM s financial difficulties 10 Van der Beugel resigned as president in 1963 due to health reasons 25 Horatius Albarda was appointed to succeed Ernst van der Beugel as president of KLM in 1963 26 Alberda initiated a reorganization of the company which led to the reduction of staff and air services 10 In 1965 Alberda died in an air crash and was succeeded as president by Dr Gerrit van der Wal 27 28 Van der Wal forged an agreement with the Dutch government that KLM would be once again run as a private company By 1966 the stake of the Dutch government in KLM was reduced to a minority stake of 49 5 10 In 1966 KLM introduced the Douglas DC 9 on European and Middle East routes KLM Lockheed L 188 Electra turboprop airliner in 1965 The new terminal buildings at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened in April 1967 and in 1968 the stretched Douglas DC 8 63 Super DC 8 entered service 11 With 244 seats the Super DC 8 was the largest airliner in scheduled passenger service at the time KLM was the first airline to put the higher gross weight Boeing 747 200B powered by Pratt amp Whitney JT9D engines into service in February 1971 29 this began the airline s use of widebody jets 11 In March 1971 KLM opened its current headquarters in Amstelveen 11 In 1972 it purchased the first of several McDonnell Douglas DC 10 aircraft McDonnell Douglas s response to Boeing s 747 10 KLM Boeing 747 206B in 1971 In 1973 Sergio Orlandini was appointed to succeed Gerrit van der Wal as president of KLM 10 30 At the time KLM as well as other airlines had to deal with overcapacity Orlandini proposed to convert KLM 747s to combis that could carry a combination of passengers and freight in a mixed configuration on the main deck of the aircraft 10 In November 1975 the first of these seven Boeing 747 200B Combi aircraft were added to the KLM fleet 11 The airline previously operated DC 8 passenger and freight combi aircraft as well and currently operates Boeing 747 400 combi aircraft The 1973 oil crisis which caused difficult economic conditions led KLM to seek government assistance in arranging debt refinancing The airline issued additional shares of stock to the government in return for its money In the late 1970s the government s stake had again increased to a majority of 78 effectively re nationalizing it 10 The company management remained under the control of private stakeholders 11 1980s and 1990s Edit KLM Douglas DC 8 63 at London Heathrow Airport in 1982 The DC 8 was the mainstay of the KLM narrowbody jet fleet A McDonnell Douglas DC 10 operated by Northwest Airlines tail number N237NW in a hybrid Northwest KLM livery 1999 This photo shows the starboard above and port side of the aircraft below In 1980 KLM carried 9 715 069 passengers In 1983 it reached an agreement with Boeing to upgrade ten of its Boeing 747 200 aircraft Three 747 200Bs and seven 747 200Ms with the stretched upper deck modification The work started in 1984 at the Boeing factory in Everett Washington and finished in 1986 The converted aircraft were called Boeing 747 200SUD or 747 300 which the airline operated in addition to three newly built Boeing 747 300s manufactured from the ground up In 1983 KLM took delivery of the first of ten Airbus A310 passenger jets 10 Sergio Orlandini retired in 1987 and was succeeded as president of KLM by Jan de Soet 31 In 1986 the Dutch government s shareholding in KLM was reduced to 54 8 percent 10 It was expected that this share would be further reduced during the decade 10 The Boeing 747 400 was introduced into KLM s fleet in June 1989 11 With the liberalization of the European market KLM started developing its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by feeding its network with traffic from affiliated airlines 10 As part of its development of a worldwide network KLM acquired a 20 stake in Northwest Airlines in July 1989 11 In 1990 KLM carried 16 000 000 passengers KLM president Jan de Soet retired at the end of 1990 and was succeeded in 1991 by Pieter Bouw 32 In December 1991 KLM was the first European airline to introduce a frequent flyer loyalty program which was called Flying Dutchman 11 Joint venture Edit In January 1993 the United States Department of Transportation granted KLM and Northwest Airlines anti trust immunity which allowed them to intensify their partnership 11 As of September 1993 the airlines operated their flights between the United States and Europe as part of a joint venture 11 In March 1994 KLM and Northwest Airlines introduced World Business Class on intercontinental routes 11 KLM s stake in Northwest Airlines was increased to 25 in 1994 10 KLM introduced the Boeing 767 300ER in July 1995 11 In January 1996 KLM acquired a 26 share in Kenya Airways the flag carrier airline of Kenya 11 In 1997 Pieter Bouw resigned as president of KLM and was succeeded by Leo van Wijk 33 In August 1998 KLM repurchased all regular shares from the Dutch government to make KLM a private company 11 On 1 November 1999 KLM founded AirCares a communication and fundraising platform supporting worthy causes and focusing on underprivileged children 11 KLM renewed its intercontinental fleets by replacing the Boeing 767s Boeing 747 300s and eventually the McDonnell Douglas MD 11s with Boeing 777 200ERs and Airbus A330 200s Some 747s were withdrawn from service first The MD 11s remained in service until October 2014 34 35 The first Boeing 777 was received on 25 October 2003 while the first Airbus A330 200 was introduced on 25 August 2005 11 Air France KLM merger Edit On 30 September 2003 Air France and KLM agreed to a merger plan in which Air France and KLM would become subsidiaries of a holding company called Air France KLM Both airlines would retain their own brands both Charles de Gaulle Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol would become key hubs 36 In February 2004 the European Commission and United States Department of Justice approved the proposed merger of the airlines 37 38 In April 2004 an exchange offer in which KLM shareholders exchanged their KLM shares for Air France shares took place 39 Since 5 May 2004 Air France KLM has been listed on the Euronext exchanges in Paris Amsterdam and New York 40 In September 2004 the merger was completed by creation of the Air France KLM holding company 40 The merger resulted in the world s largest airline group and should have led to an estimated annual cost saving of between 400 million and 500 million 41 It did not appear that KLM s longstanding joint venture with Northwest Airlines which merged with Delta Air Lines in 2008 was affected by the merger with Air France KLM and Northwest joined the SkyTeam alliance in September 2004 Also in 2004 senior management came under fire for providing itself with controversial bonuses after the merger with Air France while 4 500 jobs were lost at KLM After external pressure management gave up on these bonuses 42 In March 2007 KLM started to use the Amadeus reservation system along with partner Kenya Airways After 10 years as president of the airline Leo van Wijk resigned from his position and was succeeded by Peter Hartman 43 2010s Edit Beginning in September 2010 KLM integrated the passenger division of Martinair into KLM transferring all personnel and routes By November 2011 Martinair consisted of only the cargo and maintenance division 44 In March 2011 KLM and InselAir reached an agreement for mutual cooperation on InselAir destinations thus expanding its passenger services Beginning 27 March 2011 KLM passengers could fly to all InselAir destinations through InselAir s hubs in Curacao and Sint Maarten 45 46 This cooperation was extended to a code share agreement in 2012 47 In early 2018 the cooperation with Inselair was terminated including any interlining agreements after Inselair found itself in financial difficulties which forced the airline to sell off part of its fleet and cancel some of its routes 48 On 20 February 2013 KLM announced that Peter Hartman would resign as president and CEO of KLM on 1 July 2013 He was succeeded by Camiel Eurlings Hartman remained employed by the company until he retired on 1 January 2014 49 On 15 October 2014 KLM announced that Eurlings in joint consultation with the supervisory board had decided to immediately resign as president and CEO As of this date he was succeeded by Pieter Elbers 3 KLM received the award for Best Airline Staff Service in Europe at the World Airline Awards 2013 This award represents the rating for an airline s performance across both airport staff and cabin staff combined 50 It is the second consecutive year that KLM won this award in 2012 it was awarded with this title as well 51 On 19 June 2012 KLM made the first transatlantic flight fueled partly by sustainable biofuels to Rio de Janeiro This was the longest distance any aircraft had flown on bio fuels 52 A KLM Boeing 737 700 with a 100 year livery taking off from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport In 2019 KLM celebrated its centennial as it was founded in 1919 Since it is the oldest airline still operating under its original name it was the first airline to achieve this feat 53 2020s Edit Being heavily affected by the COVID 19 pandemic KLM cut at least 6 000 jobs total It also said that the decisions of the government to have all the passengers and crew COVID 19 tested before flying will have an impact on its flights 54 On December 16 2021 Air France KLM announced an order for 100 Airbus A320neos to be divided between Transavia and KLM 55 In July 2022 KLM was forced to cut their summer schedule due to disruption at airports across Europe 56 Corporate affairs and identity EditBusiness trends Edit Key business and operating results of KLM are shown below as at year ending 31 December 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021Revenue m 8 904 9 473 9 688 9 643 9 905 9 800 10 340 10 955 11 075 5 120 6 065Net profit m 1 98 133 341 54 519 497 573 449 1546 1258Number of employees 37 169 35 787 35 662 35 685 35 488 34 363 34 872 35 410 36 549 32 667 31 551Number of passengers m 25 3 25 8 26 6 27 7 28 6 30 4 32 7 34 2 35 1 11 2 14 0Passenger load factor 84 3 85 7 85 8 86 5 86 4 87 2 88 4 89 1 89 4 52 2 49 6Revenue passenger kilometres m 84 2 86 3 89 0 91 5 93 2 97 7 103 5 107 7 109 5 33 9 40 9Number of aircraft at year end incl cargo 204 203 206 202 199 203 204 214 229 218 218Notes sources 57 58 59 57 60 59 61 60 62 61 62 63 64 64 65 66 67 Management Edit As of July 2022 update KLM s corporate leader is its president and chief executive officer CEO Marjan Rintel who succeeded Pieter Elbers The president and CEO is part of the larger Executive Committee which manages KLM and consists of the statutory managing directors and executive vice presidents of KLM s business units that are represented in the Executive Committee 68 The supervision and management of KLM are structured in accordance with the two tier model the Board of Managing Directors is supervised by a separate and independent Supervisory Board The Supervisory Board also supervises the general performance of KLM 69 The Board of Managing Directors is formed by the four Managing Directors including the CEO Nine Supervisory Directors compose the Supervisory Board 68 Head office Edit KLM head office in Amstelveen KLM s head office is located in Amstelveen 70 on a 6 5 hectare 16 acre site near Schiphol Airport The airline s current headquarters was built between 1968 and 1970 71 Before the opening of the new headquarters the airline s head office was on the property of Schiphol Airport in Haarlemmermeer 72 Subsidiaries Edit Companies in which KLM has a stake include 73 Company Type Principal activities Incorporated in Group s equity shareholdingTransavia Airlines CV Subsidiary Airline Netherlands 100 Transavia France via Transavia Airlines CV Subsidiary Airline France 4 74 KLM Cityhopper BV Subsidiary Airline Netherlands 100 KLM Cityhopper UK Ltd Subsidiary Airline United Kingdom 100 KLM Asia Subsidiary Airline Taiwan 100 Martinair Holland NV Subsidiary Cargo airline Netherlands 100 EPCOR BV Subsidiary Maintenance Netherlands 100 KLM Catering Services Schiphol BV Subsidiary Catering services Netherlands 100 KLM Equipment Services BV Subsidiary Equipment support Netherlands 100 KLM Financial Services Subsidiary Financing Netherlands 100 KLM Flight Academy BV Subsidiary Flight academy Netherlands 100 KLM Health Services BV Subsidiary Health services Netherlands 100 KLM UK Engineering Ltd Subsidiary Engineering and maintenance United Kingdom 100 Cygnific Subsidiary Sales and service Netherlands 100 Schiphol Logistics Park Joint controlled entity Logistics Netherlands 53 45 voting right Former subsidiaries Edit Subsidiaries associates and joint ventures of KLM in the past include Company Type Year of establishment Year of rejection Notes ReferencesCobalt Ground Solutions Subsidiary 1995 2017 UK based ground handling 60 share 75 76 Air UK Associate 1987 1998 Renamed KLM uk upon obtaining majority stake 77 Braathens Joint venture 1998 2003 78 79 Buzz Subsidiary 2000 2003 Sold to Ryanair 80 81 82 De Kroonduif Subsidiary 1955 1963 Acquired by Garuda Indonesia 83 KLM alps Subsidiary 1998 2001 Franchise agreement with Air Engiadina and Air Alps 84 85 KLM exel Subsidiary 1991 2004 86 KLM Helicopters Subsidiary 1965 1998 Sold to Schreiner Airways 87 88 89 KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf KLM IIB Subsidiary 1947 1949 Nationalized and renamed Garuda Indonesia 90 KLM uk Subsidiary 1998 2002 Merged with KLM Cityhopper 77 91 NetherLines Subsidiary 1988 1991 Merged with NLM CityHopper and formed KLM Cityhopper 92 93 NLM CityHopper Subsidiary 1966 1991 Merged with NetherLines and formed KLM Cityhopper 93 94 High Speed Alliance Subsidiary 2007 2014 5 10 voting share before it became NS International citation needed KLM also worked closely with ALM Antillean Airlines in the Caribbean in order to provide air service for the Dutch controlled islands in the region with KLM aircraft such as the Douglas DC 8 and McDonnell Douglas DC 9 30 being operated by KLM flight crews on behalf of ALM 24 KLM Asia Edit A Boeing 747 400 Combi in KLM Asia livery Pictured is PH BFC the aircraft involved in the KLM Flight 867 incident This aircraft served the subsidiary from 1995 to 2012 before being transferred to KLM and repainted in the mainline KLM livery where it remained in service until its retirement on 14 March 2018 KLM Asia Chinese 荷蘭亞洲航空公司 pinyin Helan Yazhōu Hangkōng Gōngsi is a wholly owned subsidiary registered in Taiwan The airline was established in 1995 to operate flights to Taipei without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People s Republic of China 95 Aircraft operated by the subsidiary receive several modifications to their livery the Flag of the Netherlands and Europe are removed while KLM s stylised Dutch Crown logo is replaced with the KLM Asia wordmark The fleet of aircraft operated by the subsidiary consists of seven Boeing 777 200ER and two Boeing 777 300ER aircraft as of March 2020 KLM Asia initially operated the Amsterdam Bangkok Taipei route with Boeing 747 400 Combi and Boeing 747 400 aircraft Since March 2012 it has operated the revised Amsterdam Taipei Manila route with Boeing 777 200ER 300ER aircraft 96 KLM Asia aircraft are also occasionally used to service other destinations in the wider KLM network Despite this scenario the only PRC destination that KLM Asia aircraft services is Hong Kong a special administrative region outside of Mainland China Branding Edit Dirk Roosenburg designed the KLM logo at its establishment in 1919 he intertwined the letter K L and M and gave them wings and a crown The crown was depicted to denote KLM s royal status which was granted at KLM s establishment 97 The logo became known as the vinklogo in reference to the common chaffinch 98 The KLM logo was largely redesigned in 1961 by F H K Henrion The crown redesigned using a line four blue circles and a cross was retained In 1991 the logo was further revised by Chris Ludlow of Henrion Ludlow amp Schmidt 99 In addition to its main logo KLM displays its alliance status in its branding including Worldwide Reliability with Northwest Airlines 1993 2002 and the SkyTeam alliance 2004 present 100 Livery and uniforms Edit A current KLM pilot wing One of KLM s Douglas DC 6s in 1953 A KLM Lockheed L 188 Electra in the airline s 1950s livery KLM has utilized several major liveries since its founding with numerous variations on each Initially many aircraft featured a bare metal fuselage with a stripe above the windows bearing the phrase The Flying Dutchman The rudder was divided into three segments and painted to match the Dutch flag Later aircraft types sometimes bore a white upper fuselage and additional detail striping and titling In the mid 1950s the livery was changed to feature a split cheatline in two shades of blue on a white upper fuselage and angled blue stripes on the vertical stabilizer The tail stripes were later enlarged and made horizontal and the then new crown logo was placed in a white circle The final major variation of this livery saw the vertical stabilizer painted completely white with the crown logo in the center All versions of this livery had small KLM Royal Dutch Airlines titles first in red and later in blue citation needed Since 1971 the KLM livery has primarily featured a bright blue fuselage with variations on the striping and details Originally a wide dark blue cheatline covered the windows and was separated from the light grey lower fuselage by a thin white stripe The KLM logo was placed centrally on the white tail and the front of the fuselage In December 2002 KLM introduced an updated livery in which the white strip was removed and the dark blue cheatline was significantly narrowed The bright blue colour was retained and now covers most of the fuselage The KLM logo was placed more centrally on the fuselage while its position on the tail and the tail design remained the same 101 In 2014 KLM modified its livery with a swooping cheatline that wraps around the entire forward fuselage The livery was first introduced on Embraer 190s 102 In April 2010 KLM introduced new uniforms for its female cabin attendants ground attendants and pilots at KLM and KLM Cityhopper The new uniform was designed by Dutch couturier Mart Visser It retains the KLM blue colour that was introduced in 1971 and adds a touch of orange the national colour of the Netherlands 103 Marketing slogans Edit KLM has used several slogans for marketing throughout its operational history The businessman travels sends and receives by KLM translated from Dutch 104 105 1920s The Flying Dutchman 104 106 Bridging the World 104 1994 The Reliable Airline 107 Journeys of Inspiration 107 108 2009 present Social media Edit KLM has an extensive presence on social media platforms and also runs a blog 109 Customers can make inquiries through these channels The airline also uses these networks to inform customers of KLM news marketing campaigns and promotions 110 111 The airline s use of social media platforms to reach customers peaked when the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull erupted in April 2010 causing widespread disruption to air traffic Customers used the social networks to contact the airline which used them to provide information about the situation 112 Following the increased use of social media KLM created a centralized public social media website named the Social Media Hub in October 2010 113 KLM has developed several services based on these social platforms including Meet amp Seat this service allows passengers to find information about people who will be on the same KLM flight by connecting their Facebook or LinkedIn profiles to the flight Meet amp Seat facilitates contact with fellow travelers who have the same background or interests 114 By launching Meet amp Seat KLM became the first airline to integrate social networking into its regular flight process 115 Trip Planner this platform uses Facebook to organize a trip with Facebook friends 116 Twitterbots KLM operates several Twitterbots including one to request the current status of a flight and one to request the lowest KLM fares to a destination on a specified date or month 117 In June 2013 KLM launched its own 3D strategy game Aviation Empire for iOS and Android platforms The game allows users to experience airline management Players manage KLM from its establishment until the present they can invest in a fleet build a network with international destinations and develop airports The game combines the digital world with the real world by enabling the unlocking of airports by GPS check ins 118 Philanthropy Edit KLM started KLM AirCares a program that aids underprivileged children in developing countries to which KLM flies in 1999 119 The airline collects money and airmiles from passengers In 2012 new applications for support from the program were suspended because it needed an overhaul 120 Destinations EditMain article List of KLM destinations KLM and its partners serve 163 destinations in 70 countries on five continents from their hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 121 122 Codeshare agreements bring the total amount of destinations available via KLM to 826 123 Codeshare agreements Edit KLM has codeshare agreements with the following airlines 124 Aerolineas Argentinas Aeromexico Air Astana Air Baltic Air Europa Air France Air Malta Air Serbia Belavia Bulgaria Air China Airlines China Eastern Airlines China Southern Airlines Copa Airlines Croatia Airlines Czech Airlines Delta Air Lines Etihad Airways Garuda Indonesia Georgian Airways Gol Transportes Aereos IndiGo 125 ITA Airways 126 Kenya Airways KLM Cityhopper Korean Air Malaysia Airlines Middle East Airlines Pegasus Airlines 127 Saudia Sichuan Airlines TAROM Transavia Vietnam Airlines Virgin Atlantic 128 WestJet Wideroe Winair 129 XiamenAirFleet EditMain article KLM fleet Fleet strategy Edit KLM s first of 8 Boeing 787 10 aircraft was delivered on 28 June 2019 it featured 100th anniversary markings 130 On 19 June 2013 KLM ordered 7 Airbus A350 900s In June 2019 Air France KLM announced that KLM will not take up any of the group s ordered A350s because of fleet rationalization purposes CEO Ben Smith has announced at Air France s Investor Day 5 November 2019 in Paris that in the near future KLM will only use the 777 and 787 as their long haul fleet retiring their 13 A330 s 131 In December 2021 Air France KLM ordered 100 Airbus A320neo family aircraft to replace KLM and Transavia s Boeing 737 Next Generation and Air France s Airbus A320 s 55 Special liveries Edit PH BKA in a special 100 Years livery PH BVA painted in a special Orange Pride livery KLM has several aircraft painted in special liveries they include PH BVA a Boeing 777 300ER features an orange forward fuselage that fades into the standard blue to commemorate the Netherlands national team s participation in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro 132 PH KZU a Fokker F70 had been applied with a special livery featuring Anthony Fokker prior to its phase out the founder of Fokker commemorating the airline s long standing history with Fokker aircraft and the phase out of the Fokker 70 aircraft in October 2017 133 Several aircraft bear the silver SkyTeam alliance livery including PH BVD a 777 300ER PH BXO a 737 900 and PH EZX a KLM Cityhopper ERJ 190 PH BKA a Boeing 787 10 features the standard KLM livery with a 100 wrapped around its lettering on the plane this is because of the 100 years of being an established airline Cabin EditKLM has three cabin classes for international long haul routes World Business Class Economy Comfort and Economy Personal screens with audio video on demand satellite telephone SMS and e mail services are available in all cabins on all long haul aircraft European short haul and medium haul flights have Economy seats in the rear cabin and Economy Comfort and Europe Business in the forward cabin 134 World Business Class Edit A Business Class seat on board a former refurbished KLM Boeing 747 400 Economy Comfort and Economy Class seats on board a KLM Boeing 787 9 Dreamliner World Business Class is KLM s long haul business class product Seats in the older World Business Class are 20 inches 51 cm wide and have a 60 inch 150 cm pitch 135 Seats can be reclined into a 170 degree angled flat bed with a length of 75 inches 190 cm Seats are equipped with a 10 4 inch 26 cm personal entertainment system with audio and video on demand in the armrest privacy canopy massage function and laptop power ports 136 World Business Class seating is in a 2 2 2 abreast arrangement on all Airbus A330s In March 2013 KLM introduced a new World Business Class seat to the long haul fleet Dutch designer Hella Jongerius designed the new cabin The diamond type seat is manufactured by B E Aerospace and is currently installed on all Airbus A330s and Boeing 777s The seats were also refurbished on former KLM Boeing 747 400s between 2013 and 2014 The new seats are fully flat and offer 17 inch 43 cm high definition personal entertainment systems When fully flat the bed is about 2 metres 6 6 ft long The cabin features a cradle to cradle carpet made from old uniforms woven in an intricate pattern which is combined with new pillows and curtains with a similar design 137 A completely new design of Business Class seat was introduced with the launch of KLM s Boeing 787 this aircraft s business class seats are based on the Zodiac Cirrus platform used by Air France The new seats lie fully flat with a 1 2 1 layout so every passenger has direct aisle access a large side storage area and 16 inch 41 cm HD video screen 138 139 The tableware and cutlery for business class in flight service was designed by Marcel Wanders 140 Dutch fashion stylists Viktor amp Rolf designed amenity kits for World Business Class passengers A new design will be introduced each year and the color of the kits will change every six months The kit contains socks eye mask toothbrush toothpaste earplugs and Viktor amp Rolf lip balm 141 142 143 In 2022 KLM announced they would retrofit Boeing 777 aircraft in their fleet notably the 777 300 and 777 200 with seats in a 1 2 1 reverse herringbone configuration while installing Premium Comfort seats These new seats will feature a door for extra privacy Europe Business Class Edit Europe Business Class is KLM s and KLM Cityhopper s short haul business class Europe Business Class seats are 17 inch 43 cm wide and have an average pitch of 33 inches 84 cm 135 Middle seats in rows of three are blocked to increase passengers personal space Europe Business Class seats feature extra legroom and recline further than regular Economy Class seats In seat power is available on all Boeing 737 aircraft s 144 Europe Business Class has no personal entertainment Seating is arranged 3 3 abreast with the middle seat blocked on the Boeing 737 aircraft and a 2 2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer E Jet family and Embraer E Jet E2 aircraft 145 Premium Comfort Edit In 2022 KLM announced they would retrofit their long haul fleet to include Premium Comfort Premium Comfort will be a new cabin in front of Economy Comfort with between 21 and 28 new seats featuring a 13 touch screen a movable leg and footrest 7 8 inches recline 20 cm and up to 6 7 inches 17 cm more pitch than Economy seats Passengers in Premium Comfort can also enjoy improved food and beverage service as well as SkyPriority benefits Economy Comfort Edit Economy Comfort is the premium economy class offered on all KLM and KLM Cityhopper flights Economy Comfort seats on long haul flights have 4 inches 10 cm more pitch than Economy Class a 35 36 inch 89 91 cm pitch and recline up to 7 inches 18 cm double the recline of Economy 146 Economy Comfort seats on short haul flights have 3 5 inches 8 9 cm more pitch totaling 33 5 34 5 inch 85 88 cm and can recline up to 5 inches 13 cm 40 further 147 Except for the increased pitch and recline seating and service in Economy Comfort is the same as in Economy Class Economy Comfort is located in a separate cabin before the Economy Class passengers can exit the aircraft before Economy passengers 148 Economy Comfort seats can be reserved by Economy Class passengers The service is free for passengers with a full fare ticket for Flying Blue Platinum members and Delta Air Lines SkyMiles Platinum or Diamond members Discounts apply for Flying Blue Silver or Gold members SkyTeam Elite Plus members and Delta SkyMiles members 148 Economy Class Edit The Economy Class seats on long haul flights have a 31 to 32 inch 79 81 cm pitch and are 17 5 inches 44 cm wide 135 146 All seats are equipped with adjustable winged headrests a 9 inch 23 cm PTV with AVOD and a personal handset satellite telephone that can be used with a credit card Economy Class seats in Airbus A330 300 aircraft are also equipped with in seat power 135 The Economy Class seats on short haul flights have a 30 to 31 inch 76 79 cm pitch and are 17 inches 43 cm wide 135 146 The Economy Class seats on short haul flights do not feature any personal entertainment The long haul Economy Class seating is in a 3 4 3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 747 400 Boeing 777 300ER aircraft and on Boeing 777 200ER aircraft a 3 3 3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 787 9 aircraft and a 2 4 2 abreast arrangement on the Airbus A330 aircraft The short haul Economy Class seating is in a 3 3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 737 aircraft and a 2 2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 175 and 190 aircraft and the seats on these aircraft are 17 inches 43 cm wide 145 149 Services EditIn flight entertainment Edit KLM s in flight entertainment system is available in all classes on all widebody aircraft s it provides all passengers with Audio Video on Demand AVOD The system includes interactive entertainment including movies television programs music games and language courses About 80 movies including recent releases classics and world cinema are available in several languages The selection is changed every month 150 The in flight entertainment system can be used to send SMS text messages and emails to the ground Panasonic s 3000i system is installed on all Boeing 747 400 Boeing 777 200ER and on most of the Airbus A330 200 aircraft 151 All Airbus A330 300 and Boeing 777 300ER aircraft and some Airbus A330 200 aircraft are fitted with the Panasonic eX2 in flight entertainment system 152 KLM provides a selection of international newspapers to its passengers on long haul flights on short haul flights they are offered only to Europe Business Class passengers A selection of international magazines is available for World Business Class passengers on long haul flights 153 All passengers are provided with KLM s in flight magazine the Holland Herald 154 On board flights to China South Korea and Japan the airline offers in flight magazines EuroSky China and Japan in either Chinese or Japanese and Wings of Europe South Korea in Korean 155 On 29 May 2013 KLM and Air France launched a pilot scheme to test in flight WiFi internet access Each airline equipped one Boeing 777 300ER in its fleet with WiFi which passengers can use with their WiFi enabled devices Wireless service was available after the aircraft reached 20 000 feet 6 100 m in altitude 156 Catering Edit World Business Class passengers are served a three course meal Each year KLM partners with a leading Dutch chef to develop the dishes that are served on board Passengers in Europe Business Class are served either a cold meal a hot main course or a three course meal depending on the duration of the flight 157 All chicken served in World and Europe Business Class meets the standards of the Dutch Beter Leven Keurmerk Better Life Quality Mark 158 KLM partnered with Dutch designer Marcel Wanders to design the tableware of World and European Business Class 159 Economy Class passengers on long haul flights are served a hot meal and a snack and second hot meal or breakfast depending on the duration of the flight On short haul flights passengers are served sandwiches or a choice of sweet or savoury snack depending on the duration and time of the day If the flight is at least two hours long stroopwafel cookies are served before the descent Most alcoholic beverages are free of charge for all passengers After a successful trial period KLM introduced a la carte meals in Economy Class on 14 September 2011 Dutch Japanese Italian cold delicacies and Indonesian meals are offered 160 161 Special meals include children s vegetarian medical and religious meals can be requested in each class up to 24 or 36 hours before departure 162 On flights to India China South Korea and Japan KLM offers authentic Asian meals in all classes 155 Meals served on KLM flights departing from Amsterdam are provided by KLM Catering Services 163 In September 2016 KLM launched the world s first in flight draft beer under the partnership with Heineken The new service made its premiere aboard a flight to Curacao in the airline s World Business Class cabin 164 Delft Blue houses Edit See also List of KLM Delft Blue houses KLM Delft blue houses Since the 1950s KLM has presented its World Business Class passengers with a Delft blue miniature traditional Dutch house 165 These miniatures are reproductions of real Dutch houses and are filled with Dutch genever 166 Initially the houses were filled with Bols liqueur which in 1986 was changed to Bols young genever 167 In 1952 KLM started to give the houses to its First Class passengers With the elimination of First Class in 1993 the houses were handed out to all Business Class passengers 168 The impetus for these houses was a rule aimed at curtailing a previously widespread practise of offering incentives to passengers by limiting the value of gifts given by airlines to US 0 75 KLM did not bill the Delft Blue houses as a gift but as a last drink on the house which was served in the house 168 169 Every year a new house is presented on 7 October the anniversary of KLM s founding in 1919 166 The number on the last presented house thus represents the number of years KLM has been in operation Special edition houses the Royal Palace of Amsterdam and the 17th century Cheese Weighing House De Waag in Gouda are offered to special guests such as VIPs and honeymoon couples 168 Ground services Edit KLM offers various check in methods to its passengers who can check in for their flights at self service check in kiosks at the airport via the Internet or a mobile telephone or tablet At destinations where these facilities are not available check in is by an airline representative at the counter Electronic boarding passes can be received on a mobile device while boarding passes can be printed at airport kiosks 170 171 Since 4 July 2008 KLM in cooperation with Amsterdam Airport Schiphol has been offering self service baggage drop off to its passengers The project started with a trial that included one drop off point 172 The number of these points has gradually increased as of 8 February 2012 update there are 12 of them 173 KLM passengers can now drop off their bags themselves Before they are allowed to do that they are being checked by a KLM employee In November 2012 KLM started a pilot scheme at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to test self service boarding Passengers boarded the aircraft without any interference of a gate agent by scanning their boarding passes which opened a gate KLM partner airline Air France ran the same pilot at its hub at Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport The pilot ran until March 2013 which was followed by an evaluation 174 KLM is the first airline to offer self service transfer kiosks on its European and intercontinental routes for passengers connecting through Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 175 The kiosks enable connecting passengers to view flight details of connecting flights to change seat assignments or upgrade to a more comfortable seat When a passenger misses a connecting flight details about alternative flights can be viewed on the kiosk and a new boarding pass can be printed Passengers who are entitled to coupons for a beverage meal the use of a telephone or a travel discount can have these printed at the kiosk 176 Bus services and train codeshares Edit KLM has bus services for customers living in certain cities without flights from KLM transporting them to airports where they may board KLM flights It operates buses from Nijmegen railway station and Arnhem Central Station in the Netherlands to Amsterdam Schiphol from Maastricht railway station IATA code ZYT via Maastricht Aachen Airport IATA code MST and Eindhoven Airport IATA code EIN to Amsterdam Schiphol IATA code AMS and from Ottawa Railway Station to Montreal Dorval Airport in Canada In addition KLM has codeshares with Thalys and SNCF services so passengers from various French cities may travel to Charles de Gaulle Airport and passengers from Belgium may go to Schiphol from Antwerp or Charles de Gaulle from Brussels 177 Flying Blue Edit Flying Blue redirects here For the racehorse see Flying Blue horse Air France KLM s frequent flyer program Flying Blue awards miles based on the distance traveled ticket fare and class of service Other airlines that adopted the Flying Blue programme include Air Europa Kenya Airways Aircalin and TAROM 178 Miles can also be earned from all other SkyTeam partners 179 Membership in the program is free 180 When flying members earn Experience Points XP and Award Miles Award Miles can be exchanged for rewards and expire after 24 months without flying Experience Points are used to determine membership level and remain valid until the end of the qualification period which lasts for 1 year from counting from your first flight 181 Award Miles can be earned on Flying Blue partner airlines including Air Corsica Airlinair Bangkok Airways Chalair Aviation Copa Airlines Gol Transportes Aereos Japan Airlines Malaysia Airlines Qantas TAAG Angola Twin Jet and Ukraine International Airlines as well as SkyTeam partners 182 183 Award Miles are redeemable for free tickets upgrades to a more expensive seating class extra baggage allowance wifi on board and lounge access They can also be donated to charity through KLM AirCares 184 or can be spent in the Flying Blue Store 185 The Flying Blue programme is divided into four tiers Explorer Silver SkyTeam Elite Gold SkyTeam Elite Plus and Platinum SkyTeam Elite Plus There are special tiers such as Platinum For Life Platinum Ultimate ultimate platinum skipper club2000 skipper for those who did something special for KLM cannot be requested but will be distributed by KLM 186 The membership tier depends on the number of Experience Points earned and is recalculated each qualification period Flying Blue privileges are additive by membership tier higher tiers include all benefits listed for prior tiers There is an additional fifth tier Platinum for Life which can be obtained after 10 consecutive years of Platinum membership After the Platinum for Life status is obtained re qualification is not required 187 XP can be earned with Air France KLM Air Europa Kenya Airways TAROM and other SkyTeam partners 181 Qualification levels and general benefits with SkyTeam airline partners of the Flying Blue tiers are 187 188 189 190 191 In June 2022 Brim Financial from Canada announce they will launch an Air France KLM co branded credit card Target to expand their customer base into the Canadian market 192 Accidents and incidents EditTenerife airport disaster Edit Main article Tenerife airport disaster At the time of the accident the Boeing 747 named Rhine was only six years old The Tenerife disaster which occurred on 27 March 1977 remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities as well as the most recent fatal and notable incident involving a KLM aircraft 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 200B attempted to take off without clearance and collided with a taxiing Pan Am Boeing 747 100 at Los Rodeos Airport on the Canary Island of Tenerife Spain No one on the KLM 747 survived 14 crew 234 passengers were killed while 61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived Pilot error from the KLM aircraft was the primary cause Owing to a communication misunderstanding the KLM captain thought he had clearance for takeoff 193 194 Another cause was dense fog meaning the KLM flight crew was unable to see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately prior to the collision 195 The accident had a lasting influence on the industry particularly in the area of communication An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control ATC communication by both controllers and pilots alike thereby reducing the chance for misunderstandings As part of these changes the word takeoff was removed from general usage and is only spoken by ATC when clearing an aircraft to take off 196 Other accidents and incidents Edit Main article List of KLM accidents and incidentsNotable employees EditJacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten pilot Ingrid de Caluwe Bob Hiensch flight attendant Joop van Werkhoven Leo Visser pilot Lisa Westerhof pilot King Willem Alexander guest pilot 197 See also Edit Netherlands portal Aviation portalAir transport in the Netherlands List of airports in the Netherlands List of companies of the NetherlandsCitations Edit a b The Flying Dutchman is Forty Flight International 76 2638 321 2 October 1959 Retrieved 17 February 2013 a b The Netherlands Aviation Industry KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Flight International 99 3244 686 13 May 1971 Retrieved 17 February 2013 a b Pieter Elbers appointed President and CEO of KLM replacing Camiel Eurlings Press release KLM 15 October 2014 Retrieved 15 October 2014 a b https www klm com travel fi en images KLM Jaarverslag 2019 tcm589 1063986 pdf Archived 10 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine bare URL PDF KLM Overview News amp Competitors a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty url help klm com Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N V Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2016 Air France Strikers against reality The Economist Paris 20 September 2014 Retrieved 14 April 2015 About KLM Facts amp Figures KLM Retrieved 26 May 2011 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Urban Nebula Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 11 October 2013 dead link a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N V History International Directory of Company Histories 28 1999 Retrieved 30 July 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab History KLM Corporate KLM Retrieved 30 July 2013 H NACC Aviacrash nl in Dutch Retrieved 11 October 2015 Fokker F VII VIIb 3m klm va nl Retrieved 4 December 2022 Dutch Albert Heijn ed 1969 KL 50 logboek van vijftig jaar vliegen Meijer Amsterdam Soemers Peter The Flying Dutchmen 100 years of KLM Europeana CC By SA Archived from the original on 8 October 2019 Retrieved 9 October 2019 West Air Britain Archive Autumn 2011 p 134 Celebrating KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 100th Anniversary Metropolitan Airport News 7 October 2019 Retrieved 25 February 2022 The history of KLM s West Indian Operation Archived from the original on 8 October 2019 Retrieved 8 October 2019 A Gracious Lady The Lockheed Constellation KLM Blog 21 September 2014 Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 Retrieved 6 November 2015 The Six Air amp Space Smithsonian Institution Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 Retrieved 6 November 2015 KLM Airline 1953 Report Civil Aviation To Succeed Dr Plesman Flight International 65 2356 347 19 March 1954 Retrieved 17 February 2013 Pikula Sam Major The ArmaLite AR 10 Regnum Publications 1998 p 73 a b Airline Timetable Images www timetableimages com KLM Directors Resign Flight International 83 2809 45 10 January 1963 Retrieved 17 February 2013 KLM s New President Flight International 83 2833 1010 27 June 1963 Retrieved 17 February 2013 Death of KLM President Flight International 87 2933 820 27 May 1965 Retrieved 17 February 2013 New KLM President Flight International 87 2937 1010 24 June 1965 Retrieved 17 February 2013 Aircraft owner s and operator s guide 747 200 300 PDF Aircraft Commerce Archived from the original PDF on 9 October 2011 Retrieved 9 October 2015 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Vischer Freddy The years 1969 1978 Tradewind Caribbean Airlines Archived from the original on 5 July 2013 Retrieved 17 February 2013 News Scan KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Flight International 130 4036 8 8 November 1986 Retrieved 17 February 2013 KLM Names New MD Flight International 137 4205 36 28 February 1990 Retrieved 17 February 2013 People KLM Flight International 151 4577 52 4 June 1997 Retrieved 17 February 2013 Reed Ted 15 November 2014 Good Bye MD 11 Too Bad Nobody Ever Loved You Forbes Retrieved 10 October 2015 KLM Operates Last MD 11 Passenger Flight Press release KLM 26 October 2014 Retrieved 10 October 2015 Air France and KLM get close The Economist 6 October 2003 Retrieved 17 February 2013 Commission clears merger between Air France and KLM subject to conditions Press release European Commission 11 February 2004 Retrieved 18 February 2013 History 2004 SkyTeam Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 Retrieved 18 February 2013 Air France exchange offer for all common shares of KLM Press release Air France 2 April 2004 Retrieved 18 February 2013 a b 2004 05 Reference Document PDF Air France KLM Finance Air France KLM 12 July 2005 p 6 Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2013 Retrieved 18 February 2013 Air France KLM A Global Airline Market Leader PDF Press release Air France KLM 5 May 2004 Archived from the original PDF on 23 June 2013 Retrieved 18 February 2013 KLM senior managers forgo controversial bonuses People 5 December 2006 Flight International 5 December 2006 Retrieved 17 February 2013 Laatste passagiersvlucht Martinair Blik op Nieuws nl 31 October 2011 Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 Retrieved 1 November 2011 InselAir and KLM sign agreement Press release InselAir 18 March 2011 Retrieved 13 October 2015 InselAir to Offer Regional Flights for KLM Routes Online 21 March 2011 Retrieved 13 October 2015 KLM and InselAir To Initiate Code Sharing Press release KLM Retrieved 13 October 2015 KLM ends cooperation with InselAir Curacao Chronicle curacaochronicle com 16 February 2018 Camiel Eurlings Appointed KLM President amp CEO Press release KLM 20 February 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2013 The Best Airline Staff Service in Europe World Airline Awards Skytrax Archived from the original on 2 August 2013 Retrieved 22 June 2013 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines wins award for the 2012 Best Airline Staff Service in Europe World Airline Awards Skytrax Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 Retrieved 22 June 2013 Biofuel flight to Rio Klmtakescare com Retrieved 29 November 2012 KLM turns 100 one of the oldest airlines in the world 9 October 2019 KLM to cut 1 000 more jobs says mandatory COVID 19 testing will ground planes Arab News 21 January 2021 Retrieved 21 January 2021 a b Breaking Air France KLM Orders 100 A320neo And Four A350F Simple Flying 16 December 2021 KLM to cut down summer schedule Travel Radar Travel Radar Aviation News 11 July 2022 Archived from the original on 11 July 2022 Retrieved 12 July 2022 a b KLM Annual Report 2012 PDF KLM Retrieved 20 June 2017 KLM Annual Report 2011 PDF KLM Retrieved 20 June 2017 a b KLM Annual Report 2013 PDF KLM Retrieved 20 June 2017 a b KLM Annual Report 2014 PDF KLM Retrieved 20 June 2017 a b KLM Annual Report 2015 PDF KLM Retrieved 20 June 2017 a b KLM Annual Report 2016 PDF KLM Retrieved 20 June 2017 KLM Annual Report 2017 PDF KLM Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2019 Retrieved 4 May 2018 a b KLM Annual Report 2018 PDF KLM Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2019 Retrieved 19 October 2019 KLM Annual Report 2019 PDF KLM Retrieved 20 August 2020 permanent dead link KLM Annual Report 2020 PDF KLM Archived from the original PDF on 31 October 2021 Retrieved 20 August 2021 KLM Annual Report 2021 10 July 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b KLM Management KLM Corporate Retrieved 2 February 2013 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Annual Report 2011 PDF KLM Corporate 2011 pp 41 42 Retrieved 2 February 2013 Contact Visiting address KLM Corporate Retrieved 2 February 2013 KLM s New Head Office Flight International 93 3091 855 6 June 1968 Retrieved 2 February 2013 KLM Konninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij NV Flight International 95 3135 578 10 April 1969 Retrieved 2 February 2013 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Annual Report 2012 PDF KLM Corporate 19 March 2013 p 16 Retrieved 10 July 2013 Transavia Frankrijk zo goed als Frans Up in the Sky Air France KLM sells Cobalt Ground Solutions KLM newsroom Retrieved 9 July 2013 Bloomberg Transportation Infrastructure Company Overview of Cobalt Ground Solutions Ltd Bloomberg News Retrieved 9 July 2013 a b Air UK Reunion History Air UK Reunion Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM signs Braathens and Northwest deals Flight International 152 4596 29 15 October 1997 Retrieved 20 February 2013 SAS to buy troubled Braathens Flight International Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM uk s no frills buzz gets off the ground Flight International Retrieved 20 February 2013 Buzz deal completed Flight International Retrieved 20 February 2013 Ryanair snaps up Buzz and increases 737 order Flight International Retrieved 20 February 2013 Vliegen als vervoer in Nieuw Guinea Flying as transport in New Guinea PACE in Dutch Papua Heritage Foundation Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM s alpine deal Flight International Retrieved 20 February 2013 Air Alps lands in Italian hands Flight International Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM Exel Fleet Details and History Planespotters net Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2013 Newsletter May 1985 Den Helder Airport Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2013 Schreiner Arnoud 1996 2000 Schreiner Aviation Group History Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM Helikopters BV Flight International 113 3605 1137 22 April 1978 Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf Aviation Safety Network Retrieved 20 February 2013 World Airline Directory KLM uk Flight International 153 4617 82 18 March 1998 Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM buys Dutch regional Flight International 133 4108 7 9 April 1988 Retrieved 20 February 2013 a b World Airline Directory KLM CityHopper Flight International 91 4260 139 27 March 1991 Retrieved 20 February 2013 World Airline Directory Nederlandse Luchtvaart Maatschappij NLM Flight International 91 3031 581 13 April 1967 Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM History The KLM Source Archived from the original on 19 July 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2013 KLM to repaint seven Boeing 777 200ERs in KLM Asia livery World Airline News Retrieved 16 October 2015 KLM keeps predicate Royal KLM Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 Retrieved 2 February 2013 van Hoogstraten Dorine 2005 Gebouwen voor de luchtvaart Buildings for aviation Dirk Roosenburg architect 1887 1962 Dirk Roosenburg architect 1887 1962 in Dutch Rotterdam 010 Publishers p 137 ISBN 9064505322 Retrieved 2 February 2013 KLM Logo FamousLogos net Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 Retrieved 2 February 2013 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Evolution of Brands Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 Retrieved 2 February 2013 New Livery For KLM Fleet Press release KLM 20 December 2002 Archived from the original on 22 December 2002 Retrieved 9 February 2013 KLM Welcomes its Latest Embraer 190 and Modified Livery Press release Amstelveen 29 April 2014 Retrieved 2 July 2015 KLM introduces new ladies uniform Press release KLM 14 April 2010 Retrieved 9 February 2013 a b c Heiden H G 7 October 1994 Een goed verwarmde kajuit in de winter A well heated cabin in winter Reformatisch Dagblad in Dutch p 17 Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 16 February 2013 van Weezepoel Paul Dutch Aviation History 1919 Dutch Aviation Retrieved 16 February 2013 van Weezepoel Paul Dutch Aviation History 1926 Dutch Aviation Retrieved 16 February 2013 a b Airline Slogans for airlines G N The Travel Insider Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 Retrieved 16 February 2013 90th anniversary Holland Herald KLM Archived from the original on 4 May 2011 Retrieved 16 February 2013 Where to find KLM on social media sites KLM Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 Retrieved 31 March 2013 Olenski Steve KLM A Company That Gets Social Media Forbes Retrieved 23 December 2017 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Proves a Winning Social Media Strategy Is All About Customer Service Fodors Travel Guide 21 August 2017 Retrieved 23 December 2017 van Drimmelen Jochem KLM s social media strategy Part 1 KLM Blog Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2013 van Drimmelen Jochem KLM s social media strategy Part 2 KLM Blog Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 Retrieved 31 March 2013 KLM Meet amp Seat KLM Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 Retrieved 31 March 2013 With Meet amp Seat KLM integrates social media with air travel Press release KLM 3 February 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2013 KLM Launches Trip Planner Plan a trip with friends via Facebook Press release KLM 31 May 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2013 van Drimmelen Jochem KLM s social media strategy Part 4 KLM Blog Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 Retrieved 31 March 2013 KLM Launches 3D Strategy Game Aviation Empire Press release KLM 27 June 2013 Retrieved 10 July 2013 KLM AirCares KLM Website Corporate klm com Retrieved 29 November 2012 KLM AirCares Facts amp Figures KLM Corporate 18 October 2012 Retrieved 17 January 2013 SkyTeam Fact Sheet PDF SkyTeam p 5 Archived from the original PDF on 22 January 2013 Retrieved 1 March 2013 Reisgids KLM Retrieved 20 February 2019 Flying with one of KLM s partner airlines KLM Amsterdam Air France KLM a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Hannah Brandler 26 December 2021 Air France KLM signs codeshare agreement with Indigo Airlines Business Traveller ITA Airways codeshare con KLM ITA Airways codeshare with KLM advtraining it in Italian 3 December 2021 Founded With Aer Lingus The History Of Pegasus Airlines Simpleflying com 1 November 2021 Retrieved 25 June 2022 Silk Robert 4 March 2019 Virgin Atlantic starts codesharing with Air France and KLM Travel Weekly Secaucus Northstar Travel Group KLM and Winair sign codeshare agreement KLM and Winair sign codeshare agreement Retrieved 24 July 2022 Hales Dutton Bruce KLM A Dutch of Class Airliner World October 2019 94 Klaas Jan van Woerkom 5 November 2019 KLM Neemt Definitief Afscheid Van Airbus A330 VL00T Luchtvaart Nieuws nl in Dutch Retrieved 17 June 2020 Orangepride KLM s unique orange aircraft to promote the Netherlands KLM 14 June 2016 Retrieved 17 June 2020 A Fond Farewell to Fokker KLM Blog 7 June 2017 Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 Retrieved 29 July 2017 Travel classes KLM com www klm com Retrieved 23 May 2019 a b c d e KLM Fleet Information and Seatmaps Seatguru TripAdvisor Retrieved 22 January 2013 Travel classes World Business Class KLM Retrieved 21 January 2013 KLM Continues to Invest in Its Customers Press release KLM 19 March 2013 Retrieved 15 October 2015 New KLM 787 Business Class seats Lux traveller com Retrieved 29 July 2015 KLM Showcase New 787 9 World Business Class Cabin The Design Air 24 July 2015 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Musson Valerie 10 November 2017 Flying With Marcel Wanders KLM Blog Retrieved 2 March 2023 Lieberman Melanie 8 January 2015 Coolest Airline Amenity Kits Travel and Leisure Time Inc p 11 Retrieved 10 October 2015 Pillai Shalu 22 July 2015 The 7 best first class amenity kits according to Afar Luxury Launches Retrieved 10 October 2015 Schlappig Ben Review KLM Business Class 747 400 Amsterdam To Chicago One Mile at a Time Boarding Area Retrieved 10 October 2015 Travel classes Europe Business Class KLM Retrieved 22 January 2013 a b Seating plans KLM Retrieved 21 January 2013 a b c Economy Class seats on intercontinental KLM flights PDF KLM Archived from the original PDF on 17 November 2012 Retrieved 22 January 2013 Economy Class seats on European KLM flights PDF KLM Retrieved 22 January 2013 permanent dead link a b Seat in the Economy Comfort zone KLM Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 Retrieved 22 January 2013 Boeing 787 New World Business Class KLM com Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 Retrieved 31 July 2017 Many choices and a personal screen KLM Retrieved 22 January 2013 Matsushita Avionics Systems Corporation s System 3000 IFE Selected by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines for B777 200ER Fleet PDF Press release Panasonic Avionics Corporation 23 September 2002 Archived from the original PDF on 17 December 2010 Retrieved 22 January 2013 Panasonic Avionics Corporation Selected by Air France KLM to Provide World Class Entertainment on Air France s New B777 300ER PDF Press release Panasonic Avionics Corporation 11 September 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 17 December 2010 Retrieved 22 January 2013 Travel classes KLM Retrieved 22 January 2013 The Holland Herald our award winning magazine KLM Retrieved 22 January 2013 a b Asia on board dining and services KLM Retrieved 25 January 2013 Air France and KLM launch inflight Wi Fi KLM Press release 29 May 2013 Retrieved 12 July 2013 Dining in Business Class KLM Retrieved 25 January 2013 KLM Takes New Steps Towards More Sustainable Catering Press release KLM 1 October 2012 Retrieved 25 January 2013 KLM s World Business Class servies van ontwerper Marcel Wanders KLM s World Business Class tableware from designer Marcel Wanders Press release in Dutch KLM 9 November 2010 Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 Retrieved 25 January 2013 KLM launches a la carte catering pilot Press release KLM 25 May 2010 Retrieved 25 January 2013 KLM Introduces A La Carte Meals Press release KLM 28 July 2011 Retrieved 25 January 2013 Special meals on board KLM Retrieved 25 January 2013 Customers KLM Catering Services Retrieved 25 January 2013 permanent dead link David Gianatasio 6 September 2016 Heineken KLM Finally Figured Out How to Serve Freshly Tapped Draught Beer on an Airplane Adweek Retrieved 8 September 2016 Zegeling Mark 2015 Little Kingdom by the Sea a Celebration of Dutch Cultural Heritage Secrets of the KLM Houses Revealed Markmedia amp Art ISBN 9081905627 a b KLM Delft Blue houses KLM KLM Retrieved 25 July 2013 House of Bols Bols Bols Archived from the original on 15 December 2018 Retrieved 25 July 2013 a b c Michaels Daniel 31 May 2008 The Ultimate Dutch Status Symbol House Shaped Booze Bottles Jet Setters Hoard but Avoid Drinking KLM s Freebies The 1 000 Cheese Building The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 25 July 2013 Discover all our houses About KLM Houses KLM KLM Retrieved 25 July 2013 All about checking in KLM Retrieved 19 January 2013 KLM App KLM Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 Retrieved 19 January 2013 Amsterdam airport Schiphol and KLM launch innovative self service baggage drop off trial Press release KLM 4 July 2008 Retrieved 19 January 2013 permanent dead link Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Six new Self Service Baggage Drop Off units now in use at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Press release Schiphol Group 8 February 2012 Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 Retrieved 19 January 2013 KLM test self service boarding op Schiphol en Parijs CDG KLM tests self service boarding at Schiphol and Paris CDG Luchtvaartnieuws in Dutch Reismedia 30 November 2012 Retrieved 28 February 2013 KLM and Schiphol Airport first to launch European and intercontinental Self Service Transfer Kiosks Press release KLM 15 December 2006 Retrieved 19 January 2013 permanent dead link Transfer to another flight KLM Retrieved 19 January 2013 Travel by bus or rail with a KLM ticket Archived 29 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine KLM Retrieved on 29 October 2016 All about Flying Blue Miles FlyingBlue com Retrieved 16 October 2015 Earn Miles FlyingBlue com Retrieved 16 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SkyTeam airline partners KLM Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 Retrieved 28 January 2013 Gold benefits with SkyTeam airlines partners KLM Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 Retrieved 28 January 2013 Brim Financial Announces Partnership With Air France KLM to Launch a Credit Card Program for Their Canadian Flying Blue Members businesswire Retrieved 1 November 2022 Tonyleather The Deadliest Airplane Accidents in History Retrieved 7 May 2012 Sebastien Freissinet The Tenerife crash March 27th 1977 Retrieved 7 May 2012 ASN Accident Description Aviation Safety Network The Tenerife Airport Disaster the worst in aviation history The Tenerife Information Centre Retrieved 29 October 2014 Dutch king admits he held part time job as airline pilot The Guardian Associated Press 17 May 2017 ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 18 May 2017 General bibliography EditTaylor H A amp Alting Peter April July 1980 Fokker s Lucky Seven Air Enthusiast No 12 pp 24 38 ISSN 0143 5450 West Michael Autumn 2011 Airliners in Warpaint Warbirds in Civvies 5 KLM in World War 2 Air Britain Archive pp 133 137 ISSN 0262 4923 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to KLM Official website Air France KLM A century KLM Documents and clippings about KLM in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title KLM amp oldid 1150482879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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