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Wikipedia

Białystok

January 24, 2023

For other uses, see Białystok (disambiguation).

Białystok[a] is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is the tenth-largest city in Poland, second in terms of population density, and thirteenth in area.

Białystok
  • From top, left to right: Historic city center with Cathedral in the background
  • Branicki Park
  • Kościuszko (Market) Square with old town hall
  • Lubomirski Palace
  • Branicki Palace
Flag
Coat of arms
Brandmark
Białystok
Białystok
Coordinates: 53°08′07″N 23°08′44″E / 53.13528°N 23.14556°E / 53.13528; 23.14556Coordinates: 53°08′07″N 23°08′44″E / 53.13528°N 23.14556°E / 53.13528; 23.14556
Country Poland
Voivodeship Podlaskie
Countycity county
Established1437
City rights1692
Districts
Government
 • City mayorTadeusz Truskolaski[3] (PO)
Area
 • Total102.13 km2 (39.43 sq mi)
Highest elevation
175 m (574 ft)
Lowest elevation
118 m (387 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2021)
 • Total295,683 (10th)[2]
 • Density2,902/km2 (7,520/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
15-001 to 15-999
Area code+48 85
Car platesBI
Highways
Websitewww.bialystok.pl

Białystok is located in the Białystok Uplands of the Podlachian Plain on the banks of the Biała River, 197 kilometres (122 mi) by road northeast of Warsaw.[8] It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the nearby border with Belarus also being the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a warm summer continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character and occupy around 1,846 ha (4,560 acres) (18% of the administrative area of the city)[9] which places it as the fifth-most forested city in Poland.

The first settlers arrived in the 14th century. A town grew up and received its municipal charter in 1692. Białystok has traditionally been one of the leading centers of academic, cultural, and artistic life in Podlachia and the most important economic center in northeastern Poland. Białystok was once an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The city continues to reshape itself into a modern middle-sized city. Białystok, in 2010, was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.

Etymology

Although nowadays "stok" is translated as "slope", the initial name of the settlement came from the river flowing through it. In old Polish, biały stok was a clean, swift river (biały - clean, stok - stream; river that "slides" down the slope). So inconspicuous today, the Biała River (usually called Białka), flowing through the city center, gave it its name.

Due to changing borders and demographics over the centuries, the city has been known as Belarusian: Беласток (Byelastok?, Biełastok? [bʲeɫaˈstok]), Yiddish: ביאַליסטאָק (Byalistok, Bjalistok), Lithuanian: Balstogė, and Russian: Белосток (Belostok, Byelostok).

History

See also: History of Białystok and Timeline of Białystok
 
Branicki Palace, also known as the "Polish Versailles".

Archaeological discoveries show that the first settlements in the area of present-day Białystok occurred during the Stone Age. Tombs of ancient settlers can be found in the district of Dojlidy.[10] In the early Iron Age, people settled in the area producing kurgans, the tombs of the chiefs in the area located in the current village of Rostołty.[11] Since then, the Białystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures. Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia-Ruthenian-Polish cultural characteristics.[11]

The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries and during this time the fate of the city has been affected by various political and economic forces.

Surviving documents attest that around 1437 a representative of the Raczków family, Jakub Tabutowicz of the coat of arms Łabędź, received from Michael Žygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Duke of Lithuania, a wilderness area along the river Biała that marked the beginning of Białystok as a settlement.[12][13] Białystok administratively was part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, after 1569 also part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.

From 1547, the settlement was owned by the Wiesiołowski family, which founded the first school.[14] The first brick church and a castle were built between 1617 and 1826. The two-floor castle, designed on a rectangular plan in the Gothic-Renaissance style, was the work of Job Bretfus [pl]. Extension of the castle was continued by Krzysztof Wiesiołowski, starost of Tykocin, Grand Marshal of Lithuania since 1635, and husband of Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska.[15] In 1637 he died childless, and as a result, Białystok came under the management of his widow. After her death in 1645 the Wiesiołowski estate, including Białystok, passed to the Crown to cover the costs of maintaining Tykocin Castle. In the years 1645–1659 Białystok was managed by the starosts of Tykocin.[15][16]

 
Garden of the Branicki Palace in the 18th century

In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes during the Deluge. Four years later, it was given as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra, who married Marshal of the Crown Court Jan Klemens Branicki, thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family.[17][18] In 1692, Stefan Mikołaj Branicki [pl], the son of Jan Klemens Branicki, obtained city rights for Białystok from King John III Sobieski. He constructed the Branicki Palace on the foundations of the castle of the Wiesiołowski family.[19] In the first half of the eighteenth century the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki.[12] It was he who transformed the palace built by his father into a magnificent residence of a great noble,[20][21] which was frequently visited by Polish kings and poets.[22] In 1745 the first military technical school in Poland was founded in Białystok,[23] and in 1748, one of the oldest theaters in Poland, the Komedialnia, was founded in the city.[24] New schools were established, including a ballet school in connection with the foundation of the theater.[25] In 1749, King Augustus III of Poland extended the city limits.[14] In 1770, under the auspices of Izabella Poniatowska, a midwifery school was founded, based on which the Institute of Obstetrics was established in 1805.[23]

 
One of the former textile factories, now a shopping mall

The end of the eighteenth century saw the division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in three steps, among the neighboring states. The Kingdom of Prussia acquired Białystok and the surrounding region during the third partition. The city became the capital of the New East Prussia province in 1795.[26] Prussia lost the territory following Napoleon Bonaparte's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition as the resultant 1807 Treaties of Tilsit awarded the area to the Russian Empire, which organized the region into the Belostok Oblast,[27] with the city as the regional center.[28] Schooling and higher learning in Białystok, which was intensively developed in the 18th century, was stopped as a result of partitions.[23] Later in the 19th century, Białystok grew into a significant center of the textile industry, the largest after Łódź in then-partitioned Poland. In 1862 a railway connection was launched, connecting Białystok with Warsaw, Grodno, Wilno and Saint Petersburg. After the failed November and January uprisings, Russification policies and anti-Polish repressions intensified, and after 1870 a ban on the use of Polish in public places was introduced.[22] In 1912, a Tsarist prison was built, which also served as a transit prison for Poles deported to Siberia.[29]

At the end of the nineteenth century, as a result of the influx due to Russian discriminatory regulations, the majority of the city's population was Jewish. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (so around 63% percent).[30] This heritage can be seen on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok.[31] The Białystok pogrom occurred between 14 and 16 June 1906 in the city. During the pogrom between 81 and 88 Jews were killed by the Russians, and about 80 people were wounded.[32][33][34]

 
Monument to soldiers of the 1st Legions Infantry Regiment who died in the Battle of Białystok in 1920, Antoniuk district

The first anarchist groups to attract a significant following of Russian workers or peasants were the anarcho-communist Chernoe-Znamia groups, founded in Białystok in 1903.[35][36]

 
Józef Piłsudski's visit to Białystok in 1921

During World War I the Bialystok-Grodno District was the administrative division of German-controlled territory of Ober-Ost. It comprised the city, as the capital, and the surrounding Podlaskie region, roughly corresponding to the territory of the earlier Belostok Oblast.[37][38] At the end of World War I the city became part of the newly independent Second Polish Republic, as the capital of the Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939).[39] During the 1919–1920 Polish–Soviet War, possession of the city by the Red Army and the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee occurred during the lead up to the Battle of Warsaw. During the resultant counteroffensive, the city returned to Polish control after the Battle of Białystok.

After the wars and the reestablishment of independent Poland, Polish education in Białystok was restored and the textile industry was revived.[22] A municipal public library was established, sports clubs were founded, including Jagiellonia Białystok, and in the 1930s a drama theater was built.[22]

 
Białystok in the interbellum

With the beginning of World War II, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Initially Białystok was briefly occupied by Germany, and the German Einsatzgruppe IV entered the city on September 20–21, 1939 to commit crimes against the population.[40] Afterwards, the Germans handed the city over to the Soviet Union, as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Under Soviet occupation, it was incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR from 1939 to 1941 as the capital of Belastok Region.[41][42] Polish people were subject to deportations deep into the USSR (Siberia, Kazakhstan, Far North).[43] Pre-war mayor Seweryn Nowakowski was arrested by the NKVD in October 1939 and probably also deported to the USSR, however his fate remains unknown.[44] The NKVD took over the local prison.[29] The Polish resistance movement was active in the city, which was the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland (alongside Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Toruń and Lwów).[45] Białystok native and future President of Poland in exile Ryszard Kaczorowski was a member of the local Polish resistance and was arrested in the city by the NKVD in 1940.[46] Initially the Soviets sentenced him to death, but eventually he was sentenced to 10 years in forced labor camps and deported to Kolyma, from where he was released in 1942, when he joined the Anders' Army.[46]

In the course of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Białystok was occupied by the German Army on 27 June 1941, during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, and the city became the capital of Bezirk Białystok, a separate region in German occupied Poland, until 1944.[47][48] The Great Synagogue was burnt down by Germans on June 27, 1941, with an estimated number of 2,000 Jews inside. From the very beginning, the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non-German population. The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city,[49] and a forced labour camp for Jewish men.[50] Since 1943, the Sicherheitspolizei carried out deportations of Poles including teenage boys from the local prison to the Stutthof concentration camp.[51] The 56,000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto.[52] On August 15, 1943, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began, and several hundred Polish Jews and members of the Anti-Fascist Military Organisation (Polish: Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa) started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto with deportations to the Treblinka extermination camp.[53]

The city fell under the control of the Red Army on 27 July 1944. The Soviets carried out mass arrests of Polish resistance members in the city and region, and imprisoned them in Białystok. On 20 September 1944 the city was transferred back to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s, and the Soviet NKVD and SMERSH continued the persecution of the Polish resistance in the following months. From November 1944 to January 1945, the Russians deported nearly 5,000 Poles from the local prison to the Soviet Union.[54] Later on, the Soviet-appointed communists held political prisoners and other members of the Polish resistance in the local prison, and until 1956, they also carried out burials of executed Polish resistance members there.[29]

After the war, the city became capital of the initial Białystok Voivodeship (1945–1975) of the People's Republic of Poland.[55][56][57] After the 1975 administrative reorganization, the city was the capital of the smaller Białystok Voivodeship (1975–1998).[58] Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Republic of Poland.[58]

Geography

 
Biała River near Białystok

Białystok is situated in the Białystok Uplands (Polish: Wysoczyzna Białostocka) of the Podlaskie Plain (Polish: Nizina Północnopodlaska), part of what is known collectively as the Green Lungs of Poland.[59][60] It is situated 197 kilometres (122 mi) by road northeast of Warsaw.[8]It is the biggest Polish city close to Belarus and Lithuania. The Biała River, a left tributary of the Supraśl River, passes through the city. The landscape of the Białystok Upland is diverse, with high moraine hills and kame in excess of 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. Vast areas of outwash, a glacial plain formed of sediments deposited by meltwater at the terminus of a glacier, are covered by forests.[60]

The highest point of the city lies at a height of 175 m (574 ft) on the Pietrasze Forest. The lowest point lies at a height of 118 m (387 ft) on the river valley of the Biała.[61]

Forests are an important part of the city character, they currently occupy approximately 1,846 ha (4,560 acres) (18% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland; behind Katowice (38%), Bydgoszcz (30%), Toruń (22.9%) and Gdańsk (17.6%).[62]

Part of Knyszyn Forest is preserved within the city limits by two nature reserves—a total area of 105 ha (260 acres).[63] The Zwierzyniecki Forest Nature Reserve (Polish: Rezerwat przyrody Las Zwierzyniecki), which is contained within the city limits, is a fragment, 33.48 ha (82.7 acres), of the riparian forest with a dominant assemblage of oak and hornbeam.[64] The Antoniuk Nature Reserve (Polish: Rezerwat Przyrody Antoniuk) is a 70.07 ha (173.1 acres) park in the city that preserves the natural state of a forest fragment characteristic of the Białystok Upland, with a dominant mixed forest of hazel and spruce.[65]

The 40 ha (99 acres) of forests lying in the vicinity of the Dojlidy Ponds are administered by the Białystok Central Sports and Recreation Center(Polish: Białostocki Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji – BOSiR). The Dojlidy Ponds recreation area includes a public beach, walking trails, birdwatching and fishing.[66]

Climate

The city has a warm-summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system under the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm for the average temperature of the coldest month, or an oceanic climate (Cfb) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. The city would have been classified as being in the Dfb zone regardless of the accepted isotherm for climatological normals as recent as 1981–2010,[67] but as a consequence of climate change, the winters have warmed up so that the climate in the city may be classified as oceanic. Białystok is one of the coldest cities in Poland by annual temperature and one with the climate having the most continental characteristics, as is the case for much of north-eastern Poland, with the mean yearly temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F) and the length of the growing season amounting to 205 days, shorter than elsewhere in Poland.[68]

While winters are rather mild compared to other cities on the similar latitude, such as Samara, Barnaul, or Edmonton, they are colder than in Western Europe (in cities like Bremen and Dublin). Winters usually have little sunshine, with weather patterns changing from those influenced by the low-pressure systems generated by the Icelandic Low (when the weather is often cloudy, cool, damp, rainy and/or snowy) to the occasional intrusions of cold air masses from Siberia or the Arctic (Siberian High), which, due to the city's northeasterly location, are more frequent than in other parts of Poland.[68] Winters thus tend to be several degrees colder than elsewhere in Poland.[69] Freezing conditions below −20 °C (−4 °F) are possible in winter but are rare.[67] Snow cover is present on the ground for more than half of winter. Summers tend to be warm, sunny and pleasant and are occasionally hot, but they are still a little cooler than in most of Poland.[69] More rain falls in summer months than in any other period of the year.

The centre of Białystok, as most urban areas, experiences the urban heat island effect, therefore for most of the time, the city is warmer than the surrounding countryside. The temperatures in the city centre are, on average, 2.3 °C (4.1 °F) higher than in the surrounding villages, with greater differences at night and during the warmer half of the year, particularly in spring.[70]

Climate data for Białystok (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		29.3
(84.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		32.8
(91.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.2
(95.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		25.4
(77.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		36.0
(96.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3) 		8.2
(46.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.8
(87.4) 		25.9
(78.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		32.4
(90.3)
Average high °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		1.0
(33.8) 		12.2
(54.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.8
(27.0) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		1.7
(35.1) 		7.9
(46.2) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		17.5
(63.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		7.7
(45.9)
Average low °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		11.6
(52.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		3.2
(37.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −18.5
(−1.3) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−21.8
(−7.2)
Record low °C (°F) −35.4
(−31.7) 		−32.9
(−27.2) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−29.3
(−20.7) 		−35.4
(−31.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.8
(1.33) 		31.4
(1.24) 		34.6
(1.36) 		37.7
(1.48) 		69.1
(2.72) 		65.4
(2.57) 		86.5
(3.41) 		69.4
(2.73) 		56.0
(2.20) 		47.2
(1.86) 		39.2
(1.54) 		39.9
(1.57) 		610.2
(24.02)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 10.2
(4.0) 		10.9
(4.3) 		7.5
(3.0) 		2.2
(0.9) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.5
(0.2) 		3.5
(1.4) 		5.5
(2.2) 		10.9
(4.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.50 14.91 14.17 11.23 12.67 13.27 14.53 11.70 11.83 12.97 15.23 16.00 165.01
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 19.6 17.8 10.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 5.0 14.4 68.7
Average relative humidity (%) 88.4 85.1 77.8 69.8 71.2 73.1 75.4 77.2 82.5 85.5 90.0 90.4 80.5
Average dew point °C (°F) −5
(23) 		−5
(23) 		−2
(28) 		2
(36) 		8
(46) 		11
(52) 		14
(57) 		13
(55) 		10
(50) 		5
(41) 		2
(36) 		−2
(28) 		4
(40)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38.1 57.4 122.1 185.7 254.1 259.3 256.9 250.5 161.8 102.1 38.4 28.9 1,755.3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),[79][80][81] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[82]
Climate data for Bialystok (Dojlidy), elevation: 148 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		27.4
(81.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		34.8
(94.6) 		34.6
(94.3) 		29.8
(85.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		34.8
(94.6)
Average high °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		11.0
(51.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		16.3
(61.3) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		6.7
(44.0)
Average low °C (°F) −7.7
(18.1) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.6
(45.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		2.5
(36.6)
Record low °C (°F) −35.4
(−31.7) 		−32.9
(−27.2) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−26.2
(−15.2) 		−35.4
(−31.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35
(1.4) 		26
(1.0) 		31
(1.2) 		36
(1.4) 		56
(2.2) 		74
(2.9) 		80
(3.1) 		70
(2.8) 		52
(2.0) 		46
(1.8) 		46
(1.8) 		40
(1.6) 		592
(23.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.8 7.0 7.9 7.7 9.5 9.9 10.0 8.9 8.7 8.4 9.7 10.1 106.6
Source: NOAA[83]

See or edit raw graph data.

Urban layout

Bialystok is roughly circular, centered around the old city Church Square and Branicki Palace. Originally, the city's territory was about 50 hectares. The communication system serving the entire city was made of streets radiating out from the central market square. An inventory plan made by Becker in 1799 was needed by the Prussian authorities in connection with the negotiations on the acquisition of Białystok for a royal residence. The plan is of fundamental importance as it shows the development of the city in the first period of its creation. The area of ​​the city did not exceed 1.5 km2, and the population was approx. 3.5 thousand. The entire urban area was closed with 6 loose-fitting gates and buildings situated on regular plots. Compact buildings were found only in the market square, the frontages of which were 1- 2-storey buildings with brick front elevations. Choroska and Zamkowa Streets were built up with only brick houses. The city was dominated by the palace complex, which, together with the park, covered an area equal to the city's investment areas. The residence palace was designed on a European scale and created new development opportunities for Białystok.[84]

After the First World War, the first attempts were made to organize the city, which had so far developed without plans - between the palace grounds and arable land. At the request of the Association of Polish Cities, in the years 1938-1939 a general urban concept of the city was created by Ignacy Tłoczek. The plan called for the creation of new communication routes, relieve the center, demolish the Chanajki district, create a housing estate and connect with it the unique green areas around the city with new tree plantings. The Second World War prevented the comprehensive implementation of this plan. As a result of war damage, many buildings partially or completely destroyed, especially at the city center. The reconstruction of the town began with the restoration of the activity of textile factories. It was conditioned by the desire to improve the economic situation of the city as quickly as possible.

The average height of buildings in the city is not high. The center is dominated by buildings not exceeding 25 meters in height, and the outskirts of the city are mainly occupied by low-rise single-family houses. Taller buildings dominate in two residential districts. They are the districts of Piasta (located to the south of the city center) and the Dziesięciny estate (located to the northwest of the city center). Dominants in Białystok are located mainly in the center and they are also there located two most important city icons: the Church of St. Roch and the Parish Church, which are on one axis. Each of the districts also has its dominant, which is usually a church or an Orthodox church. The most important space in the city is Kościuszko Square - the main square in the shape of a triangle. The space is delimited by two axes, one is part of the axis connecting the two largest churches, and the other runs towards the west of the Center district along Suraska Street and ends at Młynowa Street. An important spatial arrangement in Białystok is the Branicki Palace complex. The baroque layout of the palace complex is symmetrically shaped according to one compositional axis with a coherent garden layout.[85]

Throughout the years it expanded to include nearby villages: In the mid-eighteenth century Bojary which was located on the right bank of the Biala River was incorporated to it. On May 10, 1919, in accordance with the decision of the Sejm, Bialostoczek, Horodniany, Zwierzyniec-Letnisko, Starosielce, Słoboda (which was founded at the end of the 17th century, between the current Pogodna and Świerkowa Streets), Ogrodniki, Pieczurki, Wysoki Stoczek were incorporated also, as well as two mill villages Marczuk and Antoniuk. By the onset of World War II the city's territory amounted to 40 km2.[86] The reconstruction of the city following the end of World War II and establishment of the People's Republic of Poland saw further expansion: the villages Bacieczki, Bacieczki Kolonia, Korycin and part of the village Klepacze, Krupniki, Fasty, Zaścianki and Zawady were incorporated into the city. The 70s saw another wave of expansion with the villages of Bagnówka, area of Zakłady Silikatowe, areas of state forests, Dojlidy ponds and the orthodox cemetery at Dojlidy. At the onset of the millennium, in 2002, the village Zawady was included in the city's limits and at the last enlargement, in 2006, the villages Dojlidy Górne, Zagórki and Kolonia Halickie were incorporated and the city reached its current territory of 102 km2.[87]

Districts

 
Kilińskiego Street, one of the historic streets in Centrum, the central district of Białystok
Main article: Districts of Białystok

The city of Białystok is divided into 29 administrative units, known in Polish as osiedla.[88][89] The first 27 of these were created on October 25, 2004.[88] The 28th, Dojlidy Górne, was created by on October 23, 2006, out of three settlements which had been incorporated into the city: Dojlidy Górne, Kolonia Halickie, and Zagórki. A new district called Bagnówka was created at the beginning of 2021.[90][88]

The center of the city, Osiedle Centrum, surrounds Lipowa Street, the main street of the city. Lipowa Street extends from Rynek Kościuszki (the corner of Spółdzielcza Street) to Plac Niepodległości im. Romana Dmowskiego (the corner of Krakowska Street).[91] Over the centuries the name of this street has taken on a number of different names; Choroska, Nowolipie, Lipowa, Józef Piłsudski, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, once again, to return, after the end of World War II, to its original name – Lipowa Street.

 
A public square dedicated to Constantine the Great

The city covers 10,213 ha (25,240 acres)[92] of which 3,210 ha (7,900 acres) is agricultural land, 4,889 ha (12,080 acres) is urbanized areas, 85 ha (210 acres) is surface waters and 65 ha (160 acres) is wasteland.[93] The composition of the districts vary from residential near the city center, with a combination of multi-story apartment buildings and individual houses on small parcels, to industrial and agricultural at the city edges.[93]

Metropolitan Białystok

Main article: Metropolitan Białystok

Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52/05 of 16 May 2005 [94] to help develop the region economically. In 2006, the metropolitan area population was 450,254 inhabitants.[95] The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character, becoming residential suburban neighborhoods with single-family housing and small businesses.[96]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Białystok
Historical population
YearPop.±%
195068,503—    
1960120,921+76.5%
1970168,500+39.3%
1980224,187+33.0%
1990270,568+20.7%
2000289,233+6.9%
2010295,198+2.1%
2020296,958+0.6%
source [97]

In June 2020, the population of the city was 296,958.[98][96] Among the cities of Poland, Białystok is second in terms of population density, tenth in population, and thirteenth in area.[99] Historically, Białystok has been a destination for internal and foreign immigration, especially from Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to the Polish minority, there was formerly a Jewish majority in Białystok. The Jewish share in the population of Białystok grew from 22.4% (761) in 1765 to 66.6% (6,000) in 1808 and 76% (47,783) in 1895.[100] According to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (around 63% percent).[30] According to the German census of 1916, Jews comprised about 72% of the inhabitants (no less than 40,000). The demographic situation changed due to the influx of Polish repatriants, intelligentsia and civil servants, the outflow of Jews, and the enlargement of the city after the World War I.[100] According to the 1931 census, the population of Białystok totalled 91,101: 45.5% (41,493) Roman Catholics, 43% (39,165) Jews (by religion), and 8.2% (7,502) Eastern Orthodox believers.[101][102]

In 1936, Białystok had a population of 99,722, of whom: 50.9% (50,758) were Poles, 42.6% (42,482) Jews, 2.1% (2,094) Germans and 0.4% (359) Russians; 46.6% (45,474) adhered to the Catholic religion, 43% (42,880) to Judaism, 8.2% (8,177) to Eastern Orthodoxy and 2.9% (2,892) to Evangelicalism.[100] World War II changed all of this: in 1939, around 107,000 people lived in Białystok,[103] but by 1946, the population had dropped to 56,759, with much less ethnic diversity than it had had previously.[52] Currently the city's population is 97% Polish, 2.5% Belarusian and 0.5% of a number of minorities including Russians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians.[104] Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration within Poland and urbanization of surrounding areas.[104]

Governance

Main article: Governance of Białystok
 
Regional Court in Białystok

City government

Białystok, like other major cities in Poland, is a city county (Polish: Miasto na prawach powiatu).[105] The Legislative power in the city is vested in the unicameral Białystok City Council (Polish: Rada Miasta), which has 28 members.[106] Council members are elected directly every four years, one of whom is the mayor, or President of Białystok (Polish: prezydent).[106] Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.[106] Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor, who may sign them into law.[106] If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.[106] The current President of Białystok, elected for his first term in 2006, is Tadeusz Truskolaski won the elections as the Civic Platform's candidate, however, he has no official connection with the party. In the first round of the elections he received 49% of the votes (42,889 votes altogether). In the later runoff he defeated his rival candidate Marek Kozlowski from Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość), receiving 67% of the votes cast (53,018 votes).[107]

For the 2010–2011 fiscal year the city received revenue (taxes levied + investments) of 1,409,565,525 zł, expended 1,676,459,102 zł leaving a budget deficit of 266,893,577 zł.[108] The deficit was covered by short-term borrowing of 166,893,577 zł and the issuance of 100 million zł in municipal bonds.[108]

Other levels of governmental representation
It is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship.[109] The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament (Sejm and Senat) from the Białystok constituency.[110] Białystok is represented by the Podlaskie and Warmian-Masurian constituency of the European Parliament.[111][112]

International relations

There are nine consulates in Białystok, a Consulate General of Belarus and Honorary Consulates of Romania,[113] Finland,[114] Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Luxembourg and Malta.[115] The City of Białystok is a member of several organizations such as Union of Polish Metropolises (Polish: Unia Metropolii Polskich),[116] Euroregion Niemen,[117][118] Polish Green Lungs Foundation,[119] and Eurocities.[120]

Białystok is twinned with:[121]

Former twin towns:

On 3 March 2022, Białystok ended its partnership with the Russian cities of Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Pskov and Tomsk, and also with the Belarusian city of Grodno as a reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[125]

Eastern Partnership cities:

Former partnership:

Military units

 
Military Drafting Office located in the historical Nowik Palace

The construction of the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway which passed through the city and was the strategic nerve of the Russian Empire, resulted in the rising of the military importance of the city: In 1879, construction of the barracks of the Włodzimierski Infantry Regiment began (currently it is the area of the Voivodeship hospital between Wojskowa, Skłodowskiej-Curie and Wołodyjowskiego Streets). In 1884, barracks of the Kazan Infantry Regiment were established at Traugutta Street in Wygoda. In 1887, barracks of the Mariampole Dragon Regiment were erected at 100 Bema Street. In 1890, the barracks of Kharkov Uhlans Regiment were built at Kawaleryjska Street.[126]

Throughout the interwar period and the existence of the Second Polish Republic, the city enjoyed the presence of the 42nd Infantry Regiment (barracks at Wygoda), 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment (Kawaleryjska Street) and the 14th Horse Artillery Squadron (Polish: 14 Dywizjon Artylerii Konnej) (Bema Street), the command of the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade and spare center (Skladowej-Curie Street, then Piwna), units of the Armed Forces of the Second Polish Republic.[127]

 
Polish Armed Forces Day celebration in 2022

The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment (Polish: 18 Pułk Rozpoznawczy) of the Polish Land Forces is based in Białystok. The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion (Polish: 18 Białostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej) and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade.[128] December 31, 2001, as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, 18th Mechanized Brigade (Polish: 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana) was disbanded and in its place created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion (Polish: 18 Białostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej).[128]

The Cavalry Brigade "Białystok" (BK "Białystok") of the Polish Army Second Republic was formed in February 1929. On April 1, 1937, BK "Białystok" was renamed the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade(Polish: Podlaska Brygada Kawalerii).[129][130] Its headquarters was located in Białystok and operated as part of Independent Operational Group Narew.[130] It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade "Białystok", which existed between February 1929, and March 30, 1937.[129] After the Soviet invasion of Poland, remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops, capitulating on October 6, 1939.[130]

During December 1993 an order of the Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces created the 18th Mechanized Brigade (Polish: 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana) at the garrison in Białystok.[128] The unit was formed from the 3rd Mechanized Regiment (Polish: 3 Pułk Zmechanizowany) and was subordinated to the commander of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division (Polish: 1 Warszawskiej Dywizji Zmechanizowanej im. Tadeusza Kościuszki).[128] On December 31, 2001, as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, the 18th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded and in its place was created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion.[128]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Białystok
 
High-rise building in the city center

In the nineteenth century, Białystok was an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the twentieth century, such as Fasty in the district of Bacieczki. However, after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down.

The unemployment rate for November 2020 in Białystok was 6.8%.[131] The 2009 average household had a monthly per capita income of 1018.77 zł [132] and monthly per capita expenses of 823.56 zł[133]

The city has a number of nearby border crossings.[134] The border with Belarus is only 50 km (31 mi) away, the nearest border crossings are located in; Bobrowniki (road crossing located about 50 km (31 mi) from the city limits), Kuźnica Białostocka (road and rail crossing located 60 km (37 mi) from the city limits), Siemianówka (railway – freight traffic), Połowce (road) and Czeremcha (railway).[134] Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area the city is a center for trade in mainly from the east.[134]

 
Silos of Podlaskie Zakłady Zbożowe (Podlaskie Cereal Industrial Plants)
 
The bison grass vodka called "Żubrówka" is made in Białystok at the Polmos Factory

The leading industries in the city's economy are food processing (production of meat products, fruit and vegetable products, the production of spirits, the production of frozen food, grain processing), electrical engineering (production tools and equipment for machine tools, production of electric heaters, manufacture and production mixers household appliances).[134] There is also a developed machine industry (electronics, machinery and metal), plastic processing (production of household appliances), textiles (textiles and upholstery, manufacture of underwear, clothing accessories, footwear and backpacks), Wood (production plywood and furniture) building materials.[134]

Some major employers who are based in Białystok include:

  • Dojlidy Brewery in the district of Dojlidy produces the second most popular beer in Poland, Żubr.[135]
  • Polmos Białystok, the biggest vodka manufacturer in Poland, is located in the city district of Starosielce.[136] The company produces Absolwent and Żubrówka (bison grass vodka) – both major exports abroad.[136]
  • Standard Motor Products Poland Ltd. headquartered in Białystok began manufacturing ignition coils for original equipment manufacturers 30 years ago.[137]
  • "Supon" Białystok is the leading Polish producer of fire fighting equipment.[138]
  • SavaPol, Sp.z o.o. is a manufacturer of stationary and mobile concrete mixing equipment based in Białystok.[139]
  • Biazet S.A. is a large manufacture of household appliances, including vacuum cleaners, coffee makers, and LED lighting located in Białystok.[140]
  • Agnella, a major Polish producer of carpets and similar products is in Białystok, located in the district of Białostoczek.[141]
  • Rosti Poland Sp. z o.o., has provided for more than 60 years precision injection molded products for some of the world's leading brands.[142]
  • Biaglass Huta Szkla Białystok Sp. z o.o., established in 1929, produces mouth blown glass lampshades and related products. Biaglass belongs to elite group of Glass Works in Europe, where 100% of the lighting glass is mouth-blown.[143]
  • Chłodnia Białystok S.A (Cold Store Białystok S.A.), established in 1952, is one of the largest Polish producers of frozen vegetables, fruits and ready-to-heat meals.[144]
  • Podlaskie Zakłady Zbożowe S.A. was established on 1 July 2000 as a result of privatizing The Regional Establishment of Corn and Milling Industry 'PZZ' in Białystok. It is one of the leading firms in Podlaskie region in the department of preservation and processing of grain with elevators in Białystok, Grajewo and Suwałki.[145]

Culture and tourism

Main article: Culture in Białystok

Białystok is one of the largest cultural centers in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The attractions include performing arts groups, art museums, historical museums, walking tours of architectural/cultural aspects and a wide variety of parks and green spaces. Białystok in 2010 was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.[146]

Performing arts

The city has a number of performing arts facilities including:

The Białystok Puppet Theatre (Polish: Bialostocki Teatr Lalek), established in 1953, is one of the oldest Polish puppet theaters.[147] The facility is located at Kalinowskiego 1 in Białystok. The repertoire includes performances for both children and puppet adaptations of world literature for adults.[147] Because of the high artistic level of productions, the theater has been recognized as one of the best puppetry arts centers in Poland.[147]

The Aleksandra Węgierki Drama Theatre, housed in a building designed by Jarosław Girina, was built in the years 1933–1938.[148]

The Podlasie Opera and Philharmonic – European Art Centre in Białystok is the largest institute of arts in Northeastern Poland and the most modern cultural center in this region of Europe. In its amphitheatre every year at the end of June Halfway Festival takes place.[149]

Museums

 
Historical Museum
 
Army Museum
 
Sybir Memorial Museum
 
Alfons Karny Sculpture Museum

There are a number of museums in the city including:

The Historical Museum in Białystok (Polish: Muzeum Historyczne w Białymstoku) is part of the Podlaskie Museum.[150] The facility has a rich collection of archival materials and iconography illustrating the history of Białystok and Podlasie, and a number of middle-class cultural relics, especially in the field of craft utility.[150] There are also the Numismatic Cabinet of the collection of 16 000 coins, medals and securities.[150] The museum is in possession of the only collections in the country memorabilia connected with the Tatar settlement in the Polish–Lithuanian–Belarusian region.[150]

The Army Museum in Białystok (Polish: Muzeum Wojska w Białymstoku) was established in September 1968 as a branch of the Podlaskie Museum to house the research and collections of many people connected with the military history of north-eastern Poland.[151]

The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre (Polish: Centrum im. Ludwika Zamenhofa w Białymstoku) has a permanent exhibition, "Bialystok of Young Ludwik Zamenhof", and various temporary exhibitions, concerts, film projections, and theatre performances. The Centre has a branch of Lukasz Gornicki's Podlaska Library dedicated to the Esperanto language.

The Sybir Memorial Museum (Polish: Muzeum Pamięci Sybiru) is a historical museum opened in 2021 and dedicated to the memory of Poles as well as people from other nationalities who were the victims of forced deportations to Siberia perpetrated by Russia and the Soviet Union.[152]

The Alfons Karny Sculpture Museum contains a collection of sculptures by Białystok native Alfons Karny.

Parks and green spaces

 
Planty park

Around 32% of the city is occupied by parks, squares and forest preserves which creates a unique and healthy climate.[153] The green spaces include:

Branicki Palace (Polish: Pałac Branickich) is a historical edifice and 9.7 ha (24 acres) park in Białystok. It was developed on the site of an earlier building in the first half of the eighteenth century by Jan Klemens Branicki, wealthy Polish Crown Hetman (highest military leader of Poland), into a residence suitable for a man whose ambition was to be elected king of Poland.[154] The palace complex with gardens, pavillons, sculptures, outbuildings and other structures and the city with churches, city hall and monastery, all built almost at the same time according to French models was the reason why the city was known in the eighteenth century as Versailles of Podlaskie (Polish: wersalem podlaskim).[155][156]

Planty is a 14.94 ha (36.9 acres) park created between 1930 and 1938, under the auspices of the then voivode Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski in the areas adjacent to Branicki Palace.[157] The modernist composition of the park was designed by Stanislav Gralla.[158]

Architecture

 
A tenement on Sienkiewicz Street, one of the main boulevards in the city

The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city. Most other Polish cities have suffered similarly, but the processes in Białystok, have had a particularly intense course. Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist, while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration. Very few historic buildings of the city have been preserved – the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Białystok.[159]

Main sights include:

  • Palaces: Branicki Palace, Branicki Guest Palace, Lubomirski Palace, Hasbach Palace, Nowik Palace
  • Townhall
  • Catholic Cathedral
  • St. Roch Church
  • St. Adalbert Church
  • Orthodox Cathedral
  • Daughters of Charity Monastery
  • Former Arsenal
  • Former Masonic Lodge
  •  

    Kościuszko Square with the Town Hall

  •  

    Church of St. Roch

  •  

    St. Adalbert Church

  •  

    Lubomirski Palace

  •  

    Former Masonic Lodge

  •  

    Hasbach Palace

Sports

 
Headquarters of Hetman Białystok multi-sport club
Main article: Sports in Białystok

The city has both professional and amateur sports teams, and a number of venues where they are based. Jagiellonia Białystok is a Polish football club, based in Białystok, in the Ekstraklasa (Poland's top division) that plays at the Białystok City Stadium.[160] Jagiellonia Białystok won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010.[161] A new 22,500-seat stadium was completed at the beginning of 2015.[162] There is also a futsal team Słoneczny Stok Jagiellonia Białystok, which plays in the Futsal Ekstraklasa, Poland's top division (as of 2022–23).[163]

Podlasie Białystok [pl] is one of the top athletics clubs in Poland, multiple times Polish Team Champions, most recently in 2022.[164]

Lowlanders Białystok is an American football club, that plays in the Polish American Football League (Polish: Polska Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego) PLFA I Conference.[165] The Lowlanders were the champions of the PLFA II Conference in 2010 with a perfect season (8 wins in eight meetings). Because of the win, they were advanced to the upper conference (PLFA I) in 2011.[165]

Other notable clubs include men's football team Hetman Białystok (with additional boxing and contract bridge sections),[166] basketball club Żubry Białystok [pl],[167] and football club Włókniarz Białystok with both men's and women's sections,[168] however, all of the aforementioned teams play in the lower leagues as of 2022–23.

Media

 
Offices of Kurier Poranny
Main article: Media in Białystok

Białystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region. There are two locally published daily newspapers, Gazeta Współczesna (36.3% market share) [169][170] and Kurier Poranny (20.3% market share).[169][171] In addition two national papers have local bureaus. There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over-the-air from the nearby RTCN Białystok (Krynice) Mast, the seventh highest structure in Poland,[172] in addition to transmitter sites within the city. TVP Białystok is one of the locally produced, regional branches of the TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. There is also a cable television system available within the city. The city has two campus radio stations; Radiosupeł at the Medical University of Białystok[173] and Radio Akadera at Białystok Technical University.[174]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Białystok

In the early 1900s, Białystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world.[175] In 1931, 40,000 Jews lived in the city, nearly half the city's inhabitants.[176] The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok. Pope John Paul II on 5 June 1991, during a visit to Białystok, announced the establishment of the Archdiocese of Białystok which ended the period of the temporary church administration of the portion of the Archdiocese of Vilnius that had, after World War II, remained within the Polish borders.[177] The city is also the seat of the Białystok-Gdansk Diocese of the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church.[178] Białystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland.[178] In Białystok, the following Protestant churches exist: a Lutheran parish, two Pentecostal churches, Baptist church, a congregation of the Church of God in Christ and a Seventh Day Adventist church.[179]

Białystok is home to more than two thousand Muslims (mainly Tatars). There is an Islamic Centre,[180] a House of Prayer, and various organisations. There is a magazine issued – "Pamięć i trwanie" ("Memory and persistence").

The city is the site of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary with the main relics of Michał Sopoćko.[181]

  •  

    Old Parish Church

  •  

    Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary

  •  

    Church of the Resurrection

  •  

    All Saints' Church

  •  

    Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit

  •  

    Eastern Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas in Lipowa Street

Transport

Main article: Transport in Białystok

The city is and has been for centuries, the main hub of transportation for the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the entire northeastern section of Poland. It is a major city on the European Union roadways (Via Baltica)[182] and railways (Rail Baltica)[183] to the Baltic Republics and Finland. It is also a main gateway of trade with Belarus due to its proximity to the border and its current and longstanding relationship with Grodno, Belarus.

A traffic management system has been operating in Białystok since 2015. At 120 intersections, traffic lights are coordinated in such a way that cars and buses covered the route as quickly as possible. Special cameras record traffic, travel time. Drivers receive this information on 19 boards set among others at the intersections on Wasilkowska Street, Antoniuk-Fabryczny Street and Kleeberga Street.[184]

Railways

Passenger trains connect from Suwałki, Grodno and Lithuania to Warsaw and the rest of the European passenger network. Passenger services are provided by two rail service providers, PKP Intercity that provides intercity passengers trains (express, intercity, eurocity, hotel and TLK)[185] and Przewozy Regionalne that operates only regional passenger trains financed by the voivodeship. Passenger trains are mostly run using electrical multiple units (on electrified lines) or rail buses.[186]

Buses

 
Main bus station
 
Solaris Urbino 18 W29 bus operated by BKM in Białystok

There is an extensive bus network that covers the entire city by three bus services, but no tram or subway exists. The three bus operators (KPKM, KPK and KZK) are owned by the city and each shares approximately a third of the lines and the bus fleet.[187]

Roads and highways

The National Roads (Polish: Droga krajowa) running through Białystok:

The expressways (Polish: Droga ekspresowa) near Białystok:

The Voivodeship roads (Polish: Droga wojewódzka) running through Białystok::

  •   DW 669: Trasa Niepodległości (Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych Street, Niepodległości Avenue, Padarewskiego Avenue)
  •   DW 675: Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Avenue (Polish: aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego)
  •   DW 676: Porosły - Białystok - Supraśl - Krynki
  •   DW 678: Białystok - Wysokie Mazowieckie

In Białystok Country (Polish: powiat białostocki) there are also Poviat roads (Polish: Droga powiatowa) which connect Białystok with other towns in the area:[188][189][b]

Poviat roads
* Poviat Road 1431 B: Białystok (42 Pułku Piechoty Street) - Sowlany
  • Poviat Road 1432 B: Białystok (Ciołkowskiego and Baranowicka streets) - Zielona,
  • Poviat Road 1483 B: Białystok (Filipowicza) - Hryniewicze
  • Poviat Road 1484 B: Białystok (Mickiewicza Street) - Stanisławowo
  • Poviat Road 1485 B: Białystok (Plażowa Street) - Dojlidy Górne
  • Poviat Road 1493 B: Białystok (Wiosenna Street) - Olmonty
  • Poviat Road 1535 B: Białystok (Popiełuszki, Hetmańska and Wierzbowa Streets) - Choroszcz
  • Poviat Road 1550 B: Białystok (Niewodnicka, Meksykańska, Nowosielska and Elewatorska streets) - Klepacze - Niewodnica Kościelna,
  • Poviat Road 1559 B: Białystok - Kleosin

Bicycle

By 2020, there were already over 158 km of bicycle paths in Bialystok.[190] The municipal bicycle renting system is called BiKeR and was opened in 2014. The system initially based on 30 stations equipped with 300 bikes. The city has four public bicycle repair stations, in which one can fix their private bikes. The stations are located in places where the highest traffic of city bikes was observed.[184]

Airports

A civil airport, Białystok-Krywlany Airport, lies within the city limits, but does not provide regularly scheduled service, being currently the largest city in the European Union without an operating commercial airport.[191] There were plans in 2011 to build a new regional airport, Białystok-Saniki Airport, that would have provided flights within Europe.[192]

Education

 
Library of Białystok, Książnica Podlaska
Main article: Education in Białystok

Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki.[20] As a patron of the arts and sciences, Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Białystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage.[193] In 1745 Branicki established Poland's first military college, the School of Civil and Military Engineering, in the city.[193]

Since the fall of communism many privately funded institutions of higher educations have been founded and their number is still increasing. Currently Białystok is home to one principal public university (University of Białystok)[194] and two other public specialist universities (Białystok Technical University[195] and Medical University of Białystok[196]). Some institutions, such as Musical Academy in Białystok,[197] are branches of their parent institutions in other cities, usually in Warsaw.

Notable residents

 
L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto
Main article: List of people from Białystok
See also: Category:People from Białystok

Over the centuries, a number of people from Białystok have been prominent in the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts. This environment was created in the mid-eighteenth century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences.[193] These include Ryszard Kaczorowski, last émigré President of the Republic of Poland,[198] L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto,[199] Albert Sabin, co-developer of the polio vaccine,[200] Izabella Scorupco, actress,[201] Max Weber, painter.[202] Tomasz Bagiński illustrator, animator and director Oscar nominee in 2002 for The Cathedral.

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Notes

  1. ^
  2. ^ The mentioned roads don't pass through the city

Further reading

  • Łukasz Kaźmierczak, Trzy procent odmienności (Three percent of different) – article describing results of Polish census 2002 and minorities in Poland, citing census data (in Polish)
  • Janusz Żarnowski, "Społeczeństwo Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej 1918–1939", Warszawa 1973 (in Polish)
  • Eugeniusz Mironowicz, "Białoruś", Trio, Warszawa, 1999, ISBN 83-85660-82-8 (in Polish)
  • Yvette Walczak, "Let Her Go!", Naomi Roth Publishing, London, 2012, ISBN 978-0-9537585-2-4

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Białystok.
 
Look up Białystok in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  •   Białystok travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Osiedla.Białystok.pl (in Polish)
  • VisitBiałystok.com (in Polish, English, and Russian)
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived February 22, 2013) (in English and Polish)
  • Official Site Białystok City Transport (in Polish)
  • Google Transit in Białystok
  • Białystok, Poland at JewishGen
  • Białystok at the B&F Compendium of Jewish Genealogy

January 24, 2023
białystok, other, uses, disambiguation, largest, city, northeastern, poland, capital, podlaskie, voivodeship, tenth, largest, city, poland, second, terms, population, density, thirteenth, area, from, left, right, historic, city, center, with, cathedral, backgr. For other uses see Bialystok disambiguation Bialystok a is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship It is the tenth largest city in Poland second in terms of population density and thirteenth in area BialystokFrom top left to right Historic city center with Cathedral in the backgroundBranicki ParkKosciuszko Market Square with old town hallLubomirski PalaceBranicki PalaceFlagCoat of armsBrandmarkBialystokShow map of PolandBialystokShow map of Podlaskie VoivodeshipCoordinates 53 08 07 N 23 08 44 E 53 13528 N 23 14556 E 53 13528 23 14556 Coordinates 53 08 07 N 23 08 44 E 53 13528 N 23 14556 E 53 13528 23 14556Country PolandVoivodeship PodlaskieCountycity countyEstablished1437City rights1692Districts29 Osiedla CentrumBialostoczekSienkiewiczaBojaryPiaskiPrzydworcoweMlodychAntoniukJaroszowkaWygodaPiasta IPiasta IISkorupyMickiewiczaDojlidyBemaKawaleryjskieNowe MiastoZielone WzgorzaStarosielceSloneczny StokLesna DolinaWysoki StoczekDziesieciny IDziesieciny IIBacieczkiZawadyDojlidy GorneBagnowkaGovernment City mayorTadeusz Truskolaski 3 PO Area Total102 13 km2 39 43 sq mi Highest elevation175 m 574 ft Lowest elevation118 m 387 ft Population 31 December 2021 Total295 683 10th 2 Density2 902 km2 7 520 sq mi Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code15 001 to 15 999Area code 48 85Car platesBIHighwaysWebsitewww wbr bialystok wbr plBialystok is located in the Bialystok Uplands of the Podlachian Plain on the banks of the Biala River 197 kilometres 122 mi by road northeast of Warsaw 8 It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond particularly from Central and Eastern Europe This is facilitated by the nearby border with Belarus also being the eastern border of the European Union as well as the Schengen Area The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Bialystok The city has a warm summer continental climate characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters Forests are an important part of Bialystok s character and occupy around 1 846 ha 4 560 acres 18 of the administrative area of the city 9 which places it as the fifth most forested city in Poland The first settlers arrived in the 14th century A town grew up and received its municipal charter in 1692 Bialystok has traditionally been one of the leading centers of academic cultural and artistic life in Podlachia and the most important economic center in northeastern Poland Bialystok was once an important center for light industry which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city s population The city continues to reshape itself into a modern middle sized city Bialystok in 2010 was on the short list but ultimately lost the competition to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Urban layout 4 Districts 5 Metropolitan Bialystok 6 Demographics 7 Governance 7 1 City government 7 2 International relations 8 Military units 9 Economy 10 Culture and tourism 10 1 Performing arts 10 2 Museums 10 3 Parks and green spaces 10 4 Architecture 11 Sports 12 Media 13 Religion 14 Transport 14 1 Railways 14 2 Buses 14 3 Roads and highways 14 4 Bicycle 14 5 Airports 15 Education 16 Notable residents 17 References 18 Notes 19 Further reading 20 External linksEtymology EditAlthough nowadays stok is translated as slope the initial name of the settlement came from the river flowing through it In old Polish bialy stok was a clean swift river bialy clean stok stream river that slides down the slope So inconspicuous today the Biala River usually called Bialka flowing through the city center gave it its name Due to changing borders and demographics over the centuries the city has been known as Belarusian Belastok Byelastok Bielastok bʲeɫaˈstok Yiddish ביא ליסטא ק Byalistok Bjalistok Lithuanian Balstoge and Russian Belostok Belostok Byelostok History EditSee also History of Bialystok and Timeline of Bialystok Branicki Palace also known as the Polish Versailles Archaeological discoveries show that the first settlements in the area of present day Bialystok occurred during the Stone Age Tombs of ancient settlers can be found in the district of Dojlidy 10 In the early Iron Age people settled in the area producing kurgans the tombs of the chiefs in the area located in the current village of Rostolty 11 Since then the Bialystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia Ruthenian Polish cultural characteristics 11 The city of Bialystok has existed for five centuries and during this time the fate of the city has been affected by various political and economic forces Surviving documents attest that around 1437 a representative of the Raczkow family Jakub Tabutowicz of the coat of arms Labedz received from Michael Zygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kestutaitis Duke of Lithuania a wilderness area along the river Biala that marked the beginning of Bialystok as a settlement 12 13 Bialystok administratively was part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship after 1569 also part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland From 1547 the settlement was owned by the Wiesiolowski family which founded the first school 14 The first brick church and a castle were built between 1617 and 1826 The two floor castle designed on a rectangular plan in the Gothic Renaissance style was the work of Job Bretfus pl Extension of the castle was continued by Krzysztof Wiesiolowski starost of Tykocin Grand Marshal of Lithuania since 1635 and husband of Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska 15 In 1637 he died childless and as a result Bialystok came under the management of his widow After her death in 1645 the Wiesiolowski estate including Bialystok passed to the Crown to cover the costs of maintaining Tykocin Castle In the years 1645 1659 Bialystok was managed by the starosts of Tykocin 15 16 Garden of the Branicki Palace in the 18th century In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes during the Deluge Four years later it was given as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra who married Marshal of the Crown Court Jan Klemens Branicki thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family 17 18 In 1692 Stefan Mikolaj Branicki pl the son of Jan Klemens Branicki obtained city rights for Bialystok from King John III Sobieski He constructed the Branicki Palace on the foundations of the castle of the Wiesiolowski family 19 In the first half of the eighteenth century the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki 12 It was he who transformed the palace built by his father into a magnificent residence of a great noble 20 21 which was frequently visited by Polish kings and poets 22 In 1745 the first military technical school in Poland was founded in Bialystok 23 and in 1748 one of the oldest theaters in Poland the Komedialnia was founded in the city 24 New schools were established including a ballet school in connection with the foundation of the theater 25 In 1749 King Augustus III of Poland extended the city limits 14 In 1770 under the auspices of Izabella Poniatowska a midwifery school was founded based on which the Institute of Obstetrics was established in 1805 23 One of the former textile factories now a shopping mall The end of the eighteenth century saw the division of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in three steps among the neighboring states The Kingdom of Prussia acquired Bialystok and the surrounding region during the third partition The city became the capital of the New East Prussia province in 1795 26 Prussia lost the territory following Napoleon Bonaparte s victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition as the resultant 1807 Treaties of Tilsit awarded the area to the Russian Empire which organized the region into the Belostok Oblast 27 with the city as the regional center 28 Schooling and higher learning in Bialystok which was intensively developed in the 18th century was stopped as a result of partitions 23 Later in the 19th century Bialystok grew into a significant center of the textile industry the largest after Lodz in then partitioned Poland In 1862 a railway connection was launched connecting Bialystok with Warsaw Grodno Wilno and Saint Petersburg After the failed November and January uprisings Russification policies and anti Polish repressions intensified and after 1870 a ban on the use of Polish in public places was introduced 22 In 1912 a Tsarist prison was built which also served as a transit prison for Poles deported to Siberia 29 At the end of the nineteenth century as a result of the influx due to Russian discriminatory regulations the majority of the city s population was Jewish According to Russian census of 1897 out of the total population of 66 000 Jews constituted 41 900 so around 63 percent 30 This heritage can be seen on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Bialystok 31 The Bialystok pogrom occurred between 14 and 16 June 1906 in the city During the pogrom between 81 and 88 Jews were killed by the Russians and about 80 people were wounded 32 33 34 Monument to soldiers of the 1st Legions Infantry Regiment who died in the Battle of Bialystok in 1920 Antoniuk district The first anarchist groups to attract a significant following of Russian workers or peasants were the anarcho communist Chernoe Znamia groups founded in Bialystok in 1903 35 36 Jozef Pilsudski s visit to Bialystok in 1921 During World War I the Bialystok Grodno District was the administrative division of German controlled territory of Ober Ost It comprised the city as the capital and the surrounding Podlaskie region roughly corresponding to the territory of the earlier Belostok Oblast 37 38 At the end of World War I the city became part of the newly independent Second Polish Republic as the capital of the Bialystok Voivodeship 1919 1939 39 During the 1919 1920 Polish Soviet War possession of the city by the Red Army and the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee occurred during the lead up to the Battle of Warsaw During the resultant counteroffensive the city returned to Polish control after the Battle of Bialystok After the wars and the reestablishment of independent Poland Polish education in Bialystok was restored and the textile industry was revived 22 A municipal public library was established sports clubs were founded including Jagiellonia Bialystok and in the 1930s a drama theater was built 22 Bialystok in the interbellum With the beginning of World War II Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union Initially Bialystok was briefly occupied by Germany and the German Einsatzgruppe IV entered the city on September 20 21 1939 to commit crimes against the population 40 Afterwards the Germans handed the city over to the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact Under Soviet occupation it was incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR from 1939 to 1941 as the capital of Belastok Region 41 42 Polish people were subject to deportations deep into the USSR Siberia Kazakhstan Far North 43 Pre war mayor Seweryn Nowakowski was arrested by the NKVD in October 1939 and probably also deported to the USSR however his fate remains unknown 44 The NKVD took over the local prison 29 The Polish resistance movement was active in the city which was the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland alongside Warsaw Krakow Poznan Torun and Lwow 45 Bialystok native and future President of Poland in exile Ryszard Kaczorowski was a member of the local Polish resistance and was arrested in the city by the NKVD in 1940 46 Initially the Soviets sentenced him to death but eventually he was sentenced to 10 years in forced labor camps and deported to Kolyma from where he was released in 1942 when he joined the Anders Army 46 In the course of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 Bialystok was occupied by the German Army on 27 June 1941 during the Battle of Bialystok Minsk and the city became the capital of Bezirk Bialystok a separate region in German occupied Poland until 1944 47 48 The Great Synagogue was burnt down by Germans on June 27 1941 with an estimated number of 2 000 Jews inside From the very beginning the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non German population The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city 49 and a forced labour camp for Jewish men 50 Since 1943 the Sicherheitspolizei carried out deportations of Poles including teenage boys from the local prison to the Stutthof concentration camp 51 The 56 000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto 52 On August 15 1943 the Bialystok Ghetto Uprising began and several hundred Polish Jews and members of the Anti Fascist Military Organisation Polish Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto with deportations to the Treblinka extermination camp 53 The city fell under the control of the Red Army on 27 July 1944 The Soviets carried out mass arrests of Polish resistance members in the city and region and imprisoned them in Bialystok On 20 September 1944 the city was transferred back to Poland although with a Soviet installed communist regime which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s and the Soviet NKVD and SMERSH continued the persecution of the Polish resistance in the following months From November 1944 to January 1945 the Russians deported nearly 5 000 Poles from the local prison to the Soviet Union 54 Later on the Soviet appointed communists held political prisoners and other members of the Polish resistance in the local prison and until 1956 they also carried out burials of executed Polish resistance members there 29 After the war the city became capital of the initial Bialystok Voivodeship 1945 1975 of the People s Republic of Poland 55 56 57 After the 1975 administrative reorganization the city was the capital of the smaller Bialystok Voivodeship 1975 1998 58 Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship Republic of Poland 58 Geography Edit Biala River near Bialystok Knyszyn Forest Landscape Park Bialystok is situated in the Bialystok Uplands Polish Wysoczyzna Bialostocka of the Podlaskie Plain Polish Nizina Polnocnopodlaska part of what is known collectively as the Green Lungs of Poland 59 60 It is situated 197 kilometres 122 mi by road northeast of Warsaw 8 It is the biggest Polish city close to Belarus and Lithuania The Biala River a left tributary of the Suprasl River passes through the city The landscape of the Bialystok Upland is diverse with high moraine hills and kame in excess of 200 m 660 ft above sea level Vast areas of outwash a glacial plain formed of sediments deposited by meltwater at the terminus of a glacier are covered by forests 60 The highest point of the city lies at a height of 175 m 574 ft on the Pietrasze Forest The lowest point lies at a height of 118 m 387 ft on the river valley of the Biala 61 Forests are an important part of the city character they currently occupy approximately 1 846 ha 4 560 acres 18 of the administrative area of the city which places it as the fifth most wooded city in Poland behind Katowice 38 Bydgoszcz 30 Torun 22 9 and Gdansk 17 6 62 Part of Knyszyn Forest is preserved within the city limits by two nature reserves a total area of 105 ha 260 acres 63 The Zwierzyniecki Forest Nature Reserve Polish Rezerwat przyrody Las Zwierzyniecki which is contained within the city limits is a fragment 33 48 ha 82 7 acres of the riparian forest with a dominant assemblage of oak and hornbeam 64 The Antoniuk Nature Reserve Polish Rezerwat Przyrody Antoniuk is a 70 07 ha 173 1 acres park in the city that preserves the natural state of a forest fragment characteristic of the Bialystok Upland with a dominant mixed forest of hazel and spruce 65 The 40 ha 99 acres of forests lying in the vicinity of the Dojlidy Ponds are administered by the Bialystok Central Sports and Recreation Center Polish Bialostocki Osrodek Sportu i Rekreacji BOSiR The Dojlidy Ponds recreation area includes a public beach walking trails birdwatching and fishing 66 Climate Edit The city has a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate Dfb according to the Koppen climate classification system under the 0 C 32 F isotherm for the average temperature of the coldest month or an oceanic climate Cfb if the 3 C 27 F isotherm is used The city would have been classified as being in the Dfb zone regardless of the accepted isotherm for climatological normals as recent as 1981 2010 67 but as a consequence of climate change the winters have warmed up so that the climate in the city may be classified as oceanic Bialystok is one of the coldest cities in Poland by annual temperature and one with the climate having the most continental characteristics as is the case for much of north eastern Poland with the mean yearly temperature of 7 7 C 46 F and the length of the growing season amounting to 205 days shorter than elsewhere in Poland 68 While winters are rather mild compared to other cities on the similar latitude such as Samara Barnaul or Edmonton they are colder than in Western Europe in cities like Bremen and Dublin Winters usually have little sunshine with weather patterns changing from those influenced by the low pressure systems generated by the Icelandic Low when the weather is often cloudy cool damp rainy and or snowy to the occasional intrusions of cold air masses from Siberia or the Arctic Siberian High which due to the city s northeasterly location are more frequent than in other parts of Poland 68 Winters thus tend to be several degrees colder than elsewhere in Poland 69 Freezing conditions below 20 C 4 F are possible in winter but are rare 67 Snow cover is present on the ground for more than half of winter Summers tend to be warm sunny and pleasant and are occasionally hot but they are still a little cooler than in most of Poland 69 More rain falls in summer months than in any other period of the year The centre of Bialystok as most urban areas experiences the urban heat island effect therefore for most of the time the city is warmer than the surrounding countryside The temperatures in the city centre are on average 2 3 C 4 1 F higher than in the surrounding villages with greater differences at night and during the warmer half of the year particularly in spring 70 Climate data for Bialystok 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 15 9 60 6 16 4 61 5 21 8 71 2 29 3 84 7 31 7 89 1 32 8 91 0 36 0 96 8 35 2 95 4 33 6 92 5 25 4 77 7 18 5 65 3 13 8 56 8 36 0 96 8 Mean maximum C F 6 3 43 3 8 2 46 8 15 4 59 7 23 2 73 8 27 0 80 6 29 4 84 9 30 9 87 6 30 8 87 4 25 9 78 6 20 1 68 2 13 2 55 8 7 6 45 7 32 4 90 3 Average high C F 0 4 31 3 1 1 34 0 6 1 43 0 13 6 56 5 19 2 66 6 22 2 72 0 24 3 75 7 23 7 74 7 18 1 64 6 11 7 53 1 5 2 41 4 1 0 33 8 12 2 54 0 Daily mean C F 2 8 27 0 1 9 28 6 1 7 35 1 7 9 46 2 13 1 55 6 16 4 61 5 18 4 65 1 17 5 63 5 12 6 54 7 7 4 45 3 2 7 36 9 1 2 29 8 7 7 45 9 Average low C F 5 4 22 3 4 9 23 2 2 4 27 7 2 2 36 0 6 8 44 2 10 3 50 5 12 6 54 7 11 6 52 9 7 7 45 9 3 6 38 5 0 2 32 4 3 6 25 5 3 2 37 8 Mean minimum C F 18 5 1 3 16 3 2 7 11 1 12 0 5 0 23 0 0 7 30 7 3 8 38 8 6 9 44 4 5 3 41 5 0 1 32 2 5 1 22 8 8 3 17 1 14 7 5 5 21 8 7 2 Record low C F 35 4 31 7 32 9 27 2 24 0 11 2 8 3 17 1 4 5 23 9 0 2 31 6 4 2 39 6 0 2 32 4 5 1 22 8 11 2 11 8 20 7 5 3 29 3 20 7 35 4 31 7 Average precipitation mm inches 33 8 1 33 31 4 1 24 34 6 1 36 37 7 1 48 69 1 2 72 65 4 2 57 86 5 3 41 69 4 2 73 56 0 2 20 47 2 1 86 39 2 1 54 39 9 1 57 610 2 24 02 Average extreme snow depth cm inches 10 2 4 0 10 9 4 3 7 5 3 0 2 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 3 5 1 4 5 5 2 2 10 9 4 3 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 16 50 14 91 14 17 11 23 12 67 13 27 14 53 11 70 11 83 12 97 15 23 16 00 165 01Average snowy days 0 cm 19 6 17 8 10 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 14 4 68 7Average relative humidity 88 4 85 1 77 8 69 8 71 2 73 1 75 4 77 2 82 5 85 5 90 0 90 4 80 5Average dew point C F 5 23 5 23 2 28 2 36 8 46 11 52 14 57 13 55 10 50 5 41 2 36 2 28 4 40 Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 1 57 4 122 1 185 7 254 1 259 3 256 9 250 5 161 8 102 1 38 4 28 9 1 755 3Source 1 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Source 2 Meteomodel pl records relative humidity 1991 2020 79 80 81 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 82 Climate data for Bialystok Dojlidy elevation 148 m 1961 1990 normals and extremesMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 10 9 51 6 16 4 61 5 21 8 71 2 27 4 81 3 30 1 86 2 32 4 90 3 34 8 94 6 34 6 94 3 29 8 85 6 25 4 77 7 16 8 62 2 13 8 56 8 34 8 94 6 Average high C F 2 2 28 0 0 6 30 9 4 4 39 9 12 0 53 6 18 4 65 1 21 5 70 7 22 6 72 7 22 1 71 8 17 4 63 3 11 5 52 7 4 6 40 3 0 2 32 4 11 0 51 8 Daily mean C F 4 8 23 4 3 8 25 2 0 2 32 4 6 7 44 1 12 9 55 2 16 1 61 0 17 3 63 1 16 3 61 3 12 0 53 6 7 2 45 0 2 2 36 0 2 1 28 2 6 7 44 0 Average low C F 7 7 18 1 6 8 19 8 3 4 25 9 1 9 35 4 7 0 44 6 10 2 50 4 11 7 53 1 11 1 52 0 7 6 45 7 3 6 38 5 0 1 31 8 4 6 23 7 2 5 36 6 Record low C F 35 4 31 7 32 9 27 2 24 0 11 2 8 3 17 1 4 5 23 9 0 7 33 3 5 0 41 0 0 2 32 4 5 1 22 8 9 9 14 2 20 7 5 3 26 2 15 2 35 4 31 7 Average precipitation mm inches 35 1 4 26 1 0 31 1 2 36 1 4 56 2 2 74 2 9 80 3 1 70 2 8 52 2 0 46 1 8 46 1 8 40 1 6 592 23 2 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 8 8 7 0 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 9 10 0 8 9 8 7 8 4 9 7 10 1 106 6Source NOAA 83 See or edit raw graph data Urban layout Edit Bialystok is roughly circular centered around the old city Church Square and Branicki Palace Originally the city s territory was about 50 hectares The communication system serving the entire city was made of streets radiating out from the central market square An inventory plan made by Becker in 1799 was needed by the Prussian authorities in connection with the negotiations on the acquisition of Bialystok for a royal residence The plan is of fundamental importance as it shows the development of the city in the first period of its creation The area of the city did not exceed 1 5 km2 and the population was approx 3 5 thousand The entire urban area was closed with 6 loose fitting gates and buildings situated on regular plots Compact buildings were found only in the market square the frontages of which were 1 2 storey buildings with brick front elevations Choroska and Zamkowa Streets were built up with only brick houses The city was dominated by the palace complex which together with the park covered an area equal to the city s investment areas The residence palace was designed on a European scale and created new development opportunities for Bialystok 84 After the First World War the first attempts were made to organize the city which had so far developed without plans between the palace grounds and arable land At the request of the Association of Polish Cities in the years 1938 1939 a general urban concept of the city was created by Ignacy Tloczek The plan called for the creation of new communication routes relieve the center demolish the Chanajki district create a housing estate and connect with it the unique green areas around the city with new tree plantings The Second World War prevented the comprehensive implementation of this plan As a result of war damage many buildings partially or completely destroyed especially at the city center The reconstruction of the town began with the restoration of the activity of textile factories It was conditioned by the desire to improve the economic situation of the city as quickly as possible The average height of buildings in the city is not high The center is dominated by buildings not exceeding 25 meters in height and the outskirts of the city are mainly occupied by low rise single family houses Taller buildings dominate in two residential districts They are the districts of Piasta located to the south of the city center and the Dziesieciny estate located to the northwest of the city center Dominants in Bialystok are located mainly in the center and they are also there located two most important city icons the Church of St Roch and the Parish Church which are on one axis Each of the districts also has its dominant which is usually a church or an Orthodox church The most important space in the city is Kosciuszko Square the main square in the shape of a triangle The space is delimited by two axes one is part of the axis connecting the two largest churches and the other runs towards the west of the Center district along Suraska Street and ends at Mlynowa Street An important spatial arrangement in Bialystok is the Branicki Palace complex The baroque layout of the palace complex is symmetrically shaped according to one compositional axis with a coherent garden layout 85 Throughout the years it expanded to include nearby villages In the mid eighteenth century Bojary which was located on the right bank of the Biala River was incorporated to it On May 10 1919 in accordance with the decision of the Sejm Bialostoczek Horodniany Zwierzyniec Letnisko Starosielce Sloboda which was founded at the end of the 17th century between the current Pogodna and Swierkowa Streets Ogrodniki Pieczurki Wysoki Stoczek were incorporated also as well as two mill villages Marczuk and Antoniuk By the onset of World War II the city s territory amounted to 40 km2 86 The reconstruction of the city following the end of World War II and establishment of the People s Republic of Poland saw further expansion the villages Bacieczki Bacieczki Kolonia Korycin and part of the village Klepacze Krupniki Fasty Zascianki and Zawady were incorporated into the city The 70s saw another wave of expansion with the villages of Bagnowka area of Zaklady Silikatowe areas of state forests Dojlidy ponds and the orthodox cemetery at Dojlidy At the onset of the millennium in 2002 the village Zawady was included in the city s limits and at the last enlargement in 2006 the villages Dojlidy Gorne Zagorki and Kolonia Halickie were incorporated and the city reached its current territory of 102 km2 87 Districts Edit Kilinskiego Street one of the historic streets in Centrum the central district of Bialystok Main article Districts of Bialystok The city of Bialystok is divided into 29 administrative units known in Polish as osiedla 88 89 The first 27 of these were created on October 25 2004 88 The 28th Dojlidy Gorne was created by on October 23 2006 out of three settlements which had been incorporated into the city Dojlidy Gorne Kolonia Halickie and Zagorki A new district called Bagnowka was created at the beginning of 2021 90 88 The center of the city Osiedle Centrum surrounds Lipowa Street the main street of the city Lipowa Street extends from Rynek Kosciuszki the corner of Spoldzielcza Street to Plac Niepodleglosci im Romana Dmowskiego the corner of Krakowska Street 91 Over the centuries the name of this street has taken on a number of different names Choroska Nowolipie Lipowa Jozef Pilsudski Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin once again to return after the end of World War II to its original name Lipowa Street A public square dedicated to Constantine the Great The city covers 10 213 ha 25 240 acres 92 of which 3 210 ha 7 900 acres is agricultural land 4 889 ha 12 080 acres is urbanized areas 85 ha 210 acres is surface waters and 65 ha 160 acres is wasteland 93 The composition of the districts vary from residential near the city center with a combination of multi story apartment buildings and individual houses on small parcels to industrial and agricultural at the city edges 93 Metropolitan Bialystok EditMain article Metropolitan Bialystok Metropolitan Bialystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No 52 05 of 16 May 2005 94 to help develop the region economically In 2006 the metropolitan area population was 450 254 inhabitants 95 The municipalities adjacent to Bialystok are slowly losing their agricultural character becoming residential suburban neighborhoods with single family housing and small businesses 96 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Bialystok Historical populationYearPop 195068 503 1960120 921 76 5 1970168 500 39 3 1980224 187 33 0 1990270 568 20 7 2000289 233 6 9 2010295 198 2 1 2020296 958 0 6 source 97 In June 2020 the population of the city was 296 958 98 96 Among the cities of Poland Bialystok is second in terms of population density tenth in population and thirteenth in area 99 Historically Bialystok has been a destination for internal and foreign immigration especially from Central and Eastern Europe In addition to the Polish minority there was formerly a Jewish majority in Bialystok The Jewish share in the population of Bialystok grew from 22 4 761 in 1765 to 66 6 6 000 in 1808 and 76 47 783 in 1895 100 According to the Russian census of 1897 out of the total population of 66 000 Jews constituted 41 900 around 63 percent 30 According to the German census of 1916 Jews comprised about 72 of the inhabitants no less than 40 000 The demographic situation changed due to the influx of Polish repatriants intelligentsia and civil servants the outflow of Jews and the enlargement of the city after the World War I 100 According to the 1931 census the population of Bialystok totalled 91 101 45 5 41 493 Roman Catholics 43 39 165 Jews by religion and 8 2 7 502 Eastern Orthodox believers 101 102 In 1936 Bialystok had a population of 99 722 of whom 50 9 50 758 were Poles 42 6 42 482 Jews 2 1 2 094 Germans and 0 4 359 Russians 46 6 45 474 adhered to the Catholic religion 43 42 880 to Judaism 8 2 8 177 to Eastern Orthodoxy and 2 9 2 892 to Evangelicalism 100 World War II changed all of this in 1939 around 107 000 people lived in Bialystok 103 but by 1946 the population had dropped to 56 759 with much less ethnic diversity than it had had previously 52 Currently the city s population is 97 Polish 2 5 Belarusian and 0 5 of a number of minorities including Russians Lithuanians Ukrainians 104 Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration within Poland and urbanization of surrounding areas 104 Governance EditMain article Governance of Bialystok Podlaskie Voivodeship Office Regional Court in Bialystok City government Edit Bialystok like other major cities in Poland is a city county Polish Miasto na prawach powiatu 105 The Legislative power in the city is vested in the unicameral Bialystok City Council Polish Rada Miasta which has 28 members 106 Council members are elected directly every four years one of whom is the mayor or President of Bialystok Polish prezydent 106 Like most legislative bodies the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government 106 Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor who may sign them into law 106 If the mayor vetoes a bill the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two thirds majority vote 106 The current President of Bialystok elected for his first term in 2006 is Tadeusz Truskolaski won the elections as the Civic Platform s candidate however he has no official connection with the party In the first round of the elections he received 49 of the votes 42 889 votes altogether In the later runoff he defeated his rival candidate Marek Kozlowski from Law and Justice Polish Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc receiving 67 of the votes cast 53 018 votes 107 For the 2010 2011 fiscal year the city received revenue taxes levied investments of 1 409 565 525 zl expended 1 676 459 102 zl leaving a budget deficit of 266 893 577 zl 108 The deficit was covered by short term borrowing of 166 893 577 zl and the issuance of 100 million zl in municipal bonds 108 Other levels of governmental representation It is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship 109 The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament Sejm and Senat from the Bialystok constituency 110 Bialystok is represented by the Podlaskie and Warmian Masurian constituency of the European Parliament 111 112 International relations Edit There are nine consulates in Bialystok a Consulate General of Belarus and Honorary Consulates of Romania 113 Finland 114 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Luxembourg and Malta 115 The City of Bialystok is a member of several organizations such as Union of Polish Metropolises Polish Unia Metropolii Polskich 116 Euroregion Niemen 117 118 Polish Green Lungs Foundation 119 and Eurocities 120 Bialystok is twinned with 121 Eindhoven Netherlands Kaunas Lithuania Milwaukee United States 122 Dijon France 123 124 Yehud Israel Jelgava Latvia Mazara del Vallo Italy Lusaka Zambia Bornova Turkey Chongzuo China Sliema Malta Dobrich Bulgaria Bahir Dar Ethiopia Former twin towns Irkutsk Russia Kaliningrad Russia Pskov Russia Tomsk Russia On 3 March 2022 Bialystok ended its partnership with the Russian cities of Irkutsk Kaliningrad Pskov and Tomsk and also with the Belarusian city of Grodno as a reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 125 Eastern Partnership cities Lutsk Ukraine Gori Georgia Bălți Moldova Gyumri Armenia Sumgait Azerbaijan Former partnership Grodno BelarusMilitary units Edit Military Drafting Office located in the historical Nowik Palace The construction of the Saint Petersburg Warsaw Railway which passed through the city and was the strategic nerve of the Russian Empire resulted in the rising of the military importance of the city In 1879 construction of the barracks of the Wlodzimierski Infantry Regiment began currently it is the area of the Voivodeship hospital between Wojskowa Sklodowskiej Curie and Wolodyjowskiego Streets In 1884 barracks of the Kazan Infantry Regiment were established at Traugutta Street in Wygoda In 1887 barracks of the Mariampole Dragon Regiment were erected at 100 Bema Street In 1890 the barracks of Kharkov Uhlans Regiment were built at Kawaleryjska Street 126 Throughout the interwar period and the existence of the Second Polish Republic the city enjoyed the presence of the 42nd Infantry Regiment barracks at Wygoda 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment Kawaleryjska Street and the 14th Horse Artillery Squadron Polish 14 Dywizjon Artylerii Konnej Bema Street the command of the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade and spare center Skladowej Curie Street then Piwna units of the Armed Forces of the Second Polish Republic 127 Polish Armed Forces Day celebration in 2022 The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment Polish 18 Pulk Rozpoznawczy of the Polish Land Forces is based in Bialystok The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion Polish 18 Bialostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade 128 December 31 2001 as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces 18th Mechanized Brigade Polish 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana was disbanded and in its place created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion Polish 18 Bialostocka Brygada Obrony Terytorialnej 128 The Cavalry Brigade Bialystok BK Bialystok of the Polish Army Second Republic was formed in February 1929 On April 1 1937 BK Bialystok was renamed the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade Polish Podlaska Brygada Kawalerii 129 130 Its headquarters was located in Bialystok and operated as part of Independent Operational Group Narew 130 It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade Bialystok which existed between February 1929 and March 30 1937 129 After the Soviet invasion of Poland remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops capitulating on October 6 1939 130 During December 1993 an order of the Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces created the 18th Mechanized Brigade Polish 18 Brygada Zmechanizowana at the garrison in Bialystok 128 The unit was formed from the 3rd Mechanized Regiment Polish 3 Pulk Zmechanizowany and was subordinated to the commander of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division Polish 1 Warszawskiej Dywizji Zmechanizowanej im Tadeusza Kosciuszki 128 On December 31 2001 as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces the 18th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded and in its place was created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion 128 Economy EditMain article Economy of Bialystok High rise building in the city center In the nineteenth century Bialystok was an important center for light industry which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city s population The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the twentieth century such as Fasty in the district of Bacieczki However after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down The unemployment rate for November 2020 in Bialystok was 6 8 131 The 2009 average household had a monthly per capita income of 1018 77 zl 132 and monthly per capita expenses of 823 56 zl 133 The city has a number of nearby border crossings 134 The border with Belarus is only 50 km 31 mi away the nearest border crossings are located in Bobrowniki road crossing located about 50 km 31 mi from the city limits Kuznica Bialostocka road and rail crossing located 60 km 37 mi from the city limits Siemianowka railway freight traffic Polowce road and Czeremcha railway 134 Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union as well as the Schengen Area the city is a center for trade in mainly from the east 134 Silos of Podlaskie Zaklady Zbozowe Podlaskie Cereal Industrial Plants The bison grass vodka called Zubrowka is made in Bialystok at the Polmos Factory The leading industries in the city s economy are food processing production of meat products fruit and vegetable products the production of spirits the production of frozen food grain processing electrical engineering production tools and equipment for machine tools production of electric heaters manufacture and production mixers household appliances 134 There is also a developed machine industry electronics machinery and metal plastic processing production of household appliances textiles textiles and upholstery manufacture of underwear clothing accessories footwear and backpacks Wood production plywood and furniture building materials 134 Some major employers who are based in Bialystok include Dojlidy Brewery in the district of Dojlidy produces the second most popular beer in Poland Zubr 135 Polmos Bialystok the biggest vodka manufacturer in Poland is located in the city district of Starosielce 136 The company produces Absolwent and Zubrowka bison grass vodka both major exports abroad 136 Standard Motor Products Poland Ltd headquartered in Bialystok began manufacturing ignition coils for original equipment manufacturers 30 years ago 137 Supon Bialystok is the leading Polish producer of fire fighting equipment 138 SavaPol Sp z o o is a manufacturer of stationary and mobile concrete mixing equipment based in Bialystok 139 Biazet S A is a large manufacture of household appliances including vacuum cleaners coffee makers and LED lighting located in Bialystok 140 Agnella a major Polish producer of carpets and similar products is in Bialystok located in the district of Bialostoczek 141 Rosti Poland Sp z o o has provided for more than 60 years precision injection molded products for some of the world s leading brands 142 Biaglass Huta Szkla Bialystok Sp z o o established in 1929 produces mouth blown glass lampshades and related products Biaglass belongs to elite group of Glass Works in Europe where 100 of the lighting glass is mouth blown 143 Chlodnia Bialystok S A Cold Store Bialystok S A established in 1952 is one of the largest Polish producers of frozen vegetables fruits and ready to heat meals 144 Podlaskie Zaklady Zbozowe S A was established on 1 July 2000 as a result of privatizing The Regional Establishment of Corn and Milling Industry PZZ in Bialystok It is one of the leading firms in Podlaskie region in the department of preservation and processing of grain with elevators in Bialystok Grajewo and Suwalki 145 Culture and tourism EditMain article Culture in Bialystok Opera and Philharmonic Bialystok is one of the largest cultural centers in the Podlaskie Voivodeship The attractions include performing arts groups art museums historical museums walking tours of architectural cultural aspects and a wide variety of parks and green spaces Bialystok in 2010 was on the short list but ultimately lost the competition to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016 146 Performing arts Edit The city has a number of performing arts facilities including The Bialystok Puppet Theatre Polish Bialostocki Teatr Lalek established in 1953 is one of the oldest Polish puppet theaters 147 The facility is located at Kalinowskiego 1 in Bialystok The repertoire includes performances for both children and puppet adaptations of world literature for adults 147 Because of the high artistic level of productions the theater has been recognized as one of the best puppetry arts centers in Poland 147 The Aleksandra Wegierki Drama Theatre housed in a building designed by Jaroslaw Girina was built in the years 1933 1938 148 The Podlasie Opera and Philharmonic European Art Centre in Bialystok is the largest institute of arts in Northeastern Poland and the most modern cultural center in this region of Europe In its amphitheatre every year at the end of June Halfway Festival takes place 149 Museums Edit Historical Museum Army Museum Sybir Memorial Museum Alfons Karny Sculpture Museum There are a number of museums in the city including The Historical Museum in Bialystok Polish Muzeum Historyczne w Bialymstoku is part of the Podlaskie Museum 150 The facility has a rich collection of archival materials and iconography illustrating the history of Bialystok and Podlasie and a number of middle class cultural relics especially in the field of craft utility 150 There are also the Numismatic Cabinet of the collection of 16 000 coins medals and securities 150 The museum is in possession of the only collections in the country memorabilia connected with the Tatar settlement in the Polish Lithuanian Belarusian region 150 The Army Museum in Bialystok Polish Muzeum Wojska w Bialymstoku was established in September 1968 as a branch of the Podlaskie Museum to house the research and collections of many people connected with the military history of north eastern Poland 151 The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre Polish Centrum im Ludwika Zamenhofa w Bialymstoku has a permanent exhibition Bialystok of Young Ludwik Zamenhof and various temporary exhibitions concerts film projections and theatre performances The Centre has a branch of Lukasz Gornicki s Podlaska Library dedicated to the Esperanto language The Sybir Memorial Museum Polish Muzeum Pamieci Sybiru is a historical museum opened in 2021 and dedicated to the memory of Poles as well as people from other nationalities who were the victims of forced deportations to Siberia perpetrated by Russia and the Soviet Union 152 The Alfons Karny Sculpture Museum contains a collection of sculptures by Bialystok native Alfons Karny Parks and green spaces Edit Planty park Around 32 of the city is occupied by parks squares and forest preserves which creates a unique and healthy climate 153 The green spaces include Branicki Palace Polish Palac Branickich is a historical edifice and 9 7 ha 24 acres park in Bialystok It was developed on the site of an earlier building in the first half of the eighteenth century by Jan Klemens Branicki wealthy Polish Crown Hetman highest military leader of Poland into a residence suitable for a man whose ambition was to be elected king of Poland 154 The palace complex with gardens pavillons sculptures outbuildings and other structures and the city with churches city hall and monastery all built almost at the same time according to French models was the reason why the city was known in the eighteenth century as Versailles of Podlaskie Polish wersalem podlaskim 155 156 Planty is a 14 94 ha 36 9 acres park created between 1930 and 1938 under the auspices of the then voivode Marian Zyndram Koscialkowski in the areas adjacent to Branicki Palace 157 The modernist composition of the park was designed by Stanislav Gralla 158 Architecture Edit A tenement on Sienkiewicz Street one of the main boulevards in the city The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city Most other Polish cities have suffered similarly but the processes in Bialystok have had a particularly intense course Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration Very few historic buildings of the city have been preserved the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Bialystok 159 Main sights include Palaces Branicki Palace Branicki Guest Palace Lubomirski Palace Hasbach Palace Nowik Palace Townhall Catholic Cathedral St Roch Church St Adalbert Church Orthodox Cathedral Daughters of Charity Monastery Former Arsenal Former Masonic Lodge Kosciuszko Square with the Town Hall Church of St Roch St Adalbert Church Lubomirski Palace Former Masonic Lodge Hasbach PalaceSports Edit Headquarters of Hetman Bialystok multi sport club Main article Sports in Bialystok The city has both professional and amateur sports teams and a number of venues where they are based Jagiellonia Bialystok is a Polish football club based in Bialystok in the Ekstraklasa Poland s top division that plays at the Bialystok City Stadium 160 Jagiellonia Bialystok won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 161 A new 22 500 seat stadium was completed at the beginning of 2015 162 There is also a futsal team Sloneczny Stok Jagiellonia Bialystok which plays in the Futsal Ekstraklasa Poland s top division as of 2022 23 163 Podlasie Bialystok pl is one of the top athletics clubs in Poland multiple times Polish Team Champions most recently in 2022 164 Lowlanders Bialystok is an American football club that plays in the Polish American Football League Polish Polska Liga Futbolu Amerykanskiego PLFA I Conference 165 The Lowlanders were the champions of the PLFA II Conference in 2010 with a perfect season 8 wins in eight meetings Because of the win they were advanced to the upper conference PLFA I in 2011 165 Other notable clubs include men s football team Hetman Bialystok with additional boxing and contract bridge sections 166 basketball club Zubry Bialystok pl 167 and football club Wlokniarz Bialystok with both men s and women s sections 168 however all of the aforementioned teams play in the lower leagues as of 2022 23 Media Edit Offices of Kurier Poranny Main article Media in Bialystok Bialystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region There are two locally published daily newspapers Gazeta Wspolczesna 36 3 market share 169 170 and Kurier Poranny 20 3 market share 169 171 In addition two national papers have local bureaus There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over the air from the nearby RTCN Bialystok Krynice Mast the seventh highest structure in Poland 172 in addition to transmitter sites within the city TVP Bialystok is one of the locally produced regional branches of the TVP Poland s public television broadcaster There is also a cable television system available within the city The city has two campus radio stations Radiosupel at the Medical University of Bialystok 173 and Radio Akadera at Bialystok Technical University 174 Religion EditMain article Religion in Bialystok In the early 1900s Bialystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world 175 In 1931 40 000 Jews lived in the city nearly half the city s inhabitants 176 The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bialystok Pope John Paul II on 5 June 1991 during a visit to Bialystok announced the establishment of the Archdiocese of Bialystok which ended the period of the temporary church administration of the portion of the Archdiocese of Vilnius that had after World War II remained within the Polish borders 177 The city is also the seat of the Bialystok Gdansk Diocese of the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church 178 Bialystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland 178 In Bialystok the following Protestant churches exist a Lutheran parish two Pentecostal churches Baptist church a congregation of the Church of God in Christ and a Seventh Day Adventist church 179 Bialystok is home to more than two thousand Muslims mainly Tatars There is an Islamic Centre 180 a House of Prayer and various organisations There is a magazine issued Pamiec i trwanie Memory and persistence The city is the site of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary with the main relics of Michal Sopocko 181 Old Parish Church Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church of the Resurrection All Saints Church Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit Eastern Orthodox Church of St Nicholas in Lipowa StreetTransport Edit Bialystok railway station Main article Transport in Bialystok The city is and has been for centuries the main hub of transportation for the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the entire northeastern section of Poland It is a major city on the European Union roadways Via Baltica 182 and railways Rail Baltica 183 to the Baltic Republics and Finland It is also a main gateway of trade with Belarus due to its proximity to the border and its current and longstanding relationship with Grodno Belarus A traffic management system has been operating in Bialystok since 2015 At 120 intersections traffic lights are coordinated in such a way that cars and buses covered the route as quickly as possible Special cameras record traffic travel time Drivers receive this information on 19 boards set among others at the intersections on Wasilkowska Street Antoniuk Fabryczny Street and Kleeberga Street 184 Railways Edit Passenger trains connect from Suwalki Grodno and Lithuania to Warsaw and the rest of the European passenger network Passenger services are provided by two rail service providers PKP Intercity that provides intercity passengers trains express intercity eurocity hotel and TLK 185 and Przewozy Regionalne that operates only regional passenger trains financed by the voivodeship Passenger trains are mostly run using electrical multiple units on electrified lines or rail buses 186 Buses Edit Main bus station Solaris Urbino 18 W29 bus operated by BKM in Bialystok There is an extensive bus network that covers the entire city by three bus services but no tram or subway exists The three bus operators KPKM KPK and KZK are owned by the city and each shares approximately a third of the lines and the bus fleet 187 Roads and highways Edit The National Roads Polish Droga krajowa running through Bialystok DK 8 E67 Budzisko Lithuania Poland border Bialystok Warsaw Wroclaw Kudowa Zdroj Czech Polish border DK 19 Rzeszow Lublin Bielsk Podlaski Bialystok Kuznica Belarus Poland border DK 65 Goldap Poland Russia border Elk Bialystok Bobrowniki Belarus Poland border The expressways Polish Droga ekspresowa near Bialystok S 8 E67 Bialystok Warsaw Wroclaw S 19 projected Rzeszow Lublin Bielsk Podlaski Bialystok Kuznica Belarus Polish border The Voivodeship roads Polish Droga wojewodzka running through Bialystok DW 669 Trasa Niepodleglosci Narodowych Sil Zbrojnych Street Niepodleglosci Avenue Padarewskiego Avenue DW 675 Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego Avenue Polish aleja Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego DW 676 Porosly Bialystok Suprasl Krynki DW 678 Bialystok Wysokie MazowieckieIn Bialystok Country Polish powiat bialostocki there are also Poviat roads Polish Droga powiatowa which connect Bialystok with other towns in the area 188 189 b Poviat roads Poviat Road 1431 B Bialystok 42 Pulku Piechoty Street Sowlany Poviat Road 1432 B Bialystok Ciolkowskiego and Baranowicka streets Zielona Poviat Road 1483 B Bialystok Filipowicza Hryniewicze Poviat Road 1484 B Bialystok Mickiewicza Street Stanislawowo Poviat Road 1485 B Bialystok Plazowa Street Dojlidy Gorne Poviat Road 1493 B Bialystok Wiosenna Street Olmonty Poviat Road 1535 B Bialystok Popieluszki Hetmanska and Wierzbowa Streets Choroszcz Poviat Road 1550 B Bialystok Niewodnicka Meksykanska Nowosielska and Elewatorska streets Klepacze Niewodnica Koscielna Poviat Road 1559 B Bialystok Kleosin Bicycle Edit By 2020 there were already over 158 km of bicycle paths in Bialystok 190 The municipal bicycle renting system is called BiKeR and was opened in 2014 The system initially based on 30 stations equipped with 300 bikes The city has four public bicycle repair stations in which one can fix their private bikes The stations are located in places where the highest traffic of city bikes was observed 184 Airports Edit A civil airport Bialystok Krywlany Airport lies within the city limits but does not provide regularly scheduled service being currently the largest city in the European Union without an operating commercial airport 191 There were plans in 2011 to build a new regional airport Bialystok Saniki Airport that would have provided flights within Europe 192 Education Edit Library of Bialystok Ksiaznica Podlaska Main article Education in Bialystok Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki 20 As a patron of the arts and sciences Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Bialystok to take advantage of Branicki s patronage 193 In 1745 Branicki established Poland s first military college the School of Civil and Military Engineering in the city 193 Since the fall of communism many privately funded institutions of higher educations have been founded and their number is still increasing Currently Bialystok is home to one principal public university University of Bialystok 194 and two other public specialist universities Bialystok Technical University 195 and Medical University of Bialystok 196 Some institutions such as Musical Academy in Bialystok 197 are branches of their parent institutions in other cities usually in Warsaw Notable residents Edit L L Zamenhof the creator of Esperanto Main article List of people from Bialystok See also Category People from Bialystok Over the centuries a number of people from Bialystok have been prominent in the fields of science language politics religion sports visual arts and performing arts This environment was created in the mid eighteenth century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences 193 These include Ryszard Kaczorowski last emigre President of the Republic of Poland 198 L L Zamenhof the creator of Esperanto 199 Albert Sabin co developer of the polio vaccine 200 Izabella Scorupco actress 201 Max Weber painter 202 Tomasz Baginski illustrator animator and director Oscar nominee in 2002 for The Cathedral References Edit a b Insygnia Bialegostoku Archived from the original on 2011 08 17 Retrieved 2011 08 01 Local Data Bank Statistics Poland Retrieved 18 July 2022 Data for territorial unit 2061000 Oficjalny portal miasta Bialystok bialystok pl in Polish Retrieved 23 December 2018 Bialystok Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 2020 04 22 Bialystok The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 3 August 2019 Bialystok Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Retrieved 3 August 2019 Bialystok Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 3 August 2019 a b Google 14 October 2022 Bialystok Map Google Maps Google Retrieved 14 October 2022 Lasy Museums Podlaskie Museum visitbialystok com Retrieved 2011 07 18 a b Bialystok Local history 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B Sabin and the development of oral poliovaccine Biologicals 21 4 311 6 doi 10 1006 biol 1993 1089 PMID 8024745 Profile Biography of Izabella Scorupco Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2011 01 25 North P 1991 Max Weber the cubist decade 1910 1920 Atlanta High Museum of Art Notes Edit Pronunciation UK b iː ˈ ae l ɪ s t ɒ k 4 US b iː ˈ ɑː l ɪ s t ɔː k ˈ b j ɑː b j ɑː ˈ w ɪ s t ɔː k 5 6 7 Polish bjaˈwɨstɔk listen Lithuanian Baltstoge Balstoge Belarusian Belastok BGN PCGN romanization Byelastok Belarusian Latin alphabet Bielastok Yiddish ביא ליסטא ק transcription Byalistok Bjalistok Russian Belostok transcription Belostok Byelostok The mentioned roads don t pass through the cityFurther reading EditLukasz Kazmierczak Trzy procent odmiennosci Three percent of different article describing results of Polish census 2002 and minorities in Poland citing census data in Polish Janusz Zarnowski Spoleczenstwo Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej 1918 1939 Warszawa 1973 in Polish Eugeniusz Mironowicz Bialorus Trio Warszawa 1999 ISBN 83 85660 82 8 in Polish Yvette Walczak Let Her Go Naomi Roth Publishing London 2012 ISBN 978 0 9537585 2 4External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bialystok Look up Bialystok in Wiktionary the free dictionary Poland portal European Union portal Bialystok travel guide from Wikivoyage Osiedla Bialystok pl in Polish VisitBialystok com in Polish English and Russian Bialystok s official website at the Wayback Machine archived February 22 2013 in English and Polish Official Site Bialystok City Transport in Polish Google Transit in Bialystok Bialystok Poland at JewishGen Bialystok at the B amp F Compendium of Jewish Genealogy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bialystok amp oldid 1131044020, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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