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Prayagraj

July 24, 2023

"Allahabad" redirects here. For other uses, see Prayagraj (disambiguation).

Prayagraj (Prayāgrāj; /ˈpreɪəˌɡrædʒ, ˈpraɪə-/); formerly Allahabad or Ilahabad, is a metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[7][8][9][10] It is the administrative headquarters of the Prayagraj district—the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India—and the Prayagraj division. The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with the Allahabad High Court being the highest judicial body in the state. As of 2011, Prayagraj is the seventh most populous city in the state, thirteenth in Northern India and thirty-sixth in India, with an estimated population of 1.53 million in the city.[3][11][12][13] In 2011, it was ranked the world's 40th fastest-growing city.[14][15] Allahabad, in 2016, was also ranked the third most liveable urban agglomeration in the state (after Noida and Lucknow) and sixteenth in the country.[16] Hindi is the most widely spoken language in the city.

Prayagraj
Allahabad, Ilahabad
Metropolis
Clockwise from top left: All Saints Cathedral, Khusro Bagh, the Allahabad High Court, the New Yamuna Bridge near Sangam, the skyline of Civil Lines, the University of Allahabad, Thornhill Mayne Memorial at Chandrashekhar Azad Park and Anand Bhavan
Nicknames: 
The Sangam City[1] and City of Prime Ministers[2]
Prayagraj
Location of Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh
Prayagraj
Prayagraj (India)
Coordinates: 25°26′09″N 81°50′47″E / 25.43583°N 81.84639°E / 25.43583; 81.84639
Country India
StateUttar Pradesh
DivisionPrayagraj
DistrictPrayagraj
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyPrayagraj Municipal Corporation
 • MayorGanesh Kesarwani (BJP)
Area
[3]
 • Total365 km2 (141 sq mi)
Elevation
98 m (322 ft)
Population
 (2020-2011 hybrid)[3]
 • Total1,536,218
 • Rank36th
 • Density4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
 • Metro rank
40th
DemonymsAllahabadi
Ilahabadi[4]
Language
 • OfficialHindi[5]
 • Additional officialUrdu[5]
 • RegionalAwadhi[6]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
211001–211018
Telephone code+91-532
Vehicle registrationUP-70
Sex ratio852 ♀/1000♂
Websiteprayagraj.nic.in

Prayagraj lies close to Triveni Sangam, the "three-river confluence" of the Ganges, Yamuna and Sarasvati rivers.[1] It plays a central role in Hindu scriptures. The city finds its earliest reference as one of the world's oldest known cities in Hindu texts and has been venerated as the holy city of Prayāga in the ancient Vedas. Prayagraj was also known as Kosambi in the late Vedic period, named by the Kuru rulers of Hastinapur, who developed it as their capital. Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of the Maurya Empire, with occupation continuing until the Gupta Empire. Since then, the city has been a political, cultural and administrative centre of the Doab region.

Akbarnama mentions that the Mughal emperor Akbar founded a great city in Allahabad. ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni and Nizamuddin Ahmad mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an imperial city there which was called Ilahabas or Ilahabad.[17][18] He was said to be impressed by its strategic location and built a fort there, later renaming it Ilahabas by 1584, which was changed to Allahabad by Shah Jahan.[vague][19] In the early 17th century, Allahabad was a provincial capital in the Mughal Empire under the reign of Jahangir.[20] In 1833, it became the seat of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces region before its capital was moved to Agra in 1835.[21][better source needed] Allahabad became the capital of the North-Western Provinces in 1858 and was the capital of India for a day.[22] The city was the capital of the United Provinces from 1902[22] to 1920[23] and remained at the forefront of national importance during the struggle for Indian independence.[24]

Located in southern Uttar Pradesh, the city covers 365 km2 (141 sq mi).[3] Although the city and its surrounding area are governed by several municipalities, a large portion of Prayagraj district is governed by the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation. The city is home to colleges, research institutions and many central and state government offices, including High court of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj has hosted cultural and sporting events, including the Prayag Kumbh Mela and the Indira Marathon. Although the city's economy was built on tourism, most of its income now derives from real estate and financial services.[25]

Etymology

The location at the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers has been known in ancient times as Prayāga, which means "place of a sacrifice" in Sanskrit (pra-, "fore-" + yāj-, "to sacrifice").[26] It was believed that god Brahma performed the very first sacrifice (yāga, yajna) in this place.[27][28]

The word prayāga has been traditionally used to mean "a confluence of rivers". For Allahabad, it denoted the physical meeting point of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna in the city. An ancient tradition has it that a third river, invisible Sarasvati, also meets there with the two. Today, Triveni Sangam (or simply Sangam) is a more frequently used name for the confluence.

Prayagraj (Sanskrit: Prayāgarāja), meaning "the king among the five prayāgas", is used as a term of respect to indicate that this confluence is the most splendid one of the five sacred confluencies in India.[29]

It is said that the Mughal emperor Akbar visited the region in 1575 and was so impressed by the strategic location of the site that he ordered a fort be constructed. The fort was constructed by 1584 and called Ilahabas or "Abode of Allah", later changed to Allahabad under Shah Jahan. Speculations regarding its name, however, exist. Because of the surrounding people calling it Alhabas, has led to some people[who?] holding the view that it was named after Alha from Alha's story.[19] James Forbes' account of the early 1800s claims that it was renamed Allahabad or "Abode of God" by Jahangir after he failed to destroy the Akshayavat tree. The name, however, predates him, with Ilahabas and Ilahabad mentioned on coins minted in the city since Akbar's rule, the latter name became predominant after the emperor's death. It has also been thought to not have been named after Allah but ilaha (the gods). Shaligram Shrivastav claimed in Prayag Pradip that the name was deliberately given by Akbar to be construed as both Hindu ("ilaha") and Muslim ("Allah").[18]

Over the years, a number of attempts were made by the BJP-led governments of Uttar Pradesh to rename Allahabad to Prayagraj. In 1992, the planned rename was shelved when the chief minister, Kalyan Singh, was forced to resign following the Babri Masjid demolition. 2001 saw another attempt led by the government of Rajnath Singh which remained unfulfilled.[30] The rename finally succeeded in October 2018 when the Yogi Adityanath-led government officially changed the name of the city to Prayagraj.[31][32]

History

Main article: History of Allahabad
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Prayagraj.

Antiquity

The earliest mention of Prayāga and the associated pilgrimage is found in Rigveda Pariśiṣṭa (supplement to the Rigveda, c. 1200–1000 BCE).[33] It is also mentioned in the Pali canons of Buddhism, such as in section 1.7 of Majjhima Nikaya (c. 500 BCE), wherein the Buddha states that bathing in Payaga (Skt: Prayaga) cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds, rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action.[34] The Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE–300 CE) mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of prāyaścitta (atonement, penance) for past mistakes and guilt.[35] In Tirthayatra Parva, before the great war, the epic states "the one who observes firm [ethical] vows, having bathed at Prayaga during Magha, O best of the Bharatas, becomes spotless and reaches heaven."[36] In Anushasana parva, after the war, the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as "geographical tirtha" that must be combined with manasa-tirtha (tirtha of the heart) whereby one lives by values such as truth, charity, self-control, patience and others.[37]

Prayāga is mentioned in the Agni Purana and other Puranas with various legends, including being one of the places where Brahma attended a yajna (homa), and the confluence of river Ganges, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati site as the king of pilgrimage sites (Tirtha Raj).[38] Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the Prayaga Mahatmya, dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These Purana-genre Sanskrit texts describe Prayag as a place "bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (sangam).[39][40] Prayaga is also mentioned in the Hindu epic Ramayana, a place with the legendary Ashram of sage Bharadwaj.[41]

Archaeology and inscriptions

 
The Ashoka pillar at Allahabad contains many inscriptions since the 3rd-century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE, Birbal of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the "Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj".[33][42]

Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing Allahabad Pillar – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city.[43][44] Excavations have revealed Northern Black Polished Ware dating to 600–700 BCE.[38] According to Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti, "... there is nothing to suggest that modern Prayag (i e. modern Allahabad) was an ancient city. Yet it is inconceivable that one of the holiest places of Hinduism, Prayag or the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna should be without a major ancient city." Chakrabarti suggests that the city of Jhusi, opposite the confluence, must have been the "ancient settlement of Prayag".[45] Archaeological surveys since the 1950s has revealed the presence of human settlements near the sangam since c. 800 BCE.[43][44]

Along with Ashoka's Brahmi script inscription from 3rd-century BCE, the pillar has a Samudragupta inscription, as well as a Magha Mela inscription of Birbal of Akbar's era. It states,

In the Samvat year 1632, Saka 1493, in Magha, the 5th of the waning moon, on Monday, Gangadas's son Maharaja Birbal made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag. Saphal scripsit.
– Translated by Alexander Cunningham (1879)[46]

These dates correspond to about 1575 CE, and confirm the importance and the name Prayag.[46][47] According to Cunningham, this pillar was brought to Allahabad from Kaushambi by a Muslim Sultan, and that in some later century before Akbar, the old city of Prayag had been deserted.[48] Other scholars, such as Krishnaswamy and Ghosh disagree.[47] In a paper published in 1935, they state that the pillar was always at its current location based on the inscription dates on the pillar, lack of textual evidence for the move in records left by Muslim historians and the difficulty in moving the massive pillar.[49] Further, like Cunningham, they noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time. Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1575 CE, and most of these refer to the month Magha. According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, these dates are likely related to the Magh Mela pilgrimage at Prayag, as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts.[50]

In papers published about 1979, John Irwin – a scholar of Indian Art History and Archaeology, concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna.[43][44] According to Irwin, an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham, also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, reveals that these included years and months, and the latter "always turns out to be Magha, which also gives it name to the Magh Mela", the Prayaga bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus.[44] He further stated that the pillar origins were undoubtedly pre-Ashokan based on the new evidence from the archaeological and geological surveys of the triveni site (Prayaga), the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence, taken together.[43][44] Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s, states Irwin, have revealed that the rivers – particularly Ganges – had a different course in distant past than now. The original path of river Ganges at the Prayaga confluence had settlements dating from 8th-century BCE onwards.[44] According to Karel Werner – an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism, the Irwin papers "showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi", but had been at Prayaga from pre-Buddhist times.[51]

Early medieval period

The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) in Fascicle V of Dà Táng Xīyù Jì (Great Tang Records on the Western Regions) explicitly mentions Prayaga as both a country and a "great city" where the Yamuna river meets Ganges river. He states that the great city has hundreds of "deva temples" and to the south of the city are two Buddhist institutions (a stupa built by Ashoka and a monastery). His 644 CE memoir also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers, where people fast near it and then bathe believing that this washes away their sins. Wealthy people and kings come to this "great city" to give away alms at the Grand Place of Almsgiving. According to Xuanzang's travelogue, the confluence is to the east of this "great city" and the site where alms are distributed every day.[52][53] Kama MacLean – an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English-language media,[54] states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, that Prayag was also an important site in 7th-century India of a Buddhist festival. She states that Xuanzang festivities at Prayag featured a Buddha statue and involved alms giving, consistent with Buddhist practices.[55] According to Li Rongxi – a scholar credited with a recent and complete translation of a critical version of the Dà Táng Xīyù Jì, Xuanzang mentions that the site of the alms-giving is a deva temple, and the alms-giving practice is recommended by the "records at this temple". Rongxi adds that the population of Prayaga was predominantly heretics (non-Buddhists, Hindus), and affirms that Prayaga attracted festivities of deva-worshipping heretics and also the orthodox Buddhists.[52]

Xuanzang also describes a ritual-suicide practice at Prayaga, then concludes it is absurd. He mentions a tree with "evil spirits" that stands before another deva temple. People commit suicide by jumping from it in the belief that they will go to heaven.[52] According to Ariel Glucklich – a scholar of Hinduism and Anthropology of Religion, the Xuanzang memoir mentions both the superstitious devotional suicide and narrates a story of how a Brahmin of a more ancient era tried to put an end to this practice.[53] Alexander Cunningham believed the tree described by Xuanzang was the Akshayavat tree. It still existed at the time of Al-Biruni who calls it as "Prayaga", located at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna.[56]

The historic literature of Hinduism and Buddhism before the Mughal emperor Akbar use the term Prayag, and never use the term Allahabad or its variants. Its history before the Mughal Emperor Akbar is unclear.[57] In contrast to the account of Xuanzang, the Muslim historians place the tree at the confluence of the rivers. The historian Dr. D. B. Dubey states that it appears that between this period, the sandy plain was washed away by the Ganges, to an extent that the temple and tree seen by the Chinese traveller too was washed away, with the river later changing its course to the east and the confluence shifting to the place where Akbar laid the foundations of his fort.[58]

Henry Miers Elliot believed that a town existed before Allahabad was founded. He adds that after Mahmud of Ghazni captured Asní near Fatehpur, he couldn't have crossed into Bundelkhand without visiting Allahabad had there been a city worth plundering. He further adds that its capture should have been heard when Muhammad of Ghor captured Benares. however, Ghori's historians never noticed it. Akbarnama mentions that the Mughal emperor Akbar founded a great city in Allahabad. 'Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni and Nizamuddin Ahmad mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an Imperial City there which he called Ilahabas.[17]

Mughal rule

 
Allahabad Fort, built by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1575 on the banks of the Yamuna River.

Abul Fazal in his Ain-i-Akbari states, "For a long time his (Akbar's) desire was to found a great city in the town of Piyag (Allahabad) where the rivers Ganges and Jamuna join... On 13th November 1583 (1st Azar 991 H.) he (Akbar) reached the wished spot and laid the foundations of the city and planned four forts." Abul Fazal adds, "Ilahabad anciently called Prayag was distinguished by His Imperial Majesty [Akbar] by the former name".[59] The role of Akbar in founding the Ilahabad – later called Allahabad – fort and city is mentioned by ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni as well.[60]

Nizamuddin Ahmad gives two different dates for Allahabad's foundation, in different sections of Tabaqat-i-Akbari. He states that Akbar laid the foundation of the city at a place of the confluence of Ganges and Jumna which was a very sacred site of Hindus, then gives 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding, and that it was named Ilahabas.[60]

 
Tomb of Nithar Begum (daughter of Mughal Emperor Jahangir) at Khusro Bagh.

Akbar was impressed by its strategic location for a fort.[19] According to William Pinch, Akbar's motive may have been twofold. One, the armed fort secured the control of fertile Doab region. Second, it greatly increased his visibility and power to the non-Muslims who gathered here for pilgrimage from distant places and who constituted the majority of his subjects.[61] Later, he declared Ilahabas as a capital of one of the twelve divisions (subahs).[62] According to Richard Burn, the suffix "–bas" was deemed to "savouring too much of Hinduism" and therefore the name was changed to Ilahabad by Shah Jahan.[59] This evolved into the two variant colonial-era spellings of Ilahabad (Hindi: इलाहाबाद) and Allahabad.[59][63] According to Maclean, these variant spellings have a political basis, as "Ilaha–" means "the gods" for Hindus, while Allah is the term for God to Muslims.[63]

After Prince Salim's coup against Akbar and a failed attempt to seize Agra's treasury, he came to Allahabad and seized its treasury while setting himself up as a virtually independent ruler.[64] In May 1602, he had his name read in Friday prayers and his name minted on coins in Allahabad. After reconciliation with Akbar, Salim returned to Allahabad, where he stayed before returning in 1604.[65] After capturing Jaunpur in 1624, Shah Jahan ordered the siege of Allahabad. The siege was however, lifted after Parviz and Mahabat Khan came to assist the garrison.[66] During the Mughal war of succession, the commandant of the fort who had joined Shah Shuja made an agreement with Aurangzeb's officers and surrendered it to Khan Dauran on 12 January 1659.[67]

Nawabs of Awadh

The fort was coveted by the East India Company for the same reasons Akbar built it. British troops were first stationed at Allahabad fort in 1765 as part of the Treaty of Allahabad signed by Lord Robert Clive, Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, and Awadh's Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula.[68] The combined forces of Bengal's Nawab Mir Qasim, Shuja and Shah Alam were defeated by the English at Buxar in October 1764 and at Kora in May 1765. Alam, who was abandoned by Shuja after the defeats, surrendered to the English and was lodged at the fort, as they captured Allahabad, Benares and Chunar in his name. The territories of Allahabad and Kora were given to the emperor after the treaty was signed in 1765.

Shah Alam spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the takeover of Delhi by the Marathas, left for his capital in 1771 under their protection.[69] He was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi. Upon realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general Najaf Khan to drive them out. Tukoji Rao Holkar and Visaji Krushna Biniwale in return attacked Delhi and defeated his forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial sanad for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.[70] In August and September 1773, Warren Hastings met Shuja and concluded a treaty, under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees.[71]

Saadat Ali Khan II, after being made the Nawab by John Shore, entered into a treaty with the company and gave the fort to the British in 1798.[72] Lord Wellesley after threatening to annexe the entire Awadh, concluded a treaty with Saadat on abolishing the independent Awadhi army, imposing a larger subsidiary force and annexing Rohilkhand, Gorakhpur and the Doab in 1801.[73]

British rule

 
Mahatma Gandhi at a January 1940 Congress Working Committee meeting with Vallabhbhai Patel and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit at Anand Bhavan in Allahabad

Acquired in 1801, Allahabad, aside from its importance as a pilgrimage centre, was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the Grand Trunk Road. It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the company. Initial revenue settlements began in 1803.[74] Allahabad was a participant in the 1857 Indian Mutiny,[75] when Maulvi Liaquat Ali unfurled the banner of revolt.[76] During the rebellion, Allahabad, with a number of European troops,[77] was the scene of a massacre.[20]

 
Allahabad University, established in 1887, is one of the oldest modern universities in the Indian subcontinent.

After the mutiny, the British established a high court, a police headquarters and a public-service commission in Allahabad,[78] making the city an administrative centre.[79] They truncated the Delhi region of the state, merging it with Punjab and moving the capital of the North-Western Provinces to Allahabad (where it remained for 20 years).[23] In January 1858, Earl Canning departed Calcutta for Allahabad.[80] That year he read Queen Victoria's proclamation, transferring control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown (beginning the British Raj), in Minto Park.[81][82] In 1877 the provinces of Agra and Awadh were merged to form the United Provinces,[83] with Allahabad its capital until 1920.[23]

The 1888 session of the Indian National Congress was held in the city,[84] and by the turn of the 20th century, Allahabad was a revolutionary centre.[85] Nityanand Chatterji became a household name when he hurled a bomb at a European club.[86] In Alfred Park in 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad died when surrounded by British police.[87] The Nehru family homes, Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan, were centres of Indian National Congress activity.[88] During the years before independence, Allahabad was home to thousands of satyagrahis led by Purushottam Das Tandon, Bishambhar Nath Pande, Narayan Dutt Tiwari and others.[24] The first seeds of the Pakistani nation were sown in Allahabad:[89] on 29 December 1930, Allama Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address to the All-India Muslim League proposed a separate Muslim state for the Muslim-majority regions of India.[90]

Post-independence

Allahabad is known as the City of Prime Ministers because seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad (Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Gulzarilal Nanda, Vishwanath Pratap Singh and Chandra Shekhar). All seven leaders were either born in Allahabad, were alumni of Allahabad University or were elected from an Allahabad constituency.[2]

Geography

Cityscape

Prayagraj's elevation is over 90 m (295 ft) above sea level. The old part of the city, at the south of Prayagraj Junction railway station, consists of neighbourhoods like Chowk, Johnstongunj, Dariyabad, Khuldabad and many more.[91] In the north of the Railway Station, the new city consists of neighbourhoods like Lukergunj, Civil Lines, Georgetown, Tagoretown, Allahpur, Ashok Nagar, Mumfordgunj, Bharadwaj Puram and others which are relatively new and were built during the British rule.[92] Civil Lines is the central business district of the city and is famous for its urban setting, gridiron plan roads[93] and high rise buildings. Built in 1857, it was the largest town-planning project carried out in India before the establishment of New Delhi.[92][93] Prayagraj has many buildings featuring Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic architecture. Although several buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures", others are deteriorating.[94] Famous landmarks of the city are Allahabad Museum, New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad University, Triveni Sangam, All Saints Cathedral, Anand Bhavan, Chandrashekhar Azad Park etc.[95] The city experiences one of the highest levels of air pollution worldwide, with the 2016 update of the World Health Organization's Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database finding Prayagraj to have the third highest mean concentration of "PM2.5" (<2.5 μm diameter) particulate matter in the ambient air among all the 2972 cities tested (after Zabol and Gwalior).[96]

Triveni Sangam and Ghats

 
Pilgrims at the Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers in Prayagraj.

The Prayagraj Triveni Sangam (place where three rivers meet) is the meeting place of Ganges, the Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River, which according to Hindu legends, wells up from underground.[97][98] A place of religious importance and the site for historic Prayag Kumbh Mela held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi in 1948.[97]

The main ghat in Prayagraj is Saraswati Ghat, on the banks of Yamuna. Stairs from three sides descend to the green water of the Yamuna. Above it is a park which is always covered with green grass. There are also facilities for boating here. There are also routes to reach Triveni Sangam by boat from here.[99][100] Apart from this, there are more than 100 raw ghats in Prayagraj.

Topography

 
The Yamuna in Prayagraj during the rainy season

Prayagraj is in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh, at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna.[101][102] The region was known in antiquity first as the Kuru, then as the Vats country.[103] To the southwest is Bundelkhand, to the east and southeast is Baghelkhand, to the north and northeast is Awadh and to the west is the lower doab (of which Prayagraj is part).[101] The city is divided by a railway line running east–west.[104] South of the railway is the Old Chowk area, and the British-built Civil Lines is north of it. Prayagraj is well placed geographically and culturally.[105] Geographically part of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab (at the mouth of the Yamuna), culturally it is the terminus of the Indian west.[106] The Indian Standard Time longitude (25.15°N 82.58°E) is near the city. According to a United Nations Development Programme report, Prayagraj is in a "low damage risk" wind and cyclone zone.[107] In common with the rest of the doab, its soil and water are primarily alluvial.[108] Pratapgarh is north of the city, Bhadohi is east, Rewa is south, Chitrakoot (earlier Banda) is west, and Kaushambi, which was until recently a part of Allahabad (Prayagraj), is North-West.

Climate

Prayagraj has a humid subtropical climate common to cities in the plains of North India, designated Cwa in the Köppen climate classification.[109] The annual mean temperature is 26.1 °C (79.0 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 18–29 °C (64–84 °F).[110] Prayagraj has three seasons: a hot, dry summer, a cool, dry winter and a hot, humid monsoon. Summer lasts from March to September with daily highs reaching up to 48 °C in the dry summer (from March to May) and up to 40 °C in the hot and extremely humid monsoon season (from June to September).[110] The monsoon begins in June, and lasts until August; high humidity levels prevail well into September. Winter runs from December to February,[111] with temperatures rarely dropping to the freezing point. The daily average maximum temperature is about 22 °C (72 °F) and the minimum about 9 °C (48 °F).[112] Prayagraj never receives snow,[113] but, experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires, coal fires, and open burning of rubbish—resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays.[111] Its highest recorded temperature is 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) on 9 June 2019, and its lowest is −0.7 °C (31 °F) on 26 December 1961.[110][114]

Rain from the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea branches of the southwest monsoon[115] falls on Allahabad from June to September, supplying the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,027 mm (40 in).[113] The highest monthly rainfall total, 333 mm (13 in), occurs in August.[116] The city receives 2,961 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum sunlight in May.[114]

Climate data for Prayagraj 1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.8
(91.0) 		36.3
(97.3) 		42.5
(108.5) 		45.8
(114.4) 		48.6
(119.5) 		48.9
(120.0) 		45.6
(114.1) 		42.7
(108.9) 		39.6
(103.3) 		40.6
(105.1) 		36.0
(96.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		48.9
(120.0)
Average high °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		27.1
(80.8) 		33.7
(92.7) 		39.5
(103.1) 		41.2
(106.2) 		39.2
(102.6) 		34.3
(93.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.0
(91.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		32.6
(90.7)
Average low °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		20.0
(68.0)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		11.7
(53.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−0.7
(30.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.0
(0.67) 		17.6
(0.69) 		8.8
(0.35) 		7.0
(0.28) 		13.9
(0.55) 		113.5
(4.47) 		268.0
(10.55) 		238.5
(9.39) 		184.9
(7.28) 		34.7
(1.37) 		4.6
(0.18) 		6.8
(0.27) 		915.3
(36.04)
Average rainy days 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.7 1.2 5.5 12.0 11.8 8.4 1.5 0.4 0.5 46.1
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 62 49 32 22 28 46 71 75 74 62 58 63 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours 224.9 244.2 263.2 274.1 292.3 206.4 143.3 180.6 184.3 259.7 256.7 244.0 2,773.7
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[117][118][119]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1971–1990)[120]

Biodiversity

 
A typical Indian peacock, found in Prayagraj on a large scale

The Ganga-Jamuna Doab, of which Prayagraj is a part, is on the western Indus-Gangetic Plain region. The doab (including the Terai) is responsible for the city's unique flora and fauna.[121][122] Since the arrival of humans, nearly half of the city's vertebrates have become extinct. Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced. Associated changes in habitat and the introduction of reptiles, snakes and other mammals led to the extinction of bird species, including large birds such as eagles.[123] The Allahabad Museum, one of four national museums in India, is documenting the flora and fauna of the Ganges and the Yamuna.[124] To protect the rich aquatic biodiversity of river Ganges from escalating anthropogenic pressures, development of a Turtle sanctuary in Prayagraj along with a River Biodiversity Park at Sangam have been approved under Namami Gange programme.

The most common birds found in the city are doves, peacocks, junglefowl, black partridge, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeets, quails, bulbuls, and comb ducks.[125] Large numbers of Deer are found in the Trans Yamuna area of Prayagraj. India's first conservation reserve for blackbuck is being created in Prayagraj's Meja Forest Division. Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras, kraits, and gharials.[121] During winter, large numbers of Siberian birds are reported in the sangam and nearby wetlands.[126]

Demographics

Population growth of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation
YearPop.±%
182020,000—    
1865105,900+429.5%
1871143,700+35.7%
1881148,500+3.3%
1891175,200+18.0%
1901172,032−1.8%
1911171,697−0.2%
1921157,220−8.4%
1931173,895+10.6%
1941246,226+41.6%
1951312,259+26.8%
1961411,955+31.9%
1971490,622+19.1%
1981616,051+25.6%
1991792,858+28.7%
2001975,393+23.0%
20111,112,544+14.1%
20201,536,218+38.1%
Sources:[127][128][3]
Religion in Prayagraj City (2011)[129]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 76.03%
Islam
 
 21.94%
Christianity
 
 0.68%
Sikhism
 
 0.28%
Others
 
 1.07%
Others include Buddhism, Jainism, other religions and no particular religion (0.63%)

The 2011 census reported a population of 1,112,544 in the 82 km2 (32 sq mi) area governed by Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, corresponding to a density of 13,600/km2 (35,000/sq mi).[128][130] In January 2020, the boundaries of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation were expanded to 365 km2 (141 sq mi); according to the 2011 census, 1,536,218 people lived within those boundaries; this corresponds to a population density of 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi).[3]

Natives of Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Prayagraj's population. With regards to Houseless Census in Prayagraj, total 5,672 families live on footpaths or without any roof cover, this is approximately 0.38% of the total population of Prayagraj district. The sex ratio of Prayagraj is 901 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 893 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.[131]

Hindi, the official state language, is the dominant language in Prayagraj. Urdu and other languages are spoken by a sizeable minority. Hindus form the majority of Prayagraj's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Hinduism is majority religion in Prayagraj city with 76.03% followers. Islam is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 21.94% following it. Christianity is followed by 0.68%, Jainism by 0.10%, Sikhism by 0.28% and Buddhism by 0.28%. Around 0.02% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.90% stated 'No Particular Religion'.

Prayagraj's literacy rate at 86.50% is the highest in the region.[132] Male literacy is 90.21% and female literacy 82.17%.[133] For 2001 census same figure stood at 75.81 and 46.38. As per census 2011, total 1,080,808 people are literate in Prayagraj of which males and females are 612,257 and 468,551 respectively. Among 35 major Indian cities, Prayagraj reported the highest rate of violations of special and local laws to the National Crime Records Bureau.[134]

Administration and politics

General administration

Prayagraj division, comprising four districts, is headed by the divisional commissioner of Prayagraj, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority, the commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.[135][136][137][138] The district magistrate and collector of Prayagraj reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Ashish Kumar Goel.[139][140][141][142]

 
The Allahabad High Court is India's fourth-oldest high court

Prayagraj district administration is headed by the district magistrate and collector (DM) of Prayagraj, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the district. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the district.[135][143][144][145] The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; five additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, rural administration, land acquisition and civil supply; one chief revenue officer; one city magistrate; and three additional city magistrates.[141][142] The district has eight tehsils viz. Sadar, Soraon, Phulpur, Handia, Karchhana, Bara, Meja and Kuraon, each headed by a sub-divisional magistrate.[141]

Police administration

City comes under the Prayagraj Police Zone and Prayagraj Police Range, Prayagraj Zone is headed by an additional director general-rank Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Prayagraj Range is headed inspector general-rank IPS officer. The district police is headed by a senior superintendent of police (SSP), who is an IPS officer, and is assisted by eight superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for city, either from the IPS or the Provincial Police Service.[146] Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.[146]

Infrastructure and civic administration

The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Prayagraj Development Authority (PDA), which comes under the Department of Housing and Urban Planning of Uttar Pradesh government. The divisional commissioner of Prayagraj acts as the ex-officio chairperson of ADA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority.[147] The current chairperson of ADA is Bhanu Chandra Goswami.[148]

The Prayagraj Nagar Nigam, also called Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, oversees the city's civic infrastructure. The corporation originated in 1864 as the Municipal Board of Allahabad, when the Lucknow Municipal Act was passed by the Government of India.[149][150] In 1867, the Civil Lines and the city were amalgamated for municipal purposes.[149][150] The Cantonment was counted as part of the city in censuses until the 1931 Indian census, when it was started to be counted as a separate census town. The Municipal Board became Municipal Corporation in 1959.[151] Allahabad Cantonment has a cantonment board. The city of Prayagraj is currently divided into 80 wards,[152] with one member (or corporator) elected from each ward to form the municipal committee. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but, the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government-appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority. The current mayor of Prayagraj is Abhilasha Gupta, whereas the current municipal commissioner is Avinash Singh.[153][154]

Prayagraj was declared to have metropolitan status in October 2006.[9] The metropolitan area is referred to in the 2011 Indian census and other official documents as Allhabad Urban Agglomeration. It consists of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, three census towns (the cantonment, Arail Uparhar, and Chak Babura Alimabad), and 17 Outer Growth (OG) areas listed in the table below.[128]

Population of Allahabad Urban Agglomeration and its Parts According to Census Data for 1901–2011.[128]
Name 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Prayagraj Urban Agglomeration 172,032 171,697 157,220 183,914 260,630 332,295 430,730 513,036 650,070 844,546 1,042,229 1,212,395
Prayagraj Municipal Corporation 172,032 171,697 157,220 173,895 246,226 312,259 411,955 490,622 616,051 792,858 975,393 1,112,544
Allahabad Cantonment
(included in Allahabad in the 1901–1921 figures) 		12,487 11,996 11,615 10,019 14,404 20,036 17,529 20,591 30,442 38,060 24,137 26,944
Arail Uparhar 12,190
Chak Babura Alimabad 4,876
Total of Allahabad Outer Growth (OG) areas listed below: 1,246 1,823 3,577 13,628 42,699 55,841
Subedarganj Railway Colony (OG) 1,246 1,823 3,577 3,606 872 1,568
Triveni Nagar (N.E.C.S.W.) (OG) 4,125 1,732 3,515
T.S.L. Factory (OG) 466 317 753
Mukta Vihar (OG) 461 509 534
Bharat Pump and Compressor Factory (OG) 631 628 648
A.D.A. Colony (OG) 1,155 12,539 22,774
Doorbani Nagar (OG) 2,312 783 543
ITI Factory and Res. Colony (OG) 872 3,764 221
Shiv Nagar (OG) 990 1,449
Gurunanak Nagar (OG) 867 947
Gandhi Nagar, Manas Nagar, Industrial Labour Colony (OG) 5,319 6,313
Gangotri Nagar (OG) 1,641 6,749
Mahewa West (OG) 7,161 2,136
Begum Bazar (OG) 514 841
Bhagal Purwa (OG) 680 988
Kodra (OG) 690 587
IOC Colony, Deoghat, ADA Colony and Jhalwagaon (OG) 3,693 5,275

Politics

Prayagraj is the seat of Allahabad High Court, the highest judicial body in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The city is known as the "Prime Minister Capital of India", since, seven of fifteen Indian prime ministers have been from the district.[2] Prayagraj is administered by several government agencies. As the seat of the Government of Uttar Pradesh, Prayagraj is home to local governing agencies and the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (housed in the Allahabad High Court building).[155] The Allahabad district has two parliamentary constituency, namely, Allahabad and Phulpur and elects 12 members of the legislative assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.[156]

Central government offices/organisations

Prayagraj houses various central government offices and organisations, such as-

Ministry of Home Affairs

Ministry of Minority Affairs

  • Special officer for Linguistic Minorities (Regional Headquarters).

Ministry of Defence (India)

Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)

  • Civil Aviation Training College.

Ministry of Railways (India)

Ministry of Finance (India)

  • Headquarters of Accountants General, Uttar Pradesh.

Ministry of Human Resource Development

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Ministry of Science and Technology (India)

See also: Neighbourhoods of Prayagraj

Economy

Overall Prayagraj has a stable and diverse economy comprising various sectors such as State and Central government offices, education and research institutions, real estate, retail, banking, tourism and hospitality, agriculture-based industries, railways, transport and logistics, miscellaneous service sectors, and manufacturing. Average household income of the city is US$2,299.[157]

The construction sector is a major part of Prayagraj's economy.[158] Secondary manufacturers and services may be registered or unregistered;[159] according to the third All India Census for Small Scale Industries, there are more than 10,000 unregistered small-scale industries in the city.[160][161] An integrated industrial township has been proposed for 1,200 acres (490 ha) in Prayagraj by the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India.[162]

The city is also home to glass and wire-based industry.[163] The main industrial areas of Prayagraj are Naini and Phulpur, where several public and private sector companies have offices and factories.[164] Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, India's largest oil company (which is state-owned), is constructing a seven-million-tonnes-per-annum (MTPA) capacity refinery in Lohgara with an investment estimated at ₹62 billion.[165] Allahabad Bank, which began operations in 1865,[160] Bharat Pumps & Compressors and A. H. Wheeler and Company have their headquarters in the city. Major companies in the city are Reliance Industries, ITI Limited, BPCL, Dey's Medical, Food Corporation of India, Raymond Synthetics, Triveni Sheet Glass, Triveni Electroplast, EMC Power Ltd, Steel Authority of India, HCL Technologies, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), Vibgyor Laboratories, Geep Industries, Hindustan Cable, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Baidyanath Ayurved, Hindustan Laboratories.[166][167][168]

The primary economic sectors of the district are tourism, fishing and agriculture, and the city is a hub for India's agricultural industry.[169][170] In the case of agriculture crops, Paddy has the largest share followed by Bajra, Arhar, Urd and Moong, in declining order during the Kharif season. In Rabi, Wheat is predominantally followed by pulses and oilseed. Among oilseed crops, Mustard has very less area under pure farming and is grown mainly as a mixed crop. Linseed dominates the oilseed scenario of the district and is mainly grown in Jamunapar area. in the case of pulses, gram has the largest area followed by pea and lentil (masoor). There is fairly good acreage under barley.[171]

Transportation and utilities

 
New Yamuna Bridge in Prayagraj

Air

The main international and domestic airport serving Prayagraj is Prayagraj Airport (IATA: IXD, ICAO: VEAB), which began operations in February 1966. The airport is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the city centre and lies in Bamrauli, Prayagraj. As of now, Prayagraj is connected to eleven cities by flight, where Air India's regional arm Alliance Air connects Prayagraj to Delhi and Bilaspur, while IndiGo connects it to Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Raipur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar and Gorakhpur.[172][173] The nearest international airports are in Varanasi and Lucknow.[174]

The world's first airmail flight took place from Allahabad (Prayagraj) to Naini in February 1911, when 6,000 cards and letters where flown by French pilot Henri Pequet.[175]

Railways

Prayagraj Junction is one of the main railway junctions in northern India and headquarters of the North Central Railway Zone.[176]

Prayagraj has following nine railway stations in its city limits :[177]

Station Name Station Code Railway Zone Number of Platforms
Prayagraj Junction PRYJ, formerly ALD North Central Railway 10
Allahabad Chheoki Junction railway station PCOI, formerly ACOI North Central Railway 3
Naini Railway Station NYN North Central Railway 4
Subedarganj railway station SFG North Central Railway 3
Prayag Junction railway station PRG Northern Railway 3
Prayagraj Sangam Railway Station PYG Northern Railway 5
Phaphamau Railway Station PFM Northern Railway 3
Prayagraj Rambagh railway station PRRB, formerly ALY North Eastern Railway 5
Jhusi Railway Station JI North Eastern Railway 3

The city is connected to most other Uttar Pradesh cities and major Indian cities such as Kolkata, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Patna, Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Bangalore, Guwahati, Thiruvananthapuram, Pune, Bhopal, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jaipur.[178]

Roads

Buses operated by Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation and Prayagraj City Transport Service are an important means of public transport for travelling to various parts of the city, state and outskirts.[179] Auto Rickshaws have been a popular mode of transportation.[180] Cycle rickshaws are the most economical means of transportation in Prayagraj along with e-rickshaws.[180][181]

There are several important National Highways that pass through Prayagraj:[182]

NH (acc. new numbering system) NH (acc. old numbering system) Route Total Length
NH 19 NH 2 Delhi » Mathura » Agra » Kanpur » Prayagraj » Varanasi » Mohania » Barhi » Palsit » Dankuni (near Kolkata) 2542
NH 30 NH 24B & NH 27 Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand » Bareilly » Lucknow » Raebareli » Prayagraj » Rewa » Jabalpur » Raipur » Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh 2022
NH 35 NH 76 & NH 76 Extension Mahoba » Banda » Chitrakoot » Prayagraj » Mirzapur » Varanasi 346
NH 330 NH 96 Prayagraj » Pratapgarh » Sultanpur » Faizabad » Gonda » Balrampur 263

Cable-stayed, New Yamuna Bridge (built 2001–04), is in Prayagraj and connects the city to the suburb of Naini across the Yamuna.[183] The Old Naini Bridge now accommodates railway and auto traffic.[184][185] A road bridge across the Ganges also connects Prayagraj and Jhusi.[186] National Waterway 1, the longest Waterway in India, connects Prayagraj and Haldia.[187]

The city generates 5,34,760 kg of domestic solid wastes daily, while the per capita generation of waste is 0.40 kg per day. The sewer service areas are divided into nine zones in the city.[25] Prayagraj Municipal Corporation oversees the solid waste management project.[188] Prayagraj was the first city to get pre-paid meters for electricity bill in Uttar Pradesh.[189][190] The city is equipped with over 40 CCTVs at major crossings and markets.[191]

Human resources

Public health

 
MLN Medical College, the Government Medical College in Prayagraj

Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Uttar Pradesh oversees the healthcare system of Prayagraj. Its healthcare system comprises hospitals, medical facilities, private clinics and diagnostic centers. These facilities are either privately owned or owned and facilitated by the government. Prayagraj has a total of twenty four hospitals run by the administration.[192] Founded in memory of Pandit Motilal Nehru in 1961, Motilal Nehru Medical College (MLN Medical College and associated hospitals) is a government medical college in Prayagraj, with Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital, Sarojini Naidu Children's Hospital and Manohar Das Eye Hospital serving under its affiliation.[193] Some of the known multispecialty hospitals in and around Prayagraj are Alka Hospital, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital,[194] Amardeep Hospital, Asha Hospital, Ashutosh Hospital and Trauma Centre, Bhola Hospital, Dwarka Hospital, D R S Hospital, Jain Hospital, Parvati Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Phoenix Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Priya Hospital, Sangam Multispeciality Hospital, Vatsalya Hospital, Yashlok Hospital and Research Centre, etc.[195]

Prayagraj healthcare also comprises many medical research institutes. The city also has diagnostic labs, clinics, consultation providers and pathological institutes like Kriti Scanning Centre,[196] Prayag Scan & Diagnostic Centre, and Sprint Medical.[197][198][199][200]

Projects

IBM selected Prayagraj among 16 other global cities for its smart cities programme to help it address challenges like waste management, disaster management, water management and citizen services.[201][202] The company commenced working on solid waste management and power sector in generating renewable energy.[203]

A memorandum of understanding was signed on 25 January 2015 between the United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) and the Government of Uttar Pradesh for developing Prayagraj as a smart city.[204][205] The pact came into existence after the bilateral meeting between the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the US President Barack Obama in October 2014, wherein it was announced that the US would assist India in developing three smart cities, Prayagraj, Ajmer and Visakhapatnam, in a boost to India's 100 smart city programme.[206] On 27 August 2015 the official list of 98 cities to be developed as smart cities, including Prayagraj, was announced by the Government of India.[207] Prayagraj Task Force was set up by the Minister of Urban Development Venkaiah Naidu which consists of the divisional commissioner as chairperson, secretaries of housing and urban planning and urban development in Government of Uttar Pradesh, the district magistrate and collector, the vice-chairperson of Prayagraj Development Authority and the mayor in addition to the Additional Secretary (Urban Development) in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and representatives of the Ministry of External Affairs and the USTDA.[208][209] The project is being assisted by the U.S.-India Business Council.[210]

As a part of Smart City Project, Civil Lines is being developed on the lines of Lucknow's Hazratganj. A sum of ₹20 crore (US$3,024,000) has been sanctioned to beautify all prominent crossings of the city. As per the plan, the administration proposed uniformity in signage and colour of buildings and a parking lot to be set up to solve traffic congestion.[211] A 1.35 km long riverfront along Yamuna river would be developed by the Prayagraj Development Authority, irrigation and power departments at a cost of ₹147.36 crore. The riverfront would be developed in two phases. In the first phase, around 650 metres at Arail would be developed along with the Yamuna, while in the second phase 700 metres of the stretch between New Yamuna Bridge and Boat Club in Kydganj would be taken up.[212]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Prayagraj
 
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj, a public engineering and management school

The Prayagraj educational system is distinct from Uttar Pradesh's other cities, with an emphasis on broad education.[213] Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh, the world's biggest examining body, is headquartered in the city.[214][215] Although English is the language of instruction in most private schools, government schools and colleges offer Hindi and English-medium education.[216] Schools in Prayagraj follow the 10+2+3 plan. After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in higher secondary schools affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education, the ICSE or the CBSE.[216] and focus on liberal arts, business or science. Vocational programs are also available.[217]

Prayagraj attracts students from throughout India. As of 2017, the city has one central university, two State Universities and an open university.[218] Allahabad University, founded in 1876, is the oldest university in the state.[218] Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj is a noted technical institution.[219] Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, founded in 1910, as "Agricultural Institute", is an autonomous Christian minority university in Prayagraj.[220] Other notable institutions in Allahabad include the Indian Institute of Information Technology – Allahabad; Motilal Nehru Medical College; Ewing Christian College; Harish-Chandra Research Institute; Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute; and Allahabad State University[221]

Culture

See also: List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj

Although Hindu women have traditionally worn saris, the shalwar kameez and Western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women.[222] Western dress is worn more by men, although the dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals. The formal male sherwani is often worn with chooridar on festive occasions.[222] Diwali, Holi, Kumbh Mela, Eid al-Fitr and Vijayadasami are the most popular festivals in Prayagraj.[223]

Literature

 
Anand Bhavan, owned by Indian political leader Motilal Nehru
 
A procession of pilgrims cross the Ganges during the 2001 Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj

Prayagraj has a literary and artistic heritage; the former capital of the United Provinces, it was known as Prayag in the Vedas, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.[224][225] Allahabad has been called the "literary capital of Uttar Pradesh",[226] attracting visitors from East Asia;[227] the Chinese travellers Faxian and Xuanzang found a flourishing city in the fifth and seventh centuries, respectively.[227][228] The number of foreign tourists, which mostly consisted of Asians, visiting the city was 98,167 in 2010 which subsequently increased to 1,07,141 in 2014.[229] The city has a tradition of political graffiti which includes limericks and caricatures.[85] In 1900, Saraswati, the first Hindi-language monthly magazine in India, was started by Chintamani Ghosh. Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, the doyen of modern Hindi literature, remained its editors from 1903 to 1920.[230] The Anand Bhavan, built during the 1930s as a new home for the Nehru family when the Swaraj Bhavan became the local Indian National Congress headquarters, has memorabilia from the Gandhi-Nehru family.[231]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Hindi literature was modernised by authors such as Mahadevi Varma, Sumitranandan Pant, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' and Harivansh Rai Bachchan.[232] A noted poet was Raghupati Sahay, better known as Firaq Gorakhpuri.[233] Gorakhpuri and Varma have received Jnanpith Awards.[234][235][236] Prayagraj is a publication centre for Hindi literature, including the Lok Bharti, Rajkamal and Neelabh. Persian and Urdu literature are also studied in the city.[237] Akbar Allahabadi is a noted modern Urdu poet, and Nooh Narwi, Tegh Allahabadi, Shabnam Naqvi and Rashid Allahabadi hail from Prayagraj.[238] English author and 1907 Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling was an assistant editor and overseas correspondent for The Pioneer.[239]

Entertainment and recreation

Prayagraj is noted for historic, cultural and religious tourism. Historic sites include Alfred Park, the Victoria and Thornhill Mayne Memorials, Minto Park, Allahabad Fort, the Ashoka Pillar and Khusro Bagh. Religious attractions include the Kumbh Mela, the Triveni Sangam and All Saints Cathedral. The city hosts the Maha Kumbh Mela, the largest religious gathering in the world, every twelve years and the Ardh (half) Kumbh Mela every six years.[240][241] It also hosts a Magh Mela annually on the banks of the Triveni Sangam that typically lasts for one and a half months.[242][243] Cultural attractions include the Allahabad Museum, the Jawahar Planetarium and the University of Allahabad. North Central Zone Culture Centre, under the Ministry of Culture and Prayag Sangeet Samiti are nationally renowned centres of Arts, Dance, Music, local Folk Dance and Music, Plays/Theatre etc. and nurture upcoming artists. The city has also hosted the International Film Festival of Prayag.[244]

Media

The Leader and The Pioneer are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from the city.[245][246]

All India Radio, the national, state-owned radio broadcaster, has AM radio stations in the city. Prayagraj has seven FM stations, including two AIR stations: Gyan Vani and Vividh Bharti, four private FM channels: BIG FM 92.7, Red FM 93.5, Fever 104 FM and Radio Tadka and one educational FM radio channel Radio Adan 90.4 run by Allahabad Agricultural Institute.[247][248] There is a Doordarshan Kendra in the city.[249] Regional TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite service or Internet-based television.[250]

Sports

Cricket and field hockey are the most popular sports in Prayagraj,[251] with kabaddi, kho-kho, gilli danda and pehlwani mostly being played in rural areas near the city.[252] Gully cricket, also known as street cricket, is popular among city youth.[251] The famous cricket club Allahabad Cricketers has produced many national and international cricket players. Several sports complexes are used by amateur and professional athletes; these include the Madan Mohan Malviya Stadium, the Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex and the Boys' High School and College Gymnasium.[253] There is an international-level swimming complex in Georgetown.[254] The National Sports Academy in Jhalwa trains gymnasts for the Commonwealth Games. The Indira Marathon honours the late prime minister Indira Gandhi.[255][256][257]

See also

Tehsils of Prayagraj:

References

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Further reading

  • Cunningham, Alexander (1879). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Ashoka. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 37–38.
  • Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
  • Krishnaswamy, C.S.; Ghosh, Amalananda (October 1935). "A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 4 (4): 697–706. JSTOR 25201233.
  • Allahabad: A Study in Urban Geography, by Ujagir Singh. Published by Banaras Hindu University, 1966.
  • Employment and Migration in Allahabad City, by Maheshchand, Mahesh Chand, India Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee. Published by Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1969.
  • Subah of Allahabad Under the Great Mughals, 1580–1707: 1580–1707, by Surendra Nath Sinha. Published by Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974.
  • The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad, 1880–1920, by Christopher Alan Bayly. Published by Clarendon Press, 1975.
  • Triveni: Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Allahabad, by D. P. Dubey, Neelam Singh, Society of Pilgrimage Studies. Published by Society of Pilgrimage Studies, 1996. ISBN 81-900520-2-0.
  • Magha Inscriptions in the Allahabad Museum, by Siddheshwari Narain Roy. Published by Raka Prakashana for the Museum, 1999.
  • The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad, by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. Published by Penguin Books, 2007. ISBN 0-14-310118-8.
  • Allahabad The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 5, p. 226–242.

External links

  • Allahabad News
  • Allahabad Municipal Corporation
  • Prayagraj District
  • Allahabad, the Land of Prime Ministers on YouTube
  • Prayagraj at Curlie
  • Allahabad at Wikimapia – Places, geography, terrain and routes in and around Allahabad, with satellite images

July 24, 2023
prayagraj, allahabad, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, prayāgrāj, formerly, allahabad, ilahabad, metropolis, indian, state, uttar, pradesh, administrative, headquarters, district, most, populous, district, state, 13th, most, populous, district, in. Allahabad redirects here For other uses see Prayagraj disambiguation Prayagraj Prayagraj ˈ p r eɪ e ˌ ɡ r ae dʒ ˈ p r aɪ e formerly Allahabad or Ilahabad is a metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh 7 8 9 10 It is the administrative headquarters of the Prayagraj district the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India and the Prayagraj division The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with the Allahabad High Court being the highest judicial body in the state As of 2011 update Prayagraj is the seventh most populous city in the state thirteenth in Northern India and thirty sixth in India with an estimated population of 1 53 million in the city 3 11 12 13 In 2011 it was ranked the world s 40th fastest growing city 14 15 Allahabad in 2016 was also ranked the third most liveable urban agglomeration in the state after Noida and Lucknow and sixteenth in the country 16 Hindi is the most widely spoken language in the city Prayagraj Allahabad IlahabadMetropolisClockwise from top left All Saints Cathedral Khusro Bagh the Allahabad High Court the New Yamuna Bridge near Sangam the skyline of Civil Lines the University of Allahabad Thornhill Mayne Memorial at Chandrashekhar Azad Park and Anand BhavanNicknames The Sangam City 1 and City of Prime Ministers 2 PrayagrajLocation of Prayagraj in Uttar PradeshShow map of Uttar PradeshPrayagrajPrayagraj India Show map of IndiaCoordinates 25 26 09 N 81 50 47 E 25 43583 N 81 84639 E 25 43583 81 84639Country IndiaStateUttar PradeshDivisionPrayagrajDistrictPrayagrajGovernment TypeMunicipal Corporation BodyPrayagraj Municipal Corporation MayorGanesh Kesarwani BJP Area 3 Total365 km2 141 sq mi Elevation98 m 322 ft Population 2020 2011 hybrid 3 Total1 536 218 Rank36th Density4 200 km2 11 000 sq mi Metro rank40thDemonymsAllahabadiIlahabadi 4 Language OfficialHindi 5 Additional officialUrdu 5 RegionalAwadhi 6 Time zoneUTC 5 30 IST PIN211001 211018Telephone code 91 532Vehicle registrationUP 70Sex ratio852 1000 Websiteprayagraj wbr nic wbr inPrayagraj lies close to Triveni Sangam the three river confluence of the Ganges Yamuna and Sarasvati rivers 1 It plays a central role in Hindu scriptures The city finds its earliest reference as one of the world s oldest known cities in Hindu texts and has been venerated as the holy city of Prayaga in the ancient Vedas Prayagraj was also known as Kosambi in the late Vedic period named by the Kuru rulers of Hastinapur who developed it as their capital Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of the Maurya Empire with occupation continuing until the Gupta Empire Since then the city has been a political cultural and administrative centre of the Doab region Akbarnama mentions that the Mughal emperor Akbar founded a great city in Allahabad ʽAbd al Qadir Badayuni and Nizamuddin Ahmad mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an imperial city there which was called Ilahabas or Ilahabad 17 18 He was said to be impressed by its strategic location and built a fort there later renaming it Ilahabas by 1584 which was changed to Allahabad by Shah Jahan vague 19 In the early 17th century Allahabad was a provincial capital in the Mughal Empire under the reign of Jahangir 20 In 1833 it became the seat of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces region before its capital was moved to Agra in 1835 21 better source needed Allahabad became the capital of the North Western Provinces in 1858 and was the capital of India for a day 22 The city was the capital of the United Provinces from 1902 22 to 1920 23 and remained at the forefront of national importance during the struggle for Indian independence 24 Located in southern Uttar Pradesh the city covers 365 km2 141 sq mi 3 Although the city and its surrounding area are governed by several municipalities a large portion of Prayagraj district is governed by the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation The city is home to colleges research institutions and many central and state government offices including High court of Uttar Pradesh Prayagraj has hosted cultural and sporting events including the Prayag Kumbh Mela and the Indira Marathon Although the city s economy was built on tourism most of its income now derives from real estate and financial services 25 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Antiquity 2 1 1 Archaeology and inscriptions 2 2 Early medieval period 2 3 Mughal rule 2 4 Nawabs of Awadh 2 5 British rule 2 6 Post independence 3 Geography 3 1 Cityscape 3 2 Triveni Sangam and Ghats 3 3 Topography 3 4 Climate 3 5 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 5 Administration and politics 5 1 General administration 5 2 Police administration 5 3 Infrastructure and civic administration 5 4 Politics 5 5 Central government offices organisations 6 Economy 7 Transportation and utilities 7 1 Air 7 2 Railways 7 3 Roads 8 Human resources 8 1 Public health 8 2 Projects 9 Education 10 Culture 10 1 Literature 10 2 Entertainment and recreation 10 3 Media 10 4 Sports 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksEtymologyThe location at the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers has been known in ancient times as Prayaga which means place of a sacrifice in Sanskrit pra fore yaj to sacrifice 26 It was believed that god Brahma performed the very first sacrifice yaga yajna in this place 27 28 The word prayaga has been traditionally used to mean a confluence of rivers For Allahabad it denoted the physical meeting point of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna in the city An ancient tradition has it that a third river invisible Sarasvati also meets there with the two Today Triveni Sangam or simply Sangam is a more frequently used name for the confluence Prayagraj Sanskrit Prayagaraja meaning the king among the five prayagas is used as a term of respect to indicate that this confluence is the most splendid one of the five sacred confluencies in India 29 It is said that the Mughal emperor Akbar visited the region in 1575 and was so impressed by the strategic location of the site that he ordered a fort be constructed The fort was constructed by 1584 and called Ilahabas or Abode of Allah later changed to Allahabad under Shah Jahan Speculations regarding its name however exist Because of the surrounding people calling it Alhabas has led to some people who holding the view that it was named after Alha from Alha s story 19 James Forbes account of the early 1800s claims that it was renamed Allahabad or Abode of God by Jahangir after he failed to destroy the Akshayavat tree The name however predates him with Ilahabas and Ilahabad mentioned on coins minted in the city since Akbar s rule the latter name became predominant after the emperor s death It has also been thought to not have been named after Allah but ilaha the gods Shaligram Shrivastav claimed in Prayag Pradip that the name was deliberately given by Akbar to be construed as both Hindu ilaha and Muslim Allah 18 Over the years a number of attempts were made by the BJP led governments of Uttar Pradesh to rename Allahabad to Prayagraj In 1992 the planned rename was shelved when the chief minister Kalyan Singh was forced to resign following the Babri Masjid demolition 2001 saw another attempt led by the government of Rajnath Singh which remained unfulfilled 30 The rename finally succeeded in October 2018 when the Yogi Adityanath led government officially changed the name of the city to Prayagraj 31 32 HistoryMain article History of Allahabad For a chronological guide see Timeline of Prayagraj Antiquity The earliest mention of Prayaga and the associated pilgrimage is found in Rigveda Parisiṣṭa supplement to the Rigveda c 1200 1000 BCE 33 It is also mentioned in the Pali canons of Buddhism such as in section 1 7 of Majjhima Nikaya c 500 BCE wherein the Buddha states that bathing in Payaga Skt Prayaga cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action 34 The Mahabharata c 400 BCE 300 CE mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of prayascitta atonement penance for past mistakes and guilt 35 In Tirthayatra Parva before the great war the epic states the one who observes firm ethical vows having bathed at Prayaga during Magha O best of the Bharatas becomes spotless and reaches heaven 36 In Anushasana parva after the war the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as geographical tirtha that must be combined with manasa tirtha tirtha of the heart whereby one lives by values such as truth charity self control patience and others 37 Prayaga is mentioned in the Agni Purana and other Puranas with various legends including being one of the places where Brahma attended a yajna homa and the confluence of river Ganges Yamuna and mythical Saraswati site as the king of pilgrimage sites Tirtha Raj 38 Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the Prayaga Mahatmya dated to the late 1st millennium CE These Purana genre Sanskrit texts describe Prayag as a place bustling with pilgrims priests vendors beggars guides and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers sangam 39 40 Prayaga is also mentioned in the Hindu epic Ramayana a place with the legendary Ashram of sage Bharadwaj 41 Archaeology and inscriptions The Ashoka pillar at Allahabad contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE Sometime about 1575 CE Birbal of Akbar s era added an inscription that mentions the Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj 33 42 Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing Allahabad Pillar also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city 43 44 Excavations have revealed Northern Black Polished Ware dating to 600 700 BCE 38 According to Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti there is nothing to suggest that modern Prayag i e modern Allahabad was an ancient city Yet it is inconceivable that one of the holiest places of Hinduism Prayag or the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna should be without a major ancient city Chakrabarti suggests that the city of Jhusi opposite the confluence must have been the ancient settlement of Prayag 45 Archaeological surveys since the 1950s has revealed the presence of human settlements near the sangam since c 800 BCE 43 44 Along with Ashoka s Brahmi script inscription from 3rd century BCE the pillar has a Samudragupta inscription as well as a Magha Mela inscription of Birbal of Akbar s era It states In the Samvat year 1632 Saka 1493 in Magha the 5th of the waning moon on Monday Gangadas s son Maharaja Birbal made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag Saphal scripsit Translated by Alexander Cunningham 1879 46 These dates correspond to about 1575 CE and confirm the importance and the name Prayag 46 47 According to Cunningham this pillar was brought to Allahabad from Kaushambi by a Muslim Sultan and that in some later century before Akbar the old city of Prayag had been deserted 48 Other scholars such as Krishnaswamy and Ghosh disagree 47 In a paper published in 1935 they state that the pillar was always at its current location based on the inscription dates on the pillar lack of textual evidence for the move in records left by Muslim historians and the difficulty in moving the massive pillar 49 Further like Cunningham they noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1575 CE and most of these refer to the month Magha According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh these dates are likely related to the Magh Mela pilgrimage at Prayag as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts 50 In papers published about 1979 John Irwin a scholar of Indian Art History and Archaeology concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna 43 44 According to Irwin an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh reveals that these included years and months and the latter always turns out to be Magha which also gives it name to the Magh Mela the Prayaga bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus 44 He further stated that the pillar origins were undoubtedly pre Ashokan based on the new evidence from the archaeological and geological surveys of the triveni site Prayaga the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence taken together 43 44 Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s states Irwin have revealed that the rivers particularly Ganges had a different course in distant past than now The original path of river Ganges at the Prayaga confluence had settlements dating from 8th century BCE onwards 44 According to Karel Werner an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism the Irwin papers showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi but had been at Prayaga from pre Buddhist times 51 Early medieval period The 7th century Buddhist Chinese traveller Xuanzang Hiuen Tsang in Fascicle V of Da Tang Xiyu Ji Great Tang Records on the Western Regions explicitly mentions Prayaga as both a country and a great city where the Yamuna river meets Ganges river He states that the great city has hundreds of deva temples and to the south of the city are two Buddhist institutions a stupa built by Ashoka and a monastery His 644 CE memoir also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers where people fast near it and then bathe believing that this washes away their sins Wealthy people and kings come to this great city to give away alms at the Grand Place of Almsgiving According to Xuanzang s travelogue the confluence is to the east of this great city and the site where alms are distributed every day 52 53 Kama MacLean an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English language media 54 states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th century Xuanzang memoir that Prayag was also an important site in 7th century India of a Buddhist festival She states that Xuanzang festivities at Prayag featured a Buddha statue and involved alms giving consistent with Buddhist practices 55 According to Li Rongxi a scholar credited with a recent and complete translation of a critical version of the Da Tang Xiyu Ji Xuanzang mentions that the site of the alms giving is a deva temple and the alms giving practice is recommended by the records at this temple Rongxi adds that the population of Prayaga was predominantly heretics non Buddhists Hindus and affirms that Prayaga attracted festivities of deva worshipping heretics and also the orthodox Buddhists 52 Xuanzang also describes a ritual suicide practice at Prayaga then concludes it is absurd He mentions a tree with evil spirits that stands before another deva temple People commit suicide by jumping from it in the belief that they will go to heaven 52 According to Ariel Glucklich a scholar of Hinduism and Anthropology of Religion the Xuanzang memoir mentions both the superstitious devotional suicide and narrates a story of how a Brahmin of a more ancient era tried to put an end to this practice 53 Alexander Cunningham believed the tree described by Xuanzang was the Akshayavat tree It still existed at the time of Al Biruni who calls it as Prayaga located at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna 56 The historic literature of Hinduism and Buddhism before the Mughal emperor Akbar use the term Prayag and never use the term Allahabad or its variants Its history before the Mughal Emperor Akbar is unclear 57 In contrast to the account of Xuanzang the Muslim historians place the tree at the confluence of the rivers The historian Dr D B Dubey states that it appears that between this period the sandy plain was washed away by the Ganges to an extent that the temple and tree seen by the Chinese traveller too was washed away with the river later changing its course to the east and the confluence shifting to the place where Akbar laid the foundations of his fort 58 Henry Miers Elliot believed that a town existed before Allahabad was founded He adds that after Mahmud of Ghazni captured Asni near Fatehpur he couldn t have crossed into Bundelkhand without visiting Allahabad had there been a city worth plundering He further adds that its capture should have been heard when Muhammad of Ghor captured Benares however Ghori s historians never noticed it Akbarnama mentions that the Mughal emperor Akbar founded a great city in Allahabad Abd al Qadir Bada uni and Nizamuddin Ahmad mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an Imperial City there which he called Ilahabas 17 Mughal rule Allahabad Fort built by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1575 on the banks of the Yamuna River Abul Fazal in his Ain i Akbari states For a long time his Akbar s desire was to found a great city in the town of Piyag Allahabad where the rivers Ganges and Jamuna join On 13th November 1583 1st Azar 991 H he Akbar reached the wished spot and laid the foundations of the city and planned four forts Abul Fazal adds Ilahabad anciently called Prayag was distinguished by His Imperial Majesty Akbar by the former name 59 The role of Akbar in founding the Ilahabad later called Allahabad fort and city is mentioned by ʽAbd al Qadir Badayuni as well 60 Nizamuddin Ahmad gives two different dates for Allahabad s foundation in different sections of Tabaqat i Akbari He states that Akbar laid the foundation of the city at a place of the confluence of Ganges and Jumna which was a very sacred site of Hindus then gives 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding and that it was named Ilahabas 60 Tomb of Nithar Begum daughter of Mughal Emperor Jahangir at Khusro Bagh Akbar was impressed by its strategic location for a fort 19 According to William Pinch Akbar s motive may have been twofold One the armed fort secured the control of fertile Doab region Second it greatly increased his visibility and power to the non Muslims who gathered here for pilgrimage from distant places and who constituted the majority of his subjects 61 Later he declared Ilahabas as a capital of one of the twelve divisions subahs 62 According to Richard Burn the suffix bas was deemed to savouring too much of Hinduism and therefore the name was changed to Ilahabad by Shah Jahan 59 This evolved into the two variant colonial era spellings of Ilahabad Hindi इल ह ब द and Allahabad 59 63 According to Maclean these variant spellings have a political basis as Ilaha means the gods for Hindus while Allah is the term for God to Muslims 63 After Prince Salim s coup against Akbar and a failed attempt to seize Agra s treasury he came to Allahabad and seized its treasury while setting himself up as a virtually independent ruler 64 In May 1602 he had his name read in Friday prayers and his name minted on coins in Allahabad After reconciliation with Akbar Salim returned to Allahabad where he stayed before returning in 1604 65 After capturing Jaunpur in 1624 Shah Jahan ordered the siege of Allahabad The siege was however lifted after Parviz and Mahabat Khan came to assist the garrison 66 During the Mughal war of succession the commandant of the fort who had joined Shah Shuja made an agreement with Aurangzeb s officers and surrendered it to Khan Dauran on 12 January 1659 67 Nawabs of Awadh The fort was coveted by the East India Company for the same reasons Akbar built it British troops were first stationed at Allahabad fort in 1765 as part of the Treaty of Allahabad signed by Lord Robert Clive Mughal emperor Shah Alam II and Awadh s Nawab Shuja ud Daula 68 The combined forces of Bengal s Nawab Mir Qasim Shuja and Shah Alam were defeated by the English at Buxar in October 1764 and at Kora in May 1765 Alam who was abandoned by Shuja after the defeats surrendered to the English and was lodged at the fort as they captured Allahabad Benares and Chunar in his name The territories of Allahabad and Kora were given to the emperor after the treaty was signed in 1765 Shah Alam spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the takeover of Delhi by the Marathas left for his capital in 1771 under their protection 69 He was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi Upon realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment however Shah Alam ordered his general Najaf Khan to drive them out Tukoji Rao Holkar and Visaji Krushna Biniwale in return attacked Delhi and defeated his forces in 1772 The Marathas were granted an imperial sanad for Kora and Allahabad They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories Shuja was however unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat 70 In August and September 1773 Warren Hastings met Shuja and concluded a treaty under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees 71 Saadat Ali Khan II after being made the Nawab by John Shore entered into a treaty with the company and gave the fort to the British in 1798 72 Lord Wellesley after threatening to annexe the entire Awadh concluded a treaty with Saadat on abolishing the independent Awadhi army imposing a larger subsidiary force and annexing Rohilkhand Gorakhpur and the Doab in 1801 73 British rule Mahatma Gandhi at a January 1940 Congress Working Committee meeting with Vallabhbhai Patel and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit at Anand Bhavan in AllahabadAcquired in 1801 Allahabad aside from its importance as a pilgrimage centre was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the Grand Trunk Road It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the company Initial revenue settlements began in 1803 74 Allahabad was a participant in the 1857 Indian Mutiny 75 when Maulvi Liaquat Ali unfurled the banner of revolt 76 During the rebellion Allahabad with a number of European troops 77 was the scene of a massacre 20 Allahabad University established in 1887 is one of the oldest modern universities in the Indian subcontinent After the mutiny the British established a high court a police headquarters and a public service commission in Allahabad 78 making the city an administrative centre 79 They truncated the Delhi region of the state merging it with Punjab and moving the capital of the North Western Provinces to Allahabad where it remained for 20 years 23 In January 1858 Earl Canning departed Calcutta for Allahabad 80 That year he read Queen Victoria s proclamation transferring control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown beginning the British Raj in Minto Park 81 82 In 1877 the provinces of Agra and Awadh were merged to form the United Provinces 83 with Allahabad its capital until 1920 23 The 1888 session of the Indian National Congress was held in the city 84 and by the turn of the 20th century Allahabad was a revolutionary centre 85 Nityanand Chatterji became a household name when he hurled a bomb at a European club 86 In Alfred Park in 1931 Chandrashekhar Azad died when surrounded by British police 87 The Nehru family homes Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan were centres of Indian National Congress activity 88 During the years before independence Allahabad was home to thousands of satyagrahis led by Purushottam Das Tandon Bishambhar Nath Pande Narayan Dutt Tiwari and others 24 The first seeds of the Pakistani nation were sown in Allahabad 89 on 29 December 1930 Allama Muhammad Iqbal s presidential address to the All India Muslim League proposed a separate Muslim state for the Muslim majority regions of India 90 Post independence Allahabad is known as the City of Prime Ministers because seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi Gulzarilal Nanda Vishwanath Pratap Singh and Chandra Shekhar All seven leaders were either born in Allahabad were alumni of Allahabad University or were elected from an Allahabad constituency 2 GeographyCityscape Prayagraj s elevation is over 90 m 295 ft above sea level The old part of the city at the south of Prayagraj Junction railway station consists of neighbourhoods like Chowk Johnstongunj Dariyabad Khuldabad and many more 91 In the north of the Railway Station the new city consists of neighbourhoods like Lukergunj Civil Lines Georgetown Tagoretown Allahpur Ashok Nagar Mumfordgunj Bharadwaj Puram and others which are relatively new and were built during the British rule 92 Civil Lines is the central business district of the city and is famous for its urban setting gridiron plan roads 93 and high rise buildings Built in 1857 it was the largest town planning project carried out in India before the establishment of New Delhi 92 93 Prayagraj has many buildings featuring Indo Islamic and Indo Saracenic architecture Although several buildings from the colonial period have been declared heritage structures others are deteriorating 94 Famous landmarks of the city are Allahabad Museum New Yamuna Bridge Allahabad University Triveni Sangam All Saints Cathedral Anand Bhavan Chandrashekhar Azad Park etc 95 The city experiences one of the highest levels of air pollution worldwide with the 2016 update of the World Health Organization s Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database finding Prayagraj to have the third highest mean concentration of PM2 5 lt 2 5 mm diameter particulate matter in the ambient air among all the 2972 cities tested after Zabol and Gwalior 96 Triveni Sangam and Ghats Pilgrims at the Triveni Sangam the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers in Prayagraj The Prayagraj Triveni Sangam place where three rivers meet is the meeting place of Ganges the Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River which according to Hindu legends wells up from underground 97 98 A place of religious importance and the site for historic Prayag Kumbh Mela held every 12 years over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders including Mahatma Gandhi in 1948 97 The main ghat in Prayagraj is Saraswati Ghat on the banks of Yamuna Stairs from three sides descend to the green water of the Yamuna Above it is a park which is always covered with green grass There are also facilities for boating here There are also routes to reach Triveni Sangam by boat from here 99 100 Apart from this there are more than 100 raw ghats in Prayagraj Topography The Yamuna in Prayagraj during the rainy seasonPrayagraj is in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna 101 102 The region was known in antiquity first as the Kuru then as the Vats country 103 To the southwest is Bundelkhand to the east and southeast is Baghelkhand to the north and northeast is Awadh and to the west is the lower doab of which Prayagraj is part 101 The city is divided by a railway line running east west 104 South of the railway is the Old Chowk area and the British built Civil Lines is north of it Prayagraj is well placed geographically and culturally 105 Geographically part of the Ganga Yamuna Doab at the mouth of the Yamuna culturally it is the terminus of the Indian west 106 The Indian Standard Time longitude 25 15 N 82 58 E is near the city According to a United Nations Development Programme report Prayagraj is in a low damage risk wind and cyclone zone 107 In common with the rest of the doab its soil and water are primarily alluvial 108 Pratapgarh is north of the city Bhadohi is east Rewa is south Chitrakoot earlier Banda is west and Kaushambi which was until recently a part of Allahabad Prayagraj is North West Climate Prayagraj has a humid subtropical climate common to cities in the plains of North India designated Cwa in the Koppen climate classification 109 The annual mean temperature is 26 1 C 79 0 F monthly mean temperatures are 18 29 C 64 84 F 110 Prayagraj has three seasons a hot dry summer a cool dry winter and a hot humid monsoon Summer lasts from March to September with daily highs reaching up to 48 C in the dry summer from March to May and up to 40 C in the hot and extremely humid monsoon season from June to September 110 The monsoon begins in June and lasts until August high humidity levels prevail well into September Winter runs from December to February 111 with temperatures rarely dropping to the freezing point The daily average maximum temperature is about 22 C 72 F and the minimum about 9 C 48 F 112 Prayagraj never receives snow 113 but experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires coal fires and open burning of rubbish resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays 111 Its highest recorded temperature is 48 9 C 120 0 F on 9 June 2019 and its lowest is 0 7 C 31 F on 26 December 1961 110 114 Rain from the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea branches of the southwest monsoon 115 falls on Allahabad from June to September supplying the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1 027 mm 40 in 113 The highest monthly rainfall total 333 mm 13 in occurs in August 116 The city receives 2 961 hours of sunshine per year with maximum sunlight in May 114 Climate data for Prayagraj 1981 2010 extremes 1901 2012Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 32 8 91 0 36 3 97 3 42 5 108 5 45 8 114 4 48 6 119 5 48 9 120 0 45 6 114 1 42 7 108 9 39 6 103 3 40 6 105 1 36 0 96 8 31 9 89 4 48 9 120 0 Average high C F 22 8 73 0 27 1 80 8 33 7 92 7 39 5 103 1 41 2 106 2 39 2 102 6 34 3 93 7 33 2 91 8 33 1 91 6 33 0 91 4 29 7 85 5 25 0 77 0 32 6 90 7 Average low C F 9 2 48 6 12 3 54 1 17 1 62 8 22 6 72 7 26 5 79 7 27 9 82 2 26 7 80 1 26 3 79 3 25 2 77 4 20 9 69 6 14 8 58 6 10 5 50 9 20 0 68 0 Record low C F 1 1 34 0 1 1 34 0 7 2 45 0 12 7 54 9 17 2 63 0 18 7 65 7 18 8 65 8 21 1 70 0 18 3 64 9 11 7 53 1 5 6 42 1 0 7 30 7 0 7 30 7 Average rainfall mm inches 17 0 0 67 17 6 0 69 8 8 0 35 7 0 0 28 13 9 0 55 113 5 4 47 268 0 10 55 238 5 9 39 184 9 7 28 34 7 1 37 4 6 0 18 6 8 0 27 915 3 36 04 Average rainy days 1 6 1 5 1 0 0 7 1 2 5 5 12 0 11 8 8 4 1 5 0 4 0 5 46 1Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 62 49 32 22 28 46 71 75 74 62 58 63 53Mean monthly sunshine hours 224 9 244 2 263 2 274 1 292 3 206 4 143 3 180 6 184 3 259 7 256 7 244 0 2 773 7Source 1 India Meteorological Department 117 118 119 Source 2 NOAA sun 1971 1990 120 Biodiversity A typical Indian peacock found in Prayagraj on a large scaleThe Ganga Jamuna Doab of which Prayagraj is a part is on the western Indus Gangetic Plain region The doab including the Terai is responsible for the city s unique flora and fauna 121 122 Since the arrival of humans nearly half of the city s vertebrates have become extinct Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced Associated changes in habitat and the introduction of reptiles snakes and other mammals led to the extinction of bird species including large birds such as eagles 123 The Allahabad Museum one of four national museums in India is documenting the flora and fauna of the Ganges and the Yamuna 124 To protect the rich aquatic biodiversity of river Ganges from escalating anthropogenic pressures development of a Turtle sanctuary in Prayagraj along with a River Biodiversity Park at Sangam have been approved under Namami Gange programme The most common birds found in the city are doves peacocks junglefowl black partridge house sparrows songbirds blue jays parakeets quails bulbuls and comb ducks 125 Large numbers of Deer are found in the Trans Yamuna area of Prayagraj India s first conservation reserve for blackbuck is being created in Prayagraj s Meja Forest Division Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards cobras kraits and gharials 121 During winter large numbers of Siberian birds are reported in the sangam and nearby wetlands 126 DemographicsPopulation growth of Prayagraj Municipal CorporationYearPop 182020 000 1865105 900 429 5 1871143 700 35 7 1881148 500 3 3 1891175 200 18 0 1901172 032 1 8 1911171 697 0 2 1921157 220 8 4 1931173 895 10 6 1941246 226 41 6 1951312 259 26 8 1961411 955 31 9 1971490 622 19 1 1981616 051 25 6 1991792 858 28 7 2001975 393 23 0 20111 112 544 14 1 20201 536 218 38 1 Sources 127 128 3 Religion in Prayagraj City 2011 129 Religion PercentHinduism 76 03 Islam 21 94 Christianity 0 68 Sikhism 0 28 Others 1 07 Others include Buddhism Jainism other religions and no particular religion 0 63 The 2011 census reported a population of 1 112 544 in the 82 km2 32 sq mi area governed by Prayagraj Municipal Corporation corresponding to a density of 13 600 km2 35 000 sq mi 128 130 In January 2020 the boundaries of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation were expanded to 365 km2 141 sq mi according to the 2011 census 1 536 218 people lived within those boundaries this corresponds to a population density of 4 200 km2 11 000 sq mi 3 Natives of Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Prayagraj s population With regards to Houseless Census in Prayagraj total 5 672 families live on footpaths or without any roof cover this is approximately 0 38 of the total population of Prayagraj district The sex ratio of Prayagraj is 901 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 893 girls per 1000 boys lower than the national average 131 Hindi the official state language is the dominant language in Prayagraj Urdu and other languages are spoken by a sizeable minority Hindus form the majority of Prayagraj s population Muslims compose a large minority According to provisional results of the 2011 national census Hinduism is majority religion in Prayagraj city with 76 03 followers Islam is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 21 94 following it Christianity is followed by 0 68 Jainism by 0 10 Sikhism by 0 28 and Buddhism by 0 28 Around 0 02 stated Other Religion approximately 0 90 stated No Particular Religion Prayagraj s literacy rate at 86 50 is the highest in the region 132 Male literacy is 90 21 and female literacy 82 17 133 For 2001 census same figure stood at 75 81 and 46 38 As per census 2011 total 1 080 808 people are literate in Prayagraj of which males and females are 612 257 and 468 551 respectively Among 35 major Indian cities Prayagraj reported the highest rate of violations of special and local laws to the National Crime Records Bureau 134 Administration and politicsGeneral administration Prayagraj division comprising four districts is headed by the divisional commissioner of Prayagraj who is an Indian Administrative Service IAS officer of high seniority the commissioner is the head of local government institutions including municipal corporations in the division is in charge of infrastructure development in his division and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division 135 136 137 138 The district magistrate and collector of Prayagraj reports to the divisional commissioner The current commissioner is Ashish Kumar Goel 139 140 141 142 The Allahabad High Court is India s fourth oldest high courtPrayagraj district administration is headed by the district magistrate and collector DM of Prayagraj who is an IAS officer The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the district The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the district 135 143 144 145 The DM is assisted by a chief development officer five additional district magistrates for finance revenue city rural administration land acquisition and civil supply one chief revenue officer one city magistrate and three additional city magistrates 141 142 The district has eight tehsils viz Sadar Soraon Phulpur Handia Karchhana Bara Meja and Kuraon each headed by a sub divisional magistrate 141 Police administration City comes under the Prayagraj Police Zone and Prayagraj Police Range Prayagraj Zone is headed by an additional director general rank Indian Police Service IPS officer and the Prayagraj Range is headed inspector general rank IPS officer The district police is headed by a senior superintendent of police SSP who is an IPS officer and is assisted by eight superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for city either from the IPS or the Provincial Police Service 146 Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer CO in the rank of deputy superintendent of police 146 Infrastructure and civic administration The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Prayagraj Development Authority PDA which comes under the Department of Housing and Urban Planning of Uttar Pradesh government The divisional commissioner of Prayagraj acts as the ex officio chairperson of ADA whereas a vice chairperson a government appointed IAS officer looks after the daily matters of the authority 147 The current chairperson of ADA is Bhanu Chandra Goswami 148 The Prayagraj Nagar Nigam also called Prayagraj Municipal Corporation oversees the city s civic infrastructure The corporation originated in 1864 as the Municipal Board of Allahabad when the Lucknow Municipal Act was passed by the Government of India 149 150 In 1867 the Civil Lines and the city were amalgamated for municipal purposes 149 150 The Cantonment was counted as part of the city in censuses until the 1931 Indian census when it was started to be counted as a separate census town The Municipal Board became Municipal Corporation in 1959 151 Allahabad Cantonment has a cantonment board The city of Prayagraj is currently divided into 80 wards 152 with one member or corporator elected from each ward to form the municipal committee The head of the corporation is the mayor but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner who is an Uttar Pradesh government appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority The current mayor of Prayagraj is Abhilasha Gupta whereas the current municipal commissioner is Avinash Singh 153 154 Prayagraj was declared to have metropolitan status in October 2006 9 The metropolitan area is referred to in the 2011 Indian census and other official documents as Allhabad Urban Agglomeration It consists of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation three census towns the cantonment Arail Uparhar and Chak Babura Alimabad and 17 Outer Growth OG areas listed in the table below 128 Population of Allahabad Urban Agglomeration and its Parts According to Census Data for 1901 2011 128 Name 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011Prayagraj Urban Agglomeration 172 032 171 697 157 220 183 914 260 630 332 295 430 730 513 036 650 070 844 546 1 042 229 1 212 395Prayagraj Municipal Corporation 172 032 171 697 157 220 173 895 246 226 312 259 411 955 490 622 616 051 792 858 975 393 1 112 544Allahabad Cantonment included in Allahabad in the 1901 1921 figures 12 487 11 996 11 615 10 019 14 404 20 036 17 529 20 591 30 442 38 060 24 137 26 944Arail Uparhar 12 190Chak Babura Alimabad 4 876Total of Allahabad Outer Growth OG areas listed below 1 246 1 823 3 577 13 628 42 699 55 841Subedarganj Railway Colony OG 1 246 1 823 3 577 3 606 872 1 568Triveni Nagar N E C S W OG 4 125 1 732 3 515T S L Factory OG 466 317 753Mukta Vihar OG 461 509 534Bharat Pump and Compressor Factory OG 631 628 648A D A Colony OG 1 155 12 539 22 774Doorbani Nagar OG 2 312 783 543ITI Factory and Res Colony OG 872 3 764 221Shiv Nagar OG 990 1 449Gurunanak Nagar OG 867 947Gandhi Nagar Manas Nagar Industrial Labour Colony OG 5 319 6 313Gangotri Nagar OG 1 641 6 749Mahewa West OG 7 161 2 136Begum Bazar OG 514 841Bhagal Purwa OG 680 988Kodra OG 690 587IOC Colony Deoghat ADA Colony and Jhalwagaon OG 3 693 5 275Politics Prayagraj is the seat of Allahabad High Court the highest judicial body in the state of Uttar Pradesh The city is known as the Prime Minister Capital of India since seven of fifteen Indian prime ministers have been from the district 2 Prayagraj is administered by several government agencies As the seat of the Government of Uttar Pradesh Prayagraj is home to local governing agencies and the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly housed in the Allahabad High Court building 155 The Allahabad district has two parliamentary constituency namely Allahabad and Phulpur and elects 12 members of the legislative assembly MLAs to the state legislature 156 Central government offices organisations Prayagraj houses various central government offices and organisations such as Ministry of Home Affairs Headquarters of Central Zonal Council Rapid Action Force 101 Battalion Indo Tibetan Border Police Training Institute Ministry of Minority Affairs Special officer for Linguistic Minorities Regional Headquarters Ministry of Defence India Headquarters of Central Air Command Services Selection Board East Centre Ministry of Civil Aviation India Civil Aviation Training College Ministry of Railways India Headquarters of North Central Railway Zone Headquarters of Central Organisation for Railway Electrification Railway Recruitment Control Board Selection Centre Ministry of Finance India Headquarters of Accountants General Uttar Pradesh Ministry of Human Resource Development Central Board of Secondary Education Regional office Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Botanical Survey of India Central Regional Centre Allahabad Centre for Social Forestry and Eco Rehabilitation Ministry of Science and Technology India Harish Chandra Research Institute Indian Institute of Geomagnetism Regional Center National Academy of Sciences India See also Neighbourhoods of PrayagrajEconomyOverall Prayagraj has a stable and diverse economy comprising various sectors such as State and Central government offices education and research institutions real estate retail banking tourism and hospitality agriculture based industries railways transport and logistics miscellaneous service sectors and manufacturing Average household income of the city is US 2 299 157 The construction sector is a major part of Prayagraj s economy 158 Secondary manufacturers and services may be registered or unregistered 159 according to the third All India Census for Small Scale Industries there are more than 10 000 unregistered small scale industries in the city 160 161 An integrated industrial township has been proposed for 1 200 acres 490 ha in Prayagraj by the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India 162 The city is also home to glass and wire based industry 163 The main industrial areas of Prayagraj are Naini and Phulpur where several public and private sector companies have offices and factories 164 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited India s largest oil company which is state owned is constructing a seven million tonnes per annum MTPA capacity refinery in Lohgara with an investment estimated at 62 billion 165 Allahabad Bank which began operations in 1865 160 Bharat Pumps amp Compressors and A H Wheeler and Company have their headquarters in the city Major companies in the city are Reliance Industries ITI Limited BPCL Dey s Medical Food Corporation of India Raymond Synthetics Triveni Sheet Glass Triveni Electroplast EMC Power Ltd Steel Authority of India HCL Technologies Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative IFFCO Vibgyor Laboratories Geep Industries Hindustan Cable Indian Oil Corporation Ltd Baidyanath Ayurved Hindustan Laboratories 166 167 168 The primary economic sectors of the district are tourism fishing and agriculture and the city is a hub for India s agricultural industry 169 170 In the case of agriculture crops Paddy has the largest share followed by Bajra Arhar Urd and Moong in declining order during the Kharif season In Rabi Wheat is predominantally followed by pulses and oilseed Among oilseed crops Mustard has very less area under pure farming and is grown mainly as a mixed crop Linseed dominates the oilseed scenario of the district and is mainly grown in Jamunapar area in the case of pulses gram has the largest area followed by pea and lentil masoor There is fairly good acreage under barley 171 Transportation and utilities New Yamuna Bridge in PrayagrajAir The main international and domestic airport serving Prayagraj is Prayagraj Airport IATA IXD ICAO VEAB which began operations in February 1966 The airport is 12 kilometres 7 5 mi from the city centre and lies in Bamrauli Prayagraj As of now Prayagraj is connected to eleven cities by flight where Air India s regional arm Alliance Air connects Prayagraj to Delhi and Bilaspur while IndiGo connects it to Bangalore Mumbai Kolkata Raipur Bhopal Bhubaneswar and Gorakhpur 172 173 The nearest international airports are in Varanasi and Lucknow 174 The world s first airmail flight took place from Allahabad Prayagraj to Naini in February 1911 when 6 000 cards and letters where flown by French pilot Henri Pequet 175 Railways Prayagraj Junction is one of the main railway junctions in northern India and headquarters of the North Central Railway Zone 176 Prayagraj has following nine railway stations in its city limits 177 Station Name Station Code Railway Zone Number of PlatformsPrayagraj Junction PRYJ formerly ALD North Central Railway 10Allahabad Chheoki Junction railway station PCOI formerly ACOI North Central Railway 3Naini Railway Station NYN North Central Railway 4Subedarganj railway station SFG North Central Railway 3Prayag Junction railway station PRG Northern Railway 3Prayagraj Sangam Railway Station PYG Northern Railway 5Phaphamau Railway Station PFM Northern Railway 3Prayagraj Rambagh railway station PRRB formerly ALY North Eastern Railway 5Jhusi Railway Station JI North Eastern Railway 3The city is connected to most other Uttar Pradesh cities and major Indian cities such as Kolkata New Delhi Hyderabad Patna Mumbai Visakhapatnam Chennai Bangalore Guwahati Thiruvananthapuram Pune Bhopal Kanpur Lucknow and Jaipur 178 Roads Buses operated by Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation and Prayagraj City Transport Service are an important means of public transport for travelling to various parts of the city state and outskirts 179 Auto Rickshaws have been a popular mode of transportation 180 Cycle rickshaws are the most economical means of transportation in Prayagraj along with e rickshaws 180 181 There are several important National Highways that pass through Prayagraj 182 NH acc new numbering system NH acc old numbering system Route Total LengthNH 19 NH 2 Delhi Mathura Agra Kanpur Prayagraj Varanasi Mohania Barhi Palsit Dankuni near Kolkata 2542NH 30 NH 24B amp NH 27 Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand Bareilly Lucknow Raebareli Prayagraj Rewa Jabalpur Raipur Krishna District Andhra Pradesh 2022NH 35 NH 76 amp NH 76 Extension Mahoba Banda Chitrakoot Prayagraj Mirzapur Varanasi 346NH 330 NH 96 Prayagraj Pratapgarh Sultanpur Faizabad Gonda Balrampur 263Cable stayed New Yamuna Bridge built 2001 04 is in Prayagraj and connects the city to the suburb of Naini across the Yamuna 183 The Old Naini Bridge now accommodates railway and auto traffic 184 185 A road bridge across the Ganges also connects Prayagraj and Jhusi 186 National Waterway 1 the longest Waterway in India connects Prayagraj and Haldia 187 The city generates 5 34 760 kg of domestic solid wastes daily while the per capita generation of waste is 0 40 kg per day The sewer service areas are divided into nine zones in the city 25 Prayagraj Municipal Corporation oversees the solid waste management project 188 Prayagraj was the first city to get pre paid meters for electricity bill in Uttar Pradesh 189 190 The city is equipped with over 40 CCTVs at major crossings and markets 191 Human resourcesPublic health MLN Medical College the Government Medical College in PrayagrajDepartment of Health and Family Welfare Government of Uttar Pradesh oversees the healthcare system of Prayagraj Its healthcare system comprises hospitals medical facilities private clinics and diagnostic centers These facilities are either privately owned or owned and facilitated by the government Prayagraj has a total of twenty four hospitals run by the administration 192 Founded in memory of Pandit Motilal Nehru in 1961 Motilal Nehru Medical College MLN Medical College and associated hospitals is a government medical college in Prayagraj with Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital Sarojini Naidu Children s Hospital and Manohar Das Eye Hospital serving under its affiliation 193 Some of the known multispecialty hospitals in and around Prayagraj are Alka Hospital Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital 194 Amardeep Hospital Asha Hospital Ashutosh Hospital and Trauma Centre Bhola Hospital Dwarka Hospital D R S Hospital Jain Hospital Parvati Hospital Pvt Ltd Phoenix Hospitals Pvt Ltd Priya Hospital Sangam Multispeciality Hospital Vatsalya Hospital Yashlok Hospital and Research Centre etc 195 Prayagraj healthcare also comprises many medical research institutes The city also has diagnostic labs clinics consultation providers and pathological institutes like Kriti Scanning Centre 196 Prayag Scan amp Diagnostic Centre and Sprint Medical 197 198 199 200 Projects IBM selected Prayagraj among 16 other global cities for its smart cities programme to help it address challenges like waste management disaster management water management and citizen services 201 202 The company commenced working on solid waste management and power sector in generating renewable energy 203 A memorandum of understanding was signed on 25 January 2015 between the United States Trade and Development Agency USTDA and the Government of Uttar Pradesh for developing Prayagraj as a smart city 204 205 The pact came into existence after the bilateral meeting between the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the US President Barack Obama in October 2014 wherein it was announced that the US would assist India in developing three smart cities Prayagraj Ajmer and Visakhapatnam in a boost to India s 100 smart city programme 206 On 27 August 2015 the official list of 98 cities to be developed as smart cities including Prayagraj was announced by the Government of India 207 Prayagraj Task Force was set up by the Minister of Urban Development Venkaiah Naidu which consists of the divisional commissioner as chairperson secretaries of housing and urban planning and urban development in Government of Uttar Pradesh the district magistrate and collector the vice chairperson of Prayagraj Development Authority and the mayor in addition to the Additional Secretary Urban Development in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and representatives of the Ministry of External Affairs and the USTDA 208 209 The project is being assisted by the U S India Business Council 210 As a part of Smart City Project Civil Lines is being developed on the lines of Lucknow s Hazratganj A sum of 20 crore US 3 024 000 has been sanctioned to beautify all prominent crossings of the city As per the plan the administration proposed uniformity in signage and colour of buildings and a parking lot to be set up to solve traffic congestion 211 A 1 35 km long riverfront along Yamuna river would be developed by the Prayagraj Development Authority irrigation and power departments at a cost of 147 36 crore The riverfront would be developed in two phases In the first phase around 650 metres at Arail would be developed along with the Yamuna while in the second phase 700 metres of the stretch between New Yamuna Bridge and Boat Club in Kydganj would be taken up 212 EducationMain article List of educational institutions in Prayagraj Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Prayagraj a public engineering and management schoolThe Prayagraj educational system is distinct from Uttar Pradesh s other cities with an emphasis on broad education 213 Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh the world s biggest examining body is headquartered in the city 214 215 Although English is the language of instruction in most private schools government schools and colleges offer Hindi and English medium education 216 Schools in Prayagraj follow the 10 2 3 plan After completing their secondary education students typically enrol in higher secondary schools affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education the ICSE or the CBSE 216 and focus on liberal arts business or science Vocational programs are also available 217 Prayagraj attracts students from throughout India As of 2017 the city has one central university two State Universities and an open university 218 Allahabad University founded in 1876 is the oldest university in the state 218 Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Prayagraj is a noted technical institution 219 Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences founded in 1910 as Agricultural Institute is an autonomous Christian minority university in Prayagraj 220 Other notable institutions in Allahabad include the Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad Motilal Nehru Medical College Ewing Christian College Harish Chandra Research Institute Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute and Allahabad State University 221 CultureSee also List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj Although Hindu women have traditionally worn saris the shalwar kameez and Western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women 222 Western dress is worn more by men although the dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals The formal male sherwani is often worn with chooridar on festive occasions 222 Diwali Holi Kumbh Mela Eid al Fitr and Vijayadasami are the most popular festivals in Prayagraj 223 Literature Anand Bhavan owned by Indian political leader Motilal Nehru A procession of pilgrims cross the Ganges during the 2001 Kumbh Mela in PrayagrajPrayagraj has a literary and artistic heritage the former capital of the United Provinces it was known as Prayag in the Vedas the Ramayana and the Mahabharata 224 225 Allahabad has been called the literary capital of Uttar Pradesh 226 attracting visitors from East Asia 227 the Chinese travellers Faxian and Xuanzang found a flourishing city in the fifth and seventh centuries respectively 227 228 The number of foreign tourists which mostly consisted of Asians visiting the city was 98 167 in 2010 which subsequently increased to 1 07 141 in 2014 229 The city has a tradition of political graffiti which includes limericks and caricatures 85 In 1900 Saraswati the first Hindi language monthly magazine in India was started by Chintamani Ghosh Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi the doyen of modern Hindi literature remained its editors from 1903 to 1920 230 The Anand Bhavan built during the 1930s as a new home for the Nehru family when the Swaraj Bhavan became the local Indian National Congress headquarters has memorabilia from the Gandhi Nehru family 231 During the 19th and 20th centuries Hindi literature was modernised by authors such as Mahadevi Varma Sumitranandan Pant Suryakant Tripathi Nirala and Harivansh Rai Bachchan 232 A noted poet was Raghupati Sahay better known as Firaq Gorakhpuri 233 Gorakhpuri and Varma have received Jnanpith Awards 234 235 236 Prayagraj is a publication centre for Hindi literature including the Lok Bharti Rajkamal and Neelabh Persian and Urdu literature are also studied in the city 237 Akbar Allahabadi is a noted modern Urdu poet and Nooh Narwi Tegh Allahabadi Shabnam Naqvi and Rashid Allahabadi hail from Prayagraj 238 English author and 1907 Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling was an assistant editor and overseas correspondent for The Pioneer 239 Entertainment and recreation Prayagraj is noted for historic cultural and religious tourism Historic sites include Alfred Park the Victoria and Thornhill Mayne Memorials Minto Park Allahabad Fort the Ashoka Pillar and Khusro Bagh Religious attractions include the Kumbh Mela the Triveni Sangam and All Saints Cathedral The city hosts the Maha Kumbh Mela the largest religious gathering in the world every twelve years and the Ardh half Kumbh Mela every six years 240 241 It also hosts a Magh Mela annually on the banks of the Triveni Sangam that typically lasts for one and a half months 242 243 Cultural attractions include the Allahabad Museum the Jawahar Planetarium and the University of Allahabad North Central Zone Culture Centre under the Ministry of Culture and Prayag Sangeet Samiti are nationally renowned centres of Arts Dance Music local Folk Dance and Music Plays Theatre etc and nurture upcoming artists The city has also hosted the International Film Festival of Prayag 244 Media The Leader and The Pioneer are two major English language newspapers that are produced and published from the city 245 246 All India Radio the national state owned radio broadcaster has AM radio stations in the city Prayagraj has seven FM stations including two AIR stations Gyan Vani and Vividh Bharti four private FM channels BIG FM 92 7 Red FM 93 5 Fever 104 FM and Radio Tadka and one educational FM radio channel Radio Adan 90 4 run by Allahabad Agricultural Institute 247 248 There is a Doordarshan Kendra in the city 249 Regional TV channels are accessible via cable subscription direct broadcast satellite service or Internet based television 250 Sports Cricket and field hockey are the most popular sports in Prayagraj 251 with kabaddi kho kho gilli danda and pehlwani mostly being played in rural areas near the city 252 Gully cricket also known as street cricket is popular among city youth 251 The famous cricket club Allahabad Cricketers has produced many national and international cricket players Several sports complexes are used by amateur and professional athletes these include the Madan Mohan Malviya Stadium the Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex and the Boys High School and College Gymnasium 253 There is an international level swimming complex in Georgetown 254 The National Sports Academy in Jhalwa trains gymnasts for the Commonwealth Games The Indira Marathon honours the late prime minister Indira Gandhi 255 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Retrieved 25 September 2012 Further readingCunningham Alexander 1879 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Inscriptions of Ashoka Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing pp 37 38 Kane P V 1953 History of Dharmasastra Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India Vol 4 Krishnaswamy C S Ghosh Amalananda October 1935 A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Asoka The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 4 4 697 706 JSTOR 25201233 Allahabad A Study in Urban Geography by Ujagir Singh Published by Banaras Hindu University 1966 Employment and Migration in Allahabad City by Maheshchand Mahesh Chand India Planning Commission Research Programmes Committee Published by Oxford amp IBH Pub Co 1969 Subah of Allahabad Under the Great Mughals 1580 1707 1580 1707 by Surendra Nath Sinha Published by Jamia Millia Islamia 1974 The Local Roots of Indian Politics Allahabad 1880 1920 by Christopher Alan Bayly Published by Clarendon Press 1975 Triveni Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Allahabad by D P Dubey Neelam Singh Society of Pilgrimage Studies Published by Society of Pilgrimage Studies 1996 ISBN 81 900520 2 0 Magha Inscriptions in the Allahabad Museum by Siddheshwari Narain Roy Published by Raka Prakashana for the Museum 1999 The Last Bungalow Writings on Allahabad by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra Published by Penguin Books 2007 ISBN 0 14 310118 8 Allahabad The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909 v 5 p 226 242 External linksPrayagraj at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Allahabad News Allahabad Municipal Corporation Prayagraj District Allahabad the Land of Prime Ministers on YouTube Prayagraj at Curlie North Western Provinces Allahabad at Wikimapia Places geography terrain and routes in and around Allahabad with satellite images Portal India Retrieved from https en 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