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DomCarlos I (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkaɾluʃ]; English: Charles; 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908), known as the Diplomat (Portuguese: o Diplomata), the Martyr (Portuguese: o Martirizado), and the Oceanographer (Portuguese: o Oceanógrafo),[2] among many other names, was the King of Portugal from 1889 until his assassination in 1908. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since King Sebastian in 1578.
He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888, he ruled as Regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus.[citation needed]
His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German Emperor Frederick III, but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem, and diplomatic pressure from the British government prevented the marriage. He then met and married Princess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France.[5]
Reign
Photograph of Infante Carlos, c. 1886
Carlos became king on 19 October 1889. After the 1890 British Ultimatum, a series of treaties were signed with the United Kingdom. One signed in August 1890 defined colonial borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers, whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties dating back to the 17th century. These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the Pink Map, a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies of Angola and Mozambique could be connected with territory in central Africa. These central African territories became part of the British Empire with the Portuguese concession becoming a source of national resentment in the country.[citation needed]
Domestically, Portugal declared bankruptcy twice – on 14 June 1892, then again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.[5]
As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon.[citation needed]
Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and used several yachts named Amélia on his oceanographical voyages. He published an account of his own studies in this area.[5]
On 1 February 1908, the royal family was returning to Lisbon from the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa in Alentejo, where they had spent part of the hunting season during the winter. They traveled by train to Barreiro and, from there, they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. In spite of recent political unrest there was no military escort.[6] While they were crossing the square at dusk, shots were fired from amongst the sparse crowd by two republican activists: Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça.[7]
Buíça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir Luís Filipe was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The queen alone escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police; an innocent bystander, João da Costa, was also shot dead in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luís Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed king of Portugal. He was to be the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the final king of Portugal.[citation needed]
Marriage and children
Carlos I and Dona Maria Amélia with their firstborn son, 1888
A woman known as Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza[8][9] claimed to be the illegitimate daughter of King Carlos I of Portugal with Maria Amélia Laredó e Murça. Maria Pia claimed that King Carlos I legitimized her through a royal decree and placed her in the line of succession with the same rights and honours as the legitimately-born princes of Portugal;[clarification needed] however, no undisputed evidence was presented to demonstrate this, and the king did not, constitutionally, have the personal authority to do so. Maria Pia's paternity was never proven and her claim not widely accepted.
^ ab"While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
^Saldanha, Luiz (1997). One Hundred Years of Portuguese Oceanography: In the Footsteps of King Carlos de Bragança. Setúbal: Museu Bocage, Museu Nacional de História Natural. p. 196.
^"Carlos I (Rei D.)". Centro de Estudos de Sociologia e Estética Musical. Fundação da Casa de Bragança. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO. p. 73. ISBN978-1610692861. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
^de Castro, Anibal Pinto (2008). O Regicidio de 1908. pp. 111 & 120. ISBN978-972-26-2677-4.
^"Princess Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg, Duchess of Braganza" in CHILCOTE, Ronald H.; The Portuguese Revolution: State and Class in the Transition to Democracy, page 37. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; Reprint edition (31 August 2012).
^"...Her Royal Highness D. Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza, the Crown Princess of Portugal" in Jean Pailler; Maria Pia of Braganza: The Pretender. New York: ProjectedLetters, 2006;
^ abAlbano da Silveira Pinto (1883). "Serenissima Casa de Bragança". Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Lisboa F.A. da Silva. p. xv.
^"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468. ISBN978-87-7674-434-2.
^"Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 9
^Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 43
^"Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1907, p. 7
^Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach 6 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
^Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 4 – via hathitrust.org.
^Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
^ abJustus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1908) p. 66
^刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼(PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.
^"Ordinul Carol I" [Order of Carol I]. Familia Regală a României (in Romanian). Bucharest. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^Royal Thai Government Gazette (11 June 1899). "พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๑๐ หน้า ๑๓๖)" (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 8 May 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1908, p. 152, retrieved 15 December 2019
^"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1908, p. 156, retrieved 15 December 2019
^Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
^Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 595–596, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
^Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 70
Jean Pailler: D. Carlos I – Rei de Portugal: Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2001, ISBN978-972-25-1231-2
Jean Pailler: Maria Pia: A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2006, ISBN972-25-1467-9
Manuel Amaral: Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico, Volume II, 1904–1915, págs. 759
Rui Ramos: D. Carlos, Temas e Debates, Lisbon, 2007.
carlos, portugal, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, portuguese, january, 2012, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, portuguese, article, machine, translation, like, . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese January 2012 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Portuguese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at pt Carlos I de Portugal see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated pt Carlos I de Portugal to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations January 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Dom Carlos I Portuguese pronunciation ˈkaɾluʃ English Charles 28 September 1863 1 February 1908 known as the Diplomat Portuguese o Diplomata the Martyr Portuguese o Martirizado and the Oceanographer Portuguese o Oceanografo 2 among many other names was the King of Portugal from 1889 until his assassination in 1908 He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since King Sebastian in 1578 Carlos IPhotograph c 1907King of PortugalReign19 October 1889 1 February 1908Acclamation28 December 1889PredecessorLuis ISuccessorManuel IIPrime MinistersSee list Jose Luciano de CastroAntonio SerpaJoao CrisostomoJose Dias FerreiraHintze RibeiroJoao FrancoBorn28 September 1863Ajuda Palace Lisbon PortugalDied1 February 1908 aged 44 Terreiro do Paco Lisbon PortugalBurialPantheon of the BraganzasSpouseAmelie of Orleans m 1886 wbr IssueLuis Filipe Prince Royal Infanta Maria Ana Manuel II of PortugalNamesCarlos Fernando Luis Maria Victor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis Jose SimaoHouseBraganza 1 FatherLuis IMotherMaria Pia of SavoyReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 2 1 Assassination 3 Marriage and children 4 Honours 5 Ancestry 6 Citations 7 General referencesEarly life Edit The baptism of Dom Carlos c 1863 Carlos I of Portugal on a 20 Reis coin 1891 Carlos was born in Lisbon Portugal the son of King Luis and Queen Maria Pia daughter of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and was a member of the House of Braganza 1 He had a brother Infante Afonso Duke of Porto He was baptised with the names Carlos Fernando Luis Maria Victor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis Jose Simao 3 4 He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch In 1883 he traveled to Italy the United Kingdom France and Germany where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time In 1883 1886 and 1888 he ruled as Regent as his father was traveling in Europe as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus citation needed His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German Emperor Frederick III but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem and diplomatic pressure from the British government prevented the marriage He then met and married Princess Amelie of Orleans eldest daughter of Philippe comte de Paris pretender to the throne of France 5 Reign Edit Photograph of Infante Carlos c 1886 Carlos became king on 19 October 1889 After the 1890 British Ultimatum a series of treaties were signed with the United Kingdom One signed in August 1890 defined colonial borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties dating back to the 17th century These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the Pink Map a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies of Angola and Mozambique could be connected with territory in central Africa These central African territories became part of the British Empire with the Portuguese concession becoming a source of national resentment in the country citation needed Domestically Portugal declared bankruptcy twice on 14 June 1892 then again on 10 May 1902 causing industrial disturbances socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy Carlos responded by appointing Joao Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament s dissolution 5 As a patron of science and the arts King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1894 The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet Joao de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon citation needed Carlos took a personal interest in deep sea and maritime exploration and used several yachts named Amelia on his oceanographical voyages He published an account of his own studies in this area 5 Assassination Edit Main article Lisbon Regicide Portrait of Carlos I by Alfredo Roque Gameiro c 1902 On 1 February 1908 the royal family was returning to Lisbon from the Ducal Palace of Vila Vicosa in Alentejo where they had spent part of the hunting season during the winter They traveled by train to Barreiro and from there they took a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarked at Cais do Sodre in central Lisbon On their way to the royal palace the open carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paco fronting on the river In spite of recent political unrest there was no military escort 6 While they were crossing the square at dusk shots were fired from amongst the sparse crowd by two republican activists Alfredo Luis da Costa and Manuel Buica 7 Buica a former army sergeant and sharpshooter fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat The king died immediately his heir Luis Filipe was mortally wounded and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm The queen alone escaped injury The two assassins were killed on the spot by police an innocent bystander Joao da Costa was also shot dead in the confusion The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal where about twenty minutes later Prince Luis Filipe died Several days later the younger son Prince Manuel was proclaimed king of Portugal He was to be the last of the Braganza Saxe Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the final king of Portugal citation needed Marriage and children Edit Carlos I and Dona Maria Amelia with their firstborn son 1888 Carlos I was married to Princess Amelie of Orleans in 1886 She was a daughter of Philippe Count of Paris and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orleans Their children were Luis Filipe Prince Royal of Portugal 1887 1908 Infanta Maria Ana of Braganza b d December 14 1887 Manuel II King of Portugal between 1908 and 1910 1889 1932 A woman known as Maria Pia of Saxe Coburg and Braganza 8 9 claimed to be the illegitimate daughter of King Carlos I of Portugal with Maria Amelia Laredo e Murca Maria Pia claimed that King Carlos I legitimized her through a royal decree and placed her in the line of succession with the same rights and honours as the legitimately born princes of Portugal clarification needed however no undisputed evidence was presented to demonstrate this and the king did not constitutionally have the personal authority to do so Maria Pia s paternity was never proven and her claim not widely accepted Honours EditPortuguese 10 Grand Commander of the Three Military Orders of Christ Aviz and St James Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila VicosaForeign 10 Austria Hungary Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St Stephen 1873 11 Empire of Brazil Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 1873 Denmark Knight of the Elephant 7 October 1883 12 German Empire Knight of the Black Eagle 10 September 1883 13 Grand Cross of the Red Eagle Ernestine duchies Grand Cross of the Saxe Ernestine House Order 1884 14 Hesse and by Rhine Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order 24 September 1883 15 Saxe Weimar Eisenach Grand Cross of the White Falcon 1883 16 Saxony Knight of the Rue Crown 1883 17 Kingdom of Italy Knight of the Annunciation 31 December 1873 18 Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 31 December 1873 Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy 31 December 1873 Holy See Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem Sovereign Military Order of Malta Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion 19 Empire of Japan Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum 5 June 1897 20 Kingdom of Romania Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I with Collar 1906 21 Siam Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri 23 October 1897 22 Kingdom of Spain Knight of the Golden Fleece 11 December 1866 23 Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III with Collar 12 December 1902 24 Sweden Norway Knight of the Seraphim 23 May 1873 25 Grand Cross of St Olav 11 October 1883 26 United Kingdom Stranger Knight of the Garter 9 November 1895 27 Royal Victorian Chain 19 November 1902 28 Russian Empire Knight of St Andrew 19 Knight of St Alexander Nevsky Knight of the White Eagle Knight of St Anna 1st Class Knight of St Stanislaus 1st ClassAncestry EditAncestors of Carlos I of Portugal8 Ferdinand Prince of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Kohary4 Ferdinand II of Portugal9 Princess Maria Antonia Kohary de Csabrag et Szitnya2 Luis I of Portugal10 Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal5 Maria II of Portugal11 Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria1 Carlos I of Portugal12 Charles Albert of Sardinia6 Victor Emmanuel II of Italy13 Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria3 Princess Maria Pia of Savoy14 Archduke Rainer of Austria7 Archduchess Adelaide of Austria15 Princess Elisabeth of SavoyCitations Edit a b While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe Coburg and Gotha according to pp 88 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha Title 1 Chapter 1 Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal s issue by his first wife that the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza Saldanha Luiz 1997 One Hundred Years of Portuguese Oceanography In the Footsteps of King Carlos de Braganca Setubal Museu Bocage Museu Nacional de Historia Natural p 196 Carlos I Rei D Centro de Estudos de Sociologia e Estetica Musical Fundacao da Casa de Braganca Retrieved 20 February 2022 Newton Michael 2014 Famous Assassinations in World History An Encyclopedia Santa Barbara California USA ABC CLIO p 73 ISBN 978 1610692861 Retrieved 20 February 2022 a b c Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Carlos I Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press Newitt Malyn 12 November 2019 The Braganzas p 284 ISBN 978 1 78914 125 2 de Castro Anibal Pinto 2008 O Regicidio de 1908 pp 111 amp 120 ISBN 978 972 26 2677 4 Princess Maria Pia of Saxe Coburg Duchess of Braganza in CHILCOTE Ronald H The Portuguese Revolution State and Class in the Transition to Democracy page 37 Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers Reprint edition 31 August 2012 Her Royal Highness D Maria Pia of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Braganza the Crown Princess of Portugal in Jean Pailler Maria Pia of Braganza The Pretender New York ProjectedLetters 2006 a b Albano da Silveira Pinto 1883 Serenissima Casa de Braganca Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal in Portuguese Lisbon Lisboa F A da Silva p xv A Szent Istvan Rend tagjai Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Jorgen Pedersen 2009 Riddere af Elefantordenen 1559 2009 in Danish Syddansk Universitetsforlag p 468 ISBN 978 87 7674 434 2 Schwarzer Adler orden Koniglich Preussische Ordensliste in German vol 1 Berlin 1886 p 9 Staatshandbucher fur das Herzogtum Sachsen Coburg und Gotha 1890 Herzogliche Sachsen Ernestinischer Hausorden p 43 Ludewigs orden Grossherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste in German Darmstadt Staatsverlag 1907 p 7 Staatshandbuch fur das Grossherzogtum Sachsen Sachsen Weimar Eisenach Archived 6 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine 1900 Grossherzogliche Hausorden p 16 Sachsen 1901 Koniglich Orden Staatshandbuch fur den Konigreich Sachsen 1901 Dresden Heinrich p 4 via hathitrust org Italia Ministero dell interno 1898 Calendario generale del Regno d Italia Unione tipografico editrice p 54 a b Justus Perthes Almanach de Gotha 1908 p 66 刑部芳則 2017 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 PDF in Japanese 明治聖徳記念学会紀要 p 149 Ordinul Carol I Order of Carol I Familia Regală a Romaniei in Romanian Bucharest Retrieved 17 October 2019 Royal Thai Government Gazette 11 June 1899 phrarachthanekhruxngrachxisriyaphrnthipraethsyuorp txaephnthi 10 hna 136 PDF in Thai Retrieved 8 May 2019 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Caballeros de la insigne orden del toison de oro Guia Oficial de Espana in Spanish 1908 p 152 retrieved 15 December 2019 Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III Guia Oficial de Espana in Spanish 1908 p 156 retrieved 15 December 2019 Sveriges statskalender in Swedish 1905 p 440 retrieved 6 January 2018 via runeberg org Norges Statskalender in Norwegian 1890 pp 595 596 retrieved 6 January 2018 via runeberg org Shaw Wm A 1906 The Knights of England I London p 70 Shaw p 416General references EditJean Pailler D Carlos I Rei de Portugal Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado Bertrand Lisbon 2001 ISBN 978 972 25 1231 2 Jean Pailler Maria Pia A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal Bertrand Lisbon 2006 ISBN 972 25 1467 9 Manuel Amaral Portugal Dicionario Historico Corografico Heraldico Biografico Bibliografico Numismatico e Artistico Volume II 1904 1915 pags 759 Rui Ramos D Carlos Temas e Debates Lisbon 2007 Carlos I of PortugalHouse of BraganzaCadet branch of the House of AvizBorn 28 September 1863 Died 1 February 1908Regnal titlesPreceded byLuis I King of Portugal19 October 1889 1 February 1908 Succeeded byManuel IIPortuguese royaltyPreceded byPedro V Prince Royal of Portugal28 September 1863 19 October 1889 Succeeded byLuis FilipeDuke of Braganza28 September 1863 19 October 1889 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carlos I of Portugal amp oldid 1134997812, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
