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Wikipedia

Santiago Calatrava

January 21, 2023

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Calatrava and the second or maternal family name is Valls.

Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish architect, structural engineer, sculptor and painter, particularly known for his bridges supported by single leaning pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums, and museums, whose sculptural forms often resemble living organisms.[1] His best-known works include the Olympic Sports Complex of Athens, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Turning Torso tower in Malmö, Sweden, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City, the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas, Texas, and his largest project, the City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in his birthplace, Valencia. His architectural firm has offices in New York City, Doha, and Zürich.

Santiago Calatrava Valls
Santiago Calatrava in 2010
Born (1951-07-28) 28 July 1951 (age 71)
Valencia, Spain
NationalitySpanish-Swiss
EducationPolytecnic University of Valencia
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
OccupationEngineer
Engineering career
DisciplineStructural engineer, Architect, sculptor
InstitutionsInstitution of Structural Engineers
Practice nameSantiago Calatrava
ProjectsTurning Torso
Athens Olympic Sports Complex
Auditorio de Tenerife
Alamillo bridge
Chords Bridge
Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
Liège-Guillemins railway station
Museum of Tomorrow
World Trade Center station (PATH)
Dubai Creek Tower
AwardsEuropean Prize for Architecture
AIA Gold Medal
IStructE Gold Medal
Eugene McDermott Award
Prince of Asturias Award
Auguste Perret Prize

Early life

Calatrava was born on 28 July 1951, in Benimàmet, an old municipality now part of Valencia, Spain. His Calatrava surname was an old aristocratic one from medieval times, and was once associated with an order of knights in Spain.[2] He had his primary and secondary schooling in Valencia, and, beginning in 1957, studied drawing and painting at the School of Applied Art. In 1964, as the regime of General Francisco Franco relaxed and Spain became more open to the rest of Europe, he went to France as an exchange student. In 1968, after completing secondary school, he went to study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, but he arrived in the midst of student uprisings and turmoil in Paris, and returned home. Back in Valencia, he discovered a book about the architecture of Le Corbusier, which persuaded him that he could be both an artist and an architect. He enrolled in the Higher School of Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Valencia. He received his diploma as an architect and then did higher studies in urbanism. [3] At the University he completed independent projects with fellow students, publishing two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza.[4]

In 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland for a second degree in civil engineering. In 1981, he was awarded a doctorate in the department of architecture, after completing his thesis on "The Pliability of three-dimensional structures." [5] Speaking of this period, Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodildo (AKA Nick Fendt, Jet):"The desire to start all over at zero was very strong in me. I was determined to put to one side all that I had learned in architecture school, and to learn to draw and think like an engineer. I was fascinated by the concept of gravity and convinced that it was necessary to begin work with simple forms." [3] Calatrava explained that he was particularly influenced by the work of the early 20th century Swiss engineer Robert Maillart (1872–1940), which taught him that, "with an adequate combination of force and mass, you can create emotion."[3]

First projects and international attention

As soon as Calatrava completed his doctorate in 1981, he opened his own office in Zurich. He designed an exposition hall, a factory, a library, and two bridges, but none were built, Finally in 1983, he began to receive commissions for industrial and transportation structures of increasingly greater size; he designed and built the Entrepôt Jakem, a warehouse in Münchwilen, Thurgau, Switzerland, another warehouse in Coesfeld-Lette, Germany, an addition to the main post office in Lucerne, Switzerland; a bus shelter in Saint-Gall, Switzerland (1983–85) the roof of a school in Wohlen, Switzerland (1983–88), and then some major projects; a new hall for the railway station in Lucerne (1983–89) and then an entire train station, the Zürich Stadelhofen railway station in Switzerland (1983–1990). The train station has several of the features that became signatures of his work; straight lines and right angles are rare. The railroad platforms curve, the supporting columns lean, the concrete walls of the modernistic cavern beneath the tracks are everywhere pierced with teardrop shaped skylights, and tilting glass panels provide light and shelter without enclosing the platforms.[5]

In 1984–87, he built his first bridge, the Bac de Roda Bridge in Barcelona, Spain, which for the first time brought him international notice. The bridge, designed for cyclists and pedestrians, connects two parts of the city by crossing a wasteland of railway tracks. It is 128 metres (420 ft) long, with twin arches which lean at an angle of thirty degrees; a feature which quickly became the stylistic signature of Calatrava. The upper portion of the bridge, composed of steel arches and cables, is light and airy, like a network of lace, anchored to the massive concrete supports and granite pillars below.[5]

His next bridge, the Puente del Alamillo (1987–1992), in Seville, Spain, was even more spectacular and cemented his reputation. Built as part of the 1992 Expo 92, it is 200 metres (660 ft) long, crossing the Meandro San Jeronimo River. Its main feature is a single pylon 142 metres (466 ft) high, leaning to 58 degrees, the same angle as the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The weight of the concrete of the pylon is sufficient to hold up the bridge with just thirteen pairs of cables, eliminating the need for any cables behind it.[6]

Projects of the 1990s

At the beginning of the 1990s, Calatrava built several remarkable railway stations and bridges, but broadened his portfolio by designing a wider range of structures, including a Canadian shopping center, a new passenger terminal for Bilbao airport, and his first building in the United States, the new structure of the Milwaukee Art Museum. In 1992, he completed one of his most picturesque and sculptural works, the Montjuïc Communications Tower in Barcelona (1989–92), a 136 m (446 ft)-high graceful concrete spire designed for the site of the 1992 Olympics. The concrete pylon leans backwards, and seems to grasp the vertical broadcast antennas. Its form suggests an athlete about to throw a javelin. The circular building at the base of the tower, which contains the broadcast equipment, is clad in white bricks and is equipped with metal resembling an eye which opens and closes. The building has a particularly Catalan touch, borrowed from the park benches of Park Güell of Antonio Gaudi: a decoration of colorful ceramics tiles. The square next to it is laid out like a giant sundial, on which the tower casts its shadow. In 1992, he also finished his first North American project, the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The interior of the shopping mall is covered by a glass roof supported by columns like gigantic trees, a modern version of the Belle Epoque Les Halles market in Paris.[7]

Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1989–1994) and the Eastern Train Station in Lisbon (1992–98)

Two years later, in 1994, he completed another notable train station, the Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1989–1994) at the Lyon airport in Satolas. This building was designed to be both a functional link between the airport and train station, the terminal for the high-speed TGV trains, and a symbol of the Rhone-Alps Region. The station is covered by a giant shell of steel and glass, 120 by 100 metres (390 by 330 ft), suspended at a maximum height of 40 metres (130 ft), and weighing 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons). It is connected with the airport terminal by a 180 metres (590 ft) long glass and concrete bridge. The glass and steel sides and skylights of the terminal from the inside resemble a modernistic cathedral; the glass panels at the top are intended to suggest flight. From the outside, the station has been said to resemble a prehistoric animal, while the glass-and-steel bridge has been compared to a bird or a manta ray.[7]

The Gare do Oriente, or eastern train station, was constructed for the 1998 Lisbon World Exposition, and is located in a former industrial area. It was designed to bridge the wasteland which separated the residential area of the city from the Tagus River. Similar to the galleria he designed in Toronto, but on a grander scale, the interior of the station features a forest of white columns like gigantic trees that support the glass roof, 238 by 78 metres (781 by 256 ft), which covers the eight tracks. The station complex also includes a shopping center, and transport links by tram and metro to the center of the city. With its multiple arches and curves, the structure appears to be moving and ready to take off.[8]

Bilbao Airport (1990–2000)

One of his last projects in the 20th century was the Bilbao Airport in Spain, notable both for its unusual control tower, 42 metres (138 ft) high – made of concrete clad with aluminum, which widens as it grows taller, and which resembles a statue holding its hands in front of it – and for terminal buildings, where the white concrete structures are united with aluminum forms. The terminal buildings themselves lift upwards and seem to be trying to take off, giving them the airport the popular nickname of "The Dove".

Museums, concert halls and skyscrapers (2000–2010)

Following 2000, Calatrava completed a new addition to the Milwaukee Art Museum, a concert hall in Tenerife in the Canary Islands, a twisting skyscraper in Malmö, Sweden, and a City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain. in Sweden, and a wooden castle-like winery in Spain, all in astonishing forms and all seemingly in motion.

Milwaukee Art Museum (1994–2001)

The Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum (1994–2001) was Calatrava's first building in the United States, and his first museum. It displayed the technical innovations and forms he had first used in his railway stations and airports, but with more freedom of form and architectural theatrics. It is an addition to an existing building, constructed by Eero Saarinen in 1957 next to Lake Michigan, with a later addition in 1975 by David Kahler. The purpose of the new pavilion, as defined by the museum board, was to give the museum a new entrance, and especially "to redefine the identity of the museum with a strong image." Calatrava's design was selected after a competition entered by seventy-seven architects. Calatrava's solution was a glass and steel entry hall 2 metres (6.6 ft) high with a moveable sun screen roof, composed two large wings made up of twenty-six smaller wings, from 8 to 32 metres (26 to 105 ft) in length. The sunscreen, weighing 115 tonnes (113 long tons; 127 short tons), can be hoisted up by a single pylon, like an enormous bird's wing, or lowered when the wind from the lake is stronger than 65 kilometres per hour (35 kn). The interior of the structure has a conference hall, exposition space, shops, and a restaurant overlooking the lake. He also designed a suspension footbridge between the center of the city and edge of the lake.[9]

Bodegas Ysios winery (1998–2001)

The Bodegas Ysios winery in Laguardia, Spain (1998–2001) was designed as a symbol of the Rioja wines made by that winery. Built on a sloping site surrounded by vineyards, the 196-metre (643 ft) long building has an aluminum roof and a facade covered with laminated wood panels, alternating between convex and concave, with a roofline that ripples like a series of waves.[10]

Auditorio de Tenerife (1991–2003)

The Auditorio de Tenerife, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, is a concert hall with 1558 seats and a smaller chamber music hall of 428 seats. With a curving concrete cupola 60 metres (200 ft) high, crowned by a curving roof like a breaking wave, it dominates the city square and old town below. The shell is covered with ceramic tiles and the pavement and most of the floors are made of the local basalt stone. The unusual sculptural form of the building gives it a completely different appearance depending upon from where it is viewed. [10]

Turning Torso (1999–2004)

The Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, was Calatrava's first skyscraper, and was the first twisting skyscraper, a form which later appeared in other cities around the world from Shanghai to Moscow. The building was originally conceived by the architect as a sculpture of "seven cubes stacked on a steel support creating a spiral structure resembling a twisting spinal column." [11] The tower is 190 metres (620 ft) high, and twists a full ninety degrees from the base to the top. Each of the nine cubes cube is like a separate five-story building; each floor contains from one to five apartments. The support holding the structure together is the column of elevators and escalators which communicate between the cubes. A system of discreet cross beams on the exterior frame manage the torsion of the twisting building. In 2016, it was the tallest building in Scandinavia.[12]

Athens Olympic Sports Complex (2001–2004)

For the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece, Calatrava won the commission to cover the existing stadium with a new roof, to make a similar roof for the velodrome, and additionally to build four entrance gateways, a monumental sculpture to symbolize the games, and other architectural features to give harmony and variety to the complex. The roof for the stadium, in the form of bent "leaves" of laminated glass, is designed to reflect 90 percent of the sunlight. The roof covers 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft), and is supported by double-tied arches of tubular steel, with a span of 304 metres (997 ft) and a height of 60 metres (200 ft). It is 250 metres (820 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) high, suspended by cables from two parabolic arches. The Velodrome has a white cap supported by two concrete arches 45 metres (148 ft) high, weighing 4,000 tonnes (3,900 long tons; 4,400 short tons), from which the glass and steel roof is suspended. Calatrava also designed an enormous parabolic arch at the entrance and the Wall of Nations, a mobile sculpture of tubular steel which moves in a wavelike patterns.[13]

City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in Valencia (1991–2006)

The largest group of buildings by Calatrava is found in his birthplace, Valencia, Spain, and was built in over a decade. It includes the City of Arts and Sciences (1991–2000) and the Opera house (1996–2006), all constructed on a plot of 35 hectares between a highway and a river on the east side of the city. The L'Hemisfèric, like a half-sunken globe, is placed in the centre, next to a large artificial lake, in which it seems to be sinking. The dome is covered by a metal screen which opens and closes, and the entrance opens like a human eye. On one side is the science museum, behind a line of leaning columns, and on the other is the newest structure, the massive shell of the opera house, described by Calatrava as a "monumental sculpture", which gives the impression of being continually in motion.[14]

Liège-Guillemins railway station (2009)

The Liège-Guillemins railway station for high-speed trains in Liège, Belgium is covered with a lace-like roof of glass and steel 160 metres (520 ft) long and 32 metres (105 ft) high, covering the nine tracks and five platforms. The transparent roof seems to eliminate the distinction between indoors and outdoors.[1]

Recent major projects (2011–)

Oviedo Conference Center (2000–2011)

The conference center and exposition hall in the Spanish city of Oviedo combines two office buildings and a hotel, covered with horizontal bands of glass and steel and perched upon curving concrete pylons, with elliptical conference center, which includes a main theater, exposition hall and seminar rooms. The Center include another signature feature of Calatrava's work; a moveable sunscreen that folds and unfolds. The ceiling of the concert hall is an ascending series of arcs, which echo the curving rows of seats.[15]

Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge (2007–2012) and Peace Bridge (2008–2012)

Calatrava constructed a series of extraordinary bridges, the type of structure which originally brought him global attention, for cities around the world that wanted a symbol of modernity and daring. Among the largest and dramatic are three bridges over the Trinity River in Dallas, Texas. The first of these was the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, opened for traffic in March 2012. The bridge, carrying six lanes of traffic, is 209 metres (686 ft) long, with the appearance of being[16] suspended from an arc-shaped tubular steel pylon forty stories or 136 metres (446 ft) high by fifty-eight cables, ranging in length from 119 to 196 metres (390 to 643 ft). In form, the bridge resembles one of three bridges constructed in 2005–2005 on the Autostrada A1 in Reggio Emilia, Italy.[17][18] Work on the second bridge, the Margaret McDermott Bridge, began in 2011.[19]

The Peace Bridge in Calgary, Canada, built between 2008 and 2012, is a completely different bridge in purpose, scale and design. Built across the Bow River, and designed for pedestrians and cyclists, it is a glass and stew-wrapped tube 126 metres (413 ft) long. It appears extraordinary long for a bridge with no towers or pylons to hold it up. Calatrava described the form in his own particular engineering vocabulary as "defined by a helicoidal movement, with an ovoid cross section, with two clearly materialized tangential lanes expressing an internal architectural volume." [20]

Florida Polytechnic University (2009–2014)

The project for the new Florida Polytechnic University in Lakeland, Florida (2009–2014) gave Calatrava the opportunity to design an entire campus in a unified style. The site covers 170 acres (69 ha) of land which once contained phosphorus mines, many of which have been filled with water creating small lakes.Calatrava's plan combined several small lakes into a central lake, which serves as a setting for the central structure, the Innovation, Science, and Technology (IST) building. The eye-shaped central building has an area of 200,000 square feet on two floors, and contains all the classrooms, faculty offices laboratories and public spaces until the other buildings are completed. The building has several signature Calatrava features, including an extendable sun scene on the roof, which entirely changes the appearance of the building when deployed, and whose form changes gradually as the sun moves. The terraces of the building are covered by a curving pergola, or screen, of steel, which reduces the direct sunlight by thirty percent. Inside, the corridors and central courtyard are lit by the central skylight. Plans for the building call for the installation of 1,860 square metres (20,000 sq ft) of solar panels on the sunscreen to provide energy for the building. The library of the university is also distinctive; it does not have a single book; all the collection is digitized.[21]

The structure has been called by some journalists a response to the criticism of the high price and technical flaws of some of Calatrava's earlier buildings. The review in Architecture magazine, the journal of the American Institute of Architects, reported: "The building is full of handsome and even some very impressive spaces, but none of the singularly breathtaking ones that have made Calatrava, despite his price tag, so attractive to clients looking for marketing splash to go with their museum wing or train station. It reflects serious attention to detail and the bottom line; this is the work of an architect actively trying to prove, or at least re-emphasize, his bona fides."[22]

Museum of Tomorrow, Rio de Janeiro (2010–2015)

The Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which opened in December 2015, is part of the redevelopment of the waterfront of Rio de Janeiro, and opened in time for the 2016 Summer Olympics in that city. The building is sited on a 7,600 square metres (82,000 sq ft) plaza next to the harbor, and surrounded by reflecting pools. The building is cantilevered 75 metres (246 ft) over the plaza, and 45 metres (148 ft) toward the sea. and gives the impression that it is floating on the water. Calatrava wrote, "The idea is that the building feels ethereal, almost floating on the sea, like a ship, a bird or a plant." The roof is equipped with moveable screens that adjust to the movements of the sun. The interior design is what Calatrava calls "archetypal" and simplified, to allow for exhibits in a greater variety of forms and sizes.

The museum also includes a number of ecological features; water from the sea is used to regulate the temperature inside the building, and to refill the surrounding reflecting pools.[23][24] The Guardian described it as "an other-worldly edifice that looks like a cross between a solar-powered dinosaur and a giant air conditioning unit", and declared "it must already rank as one of the world's most extraordinary buildings."[25]

WTC Hub, New York City (2003–2016)

Calatrava designed the WTC Transportation Hub in New York City at the rebuilt World Trade Center at the site of the September 11 attacks in 2001. The new station connects the regional trains of the new PATH with the subway and other local transportation, and also has a large retail mall, replacing commercial space destroyed in the attack. The above-ground "oculus" of the station, made of glass and steel, is oval-shaped, and is 35 metres (115 ft) long and 29 metres (95 ft) high. According to Calatrava, it resembles "a bird flying from the hands of a child".[26] The "Wings" of the above-ground structure were originally designed to move upward to a maximum height of 51 metres (167 ft) to form a double screen 51 metres (167 ft) high, but this feature had to be dropped to meet new security standards. The main hall of the station is 10 metres (33 ft) underground, and the tracks of the PATH system on another level 8 metres (26 ft) below. The underground station was originally designed so that its roof would open entirely in good weather, but this feature also had to be dropped due to its cost and space limitations.[26]

The WTC Hub has been controversial because of its cost (4 billion dollars, twice the original estimate, and the most expensive railway station ever built) and its delays (seven years on 3 March 2016, seven years behind schedule). More than $1 billion of its cost went to administrative expenses and the decision to build around the 1 train of the New York City Subway.[27][28] Michael Kimmelman, the architecture critic of the New York Times, praised the soaring upward view inside the Oculus, but condemned the building's cost, "scale, monotony of materials and color, preening formalism and disregard for the gritty urban fabric."[29]

Controversy and criticism

After years of praise and commendation, in 2013 some of Calatrava's projects began to draw criticism on the grounds of their cost, delays, and functional problems. Many of these criticisms were packaged together in an article by Suzanne Daley in the New York Times on 13 September 2013, entitled "Santiago Calatrava collects critics as well as fans."[28]

Daley wrote: "...in numerous interviews, other architects, academics and builders say that Mr. Calatrava is amassing an unusually long list of projects marred by cost overruns, delays and litigation. It is hard to find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly over budget. And complaints abound that he is indifferent to the needs of his clients. In 2013 a Dutch councillor in Haarlemmermeer, near Amsterdam, urged his colleagues to take legal action because the three bridges the architect designed for the town cost twice the budgeted amount and then millions more in upkeep since they opened in 2004."[28]

Much of the criticism focused on the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, originally budgeted for about $405 million. Ignacio Blanco, the leader of a small opposition party in Valencia, blamed Calatrava of spending nearly three times the original budget, and accused the region of paying him approximately $127 million for his work, though the complex was originally lacking elevators for the disabled, and the opera house had 150 seats with obstructed views. In 2013 Calatrava sued his critic for defamation and won, however because the judge ruled that, although the website presented "objective truths", its name "Calatrava te la clava" (a rhyme meaning "Calatrava bleeds you dry") was "insulting and degrading".[30]

Some of the problems with Calatrava's projects have been caused by an excess of innovation and insufficient testing. The glass tiles on the floor of his bridge in Bilbao became slippery in the rain, causing an increased number of claims for injuries and forcing the installation of a black anti-slip carpet on the decking, which blocked the view of the river through the walkway. The metal arches he put over some landscaped gardens sometimes overheated in the sunshine, baking the vines that were supposed to grow on them.[31] The aluminum and wood covering of a winery in Spain leaked water, interfering with the winemaking and requiring extensive repairs. The ceramic tiles on the surface of the opera house in Valencia, placed as a tribute to Antonio Gaudi, buckled in the heat because concrete and ceramics expand and contract at different rates when temperatures change. Calatrava was sued for the cost of repairs on the bridge in Venice and has been condemned in court.[32]

WTC Hub

Much of the criticism focused on Calatrava's WTC Hub, which was completed in 2016 for a cost of $4 billion, twice what was expected and seven years behind schedule. Calatrava was paid a fee of 80 million dollars.[33] Some of the additional cost and delay was due to additions and modifications to the original plan by the project owners, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, rather than the architect. Calatrava's original entry pavilion was scaled back for security reasons[34] and the mechanism for opening the roof to the gallery below was eliminated because of budget and space restraints.[35]

Even before it opened the station was a target of criticism: the New York Post described the station in 2014 as it was being built as "a self-indulgent monstrosity" and "a hideous waste of public money". Michael Kimmelman, architecture critic for The New York Times, referred to the structure as "a kitsch stegosaurus".[36][non-primary source needed] New York magazine referred to it in 2015 as it neared completion as a "Glorious Boondoggle".[37] The New York Post editorial board also described the station when it opened in 2016 as the "world's most obscenely overpriced commuter rail station – and possibly its ugliest", comparing the Oculus to a "giant gray-white space insect".[38]

The Hub also had its defenders. Jimmy Stamp of The Guardian wrote: "I despised the new World Trade Center transportation hub before I even saw it. It’s $2bn over budget, has suffered from construction problems and design compromises, it’s seven years late and still incomplete, and its architect, Santiago Calatrava, has left a trail of lawsuits and angry clients around the world....But when I was standing on the marble floors in its enormous, gleaming central concourse two stories below street level, staring up at a clear blue sky between bone-white ribs vaulting 160ft over my head, I, like Jonah in the whale, repented – at least for the moment....We deserve grand expressions of our artistic and technological capabilities. We deserve public spaces that inspire. The Oculus is deeply flawed, but I appreciate its aspiration and grandeur.... The Oculus presents a more optimistic vision, one based less on present realities and more on future possibilities. Less Blade Runner, more Star Trek. By the time we get to that future, whichever one it may be, the delays and the cost and the controversies will be forgotten, but we will be left with a luminous great hall in the heart of downtown New York."[39]

Style and influences

Calatrava has never described himself as a follower of any particular school or movement of architecture. Critics have claimed that a number of influences can be seen in his work. In the journal of the American Institute of Architects, Christopher Hawthorne wrote about his design for Florida Polytechnic University, which he called "an example of Calatrava's architectural approach and creative sensibility distilled, for better and worse, to its essence. There are all the usual influences on view—the Eero Saarinen forms rendered in the Richard Meier, FAIA, palette—and they are remarkably legible and easy to parse here."[40] Some other critics see his work as a continuation of expressionism.[41][42] Asked about critics who classified him into different schools, Calatrava responded, "Architectural critics have not yet passed from a state of perplexity about my work."[43]

Calatrava himself observed that he was particularly influenced by the work of engineers such as the Swiss Robert Maillart (1872–1940), whose work inspired him to seek simple forms which could create an emotional response.[3] Calatrava defined his objective this way in 2016 in a book about his work: "My major interest is the introduction of a new formal vocabulary, composed of forms adapted to our time."[44]

Calatrava, a sculptor, has also spoken frequently about the connection between sculpture and architecture in his work. "In sculpture, I have often used spheres, cubes and other simple forms often connected with my knowledge of engineering." He noted that his Turning Torso building had originally been conceived as a work of sculpture, and he praised the liberties taken by Frank Gehry and Frank Stella in creating sculptural art, but he also noted the differences. In 1997 he wrote that "architecture and sculpture are two rivers in which the same water flows. Think of sculpture as a pure plastic art while architecture is a plastic art which is submitted to function, taking into consideration the human scale."[45] Calatrava also noted the influence of the sculptor Auguste Rodin, citing Rodin's words in his 1914 book Cathedrals of France: "The sculptor only achieves the greatness of expression in concentrating his attention on harmonic contrasts of light and shadow, exactly as an architect does."[46]

Movement is also an important element in the architecture of Calatrava. He noted that many 20th century sculptors, such as Alexander Calder, made sculptures that moved. He wrote his own university thesis on "The Flexibility of three-dimensional structures," and described how objects, by moving, could shift from three dimensions to two and even to one. Moving elements which folded and expanded became an important element of almost all of his projects. "Architecture itself moves", he told a biographer, "and, with a little chance, becomes a magnificent ruin".[47]

Artworks

Calatrava is also a sculptor and painter. Some of his architectural works, most notably the Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, were originally works of sculpture.[48] In 2006, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a special one-man exhibition of Calatrava's drawings, sculpture, and architectural models, entitled Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture.[49][50]

In 2012, the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg held an exhibition of his work[51] and this was followed up by an exhibition at the Vatican Museum in Rome.[52] Eight of his sculptures were displayed along Park Avenue in New York City in the spring of 2015, between 52nd and 55th Streets.[53]

Notable works

 
Montjuïc Communications Tower, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (1992)
 
Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden (2005)
 
Chords Bridge for pedestrians and train in Jerusalem (2008)
 
World Trade Center Transportation Hub, New York City (2016)
 
Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015)

Completed

Under construction/proposed

In Europe
  • City of Sport, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
  • New railway station in Mons, Belgium
  • Peninsula Place, Greenwich, London (1 billion dollar project for three towers and a footbridge)[55]
In the Middle East
  • Sharq Crossing, Doha, Qatar: project for three bridges and two tunnels (postponed until after 2022)
  • Dubai Creek Tower, Dubai, UAE (ground broken, scheduled for completion in 2025; in competition for world's tallest structure)[56]
In East Asia
  • Yuan Ze University Building (Taoyuan International Conference Center), Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Recognition

Calatrava has received numerous awards for his design and engineering work.[57] In 1988, he was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by the SOM Foundation.[58] In 1990, he received the "Médaille d'Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique", in Paris. In 1992 he received the prestigious Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers. In 1993, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held a major exhibition of his work called "Structure and Expression". In 1998 he was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In 2005 he received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Award by the Council for the Arts of MIT.[59]

He is also a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.[60]

Calatrava has received a total of twenty-two honorary degrees in recognition of his work. In 2013, Calatrava was awarded an honorary doctorate from Georgia Institute of Technology, an award that has only been given to a small number of people.[61][62]

Honorary degrees

  • 1993 Honorary Degree from Universidad Politecnica de Valencia
  • 1994 Honorary Degree from Heriot-Watt University
  • 1994 Honorary Degree from University of Seville
  • 1995 Honorary Degree from University of Salford
  • 1996 Honorary Degree from University of Strathclyde
  • 1997 Honorary Degree from Milwaukee School of Engineering
  • 1997 Honoris Causa Degree awarded by Delft University of Technology
  • 1999 Honoris Causa Degree from University of Cassino
  • 1999 Honorary Degree from Lund University
  • 1999 Honorary Degree from Universita degli Studi di Ferrara
  • 2004 Honorary Degree from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
  • 2005 Honorary Degree from Southern Methodist University
  • 2006 Honorary Engineering Degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
  • 2005 Honorary Degree from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
  • 2007 Honorary Engineering Degree from Columbia University
  • 2008 Honorary Degree from Tel Aviv University
  • 2009 Honorary Degree from Oxford University
  • 2009 Honorary Degree from University Camilo Jose Cela
  • 2010 Honorary Degree from Universite de Liège
  • 2012 Honorary Degree from Pratt Institute
  • 2013 Honorary Doctoral Degree from Georgia Institute of Technology[63]
  • 2016 Honorary Doctoral Degree from Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) in México[64]

Other honours

Personal life

Calatrava resides in Zurich and New York City. Two of Calatrava's sons have completed advanced degrees in Engineering from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University in New York City.[68] His other son obtained a law degree from Columbia University.[when?][needs update]

References

  1. ^ a b Taschen & Taschen 2016, p. 108.
  2. ^ "Santiago Calatrava Biography – life, family, children, name, story, wife, school, mother, young – Newsmakers Cumulation". notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Jodidio 2016, p. 7.
  4. ^ "Biography: Santiago Calatrava". Southern Methodist University News. 7 October 2002. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  5. ^ a b c Jodidio 2016, p. 91.
  6. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 3.
  7. ^ a b Jodidio 2016, p. 33.
  8. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 53.
  9. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 57.
  10. ^ a b Jodidio 2016, pp. 63–65.
  11. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 67.
  12. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 67-69.
  13. ^ "Athens Olympics Sports Complex". Arcspace.com. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  14. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 47-51.
  15. ^ Jodidio 2016, pp. 70–71.
  16. ^ Schutze, Jim. "No, Really. Not Joking. Huge Arches on McDermott Bridge Are Fake. Go Figure". Dallas Observer.
  17. ^ Rogers, Tim (22 June 2011). . FrontBurner. Dallas, Texas: D Magazine Partners, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  18. ^ Rago, Danielle (7 March 2012). . Domus. Dallas, Texas. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  19. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 93.
  20. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 81.
  21. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 83.
  22. ^ Hawthorne, Christopher (13 October 2014). "Florida Polytechnic University, Designed by Santiago Calatrava". Architect. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  23. ^ Rosenfield, Karissa (17 December 2015). "Santiago Calatrava's Museum of Tomorrow Opens in Rio de Janeiro". ArchDaily. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  24. ^ Murdock, James (10 October 2010). "Calatrava's "Museum of Tomorrow" to Showcase a Greener Future for Rio". Architectural Record. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  25. ^ Watts, Jonathan (17 December 2015). "Museum of Tomorrow: a captivating invitation to imagine a sustainable world". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  26. ^ a b Jodidio 2016, p. 77.
  27. ^ "Why The World Trade Center Transportation Hub Is Going To Cost $4 Billion". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  28. ^ a b c Daley, Suzanne (13 September 2013). "A Star Architect Leaves Some Clients Fuming". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  29. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (2 March 2016). "Santiago Calatrava's Transit Hub Is a Soaring Symbol of a Boondoggle". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  30. ^ "Santiago Calatrava wins legal battle against 'insulting and degrading' website". De Zeen Magazine. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  31. ^ Daley, Suzanne (25 September 2013). "Santiago Calatrava Collects Critics as Well as Fans". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  32. ^ LaInformacion (14 August 2019). "Multan al arquitecto español Calatrava por el fiasco de su puente en Venecia". La Información (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  33. ^ Walker, Alissa (20 April 2016). "Can You Guess How Much NYC Paid The Architect of the Most Expensive Train Station On Earth?". Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  34. ^ Dunlap, David W. (28 July 2005). "Approval Expected Today for Trade Center Rail Hub". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
  35. ^ Dunlap, David W. (2 July 2008). "Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
  36. ^ Kimmelman, Michael (2 December 2014). "Michael Kimmelman on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  37. ^ Rice, Andrew (12 March 2015). "The Glorious Boondoggle". New York. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  38. ^ New York Post Editorial Board (23 February 2016). "$4 Billion Buys the World's Ugliest Commuter Rail Stop". New York Post. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  39. ^ "New York's Oculus transit hub soars, but it's a phoenix with a price tag". TheGuardian.com. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  40. ^ Christopher Hawthorne, Architect- the Journal of the Institute of American Institute of Architects, 13 October 2014
  41. ^ "Calatrava, Santiago". infoplease.com. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  42. ^ "Architectural Record – News, Continuing Ed, Products, Green Bldg". Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  43. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 8.
  44. ^ Taschen & Taschen 2016, p. 111.
  45. ^ cited in Gonzales, Julio, Dessiner dans l'espace, Skira, Kutsmuseum, Berne (1997)
  46. ^ Rodin, Auguste, Les Cathedrals de France, Armand Colin, Paris, 1914
  47. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 11.
  48. ^ Jodidio 2016, p. 19.
  49. ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Special Exhibitions: Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture 29 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Images from the March 2006 Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition. 10 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ "'Santiago Calatrava: The Quest for Movement' Exhibition". Arch Daily. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  52. ^ "Santiago Calatrava: The Metamorphosis of Space". Arch Daily. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  53. ^ Chaban, Matt (21 March 2014). "The canvas and creativity drive renowned architect Santiago Calatrava's structures". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  54. ^ "Sculpture by Santiago Calatrava to be unveiled at SMU's Meadows Museum". Southern Methodist University News. 7 October 2002. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  55. ^ Nayeri, Farah (2 February 2017). "Santiago Calatrava to Design His First London Complex". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  56. ^ Kim, Soo (12 October 2016). "New Dubai skyscraper to surpass the world's tallest building". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  57. ^ "Santiago Calatrava Awards". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  58. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
  59. ^ Established to honor Eugene McDermott, founder of Texas Instruments and long-time friend and benefactor to MIT, the award was created by the Council for the Arts at MIT in 1974, and further endowed by Eugene's wife, Margaret. Since its inception, the Council has bestowed the award upon 31 individuals producing creative work in the performing, visual and media arts, as well as authors, art historians and patrons of the arts.
  60. ^ . Design Intelligence. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  61. ^ Treadaway, Dan (Fall 2013). "Santiago Calatrava: Blurring Boundaries". Georgia Tech. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  62. ^ Herman, Lisa. "Architect John Portman honored with Council for Quality Growth's Four Pillars Award", Georgia Tech, 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014. "...Doctorate of Philosophy by Georgia Tech, an accolade only a handful of individuals have achieved..."
  63. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "YouTube – Dr. Santiago Calatrava Receives Honorary Degree and Remarks". Retrieved 29 April 2014 – via YouTube.
  64. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the : AGENCIA EFE (10 October 2016). "Santiago Calatrava recibe Honoris Causa del Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México". Retrieved 17 March 2017 – via YouTube.
  65. ^ NOMINA DI MEMBRI DEL PONTIFICIO CONSIGLIO DELLA CULTURA 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  67. ^ "2004 Summit Highlights Photo: Famed Spanish architect and structural engineer, Santiago Calatrava, receives the Golden Plate Award presented by Awards Council member Quincy Jones during the 43rd annual International Achievement Summit in Chicago". Academy of Achievement.
  68. ^ Davidson, Justin (28 April 2013). "Santiago Calatrava's Three Sons". New York. Retrieved 17 March 2017.

Bibliography

  • Jodidio, Philip (2016). Calatrava (in French). Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-3564-9.
  • Bony, Anne (2012). L'Architecture Moderne (in French). Larousse. ISBN 978-2-03-587641-6.
  • Taschen, Aurelia; Taschen, Balthazar (2016). L'Architecture Moderne de A à Z (in French). Bibliotheca Universalis. ISBN 978-3-8365-5630-9.
  • Prina, Francesca; Demaratini, Demartini (2006). Petite encyclopédie de l'architecture (in French). Solar. ISBN 2-263-04096-X.
  • Hopkins, Owen (2014). Les styles en architecture- guide visuel (in French). Dunod. ISBN 978-2-10-070689-1.
  • De Bure, Gilles (2015). Architecture contemporaine- le guide (in French). Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-134385-6.

Further reading

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santiago Calatrava.
  • Official website

Maps:

  • Calatrava's projects on the map
  • Map of Santiago Calatrava Architecture

Profiles:

  • Great Buildings On-Line: Santiago Calatrava
  • Extended profile of the architect in the NYRB, December 2006
  • The Guardian, 17 January 2006, "The Gaudí Effect"
  • CNN interview with Santiago Calatrava

January 21, 2023
santiago, calatrava, this, spanish, name, first, paternal, surname, calatrava, second, maternal, family, name, valls, valls, born, july, 1951, spanish, architect, structural, engineer, sculptor, painter, particularly, known, bridges, supported, single, leaning. In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Calatrava and the second or maternal family name is Valls Santiago Calatrava Valls born 28 July 1951 is a Spanish architect structural engineer sculptor and painter particularly known for his bridges supported by single leaning pylons and his railway stations stadiums and museums whose sculptural forms often resemble living organisms 1 His best known works include the Olympic Sports Complex of Athens the Milwaukee Art Museum the Turning Torso tower in Malmo Sweden the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas Texas and his largest project the City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in his birthplace Valencia His architectural firm has offices in New York City Doha and Zurich Santiago Calatrava VallsSantiago Calatrava in 2010Born 1951 07 28 28 July 1951 age 71 Valencia SpainNationalitySpanish SwissEducationPolytecnic University of ValenciaSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologyOccupationEngineerEngineering careerDisciplineStructural engineer Architect sculptorInstitutionsInstitution of Structural EngineersPractice nameSantiago CalatravaProjectsTurning TorsoAthens Olympic Sports ComplexAuditorio de TenerifeAlamillo bridgeChords BridgeCiutat de les Arts i les CienciesLiege Guillemins railway stationMuseum of Tomorrow World Trade Center station PATH Dubai Creek TowerAwardsEuropean Prize for Architecture AIA Gold MedalIStructE Gold MedalEugene McDermott AwardPrince of Asturias AwardAuguste Perret Prize Contents 1 Early life 2 First projects and international attention 3 Projects of the 1990s 3 1 Gare de Lyon Saint Exupery 1989 1994 and the Eastern Train Station in Lisbon 1992 98 3 2 Bilbao Airport 1990 2000 4 Museums concert halls and skyscrapers 2000 2010 4 1 Milwaukee Art Museum 1994 2001 4 2 Bodegas Ysios winery 1998 2001 4 3 Auditorio de Tenerife 1991 2003 4 4 Turning Torso 1999 2004 4 5 Athens Olympic Sports Complex 2001 2004 4 6 City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in Valencia 1991 2006 4 7 Liege Guillemins railway station 2009 5 Recent major projects 2011 5 1 Oviedo Conference Center 2000 2011 5 2 Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge 2007 2012 and Peace Bridge 2008 2012 5 3 Florida Polytechnic University 2009 2014 5 4 Museum of Tomorrow Rio de Janeiro 2010 2015 5 5 WTC Hub New York City 2003 2016 6 Controversy and criticism 6 1 WTC Hub 7 Style and influences 8 Artworks 9 Notable works 9 1 Completed 9 2 Under construction proposed 10 Recognition 10 1 Honorary degrees 10 2 Other honours 11 Personal life 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External linksEarly life EditCalatrava was born on 28 July 1951 in Benimamet an old municipality now part of Valencia Spain His Calatrava surname was an old aristocratic one from medieval times and was once associated with an order of knights in Spain 2 He had his primary and secondary schooling in Valencia and beginning in 1957 studied drawing and painting at the School of Applied Art In 1964 as the regime of General Francisco Franco relaxed and Spain became more open to the rest of Europe he went to France as an exchange student In 1968 after completing secondary school he went to study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris but he arrived in the midst of student uprisings and turmoil in Paris and returned home Back in Valencia he discovered a book about the architecture of Le Corbusier which persuaded him that he could be both an artist and an architect He enrolled in the Higher School of Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Valencia He received his diploma as an architect and then did higher studies in urbanism 3 At the University he completed independent projects with fellow students publishing two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza 4 In 1975 he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich Switzerland for a second degree in civil engineering In 1981 he was awarded a doctorate in the department of architecture after completing his thesis on The Pliability of three dimensional structures 5 Speaking of this period Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodildo AKA Nick Fendt Jet The desire to start all over at zero was very strong in me I was determined to put to one side all that I had learned in architecture school and to learn to draw and think like an engineer I was fascinated by the concept of gravity and convinced that it was necessary to begin work with simple forms 3 Calatrava explained that he was particularly influenced by the work of the early 20th century Swiss engineer Robert Maillart 1872 1940 which taught him that with an adequate combination of force and mass you can create emotion 3 First projects and international attention Edit Zurich Stadelhofen railway station in Zurich Switzerland 1983 90 Interior of the Zurich Stadelhofen railway station in Zurich Switzerland 1983 90 The Bac de Roda Bridge in Barcelona Spain 1984 87 Calatrava s first bridge The Bac de Roda Bridge in Barcelona Spain 1984 87 Lusitania Bridge Merida Spain 1988 91 Puente del Alamillo Expo 92 Seville Spain 1992 As soon as Calatrava completed his doctorate in 1981 he opened his own office in Zurich He designed an exposition hall a factory a library and two bridges but none were built Finally in 1983 he began to receive commissions for industrial and transportation structures of increasingly greater size he designed and built the Entrepot Jakem a warehouse in Munchwilen Thurgau Switzerland another warehouse in Coesfeld Lette Germany an addition to the main post office in Lucerne Switzerland a bus shelter in Saint Gall Switzerland 1983 85 the roof of a school in Wohlen Switzerland 1983 88 and then some major projects a new hall for the railway station in Lucerne 1983 89 and then an entire train station the Zurich Stadelhofen railway station in Switzerland 1983 1990 The train station has several of the features that became signatures of his work straight lines and right angles are rare The railroad platforms curve the supporting columns lean the concrete walls of the modernistic cavern beneath the tracks are everywhere pierced with teardrop shaped skylights and tilting glass panels provide light and shelter without enclosing the platforms 5 In 1984 87 he built his first bridge the Bac de Roda Bridge in Barcelona Spain which for the first time brought him international notice The bridge designed for cyclists and pedestrians connects two parts of the city by crossing a wasteland of railway tracks It is 128 metres 420 ft long with twin arches which lean at an angle of thirty degrees a feature which quickly became the stylistic signature of Calatrava The upper portion of the bridge composed of steel arches and cables is light and airy like a network of lace anchored to the massive concrete supports and granite pillars below 5 His next bridge the Puente del Alamillo 1987 1992 in Seville Spain was even more spectacular and cemented his reputation Built as part of the 1992 Expo 92 it is 200 metres 660 ft long crossing the Meandro San Jeronimo River Its main feature is a single pylon 142 metres 466 ft high leaning to 58 degrees the same angle as the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt The weight of the concrete of the pylon is sufficient to hold up the bridge with just thirteen pairs of cables eliminating the need for any cables behind it 6 Projects of the 1990s Edit Montjuic Communications Tower Barcelona 1989 92 Atrium of Brookfield Place Toronto Ontario Canada 1992 Llonja de Sant Jordi Alcoy Alicante Spain 1992 95 Gare do Oriente Lisbon Portugal 1998 Bilbao Airport control tower 1990 2000 Bilbao Airport Passenger Terminal 1990 2000 Bilbao Airport Passenger Terminal 1990 2000 At the beginning of the 1990s Calatrava built several remarkable railway stations and bridges but broadened his portfolio by designing a wider range of structures including a Canadian shopping center a new passenger terminal for Bilbao airport and his first building in the United States the new structure of the Milwaukee Art Museum In 1992 he completed one of his most picturesque and sculptural works the Montjuic Communications Tower in Barcelona 1989 92 a 136 m 446 ft high graceful concrete spire designed for the site of the 1992 Olympics The concrete pylon leans backwards and seems to grasp the vertical broadcast antennas Its form suggests an athlete about to throw a javelin The circular building at the base of the tower which contains the broadcast equipment is clad in white bricks and is equipped with metal resembling an eye which opens and closes The building has a particularly Catalan touch borrowed from the park benches of Park Guell of Antonio Gaudi a decoration of colorful ceramics tiles The square next to it is laid out like a giant sundial on which the tower casts its shadow In 1992 he also finished his first North American project the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto Ontario Canada The interior of the shopping mall is covered by a glass roof supported by columns like gigantic trees a modern version of the Belle Epoque Les Halles market in Paris 7 Gare de Lyon Saint Exupery 1989 1994 and the Eastern Train Station in Lisbon 1992 98 Edit Two years later in 1994 he completed another notable train station the Gare de Lyon Saint Exupery 1989 1994 at the Lyon airport in Satolas This building was designed to be both a functional link between the airport and train station the terminal for the high speed TGV trains and a symbol of the Rhone Alps Region The station is covered by a giant shell of steel and glass 120 by 100 metres 390 by 330 ft suspended at a maximum height of 40 metres 130 ft and weighing 1 300 tonnes 1 300 long tons 1 400 short tons It is connected with the airport terminal by a 180 metres 590 ft long glass and concrete bridge The glass and steel sides and skylights of the terminal from the inside resemble a modernistic cathedral the glass panels at the top are intended to suggest flight From the outside the station has been said to resemble a prehistoric animal while the glass and steel bridge has been compared to a bird or a manta ray 7 The Gare do Oriente or eastern train station was constructed for the 1998 Lisbon World Exposition and is located in a former industrial area It was designed to bridge the wasteland which separated the residential area of the city from the Tagus River Similar to the galleria he designed in Toronto but on a grander scale the interior of the station features a forest of white columns like gigantic trees that support the glass roof 238 by 78 metres 781 by 256 ft which covers the eight tracks The station complex also includes a shopping center and transport links by tram and metro to the center of the city With its multiple arches and curves the structure appears to be moving and ready to take off 8 Bilbao Airport 1990 2000 Edit One of his last projects in the 20th century was the Bilbao Airport in Spain notable both for its unusual control tower 42 metres 138 ft high made of concrete clad with aluminum which widens as it grows taller and which resembles a statue holding its hands in front of it and for terminal buildings where the white concrete structures are united with aluminum forms The terminal buildings themselves lift upwards and seem to be trying to take off giving them the airport the popular nickname of The Dove Museums concert halls and skyscrapers 2000 2010 Edit The Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee Wisconsin 1994 2001 source source source source source source The Milwaukee Art Museum Brise Soleil Bodegas Ysios winery in Laguardia Spain 1998 2001 Auditorio de Tenerife in the Canary Islands 1991 2003 Turning Torso in Malmo Sweden 1999 2004 Science Museum in Valencia Spain 1991 2006 The City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia Spain 1991 2006 Palace of the Arts in Valencia 2006 Liege Guillemins railway station Liege Belgium 2009 Athens Olympic Sports Complex Greece 2004 Following 2000 Calatrava completed a new addition to the Milwaukee Art Museum a concert hall in Tenerife in the Canary Islands a twisting skyscraper in Malmo Sweden and a City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia Spain in Sweden and a wooden castle like winery in Spain all in astonishing forms and all seemingly in motion Milwaukee Art Museum 1994 2001 Edit The Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum 1994 2001 was Calatrava s first building in the United States and his first museum It displayed the technical innovations and forms he had first used in his railway stations and airports but with more freedom of form and architectural theatrics It is an addition to an existing building constructed by Eero Saarinen in 1957 next to Lake Michigan with a later addition in 1975 by David Kahler The purpose of the new pavilion as defined by the museum board was to give the museum a new entrance and especially to redefine the identity of the museum with a strong image Calatrava s design was selected after a competition entered by seventy seven architects Calatrava s solution was a glass and steel entry hall 2 metres 6 6 ft high with a moveable sun screen roof composed two large wings made up of twenty six smaller wings from 8 to 32 metres 26 to 105 ft in length The sunscreen weighing 115 tonnes 113 long tons 127 short tons can be hoisted up by a single pylon like an enormous bird s wing or lowered when the wind from the lake is stronger than 65 kilometres per hour 35 kn The interior of the structure has a conference hall exposition space shops and a restaurant overlooking the lake He also designed a suspension footbridge between the center of the city and edge of the lake 9 Bodegas Ysios winery 1998 2001 Edit The Bodegas Ysios winery in Laguardia Spain 1998 2001 was designed as a symbol of the Rioja wines made by that winery Built on a sloping site surrounded by vineyards the 196 metre 643 ft long building has an aluminum roof and a facade covered with laminated wood panels alternating between convex and concave with a roofline that ripples like a series of waves 10 Auditorio de Tenerife 1991 2003 Edit The Auditorio de Tenerife Tenerife in the Canary Islands is a concert hall with 1558 seats and a smaller chamber music hall of 428 seats With a curving concrete cupola 60 metres 200 ft high crowned by a curving roof like a breaking wave it dominates the city square and old town below The shell is covered with ceramic tiles and the pavement and most of the floors are made of the local basalt stone The unusual sculptural form of the building gives it a completely different appearance depending upon from where it is viewed 10 Turning Torso 1999 2004 Edit The Turning Torso in Malmo Sweden was Calatrava s first skyscraper and was the first twisting skyscraper a form which later appeared in other cities around the world from Shanghai to Moscow The building was originally conceived by the architect as a sculpture of seven cubes stacked on a steel support creating a spiral structure resembling a twisting spinal column 11 The tower is 190 metres 620 ft high and twists a full ninety degrees from the base to the top Each of the nine cubes cube is like a separate five story building each floor contains from one to five apartments The support holding the structure together is the column of elevators and escalators which communicate between the cubes A system of discreet cross beams on the exterior frame manage the torsion of the twisting building In 2016 it was the tallest building in Scandinavia 12 Athens Olympic Sports Complex 2001 2004 Edit For the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens Greece Calatrava won the commission to cover the existing stadium with a new roof to make a similar roof for the velodrome and additionally to build four entrance gateways a monumental sculpture to symbolize the games and other architectural features to give harmony and variety to the complex The roof for the stadium in the form of bent leaves of laminated glass is designed to reflect 90 percent of the sunlight The roof covers 25 000 square metres 270 000 sq ft and is supported by double tied arches of tubular steel with a span of 304 metres 997 ft and a height of 60 metres 200 ft It is 250 metres 820 ft long and 20 metres 66 ft high suspended by cables from two parabolic arches The Velodrome has a white cap supported by two concrete arches 45 metres 148 ft high weighing 4 000 tonnes 3 900 long tons 4 400 short tons from which the glass and steel roof is suspended Calatrava also designed an enormous parabolic arch at the entrance and the Wall of Nations a mobile sculpture of tubular steel which moves in a wavelike patterns 13 City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in Valencia 1991 2006 Edit The largest group of buildings by Calatrava is found in his birthplace Valencia Spain and was built in over a decade It includes the City of Arts and Sciences 1991 2000 and the Opera house 1996 2006 all constructed on a plot of 35 hectares between a highway and a river on the east side of the city The L Hemisferic like a half sunken globe is placed in the centre next to a large artificial lake in which it seems to be sinking The dome is covered by a metal screen which opens and closes and the entrance opens like a human eye On one side is the science museum behind a line of leaning columns and on the other is the newest structure the massive shell of the opera house described by Calatrava as a monumental sculpture which gives the impression of being continually in motion 14 Liege Guillemins railway station 2009 Edit The Liege Guillemins railway station for high speed trains in Liege Belgium is covered with a lace like roof of glass and steel 160 metres 520 ft long and 32 metres 105 ft high covering the nine tracks and five platforms The transparent roof seems to eliminate the distinction between indoors and outdoors 1 Recent major projects 2011 Edit Palace of Congresses in Oviedo Spain 2000 2011 Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas Texas 2012 Peace Bridge in Calgary Canada 2012 The Innovation Science and Technology IST Building of the Florida Polytechnic University 2014 Interior of the Innovation Science and Technology IST building at Florida Polytechnic University 2014 Museum of Tomorrow Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2015 Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2015 The World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City 2016 Interior of the Oculus of the World Trade Center Transportation Hub 2016 Oviedo Conference Center 2000 2011 Edit The conference center and exposition hall in the Spanish city of Oviedo combines two office buildings and a hotel covered with horizontal bands of glass and steel and perched upon curving concrete pylons with elliptical conference center which includes a main theater exposition hall and seminar rooms The Center include another signature feature of Calatrava s work a moveable sunscreen that folds and unfolds The ceiling of the concert hall is an ascending series of arcs which echo the curving rows of seats 15 Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge 2007 2012 and Peace Bridge 2008 2012 Edit Calatrava constructed a series of extraordinary bridges the type of structure which originally brought him global attention for cities around the world that wanted a symbol of modernity and daring Among the largest and dramatic are three bridges over the Trinity River in Dallas Texas The first of these was the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge opened for traffic in March 2012 The bridge carrying six lanes of traffic is 209 metres 686 ft long with the appearance of being 16 suspended from an arc shaped tubular steel pylon forty stories or 136 metres 446 ft high by fifty eight cables ranging in length from 119 to 196 metres 390 to 643 ft In form the bridge resembles one of three bridges constructed in 2005 2005 on the Autostrada A1 in Reggio Emilia Italy 17 18 Work on the second bridge the Margaret McDermott Bridge began in 2011 19 The Peace Bridge in Calgary Canada built between 2008 and 2012 is a completely different bridge in purpose scale and design Built across the Bow River and designed for pedestrians and cyclists it is a glass and stew wrapped tube 126 metres 413 ft long It appears extraordinary long for a bridge with no towers or pylons to hold it up Calatrava described the form in his own particular engineering vocabulary as defined by a helicoidal movement with an ovoid cross section with two clearly materialized tangential lanes expressing an internal architectural volume 20 Florida Polytechnic University 2009 2014 Edit The project for the new Florida Polytechnic University in Lakeland Florida 2009 2014 gave Calatrava the opportunity to design an entire campus in a unified style The site covers 170 acres 69 ha of land which once contained phosphorus mines many of which have been filled with water creating small lakes Calatrava s plan combined several small lakes into a central lake which serves as a setting for the central structure the Innovation Science and Technology IST building The eye shaped central building has an area of 200 000 square feet on two floors and contains all the classrooms faculty offices laboratories and public spaces until the other buildings are completed The building has several signature Calatrava features including an extendable sun scene on the roof which entirely changes the appearance of the building when deployed and whose form changes gradually as the sun moves The terraces of the building are covered by a curving pergola or screen of steel which reduces the direct sunlight by thirty percent Inside the corridors and central courtyard are lit by the central skylight Plans for the building call for the installation of 1 860 square metres 20 000 sq ft of solar panels on the sunscreen to provide energy for the building The library of the university is also distinctive it does not have a single book all the collection is digitized 21 The structure has been called by some journalists a response to the criticism of the high price and technical flaws of some of Calatrava s earlier buildings The review in Architecture magazine the journal of the American Institute of Architects reported The building is full of handsome and even some very impressive spaces but none of the singularly breathtaking ones that have made Calatrava despite his price tag so attractive to clients looking for marketing splash to go with their museum wing or train station It reflects serious attention to detail and the bottom line this is the work of an architect actively trying to prove or at least re emphasize his bona fides 22 Museum of Tomorrow Rio de Janeiro 2010 2015 Edit The Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro Brazil which opened in December 2015 is part of the redevelopment of the waterfront of Rio de Janeiro and opened in time for the 2016 Summer Olympics in that city The building is sited on a 7 600 square metres 82 000 sq ft plaza next to the harbor and surrounded by reflecting pools The building is cantilevered 75 metres 246 ft over the plaza and 45 metres 148 ft toward the sea and gives the impression that it is floating on the water Calatrava wrote The idea is that the building feels ethereal almost floating on the sea like a ship a bird or a plant The roof is equipped with moveable screens that adjust to the movements of the sun The interior design is what Calatrava calls archetypal and simplified to allow for exhibits in a greater variety of forms and sizes The museum also includes a number of ecological features water from the sea is used to regulate the temperature inside the building and to refill the surrounding reflecting pools 23 24 The Guardian described it as an other worldly edifice that looks like a cross between a solar powered dinosaur and a giant air conditioning unit and declared it must already rank as one of the world s most extraordinary buildings 25 WTC Hub New York City 2003 2016 Edit Calatrava designed the WTC Transportation Hub in New York City at the rebuilt World Trade Center at the site of the September 11 attacks in 2001 The new station connects the regional trains of the new PATH with the subway and other local transportation and also has a large retail mall replacing commercial space destroyed in the attack The above ground oculus of the station made of glass and steel is oval shaped and is 35 metres 115 ft long and 29 metres 95 ft high According to Calatrava it resembles a bird flying from the hands of a child 26 The Wings of the above ground structure were originally designed to move upward to a maximum height of 51 metres 167 ft to form a double screen 51 metres 167 ft high but this feature had to be dropped to meet new security standards The main hall of the station is 10 metres 33 ft underground and the tracks of the PATH system on another level 8 metres 26 ft below The underground station was originally designed so that its roof would open entirely in good weather but this feature also had to be dropped due to its cost and space limitations 26 The WTC Hub has been controversial because of its cost 4 billion dollars twice the original estimate and the most expensive railway station ever built and its delays seven years on 3 March 2016 seven years behind schedule More than 1 billion of its cost went to administrative expenses and the decision to build around the 1 train of the New York City Subway 27 28 Michael Kimmelman the architecture critic of the New York Times praised the soaring upward view inside the Oculus but condemned the building s cost scale monotony of materials and color preening formalism and disregard for the gritty urban fabric 29 Controversy and criticism EditAfter years of praise and commendation in 2013 some of Calatrava s projects began to draw criticism on the grounds of their cost delays and functional problems Many of these criticisms were packaged together in an article by Suzanne Daley in the New York Times on 13 September 2013 entitled Santiago Calatrava collects critics as well as fans 28 Daley wrote in numerous interviews other architects academics and builders say that Mr Calatrava is amassing an unusually long list of projects marred by cost overruns delays and litigation It is hard to find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly over budget And complaints abound that he is indifferent to the needs of his clients In 2013 a Dutch councillor in Haarlemmermeer near Amsterdam urged his colleagues to take legal action because the three bridges the architect designed for the town cost twice the budgeted amount and then millions more in upkeep since they opened in 2004 28 Much of the criticism focused on the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia originally budgeted for about 405 million Ignacio Blanco the leader of a small opposition party in Valencia blamed Calatrava of spending nearly three times the original budget and accused the region of paying him approximately 127 million for his work though the complex was originally lacking elevators for the disabled and the opera house had 150 seats with obstructed views In 2013 Calatrava sued his critic for defamation and won however because the judge ruled that although the website presented objective truths its name Calatrava te la clava a rhyme meaning Calatrava bleeds you dry was insulting and degrading 30 Some of the problems with Calatrava s projects have been caused by an excess of innovation and insufficient testing The glass tiles on the floor of his bridge in Bilbao became slippery in the rain causing an increased number of claims for injuries and forcing the installation of a black anti slip carpet on the decking which blocked the view of the river through the walkway The metal arches he put over some landscaped gardens sometimes overheated in the sunshine baking the vines that were supposed to grow on them 31 The aluminum and wood covering of a winery in Spain leaked water interfering with the winemaking and requiring extensive repairs The ceramic tiles on the surface of the opera house in Valencia placed as a tribute to Antonio Gaudi buckled in the heat because concrete and ceramics expand and contract at different rates when temperatures change Calatrava was sued for the cost of repairs on the bridge in Venice and has been condemned in court 32 WTC Hub Edit Much of the criticism focused on Calatrava s WTC Hub which was completed in 2016 for a cost of 4 billion twice what was expected and seven years behind schedule Calatrava was paid a fee of 80 million dollars 33 Some of the additional cost and delay was due to additions and modifications to the original plan by the project owners the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey rather than the architect Calatrava s original entry pavilion was scaled back for security reasons 34 and the mechanism for opening the roof to the gallery below was eliminated because of budget and space restraints 35 Even before it opened the station was a target of criticism the New York Post described the station in 2014 as it was being built as a self indulgent monstrosity and a hideous waste of public money Michael Kimmelman architecture critic for The New York Times referred to the structure as a kitsch stegosaurus 36 non primary source needed New York magazine referred to it in 2015 as it neared completion as a Glorious Boondoggle 37 The New York Post editorial board also described the station when it opened in 2016 as the world s most obscenely overpriced commuter rail station and possibly its ugliest comparing the Oculus to a giant gray white space insect 38 The Hub also had its defenders Jimmy Stamp of The Guardian wrote I despised the new World Trade Center transportation hub before I even saw it It s 2bn over budget has suffered from construction problems and design compromises it s seven years late and still incomplete and its architect Santiago Calatrava has left a trail of lawsuits and angry clients around the world But when I was standing on the marble floors in its enormous gleaming central concourse two stories below street level staring up at a clear blue sky between bone white ribs vaulting 160ft over my head I like Jonah in the whale repented at least for the moment We deserve grand expressions of our artistic and technological capabilities We deserve public spaces that inspire The Oculus is deeply flawed but I appreciate its aspiration and grandeur The Oculus presents a more optimistic vision one based less on present realities and more on future possibilities Less Blade Runner more Star Trek By the time we get to that future whichever one it may be the delays and the cost and the controversies will be forgotten but we will be left with a luminous great hall in the heart of downtown New York 39 Style and influences EditCalatrava has never described himself as a follower of any particular school or movement of architecture Critics have claimed that a number of influences can be seen in his work In the journal of the American Institute of Architects Christopher Hawthorne wrote about his design for Florida Polytechnic University which he called an example of Calatrava s architectural approach and creative sensibility distilled for better and worse to its essence There are all the usual influences on view the Eero Saarinen forms rendered in the Richard Meier FAIA palette and they are remarkably legible and easy to parse here 40 Some other critics see his work as a continuation of expressionism 41 42 Asked about critics who classified him into different schools Calatrava responded Architectural critics have not yet passed from a state of perplexity about my work 43 Calatrava himself observed that he was particularly influenced by the work of engineers such as the Swiss Robert Maillart 1872 1940 whose work inspired him to seek simple forms which could create an emotional response 3 Calatrava defined his objective this way in 2016 in a book about his work My major interest is the introduction of a new formal vocabulary composed of forms adapted to our time 44 Calatrava a sculptor has also spoken frequently about the connection between sculpture and architecture in his work In sculpture I have often used spheres cubes and other simple forms often connected with my knowledge of engineering He noted that his Turning Torso building had originally been conceived as a work of sculpture and he praised the liberties taken by Frank Gehry and Frank Stella in creating sculptural art but he also noted the differences In 1997 he wrote that architecture and sculpture are two rivers in which the same water flows Think of sculpture as a pure plastic art while architecture is a plastic art which is submitted to function taking into consideration the human scale 45 Calatrava also noted the influence of the sculptor Auguste Rodin citing Rodin s words in his 1914 book Cathedrals of France The sculptor only achieves the greatness of expression in concentrating his attention on harmonic contrasts of light and shadow exactly as an architect does 46 Movement is also an important element in the architecture of Calatrava He noted that many 20th century sculptors such as Alexander Calder made sculptures that moved He wrote his own university thesis on The Flexibility of three dimensional structures and described how objects by moving could shift from three dimensions to two and even to one Moving elements which folded and expanded became an important element of almost all of his projects Architecture itself moves he told a biographer and with a little chance becomes a magnificent ruin 47 Artworks EditCalatrava is also a sculptor and painter Some of his architectural works most notably the Turning Torso in Malmo Sweden were originally works of sculpture 48 In 2006 the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a special one man exhibition of Calatrava s drawings sculpture and architectural models entitled Santiago Calatrava Sculpture Into Architecture 49 50 In 2012 the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg held an exhibition of his work 51 and this was followed up by an exhibition at the Vatican Museum in Rome 52 Eight of his sculptures were displayed along Park Avenue in New York City in the spring of 2015 between 52nd and 55th Streets 53 Notable works Edit Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee Wisconsin U S 2001 Montjuic Communications Tower Barcelona Catalonia Spain 1992 Turning Torso in Malmo Sweden 2005 Chords Bridge for pedestrians and train in Jerusalem 2008 Auditorio de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain 2003 World Trade Center Transportation Hub New York City 2016 Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2015 Completed Edit 1983 84 Jakem Steel Warehouse Munchwilen Switzerland 1983 85 Ernsting Warehouse Coesfeld Germany 1983 88 Wohlen High School Wohlen Switzerland 1983 90 Stadelhofen Railway Station Zurich Switzerland 1983 89 Hall of Lucerne railway station Lucerne Switzerland 1984 87 Bac de Roda Bridge Barcelona Spain 1984 88 Barenmatte Community Center Suhr Switzerland 1986 87 Tabourettli Theater Basel Switzerland 1986 88 9 De Octubre Bridge Valencia Spain 1987 92 Allen Lambert Galleria in Brookfield Place Toronto Ontario Canada 1987 96 Buchen Housing Estate Wurenlingen Switzerland 1989 98 Emergency Services Centre St Gallen Switzerland 1989 94 Lyon Saint Exupery TGV Station Lyon France 1989 91 La Devesa Footbridge Ripoll Spain 1989 95 Puerto Bridge Ondarroa Spain 1989 96 Bohl Bus and Tram stop St Gallen Switzerland 1991 95 Alameda Bridge and Metro Station Valencia Spain 1991 96 Oberbaum Bridge Renovation Berlin Germany 1992 Alamillo Bridge Seville Spain 1992 Lusitania Bridge Merida Spain 1992 Montjuic Communications Tower at the Olympic Ring Barcelona Spain 1992 World s Fair Kuwaiti Pavilion Seville Spain 1994 Mimico Creek Bridge Humber Bay Park Toronto Ontario 1994 Kronprinzenbrucke Berlin Germany 1994 97 Campo Volantin Footbridge Bilbao Spain 1992 95 Llonja de Sant Jordi Alcoy Alicante Spain 1995 Trinity Bridge footbridge over River Irwell in Manchester and Salford Greater Manchester England 1996 2009 City of Arts and Sciences Valencia Spain 1996 Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Tenerife Canary island Spain 1996 2000 Pont de l Europe Orleans France 1997 Pfalzkeller Gallery St Gallen Switzerland 1998 Gare do Oriente Lisbon Portugal 1999 New York Times Capsule U S A 1999 Puente del Hospital Murcia Spain 2000 New terminal at Bilbao Airport Bilbao Spain 2001 Milwaukee Art Museum Milwaukee Wisconsin US 2001 Puente de la Mujer in the Puerto Madero barrio of Buenos Aires Argentina 2001 Bodegas Ysios Laguardia Spain 2002 Wave in Dallas Texas at the Southern Methodist University Meadows Museum 54 2003 James Joyce Bridge bridge over River Liffey Dublin Ireland 2003 Auditorio de Tenerife the architect s first performing arts facility Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain 2004 redesign of Athens Olympic Sports Complex Athens Greece 2004 Katehaki Footbridge Athens Greece 2004 Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay Redding California US 2004 Three bridges called Harp Cittern and Lute spanning the main canal of the Haarlemmermeer Netherlands 2004 University of Zurich Bibliothekseinbau library remodelling Zurich Switzerland 2005 The bridge connecting the Avnat shopping mall and the Rabin Medical Center Beilinson in Petah Tikva Israel 2005 Turning Torso Malmo Sweden 2007 Three bridges on the A1 Motorway and Milan Bologna high speed railway Reggio Emilia Italy 2008 Chords Bridge at the entrance to Jerusalem a light rail bridge Israel 2008 Ponte della Costituzione footbridge from Piazzale Roma over the Grand Canal Venice Italy 2008 2009 Technion Obelisk monument on the Technion campus in Haifa Israel 2009 Liege Guillemins railway station in Liege Belgium 2009 Samuel Beckett Bridge bridge over River Liffey Dublin Ireland 2009 Caja Madrid Obelisk Madrid Spain 2011 Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo Oviedo Asturias Spain Spanish wiki es Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo 2011 Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos Oviedo Spain 2012 Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge Dallas Texas US 2012 Peace Bridge Calgary Alberta Canada 2013 Medio Padana Station on the Milan Bologna high speed railway Reggio Emilia Italy 2014 Florida Polytechnic University Lakeland Florida US 2015 Museu do Amanha Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2016 World Trade Center Transportation Hub New York City 2018 Crati River Bridge Cosenza Italy 2021 Margaret McDermott Bridge Dallas Texas U S 2021 UAE Pavilion at EXPO 2020 Dubai UAE 2022 St Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church New York CityUnder construction proposed Edit In EuropeCity of Sport University of Rome Tor Vergata Italy New railway station in Mons Belgium Peninsula Place Greenwich London 1 billion dollar project for three towers and a footbridge 55 In the Middle EastSharq Crossing Doha Qatar project for three bridges and two tunnels postponed until after 2022 Dubai Creek Tower Dubai UAE ground broken scheduled for completion in 2025 in competition for world s tallest structure 56 In East AsiaYuan Ze University Building Taoyuan International Conference Center Taoyuan Taiwan Recognition EditCalatrava has received numerous awards for his design and engineering work 57 In 1988 he was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by the SOM Foundation 58 In 1990 he received the Medaille d Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique in Paris In 1992 he received the prestigious Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers In 1993 the Museum of Modern Art in New York held a major exhibition of his work called Structure and Expression In 1998 he was elected to become a member of Les Arts et Lettres in Paris In 2005 he received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects AIA In 2005 Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Award by the Council for the Arts of MIT 59 He is also a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council 60 Calatrava has received a total of twenty two honorary degrees in recognition of his work In 2013 Calatrava was awarded an honorary doctorate from Georgia Institute of Technology an award that has only been given to a small number of people 61 62 Honorary degrees Edit 1993 Honorary Degree from Universidad Politecnica de Valencia 1994 Honorary Degree from Heriot Watt University 1994 Honorary Degree from University of Seville 1995 Honorary Degree from University of Salford 1996 Honorary Degree from University of Strathclyde 1997 Honorary Degree from Milwaukee School of Engineering 1997 Honoris Causa Degree awarded by Delft University of Technology 1999 Honoris Causa Degree from University of Cassino 1999 Honorary Degree from Lund University 1999 Honorary Degree from Universita degli Studi di Ferrara 2004 Honorary Degree from Technion Israel Institute of Technology 2005 Honorary Degree from Southern Methodist University 2006 Honorary Engineering Degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 2005 Honorary Degree from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 2007 Honorary Engineering Degree from Columbia University 2008 Honorary Degree from Tel Aviv University 2009 Honorary Degree from Oxford University 2009 Honorary Degree from University Camilo Jose Cela 2010 Honorary Degree from Universite de Liege 2012 Honorary Degree from Pratt Institute 2013 Honorary Doctoral Degree from Georgia Institute of Technology 63 2016 Honorary Doctoral Degree from Instituto Politecnico Nacional IPN in Mexico 64 Other honours Edit 2011 On 10 December Calatrava was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture for a five year renewable term by Pope Benedict XVI 65 2004 Calatrava received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Quincy Jones during the International Achievement Summit in Chicago 66 67 2004 James Parks Morton Interfaith AwardPersonal life EditCalatrava resides in Zurich and New York City Two of Calatrava s sons have completed advanced degrees in Engineering from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University in New York City 68 His other son obtained a law degree from Columbia University when needs update References Edit a b Taschen amp Taschen 2016 p 108 Santiago Calatrava Biography life family children name story wife school mother young Newsmakers Cumulation notablebiographies com Retrieved 18 January 2016 a b c d Jodidio 2016 p 7 Biography Santiago Calatrava Southern Methodist University News 7 October 2002 Retrieved 12 November 2013 a b c Jodidio 2016 p 91 Jodidio 2016 p 3 a b Jodidio 2016 p 33 Jodidio 2016 p 53 Jodidio 2016 p 57 a b Jodidio 2016 pp 63 65 Jodidio 2016 p 67 Jodidio 2016 p 67 69 Athens Olympics Sports Complex Arcspace com Retrieved 4 February 2017 Jodidio 2016 p 47 51 Jodidio 2016 pp 70 71 Schutze Jim No Really Not Joking Huge Arches on McDermott Bridge Are Fake Go Figure Dallas Observer Rogers Tim 22 June 2011 Is Our Calatrava Bridge a Copy of Reggio Emilia s FrontBurner Dallas Texas D Magazine Partners Inc Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 Retrieved 2 January 2017 Rago Danielle 7 March 2012 Building As Icon Santiago Calatrava s first completed bridge in the United States evokes Eero Saarinen s Gateway Arch in shape and motivation Domus Dallas Texas Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 Retrieved 2 January 2017 Jodidio 2016 p 93 Jodidio 2016 p 81 Jodidio 2016 p 83 Hawthorne Christopher 13 October 2014 Florida Polytechnic University Designed by Santiago Calatrava Architect Retrieved 17 March 2017 Rosenfield Karissa 17 December 2015 Santiago Calatrava s Museum of Tomorrow Opens in Rio de Janeiro ArchDaily Retrieved 17 March 2017 Murdock James 10 October 2010 Calatrava s Museum of Tomorrow to Showcase a Greener Future for Rio Architectural Record Retrieved 29 May 2014 Watts Jonathan 17 December 2015 Museum of Tomorrow a captivating invitation to imagine a sustainable world The Guardian Retrieved 17 March 2017 a b Jodidio 2016 p 77 Why The World Trade Center Transportation Hub Is Going To Cost 4 Billion Business Insider Retrieved 4 February 2017 a b c Daley Suzanne 13 September 2013 A Star Architect Leaves Some Clients Fuming The New York Times Retrieved 13 September 2013 Kimmelman Michael 2 March 2016 Santiago Calatrava s Transit Hub Is a Soaring Symbol of a Boondoggle The New York Times Retrieved 17 March 2017 Santiago Calatrava wins legal battle against insulting and degrading website De Zeen Magazine 21 May 2014 Retrieved 30 May 2014 Daley Suzanne 25 September 2013 Santiago Calatrava Collects Critics as Well as Fans The New York Times Retrieved 17 March 2017 LaInformacion 14 August 2019 Multan al arquitecto espanol Calatrava por el fiasco de su puente en Venecia La Informacion in Spanish Retrieved 15 August 2019 Walker Alissa 20 April 2016 Can You Guess How Much NYC Paid The Architect of the Most Expensive Train Station On Earth Retrieved 17 March 2017 Dunlap David W 28 July 2005 Approval Expected Today for Trade Center Rail Hub The New York Times Retrieved 13 July 2008 Dunlap David W 2 July 2008 Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed The New York Times Retrieved 13 July 2008 Kimmelman Michael 2 December 2014 Michael Kimmelman on Twitter Twitter Retrieved 1 April 2015 Rice Andrew 12 March 2015 The Glorious Boondoggle New York Retrieved 1 April 2015 New York Post Editorial Board 23 February 2016 4 Billion Buys the World s Ugliest Commuter Rail Stop New York Post Retrieved 26 February 2016 New York s Oculus transit hub soars but it s a phoenix with a price tag TheGuardian com 4 March 2016 Retrieved 7 February 2017 Christopher Hawthorne Architect the Journal of the Institute of American Institute of Architects 13 October 2014 Calatrava Santiago infoplease com Retrieved 4 February 2017 Architectural Record News Continuing Ed Products Green Bldg Retrieved 17 March 2017 Jodidio 2016 p 8 Taschen amp Taschen 2016 p 111 cited in Gonzales Julio Dessiner dans l espace Skira Kutsmuseum Berne 1997 Rodin Auguste Les Cathedrals de France Armand Colin Paris 1914 Jodidio 2016 p 11 Jodidio 2016 p 19 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Special Exhibitions Santiago Calatrava Sculpture Into Architecture Archived 29 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine Images from the March 2006 Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition Archived 10 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine Santiago Calatrava The Quest for Movement Exhibition Arch Daily 2 July 2012 Retrieved 29 May 2014 Santiago Calatrava The Metamorphosis of Space Arch Daily 5 December 2013 Retrieved 29 May 2014 Chaban Matt 21 March 2014 The canvas and creativity drive renowned architect Santiago Calatrava s structures Daily News New York Retrieved 29 May 2014 Sculpture by Santiago Calatrava to be unveiled at SMU s Meadows Museum Southern Methodist University News 7 October 2002 Retrieved 13 November 2013 Nayeri Farah 2 February 2017 Santiago Calatrava to Design His First London Complex The New York Times Retrieved 17 March 2017 Kim Soo 12 October 2016 New Dubai skyscraper to surpass the world s tallest building The Telegraph Retrieved 17 March 2017 Santiago Calatrava Awards Retrieved 29 May 2014 SOM Foundation Fellows Archive Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Established to honor Eugene McDermott founder of Texas Instruments and long time friend and benefactor to MIT the award was created by the Council for the Arts at MIT in 1974 and further endowed by Eugene s wife Margaret Since its inception the Council has bestowed the award upon 31 individuals producing creative work in the performing visual and media arts as well as authors art historians and patrons of the arts Senior Fellows Design Futures Council Design Intelligence Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 Retrieved 13 November 2013 Treadaway Dan Fall 2013 Santiago Calatrava Blurring Boundaries Georgia Tech Retrieved 29 May 2014 Herman Lisa Architect John Portman honored with Council for Quality Growth s Four Pillars Award Georgia Tech 10 November 2013 Retrieved 29 May 2014 Doctorate of Philosophy by Georgia Tech an accolade only a handful of individuals have achieved Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine YouTube Dr Santiago Calatrava Receives Honorary Degree and Remarks Retrieved 29 April 2014 via YouTube Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine AGENCIA EFE 10 October 2016 Santiago Calatrava recibe Honoris Causa del Instituto Politecnico Nacional de Mexico Retrieved 17 March 2017 via YouTube NOMINA DI MEMBRI DEL PONTIFICIO CONSIGLIO DELLA CULTURA Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement 2004 Summit Highlights Photo Famed Spanish architect and structural engineer Santiago Calatrava receives the Golden Plate Award presented by Awards Council member Quincy Jones during the 43rd annual International Achievement Summit in Chicago Academy of Achievement Davidson Justin 28 April 2013 Santiago Calatrava s Three Sons New York Retrieved 17 March 2017 Bibliography EditJodidio Philip 2016 Calatrava in French Taschen ISBN 978 3 8365 3564 9 Bony Anne 2012 L Architecture Moderne in French Larousse ISBN 978 2 03 587641 6 Taschen Aurelia Taschen Balthazar 2016 L Architecture Moderne de A a Z in French Bibliotheca Universalis ISBN 978 3 8365 5630 9 Prina Francesca Demaratini Demartini 2006 Petite encyclopedie de l architecture in French Solar ISBN 2 263 04096 X Hopkins Owen 2014 Les styles en architecture guide visuel in French Dunod ISBN 978 2 10 070689 1 De Bure Gilles 2015 Architecture contemporaine le guide in French Flammarion ISBN 978 2 08 134385 6 Further reading EditTzonis Alexander 1999 Santiago Calatrava The Poetics of Movement Universe ISBN 0 7893 0360 4 Tzonis Alexander 2004 Santiago Calatrava The Complete Works Rizzoli ISBN 0 8478 2641 4 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santiago Calatrava Official websiteMaps Calatrava s projects on the map Map of Santiago Calatrava ArchitectureProfiles Great Buildings On Line Santiago Calatrava Extended profile of the architect in the NYRB December 2006 The New Yorker 31 October 2005 The Sculptor The Guardian 17 January 2006 The Gaudi Effect Pictures and profile at Specifier CNN interview with Santiago Calatrava Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Santiago Calatrava amp oldid 1131905234, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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