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Fortaleza

February 05, 2023

Not to be confused with Hortaleza.
For other uses, see Fortaleza (disambiguation).

Fortaleza ([foht̪äˈlezɐ], locally [fɔɦtaˈlezɐ], Portuguese for Fortress) is the state capital of Ceará, located in Northeastern Brazil. It is Brazil's 5th largest city, with a population of slightly over 2.7 million, and the 12th largest city by gross domestic product. It forms the core of the Fortaleza metropolitan area, which is home to over 4.1 million people.

Fortaleza
Municipality
Municipality of Fortaleza
Município de Fortaleza
From top to bottom and from left to right: aerial view of Meireles Beach; Dragão do Mar Center of Art and Culture; Theatre José de Alencar; British Bridge; St. Joseph's Cathedral; aerial view of Castelão Stadium; and the statue "Iracema, the Guardian".
Flag
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
Fortal
Miami Brasileira (Brazilian Miami)
Terra da Luz (Land of Light)
Motto: 
"Fortitudine" (Latin)
Fortaleza
Location in Brazil
Fortaleza
Fortaleza (South America)
Coordinates: 03°43′39″S 38°31′39″W / 3.72750°S 38.52750°W / -3.72750; -38.52750Coordinates: 03°43′39″S 38°31′39″W / 3.72750°S 38.52750°W / -3.72750; -38.52750
Country Brazil
RegionNortheast
State Ceará
FoundedApril 13, 1726
Government
 • TypeMayor-council
 • MayorJosé Sarto (PDT)
 • Deputy mayorÉlcio Batista (PSB)
Area
 • Municipality312.353 km2 (120.600 sq mi)
 • Metro
7,440.053 km2 (2,872.621 sq mi)
Elevation
16 m (52 ft)
Population
 (2021 [1])
 • Municipality2,703,391
 • Rank5th
 • Density8,654.92/km2 (22,416.1/sq mi)
 • Metro
4,167,996
 • Metro density560.21/km2 (1,450.9/sq mi)
DemonymPortuguese: Fortalezense
Time zoneUTC−3 (BST)
Postal code
60000-001 to 61599-999
Area code+55 85
HDI (2010)0.754 – high[2]
Websitefortaleza.ce.gov.br

Fortaleza is an important industrial and commercial center of Northeast Brazil. According to the Ministry of Tourism, it is the fourth most visited city and tourist destination in the country. The BR-116, the most important highway of the country, starts in Fortaleza. The municipality is part of the Mercosur common market, and vital trade port which is closest to mainland Europe, being 5,608 kilometres (3,485 mi) from Lisbon, Portugal.[3][4]

To the north of the city lies the Atlantic Ocean; to the south are the municipalities of Pacatuba, Eusébio, Maracanaú and Itaitinga; to the east is the municipality of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west is the municipality of Caucaia. Residents of the city are known as Fortalezenses. Fortaleza, along with Recife and Salvador, is a considered one of the primate cities of Northeast Region.[4][5]

History

Colonial period

See also: Timeline of Fortaleza and History of Brazil
 
Plan of Fort Schoonenborch in 1649

Colonisation began in 1603 when Portugal was part of the Iberian Union, when the Portuguese Pero Coelho de Souza constructed the Fort of São Tiago and founded the settlement of Nova Lisboa (New Lisbon).[citation needed] After a victory over the French in 1612, Martins Soares Moreno expanded the Fort of São Tiago and changed its name to Forte de São Sebastião.[6]

In 1630 the Dutch invaded the Brazilian Northeast and in 1637 they took the Fort of São Sebastião and ruled over Ceará. In battles with the Portuguese and natives in 1644 the fort was destroyed.[6] Under captain Matthias Beck the Dutch West Indies Company built a new fortress by the banks of river Pajeú. Fort Schoonenborch ("graceful stronghold") officially opened on August 19, 1649. After the capitulation of Pernambuco in 1654, the Dutch handed over this fortress to the Portuguese, who renamed it Fortaleza da Nossa Senhora de Assunção ("Fort of Our Lady of the Assumption"), after which the city of Fortaleza takes its name.[7]

Fortaleza was officially founded as a village 1726, becoming the capital of Ceará state in 1799.[8]

Imperial period

During the 19th century, Fortaleza was consolidated as an urban centre in Ceará, supported by the cotton industry. With the transformation of the city into a regional export center and with the increase of direct navigation to Europe, the customs building of Fortaleza was built in 1812. In 1824, the city was targeted by the revolutionaries of Confederation of the Equator.[citation needed]

Republican period

 
Ferreira Square in 1920
 
Fortaleza in 1935

The city gained a number of new districts in the 1930s, including Messejana and Porangaba.[9] In 1954, the first university in the city was created, the Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC).[10]

In 1983 the city started to integrate the territory of the new city of Maracanaú, which, just some years ago, was made again part of the Greater Fortaleza (the city's Metropolitan area). In the 1980s, Fortaleza exceeded Recife in population terms, becoming the second most populous city in Northeastern Brazil, with 2,571,896 inhabitants.[11]

Geography

Climate

Fortaleza has a typical tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification: Aw/As), with high temperatures and relative humidity throughout the year. However, these conditions are usually relieved by pleasant winds blowing from the ocean. Average temperatures are not much different throughout the year. December is the warmest month, with a high of 31.7 °C (89.1 °F)[12] and low of 24.9 °C (76.8 °F).[13] The rainy season spans from January to July, with rainfall particularly prodigious in March and April.[14] The average annual temperature is 27.0 °C (80.6 °F).[15] The relative humidity in Fortaleza is 77.5%,[16] with average annual rainfall of 1,584.0 millimetres (62.36 in).[14] There is usually rain during the first seven months of the year from January to July. During this period, relative humidity is high. Fortaleza's climate is usually very dry from August to December, with very little rainfall.[14][16]

Rainfall is like all of Northeastern Brazil among the most variable in the world, comparable (for similar average annual rainfalls) to central Queensland cities like Townsville and Mackay.[17] In the notorious drought year of 1877 as little as 468 millimetres or 18.43 inches fell, and in 1958 only 518 millimetres or 20.39 inches, but in the Nordeste's record wet year of 1985 Fortaleza received 2,841 millimetres or 111.85 inches.

Climate data for Fortaleza (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1849–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.7
(99.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.8
(92.8) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.8
(92.8) 		33.8
(92.8) 		36.7
(98.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		33.8
(92.8) 		34.3
(93.7) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.6
(103.3)
Average high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.1
(88.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.4
(81.3) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.0
(80.6)
Average low °C (°F) 24.5
(76.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.9
(75.0)
Record low °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.3
(70.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		19.4
(66.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 156.4
(6.16) 		187.0
(7.36) 		336.9
(13.26) 		385.0
(15.16) 		229.0
(9.02) 		130.0
(5.12) 		69.7
(2.74) 		20.0
(0.79) 		13.6
(0.54) 		9.5
(0.37) 		9.8
(0.39) 		37.1
(1.46) 		1,584
(62.36)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13 14 20 21 16 10 7 3 3 3 3 5 118
Average relative humidity (%) 78.4 80.4 83.0 85.1 82.6 79.9 76.9 73.3 71.7 72.0 72.7 74.4 77.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.4 183.0 172.7 152.8 211.9 219.2 254.2 288.5 287.1 294.2 287.7 274.2 2,845.9
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[12][15][13][14][18][16][19]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[20]

Vegetation

In Fortaleza there are some remaining areas of mangrove in preserved areas, including Cocó Park.[21][22] Ten miles offshore is the Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park, created in 1997 to protect the reefs.[23]

Ecology and environment

 
Cocó Park, considered one of the largest urban parks in Latin America, is the most important green area of the city.

The vegetation of Fortaleza is typically coastal. The restinga areas are found in dune regions near the mouths of the Ceará, Cocó and Pacoti rivers, in the beds of which there is still a mangrove forest. In other green areas of the city, there is no longer native vegetation, consisting of varied vegetation, fruit trees more commonly.[24] The city is home to seven environmental conservation units. These are the Sabiaguaba Dunes Municipal Natural Park, the Sabiaguaba Environmental Protection Area, the Maraponga Lagoon Ecological Park, the Cocó Ecological Park, the Ceará River Estuary Environmental Protection Area, the Environmental Protection Area of the Rio Pacoti and the Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park.[25] There is also, in the city, the Area of Relevant Ecological Interest of Sírio Curió, that protects the last enclave of Atlantic Forest in the urban zone.[26]

The Cocó River is part of the river basin of the east coast of Ceará and has a total length of about 50 km in its main area. The park is inserted in the area of greater environmental sensitivity of the city, where it is possible to identify geoenvironmental formations such as coastal plain, fluvial plain and surface of the coastal trays. The Cocó river mangrove is home to mollusks, crustaceans, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. The park has a structure of visitation, with guides, ecological trails and equipment and events of environmental education and ecotourism. The Coaçu River, affluent of the river Cocó, forms in its bed the lagoon of the Precabura.[27][28]

The Rio Pacoti provides much of the water supply for Fortaleza.[29] At the municipal boundary with Caucaia, the estuary of the Rio Ceará is covered by an environmental protection area (APA), which was set up in 1999.[30]

Demographics

See also: Brazilians, Demographics of Brazil, and Immigration to Brazil
Race and ethnicity in Fortaleza
Ethnicity Percentage
Pardo (Multiracial)
 
 57.2%
White
 
 36.8%
Black
 
 4.5%
Asian
 
 1.4%
Amerindian
 
 0.1%

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 2,315,116[31] people residing in the city of Fortaleza. The census revealed the following numbers: 1,403,292 Pardo (multiracial) people (57.2%), 901,816 White people (36.8%), 110,811 Black people (4.5%), 33,161 Asian people (1.4%), 3,071 Amerindian people (0.1%).[31]

In 2010, the city of Fortaleza was the 5th most populous city proper in Brazil, after São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Brasília.[32]

In 2010, the city had 433,942 opposite-sex couples and 1,559 same-sex couples. The population of Fortaleza was 53.2% female and 46.8% male.[31]

The following cities are included in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza (ordered by population): Fortaleza, Caucaia, Maracanaú, Maranguape, Aquiraz, Pacatuba, Pacajus, Horizonte, São Gonçalo do Amarante, Itatinga, Guaiúba and Chorozinho.[33]

According to a genetic study from 2011, 'pardos' and whites' from Fortaleza, which comprise the largest share of the population, showed European ancestry of about 70%, the rest divided between Native American and African ancestries.[34] A 2015 study, however, found out the following composition in Fortaleza: 48,9% of European contribution, 35,4% of Native American input and 15,7% of African ancestry.[35]

 
View of Fortaleza

Religion

See also: Religion in Brazil, Protestantism in Brazil, and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil
 
Church of Our Lady of Lebanon, one of the four Melkite Greek Catholic Church in Brazil.
 
Metropolitan Cathedral of Fortaleza, the country's third biggest.

The prevailing religion of Fortaleza is the Roman Catholic branch of Christianity.

Religious affiliation Percentage Number
Catholic 79.0% 1,691,487
Protestant 12.58% 269,469
No religion 5.99% 128,190
Kardecist 0.83% 17,780
Jehovah's Witnesses 0.64% 13,758
Other religions 0.7% 15,923

Source: IBGE 2000.[36]

According to the census of 2010,[31] 1,664,521 people, 67.88% of the population, followed Roman Catholicism, 523,456 (21.35%) were Protestant, 31,691 (1.29%) represented Spiritism and 162,985 (6.65%) had no religion whatsoever. Other religions, such as Umbanda, Candomblé, other Afro-Brazilian religions, Spiritualism, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, other Eastern religions, Esotericism and other Christian churches like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had a smaller number of adherents.[37]

Politics

 
Edson Ramalho Palace, seat of the Ceará's Economy Secretariat.

The administration of the municipality is made from the executive and legislative branches.[38] Roberto Cláudio, of the PDT, won 650,607 votes in the 2012 election, and was elected mayor.[39][40] Legislative power rests with the City Council of Fortaleza, composed of 43 city councilors, elected for four-year terms, responsible for drafting municipal laws and supervising the executive.[41] The municipality is, in addition, governed by organic law. In January 2015, there were 1 659 091 voters in Fortaleza (26,457% of the total state),[42] distributed in thirteen electoral zones. The number of persons directly and indirectly employed in the municipal public administration in 2013 was respectively 31 318 and 4 950.[43]

The city also houses the seat of state executive power, the Abolition Palace, occupied by governor Camilo Santana, of the PT, elected in the general elections in Brazil in 2014.[44] historically headquarters of the Iracema Club, which was Ceded to the Municipal Hall and now houses municipal executive bodies.[45] In the city, there is the Administrative Center Governor Virgílio Távora.[46]

Among the institutions present in the city, are the Fortaleza Air Base, the Port Authority of Ceará, School of Apprentice Sailors of Ceará and the Command of the Tenth Military Region.[citation needed] The city also has units of the International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF.[47] Since 1996, a city is part of the Common Market of Cities of Mercosur.[48]

Economy

See also: Economy of Brazil
 
Central Bank of Brazil in Fortaleza.
 
Commercial Association of Ceará.

At the beginning of the decade of 2000, among the capitals of the Northeast, Fortaleza had the third largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP), being surpassed by Recife and Salvador.[49] In 2012, the GDP of Fortaleza reached the value of 43.4 billion Reais, the tenth highest of the country.[50] In the same year, the value of taxes on products net of subsidies at current prices was R $6,612,822,000 and the municipality's GDP per capita was R$17.359,53.[51][verification needed] The city's booming economy is reflected in purchasing power, the country's eighth largest, with estimated consumption potential at 42 billion reais in 2014.[52]

The main economic source of the municipality is centered in the tertiary sector, with its diversified segments of commerce and service rendering. Next, the secondary sector stands out, with the industrial complexes.[51] In 2012, the city had 873,746 people in employment.[53]

Culture

See also: Culture of Brazil
 
Inner front of the Theatro José de Alencar.
 
The art with colored sand, originating in Ceará, is one of the most present items in the city's craft centers.
 
View of downtown Fortaleza.

According to the Master Plan of Fortaleza, the Special Areas for the Preservation of Historic, Cultural and Archaeological Heritage are the regions of the center, Parangaba, Alagadiço Novo/José de Alencar, Benfica, Porangabuçu and Praia de Iracema. Properties of conservation interest.[54] The architectural heritage of Fortaleza in the form of fallen goods, however, is predominantly concentrated in the center of the city.[55][56] The Mucuripe Lighthouse is unfortunately in ruins today, Ceará and Fortaleza were part of the pioneering group of states and cities to adopt public policies to protect the living intangible heritage of their culture, through the Masters of Culture program.[57]

Museums, theatres and cultural spaces

Among the theaters, the largest and most popular are Theatro José de Alencar, São José Theater, São Luiz Cinema Theater, and Teatro RioMarand Teatro Via Sul.[58] The Ceará Museum houses numerous artifacts, including pieces of paleontology and furniture.[59] The Dragão do Mar Center of Art and Culture is the main cultural centre, and includes the Ceará Museum of Culture, the Museum of Contemporary Art of Ceará, theaters, a planetarium, cinemas, shops and spaces for public presentations, as well as housing the Public Library Governador Menezes Pimentel, Oporto Iracema of the Arts and the School of Arts and Crafts Thomaz Pompeu Sobrinho.[60] The Casa de Jose Alencar is one of the Brazilian museums recognised as dealing with Brazilian literature.[61] It was opened in 1964 and houses art collections, a gallery, a library and the ruins of the first steam power plant in Ceará.[62] In the different SERs of the city, the complexes of the CUCA Network are spread, which are facilities dedicated to art, leisure and education, especially for young people.[63]

Freemasonry is represented by the Grand Masonic Lodge of Ceará and the Great State East of Ceará. There are also service clubs in the city, such as the Lions Club and Rotary International.[64]

The Ceará handicraft has its main market and showcase in Fortaleza. In the city, there are several specific places for trade in handicraft products, such as the Ceará Craft Center (CeArt), Ceará Tourism Center (Emcetur), Crafts Fair of Beira-Mar, and on Avenida Monsenhor Tabosa.[65]

Literature and cinema

 
Rachel de Queiroz, the first immortal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and winner of the Camões Prize.
 
Ceará Palace, former seat of the Cearense Academy of Letters.

The main literary manifestation of Fortaleza's history emerged at the end of the 19th century, in the cafes of Praça do Ferreira, known as the Spiritual Bakery, a pioneer in the dissemination of modern ideas in Brazilian literature that would only be adopted nationally in the following century, in the Modern Art Week.[66][67] The most important historical entities of high culture still present in the city are the Ceará Institute and the Ceará Academy of Letters, the first academy of letters created in Brazil, founded in 1887 and 1894 respectively. The Ceará Institute has helped launch important names in national historiography and philosophy, such as Farias Brito and Capistrano de Abreu.[68] Among the writers who are members of the Cearense Academy of Letters and members or patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, are Gustavo Barroso, Araripe Júnior, José de Alencar, Heráclito Graça, Franklin Tavora, Clóvis Beviláqua and Rachel de Queiroz, the first woman to Be part of the entity. The Casa de Juvenal Galeno is another historical cultural institution of Fortaleza, named after one of the greatest poets born in the city, Juvenal Galeno. The house became well known for its festivals of poetry and seminaries.[69]

In cinema, the most well known name is Zelito Viana, director of films like Villa-Lobos: A Life of Passion and Life and Death of Severina. More recently, Karim Aïnouz has directed Madame Satã, Suely in the Sky and Futuro Beach, and script of Lower City, Cinema, Aspirins and Vultures and Behind the Sun. Another current exponent of cinema born in Fortaleza is Halder Gomes, director and screenwriter of Holliúdy Cinema. New filmmakers in the city have gained in recent years prominent exhibitions such as at the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival.[70] The most traditional cinema event in Fortaleza is the Cine Ceará (Ibero-American Film Festival), considered one of the main festivals of the country.[71]

Fashion

The main fashion name in the city is the Lino Villaventura [pt], who, from Fortaleza, designed himself nationally and internationally and today is one of the main names of São Paulo Fashion Week, besides being one of the founding designers of this fashion week.[72] There are major events in the city, such as the Dragão Fashion Brasil, considered the largest fashion event in the Northeast and the third largest in the country.[73]

Much of the clothing that is produced in Ceará flows through Fortaleza, which in turn is recognized as one of the most important textile centers of the country, giving the garment industry great weight in the metropolitan economy.[74] Brands of the city like Santana Textiles and headquarters of brands like Esplanada and Otoch have considerable regional influence.[75]

Music

 
Aviões do Forró [pt], the biggest forró band in the country
 
Alberto Nepomuceno, the "father" of nationalism of the Brazilian erudite music.

Forró is the most popular musical genre in the city. Bands originating in Fortaleza, such as Mastruz com Leite and Aviões do Forró, were responsible for the popularization of electronic forró, which promoted the revaluation of the accordion in the genre and brought it closer to pop music. The forró pé-de serra, however, still holds great cultural influence and commercial prominence in the city.[76]

In Música popular brasileira, some of the names from Fortaleza were Fagner, Ednardo, Belchior (from Sobral but lived in Fortaleza) and Amelinha.[76] The musical tradition of Fortaleza, however, goes back to the composer Alberto Nepomuceno, one of the greatest names in classical music in Brazil, a pioneer in the development of the country's musical nationalism, and therefore considered the "founder of Brazilian music". The Alberto Nepomuceno Conservatory is one of the city's leading music schools.[76]

Carnival

Fortaleza hosts one of the noted Brazilian Carnivals. Its main locations are Iracema Beach and Avenue Domingos Olimpio.[77]

Cuisine

 
The Baião de dois a typical dish from Ceará.

The gastronomy of Fortaleza is very close to the typical Northeastern cuisine, and, traditional include the baião de dois, usually accompanied by barbecue of mutton or meat of sun, and tapioca which is a pancake made from the starch of cassava. The seafood is another ingredient of typical dishes of fortalezeense cuisine, such as the steak moqueca and the mackerel and snapper fish.[78]

The fruit of the sea identity of the coast of the state is the crab. Shrimp and lobster are also widely used delicacies in dishes such as shrimp rice or shrimp dumplings.[79]

Tourism

See also: Tourism in Brazil
 
Beach Park is the largest water park in Latin America

Acquario Ceará, due to be one of the largest oceanariums in Brazil, is currently under construction.[80] Attractions such as the Beach Park theme park, located in the Great Fortaleza, Avenida Beira Mar and its bars, restaurants and music clubs, the beaches of Futuro and Iracema and Pirata Bar have placed Fortaleza among the Brazilian destinations preferred by Europeans.[81]

Scuba diving is possible in the area of Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park, a marine protected area located about 10 nautical miles from the shoreline of Fortaleza.[82]

Fortaleza has about 25 kilometres (16 mi) of urban beaches.[83] Mucuripe is the place where jangadas can be found. Still used by fishermen to go into high seas, jangadas can be seen along the way during the afternoon and evenings, and returning from the sea in the morning; part of the catch of the day is sold in an old-style fish market.[84]

Education

 
In 2016 the Federal University of Ceará located in Fortaleza was classified as the 10th best university in Brazil, 1st in the North and Northeast regions and the best university in Ceará.

In 2010, the level of the education factor of the Strengthening Human Development Index was medium, despite its great advance, which went from 0.367 to 0.695 between 1991 and 2010. According to data from the 2010 Human Development Atlas of Brazil, Fortaleza's adult education levels were divided as follows: 8.57% did not complete primary school or were illiterate, 62.43% had completed elementary education, 45.93% had completed high school and 13.73% had completed higher education.[31]

Health

 
Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Fortaleza, first public hospital built in the city, in 1861.
 
São Mateus Hospital, private institution founded in 1993.

The health indexes of the Fortaleza population are better than the Brazilian average. According to data from 2010, the infant mortality rate up to one year old was 15.8 per 1000 live births in Fortaleza, against a Brazilian average of 16.7.[85] By 2013, 90.6% of children under one year of age had their immunization records up to date. In 2012, 37,577 live births were registered, and the infant mortality rate up to five years of age was 13.2 per 1000. Of the total number of children under two years old weighed by the Family Health Program in 2013, 0.8% were malnourished.[86]

In 2009, Fortaleza had a total of 35 general hospitals, of which 11 were public, 21 were private, two were philanthropic, and one was a trade union. The Doctor José Frota Institute is the largest hospital administered by the Municipal Government, and the General Hospital of Fortaleza is the largest hospital administered by the State Government.[citation needed] In addition, it had 54 specialized hospitals and eight polyclinics. The total number of physicians working in the health network of the municipality was 13,604, approximately 5.4 per thousand inhabitants.[87] Fortaleza has 117 units of health posts, three UPAs [pt] administered by the municipality and six administered by the state.[88][89] The first hospital built in Fortaleza was the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, founded in 1861.[90] Among the most important public health institutions in the city, the most important is the Dr. José Frota Institute, the largest hospital administered by the Municipal Government, and the General Hospital of Fortaleza, the largest hospital administered by the State Government. Among the private institutions, the largest are the Unimed Fortaleza Regional Hospital, Antônio Prudente Hospital, Monte Klinikum Hospital and São Mateus Hospital.[91]

One of the most important basic health programs in Fortaleza is the Family Health Program, within which the city is in third place in the country in extension of coverage, with hundreds of teams distributed in dozens of care units.[92] The Emergency Mobile Care Service (SAMU) is the municipality's health care service, which serves an average of 200 daily occurrences.[93]

The University Hospital Walter Cantídio is the largest liver transplantation facility in the country.[94] The Faculty of Medicine of the UFC is the 13th best medical school in Brazil, 2nd best medical school in the North and Northeast regions and the best medical school in Ceará. UFC's medical degree is still one of the most popular in the country.[95]

Transportation

International Airport

The current passenger terminal of Pinto Martins – Fortaleza International Airport, located in the center of Fortaleza, was built between 1996 and 1998.[96] The airport is now undergoing an expansion process, from which the number of boarding bridges will increase from seven to sixteen and the passenger terminal will be expanded from 38,000 m2 to 133,000 m2. In 2014, the airport was capable of serving 6.2 million passengers per year, but after expansion, capacity would be 11.2 million.[97]

Pinto Martins Airport is the third busiest airport in the Northeast Region and one of the busiest in the country, receiving on average 1,500 international aircraft and 65,000 domestic aircraft per year. In 2013, it received more than 5.9 million passengers.[98]

Air Force Base

Fortaleza Air Force Base - BAFZ, a base of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Fortaleza.

Roads

 
BR-116 in Fortaleza, Ceará, the longest highway in the country, with 4,385 km (2,725 mi) of extension.[99]

In 2013, Fortaleza had 908,074 vehicles, of which 511,109 were cars, and 229 154 motorcycles.[100] Traffic density at peak times in the city is rated as the fourth largest in the country, with 48% of congested roads.[100] The cycle network of Fortaleza is composed of 116.4 km, of which 78.8 km are cycle paths and 37.6 km are cycle paths. The municipality also has a public bicycle system, Bicicletar, which had 40 stations and 400 units in April 2015. In 2015, the municipal taxi fleet was composed of 4 886 vehicles, including common, adapted and special use vehicles.[100]

The city's road transport system is regulated by the Fortaleza Urban Transportation Company (ETUFOR), an agency of the Municipality of Fortaleza. The collective transport carried out by buses is called the Integrated Transportation System (SIT-FOR), and its operation began in 1992.[101]

The system of traffic monitoring is known by the acronym CTAFOR,[100] which stands for "Controle de Tráfego em Área de Fortaleza" (Traffic Control of the Area of Fortaleza).

Subway

 
Antônio Sales station.

The Fortaleza Metro comprises five lines.[102]

The Fortaleza Metro started on October 1, 2014. As of 2014 18 of the 20 stations planned for the South Line are in operation, along with 9 stations of the West Line.[103]

MetroFor is the 43 kilometres (27 mi) rapid transit system for the city of Fortaleza.[102]

Bus stations

Fortaleza has multiple Bus Rapid Transit, or BRT, lines throughout the city and has plans to extend this network of transportation (BRTBrasil.org)[104]

Bike lanes

Fortaleza officially has 116.4 kilometres (72.3 mi) of bike lanes.[105]

Sports

See also: Sports in Brazil and 2014 FIFA World Cup

The main games of the Ceará State Championship are played in Fortaleza. There are several association football clubs in the city, including Ceará SC, Fortaleza EC and Ferroviário AC. Fortaleza was one of the host cities of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup.[106][107]

  •  

    Internal view of Arena Castelão

  •  

    Windsurfing in Fortaleza

Official Subdivision

 
Secretarias Executivas Regionais (Regional Executive Secretariats) of Fortaleza.
 
Territórios Administrativos (Administrative Territories) of Fortaleza.

Fortaleza is subdivided in 121 neighborhoods, that are grouped in 39 administrative territories, managed by 12 subprefectures (Secreterias Executivas Regionais). Each subprefecture have a holder appointed by the municipal government.[108][109]

Neighborhoods

Notable people

 
José de Alencar, prominent writer of the Brazilian Empire.
 
Mausoleum of Marshal Castelo Branco, former president and dictator of Brazil.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil

Fortaleza is twinned with:[110]

See also

References

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Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Fortaleza

External links

  • (in Portuguese) Fortaleza City Council home page
  • (in Portuguese)

February 05, 2023
fortaleza, confused, with, hortaleza, other, uses, disambiguation, foht, äˈlezɐ, locally, fɔɦtaˈlezɐ, portuguese, fortress, state, capital, ceará, located, northeastern, brazil, brazil, largest, city, with, population, slightly, over, million, 12th, largest, c. Not to be confused with Hortaleza For other uses see Fortaleza disambiguation Fortaleza foht aˈlezɐ locally fɔɦtaˈlezɐ Portuguese for Fortress is the state capital of Ceara located in Northeastern Brazil It is Brazil s 5th largest city with a population of slightly over 2 7 million and the 12th largest city by gross domestic product It forms the core of the Fortaleza metropolitan area which is home to over 4 1 million people FortalezaMunicipalityMunicipality of Fortaleza Municipio de FortalezaFrom top to bottom and from left to right aerial view of Meireles Beach Dragao do Mar Center of Art and Culture Theatre Jose de Alencar British Bridge St Joseph s Cathedral aerial view of Castelao Stadium and the statue Iracema the Guardian FlagCoat of armsNicknames FortalMiami Brasileira Brazilian Miami Terra da Luz Land of Light Motto Fortitudine Latin FortalezaLocation in BrazilShow map of BrazilFortalezaFortaleza South America Show map of South AmericaCoordinates 03 43 39 S 38 31 39 W 3 72750 S 38 52750 W 3 72750 38 52750 Coordinates 03 43 39 S 38 31 39 W 3 72750 S 38 52750 W 3 72750 38 52750Country BrazilRegionNortheastState CearaFoundedApril 13 1726Government TypeMayor council MayorJose Sarto PDT Deputy mayorElcio Batista PSB Area Municipality312 353 km2 120 600 sq mi Metro7 440 053 km2 2 872 621 sq mi Elevation16 m 52 ft Population 2021 1 Municipality2 703 391 Rank5th Density8 654 92 km2 22 416 1 sq mi Metro4 167 996 Metro density560 21 km2 1 450 9 sq mi DemonymPortuguese FortalezenseTime zoneUTC 3 BST Postal code60000 001 to 61599 999Area code 55 85HDI 2010 0 754 high 2 Websitefortaleza ce gov brFortaleza is an important industrial and commercial center of Northeast Brazil According to the Ministry of Tourism it is the fourth most visited city and tourist destination in the country The BR 116 the most important highway of the country starts in Fortaleza The municipality is part of the Mercosur common market and vital trade port which is closest to mainland Europe being 5 608 kilometres 3 485 mi from Lisbon Portugal 3 4 To the north of the city lies the Atlantic Ocean to the south are the municipalities of Pacatuba Eusebio Maracanau and Itaitinga to the east is the municipality of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean and to the west is the municipality of Caucaia Residents of the city are known as Fortalezenses Fortaleza along with Recife and Salvador is a considered one of the primate cities of Northeast Region 4 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Colonial period 1 2 Imperial period 1 3 Republican period 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Vegetation 2 3 Ecology and environment 3 Demographics 3 1 Religion 4 Politics 5 Economy 6 Culture 6 1 Museums theatres and cultural spaces 6 2 Literature and cinema 6 3 Fashion 6 4 Music 6 5 Carnival 6 6 Cuisine 7 Tourism 8 Education 9 Health 10 Transportation 10 1 International Airport 10 2 Air Force Base 10 3 Roads 10 4 Subway 10 5 Bus stations 10 6 Bike lanes 11 Sports 12 Official Subdivision 12 1 Neighborhoods 13 Notable people 14 International relations 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External linksHistory EditColonial period Edit See also Timeline of Fortaleza and History of Brazil Plan of Fort Schoonenborch in 1649 Colonisation began in 1603 when Portugal was part of the Iberian Union when the Portuguese Pero Coelho de Souza constructed the Fort of Sao Tiago and founded the settlement of Nova Lisboa New Lisbon citation needed After a victory over the French in 1612 Martins Soares Moreno expanded the Fort of Sao Tiago and changed its name to Forte de Sao Sebastiao 6 In 1630 the Dutch invaded the Brazilian Northeast and in 1637 they took the Fort of Sao Sebastiao and ruled over Ceara In battles with the Portuguese and natives in 1644 the fort was destroyed 6 Under captain Matthias Beck the Dutch West Indies Company built a new fortress by the banks of river Pajeu Fort Schoonenborch graceful stronghold officially opened on August 19 1649 After the capitulation of Pernambuco in 1654 the Dutch handed over this fortress to the Portuguese who renamed it Fortaleza da Nossa Senhora de Assuncao Fort of Our Lady of the Assumption after which the city of Fortaleza takes its name 7 Fortaleza was officially founded as a village 1726 becoming the capital of Ceara state in 1799 8 Imperial period Edit During the 19th century Fortaleza was consolidated as an urban centre in Ceara supported by the cotton industry With the transformation of the city into a regional export center and with the increase of direct navigation to Europe the customs building of Fortaleza was built in 1812 In 1824 the city was targeted by the revolutionaries of Confederation of the Equator citation needed Republican period Edit Ferreira Square in 1920 Fortaleza in 1935 The city gained a number of new districts in the 1930s including Messejana and Porangaba 9 In 1954 the first university in the city was created the Universidade Federal do Ceara UFC 10 In 1983 the city started to integrate the territory of the new city of Maracanau which just some years ago was made again part of the Greater Fortaleza the city s Metropolitan area In the 1980s Fortaleza exceeded Recife in population terms becoming the second most populous city in Northeastern Brazil with 2 571 896 inhabitants 11 Geography EditClimate Edit Fortaleza has a typical tropical climate specifically a tropical wet and dry climate Koppen climate classification Aw As with high temperatures and relative humidity throughout the year However these conditions are usually relieved by pleasant winds blowing from the ocean Average temperatures are not much different throughout the year December is the warmest month with a high of 31 7 C 89 1 F 12 and low of 24 9 C 76 8 F 13 The rainy season spans from January to July with rainfall particularly prodigious in March and April 14 The average annual temperature is 27 0 C 80 6 F 15 The relative humidity in Fortaleza is 77 5 16 with average annual rainfall of 1 584 0 millimetres 62 36 in 14 There is usually rain during the first seven months of the year from January to July During this period relative humidity is high Fortaleza s climate is usually very dry from August to December with very little rainfall 14 16 Rainfall is like all of Northeastern Brazil among the most variable in the world comparable for similar average annual rainfalls to central Queensland cities like Townsville and Mackay 17 In the notorious drought year of 1877 as little as 468 millimetres or 18 43 inches fell and in 1958 only 518 millimetres or 20 39 inches but in the Nordeste s record wet year of 1985 Fortaleza received 2 841 millimetres or 111 85 inches Climate data for Fortaleza 1991 2020 normals extremes 1849 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 37 7 99 9 34 0 93 2 33 8 92 8 34 0 93 2 33 2 91 8 33 8 92 8 33 8 92 8 36 7 98 1 39 6 103 3 33 8 92 8 34 3 93 7 37 0 98 6 39 6 103 3 Average high C F 31 2 88 2 31 1 88 0 30 8 87 4 30 6 87 1 30 8 87 4 30 5 86 9 30 6 87 1 31 1 88 0 31 4 88 5 31 6 88 9 31 7 89 1 31 7 89 1 31 1 88 0 Daily mean C F 27 4 81 3 27 3 81 1 27 0 80 6 26 8 80 2 26 8 80 2 26 4 79 5 26 2 79 2 26 6 79 9 27 0 80 6 27 4 81 3 27 7 81 9 27 8 82 0 27 0 80 6 Average low C F 24 5 76 1 24 3 75 7 23 9 75 0 23 8 74 8 23 8 74 8 23 2 73 8 22 8 73 0 22 9 73 2 23 6 74 5 24 3 75 7 24 7 76 5 24 9 76 8 23 9 75 0 Record low C F 20 0 68 0 21 2 70 2 20 2 68 4 20 0 68 0 20 6 69 1 20 2 68 4 19 4 66 9 19 4 66 9 20 5 68 9 21 0 69 8 21 3 70 3 21 0 69 8 19 4 66 9 Average precipitation mm inches 156 4 6 16 187 0 7 36 336 9 13 26 385 0 15 16 229 0 9 02 130 0 5 12 69 7 2 74 20 0 0 79 13 6 0 54 9 5 0 37 9 8 0 39 37 1 1 46 1 584 62 36 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 13 14 20 21 16 10 7 3 3 3 3 5 118Average relative humidity 78 4 80 4 83 0 85 1 82 6 79 9 76 9 73 3 71 7 72 0 72 7 74 4 77 5Mean monthly sunshine hours 220 4 183 0 172 7 152 8 211 9 219 2 254 2 288 5 287 1 294 2 287 7 274 2 2 845 9Source 1 Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia 12 15 13 14 18 16 19 Source 2 Meteo Climat record highs and lows 20 Vegetation Edit In Fortaleza there are some remaining areas of mangrove in preserved areas including Coco Park 21 22 Ten miles offshore is the Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park created in 1997 to protect the reefs 23 Ecology and environment Edit Coco Park considered one of the largest urban parks in Latin America is the most important green area of the city The vegetation of Fortaleza is typically coastal The restinga areas are found in dune regions near the mouths of the Ceara Coco and Pacoti rivers in the beds of which there is still a mangrove forest In other green areas of the city there is no longer native vegetation consisting of varied vegetation fruit trees more commonly 24 The city is home to seven environmental conservation units These are the Sabiaguaba Dunes Municipal Natural Park the Sabiaguaba Environmental Protection Area the Maraponga Lagoon Ecological Park the Coco Ecological Park the Ceara River Estuary Environmental Protection Area the Environmental Protection Area of the Rio Pacoti and the Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park 25 There is also in the city the Area of Relevant Ecological Interest of Sirio Curio that protects the last enclave of Atlantic Forest in the urban zone 26 The Coco River is part of the river basin of the east coast of Ceara and has a total length of about 50 km in its main area The park is inserted in the area of greater environmental sensitivity of the city where it is possible to identify geoenvironmental formations such as coastal plain fluvial plain and surface of the coastal trays The Coco river mangrove is home to mollusks crustaceans fish reptiles birds and mammals The park has a structure of visitation with guides ecological trails and equipment and events of environmental education and ecotourism The Coacu River affluent of the river Coco forms in its bed the lagoon of the Precabura 27 28 The Rio Pacoti provides much of the water supply for Fortaleza 29 At the municipal boundary with Caucaia the estuary of the Rio Ceara is covered by an environmental protection area APA which was set up in 1999 30 Demographics EditSee also Brazilians Demographics of Brazil and Immigration to Brazil Race and ethnicity in FortalezaEthnicity PercentagePardo Multiracial 57 2 White 36 8 Black 4 5 Asian 1 4 Amerindian 0 1 According to the 2010 IBGE Census there were 2 315 116 31 people residing in the city of Fortaleza The census revealed the following numbers 1 403 292 Pardo multiracial people 57 2 901 816 White people 36 8 110 811 Black people 4 5 33 161 Asian people 1 4 3 071 Amerindian people 0 1 31 In 2010 the city of Fortaleza was the 5th most populous city proper in Brazil after Sao Paulo Rio de Janeiro Salvador and Brasilia 32 In 2010 the city had 433 942 opposite sex couples and 1 559 same sex couples The population of Fortaleza was 53 2 female and 46 8 male 31 The following cities are included in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza ordered by population Fortaleza Caucaia Maracanau Maranguape Aquiraz Pacatuba Pacajus Horizonte Sao Goncalo do Amarante Itatinga Guaiuba and Chorozinho 33 According to a genetic study from 2011 pardos and whites from Fortaleza which comprise the largest share of the population showed European ancestry of about 70 the rest divided between Native American and African ancestries 34 A 2015 study however found out the following composition in Fortaleza 48 9 of European contribution 35 4 of Native American input and 15 7 of African ancestry 35 View of Fortaleza Religion Edit See also Religion in Brazil Protestantism in Brazil and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil Church of Our Lady of Lebanon one of the four Melkite Greek Catholic Church in Brazil Metropolitan Cathedral of Fortaleza the country s third biggest The prevailing religion of Fortaleza is the Roman Catholic branch of Christianity Religious affiliation Percentage NumberCatholic 79 0 1 691 487Protestant 12 58 269 469No religion 5 99 128 190Kardecist 0 83 17 780Jehovah s Witnesses 0 64 13 758Other religions 0 7 15 923Source IBGE 2000 36 According to the census of 2010 31 1 664 521 people 67 88 of the population followed Roman Catholicism 523 456 21 35 were Protestant 31 691 1 29 represented Spiritism and 162 985 6 65 had no religion whatsoever Other religions such as Umbanda Candomble other Afro Brazilian religions Spiritualism Judaism Hinduism Buddhism Islam other Eastern religions Esotericism and other Christian churches like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints had a smaller number of adherents 37 Politics Edit Edson Ramalho Palace seat of the Ceara s Economy Secretariat The administration of the municipality is made from the executive and legislative branches 38 Roberto Claudio of the PDT won 650 607 votes in the 2012 election and was elected mayor 39 40 Legislative power rests with the City Council of Fortaleza composed of 43 city councilors elected for four year terms responsible for drafting municipal laws and supervising the executive 41 The municipality is in addition governed by organic law In January 2015 there were 1 659 091 voters in Fortaleza 26 457 of the total state 42 distributed in thirteen electoral zones The number of persons directly and indirectly employed in the municipal public administration in 2013 was respectively 31 318 and 4 950 43 The city also houses the seat of state executive power the Abolition Palace occupied by governor Camilo Santana of the PT elected in the general elections in Brazil in 2014 44 historically headquarters of the Iracema Club which was Ceded to the Municipal Hall and now houses municipal executive bodies 45 In the city there is the Administrative Center Governor Virgilio Tavora 46 Among the institutions present in the city are the Fortaleza Air Base the Port Authority of Ceara School of Apprentice Sailors of Ceara and the Command of the Tenth Military Region citation needed The city also has units of the International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF 47 Since 1996 a city is part of the Common Market of Cities of Mercosur 48 Economy EditSee also Economy of Brazil Central Bank of Brazil in Fortaleza Commercial Association of Ceara At the beginning of the decade of 2000 among the capitals of the Northeast Fortaleza had the third largest Gross Domestic Product GDP being surpassed by Recife and Salvador 49 In 2012 the GDP of Fortaleza reached the value of 43 4 billion Reais the tenth highest of the country 50 In the same year the value of taxes on products net of subsidies at current prices was R 6 612 822 000 and the municipality s GDP per capita was R 17 359 53 51 verification needed The city s booming economy is reflected in purchasing power the country s eighth largest with estimated consumption potential at 42 billion reais in 2014 52 The main economic source of the municipality is centered in the tertiary sector with its diversified segments of commerce and service rendering Next the secondary sector stands out with the industrial complexes 51 In 2012 the city had 873 746 people in employment 53 Culture EditSee also Culture of Brazil Inner front of the Theatro Jose de Alencar The art with colored sand originating in Ceara is one of the most present items in the city s craft centers View of downtown Fortaleza According to the Master Plan of Fortaleza the Special Areas for the Preservation of Historic Cultural and Archaeological Heritage are the regions of the center Parangaba Alagadico Novo Jose de Alencar Benfica Porangabucu and Praia de Iracema Properties of conservation interest 54 The architectural heritage of Fortaleza in the form of fallen goods however is predominantly concentrated in the center of the city 55 56 The Mucuripe Lighthouse is unfortunately in ruins today Ceara and Fortaleza were part of the pioneering group of states and cities to adopt public policies to protect the living intangible heritage of their culture through the Masters of Culture program 57 Museums theatres and cultural spaces Edit Among the theaters the largest and most popular are Theatro Jose de Alencar Sao Jose Theater Sao Luiz Cinema Theater and Teatro RioMarand Teatro Via Sul 58 The Ceara Museum houses numerous artifacts including pieces of paleontology and furniture 59 The Dragao do Mar Center of Art and Culture is the main cultural centre and includes the Ceara Museum of Culture the Museum of Contemporary Art of Ceara theaters a planetarium cinemas shops and spaces for public presentations as well as housing the Public Library Governador Menezes Pimentel Oporto Iracema of the Arts and the School of Arts and Crafts Thomaz Pompeu Sobrinho 60 The Casa de Jose Alencar is one of the Brazilian museums recognised as dealing with Brazilian literature 61 It was opened in 1964 and houses art collections a gallery a library and the ruins of the first steam power plant in Ceara 62 In the different SERs of the city the complexes of the CUCA Network are spread which are facilities dedicated to art leisure and education especially for young people 63 Freemasonry is represented by the Grand Masonic Lodge of Ceara and the Great State East of Ceara There are also service clubs in the city such as the Lions Club and Rotary International 64 The Ceara handicraft has its main market and showcase in Fortaleza In the city there are several specific places for trade in handicraft products such as the Ceara Craft Center CeArt Ceara Tourism Center Emcetur Crafts Fair of Beira Mar and on Avenida Monsenhor Tabosa 65 Literature and cinema Edit Rachel de Queiroz the first immortal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and winner of the Camoes Prize Ceara Palace former seat of the Cearense Academy of Letters The main literary manifestation of Fortaleza s history emerged at the end of the 19th century in the cafes of Praca do Ferreira known as the Spiritual Bakery a pioneer in the dissemination of modern ideas in Brazilian literature that would only be adopted nationally in the following century in the Modern Art Week 66 67 The most important historical entities of high culture still present in the city are the Ceara Institute and the Ceara Academy of Letters the first academy of letters created in Brazil founded in 1887 and 1894 respectively The Ceara Institute has helped launch important names in national historiography and philosophy such as Farias Brito and Capistrano de Abreu 68 Among the writers who are members of the Cearense Academy of Letters and members or patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters are Gustavo Barroso Araripe Junior Jose de Alencar Heraclito Graca Franklin Tavora Clovis Bevilaqua and Rachel de Queiroz the first woman to Be part of the entity The Casa de Juvenal Galeno is another historical cultural institution of Fortaleza named after one of the greatest poets born in the city Juvenal Galeno The house became well known for its festivals of poetry and seminaries 69 In cinema the most well known name is Zelito Viana director of films like Villa Lobos A Life of Passion and Life and Death of Severina More recently Karim Ainouz has directed Madame Sata Suely in the Sky and Futuro Beach and script of Lower City Cinema Aspirins and Vultures and Behind the Sun Another current exponent of cinema born in Fortaleza is Halder Gomes director and screenwriter of Holliudy Cinema New filmmakers in the city have gained in recent years prominent exhibitions such as at the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival 70 The most traditional cinema event in Fortaleza is the Cine Ceara Ibero American Film Festival considered one of the main festivals of the country 71 Fashion Edit The main fashion name in the city is the Lino Villaventura pt who from Fortaleza designed himself nationally and internationally and today is one of the main names of Sao Paulo Fashion Week besides being one of the founding designers of this fashion week 72 There are major events in the city such as the Dragao Fashion Brasil considered the largest fashion event in the Northeast and the third largest in the country 73 Much of the clothing that is produced in Ceara flows through Fortaleza which in turn is recognized as one of the most important textile centers of the country giving the garment industry great weight in the metropolitan economy 74 Brands of the city like Santana Textiles and headquarters of brands like Esplanada and Otoch have considerable regional influence 75 Music Edit Avioes do Forro pt the biggest forro band in the country Alberto Nepomuceno the father of nationalism of the Brazilian erudite music Forro is the most popular musical genre in the city Bands originating in Fortaleza such as Mastruz com Leite and Avioes do Forro were responsible for the popularization of electronic forro which promoted the revaluation of the accordion in the genre and brought it closer to pop music The forro pe de serra however still holds great cultural influence and commercial prominence in the city 76 In Musica popular brasileira some of the names from Fortaleza were Fagner Ednardo Belchior from Sobral but lived in Fortaleza and Amelinha 76 The musical tradition of Fortaleza however goes back to the composer Alberto Nepomuceno one of the greatest names in classical music in Brazil a pioneer in the development of the country s musical nationalism and therefore considered the founder of Brazilian music The Alberto Nepomuceno Conservatory is one of the city s leading music schools 76 Carnival Edit Fortaleza hosts one of the noted Brazilian Carnivals Its main locations are Iracema Beach and Avenue Domingos Olimpio 77 Cuisine Edit The Baiao de dois a typical dish from Ceara The gastronomy of Fortaleza is very close to the typical Northeastern cuisine and traditional include the baiao de dois usually accompanied by barbecue of mutton or meat of sun and tapioca which is a pancake made from the starch of cassava The seafood is another ingredient of typical dishes of fortalezeense cuisine such as the steak moqueca and the mackerel and snapper fish 78 The fruit of the sea identity of the coast of the state is the crab Shrimp and lobster are also widely used delicacies in dishes such as shrimp rice or shrimp dumplings 79 Tourism EditSee also Tourism in Brazil Beach Park is the largest water park in Latin America Acquario Ceara due to be one of the largest oceanariums in Brazil is currently under construction 80 Attractions such as the Beach Park theme park located in the Great Fortaleza Avenida Beira Mar and its bars restaurants and music clubs the beaches of Futuro and Iracema and Pirata Bar have placed Fortaleza among the Brazilian destinations preferred by Europeans 81 Scuba diving is possible in the area of Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park a marine protected area located about 10 nautical miles from the shoreline of Fortaleza 82 Fortaleza has about 25 kilometres 16 mi of urban beaches 83 Mucuripe is the place where jangadas can be found Still used by fishermen to go into high seas jangadas can be seen along the way during the afternoon and evenings and returning from the sea in the morning part of the catch of the day is sold in an old style fish market 84 Education Edit In 2016 the Federal University of Ceara located in Fortaleza was classified as the 10th best university in Brazil 1st in the North and Northeast regions and the best university in Ceara In 2010 the level of the education factor of the Strengthening Human Development Index was medium despite its great advance which went from 0 367 to 0 695 between 1991 and 2010 According to data from the 2010 Human Development Atlas of Brazil Fortaleza s adult education levels were divided as follows 8 57 did not complete primary school or were illiterate 62 43 had completed elementary education 45 93 had completed high school and 13 73 had completed higher education 31 Health Edit Santa Casa de Misericordia de Fortaleza first public hospital built in the city in 1861 Sao Mateus Hospital private institution founded in 1993 The health indexes of the Fortaleza population are better than the Brazilian average According to data from 2010 the infant mortality rate up to one year old was 15 8 per 1000 live births in Fortaleza against a Brazilian average of 16 7 85 By 2013 90 6 of children under one year of age had their immunization records up to date In 2012 37 577 live births were registered and the infant mortality rate up to five years of age was 13 2 per 1000 Of the total number of children under two years old weighed by the Family Health Program in 2013 0 8 were malnourished 86 In 2009 Fortaleza had a total of 35 general hospitals of which 11 were public 21 were private two were philanthropic and one was a trade union The Doctor Jose Frota Institute is the largest hospital administered by the Municipal Government and the General Hospital of Fortaleza is the largest hospital administered by the State Government citation needed In addition it had 54 specialized hospitals and eight polyclinics The total number of physicians working in the health network of the municipality was 13 604 approximately 5 4 per thousand inhabitants 87 Fortaleza has 117 units of health posts three UPAs pt administered by the municipality and six administered by the state 88 89 The first hospital built in Fortaleza was the Santa Casa de Misericordia founded in 1861 90 Among the most important public health institutions in the city the most important is the Dr Jose Frota Institute the largest hospital administered by the Municipal Government and the General Hospital of Fortaleza the largest hospital administered by the State Government Among the private institutions the largest are the Unimed Fortaleza Regional Hospital Antonio Prudente Hospital Monte Klinikum Hospital and Sao Mateus Hospital 91 One of the most important basic health programs in Fortaleza is the Family Health Program within which the city is in third place in the country in extension of coverage with hundreds of teams distributed in dozens of care units 92 The Emergency Mobile Care Service SAMU is the municipality s health care service which serves an average of 200 daily occurrences 93 The University Hospital Walter Cantidio is the largest liver transplantation facility in the country 94 The Faculty of Medicine of the UFC is the 13th best medical school in Brazil 2nd best medical school in the North and Northeast regions and the best medical school in Ceara UFC s medical degree is still one of the most popular in the country 95 Transportation EditInternational Airport Edit Pinto Martins International Airport FOR The current passenger terminal of Pinto Martins Fortaleza International Airport located in the center of Fortaleza was built between 1996 and 1998 96 The airport is now undergoing an expansion process from which the number of boarding bridges will increase from seven to sixteen and the passenger terminal will be expanded from 38 000 m2 to 133 000 m2 In 2014 the airport was capable of serving 6 2 million passengers per year but after expansion capacity would be 11 2 million 97 Pinto Martins Airport is the third busiest airport in the Northeast Region and one of the busiest in the country receiving on average 1 500 international aircraft and 65 000 domestic aircraft per year In 2013 it received more than 5 9 million passengers 98 Air Force Base Edit Fortaleza Air Force Base BAFZ a base of the Brazilian Air Force is located in Fortaleza Roads Edit BR 116 in Fortaleza Ceara the longest highway in the country with 4 385 km 2 725 mi of extension 99 In 2013 Fortaleza had 908 074 vehicles of which 511 109 were cars and 229 154 motorcycles 100 Traffic density at peak times in the city is rated as the fourth largest in the country with 48 of congested roads 100 The cycle network of Fortaleza is composed of 116 4 km of which 78 8 km are cycle paths and 37 6 km are cycle paths The municipality also has a public bicycle system Bicicletar which had 40 stations and 400 units in April 2015 In 2015 the municipal taxi fleet was composed of 4 886 vehicles including common adapted and special use vehicles 100 The city s road transport system is regulated by the Fortaleza Urban Transportation Company ETUFOR an agency of the Municipality of Fortaleza The collective transport carried out by buses is called the Integrated Transportation System SIT FOR and its operation began in 1992 101 The system of traffic monitoring is known by the acronym CTAFOR 100 which stands for Controle de Trafego em Area de Fortaleza Traffic Control of the Area of Fortaleza Subway Edit Antonio Sales station The Fortaleza Metro comprises five lines 102 The Fortaleza Metro started on October 1 2014 As of 2014 18 of the 20 stations planned for the South Line are in operation along with 9 stations of the West Line 103 MetroFor is the 43 kilometres 27 mi rapid transit system for the city of Fortaleza 102 Bus stations Edit Fortaleza has multiple Bus Rapid Transit or BRT lines throughout the city and has plans to extend this network of transportation BRTBrasil org 104 Bike lanes Edit Fortaleza officially has 116 4 kilometres 72 3 mi of bike lanes 105 Sports EditSee also Sports in Brazil and 2014 FIFA World Cup The main games of the Ceara State Championship are played in Fortaleza There are several association football clubs in the city including Ceara SC Fortaleza EC and Ferroviario AC Fortaleza was one of the host cities of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup 106 107 Internal view of Arena Castelao Windsurfing in FortalezaOfficial Subdivision Edit Secretarias Executivas Regionais Regional Executive Secretariats of Fortaleza Territorios Administrativos Administrative Territories of Fortaleza Fortaleza is subdivided in 121 neighborhoods that are grouped in 39 administrative territories managed by 12 subprefectures Secreterias Executivas Regionais Each subprefecture have a holder appointed by the municipal government 108 109 Neighborhoods Edit Dom Lustosa Parangaba Pirambu Praia de Iracema Rodolfo TeofiloNotable people Edit Jose de Alencar prominent writer of the Brazilian Empire Mausoleum of Marshal Castelo Branco former president and dictator of Brazil Jose de Alencar famous writer from the 19th century Alberto Nepomuceno famous composer from the 19th century Rachel de Queiroz first female writer in Academia Brasileira de Letras Andre Diamant international chess grandmaster Casimiro Montenegro Filho founder of the Brazilian Air Force Aeronautical Technologic Institute ITA Mauricio Peixoto mathematician one of the founders of IMPA Gilberto Camara former director of Brazil s National Institute for Space Research INPE Helder Camara Roman Catholic Archbishop nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize Castelo Branco former president 1964 67 Karim Ainouz film director Ed Lincoln musician and composer Shelda Bede beach volleyball player and olympic medalist Raffael professional footballer Ronny Araujo professional footballer Mario Jardel retired professional footballer Jose Gerardo Moreira Rocha Junior footballer Otavio Dutra professional footballer Marcus Aurelio mixed martial arts professional Wilson Gouveia mixed martial arts professional Thiago Alves mixed martial arts professional Hermes Franca mixed martial arts professional Jorge Gurgel mixed martial arts professional Heloneida Studart writer politician women s rights advocate Jeronimo Moscardo retired diplomatInternational relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil Fortaleza is twinned with 110 Ferreira do Alentejo Portugal Lisbon Portugal Miami Beach United States Montese Italy Praia Cape Verde Racine United States Sal Cape VerdeSee also EditHousing in Fortaleza BrazilReferences Edit IBGE 2021 Archived copy PDF United Nations Development Programme UNDP Archived from the original PDF on July 8 2014 Retrieved August 1 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Fortaleza e a quinta capital mais populosa e lidera a setima maior regiao 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from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved January 24 2015 Jenna Francisco January 14 2020 8 Places to Celebrate Carnaval in Brazil 3 of 8 TripSavvy Dotdash Retrieved February 15 2020 Sabores da culinaria regional Diario do Nordeste August 26 2005 Archived from the original on February 5 2015 Retrieved May 9 2017 Fortaleza UOL Viagem Archived from the original on December 21 2016 Retrieved May 9 2017 Obra de aquario encalha em praia famosa de Fortaleza Haus in Portuguese Coritiba Gazeta do Povo April 26 2019 Retrieved May 31 2019 Slowing the Pace Along Brazil s Coast New York Times February 20 2005 Soares Marcelo de Oliveira Paiva Carolina Cerqueira de Freitas Joao Eduardo Pereira de Lotufo Tito Monteiro da Cruz 2011 Gestao de unidades de conservacao marinhas o caso do Parque Estadual Marinho da Pedra da Risca do Meio NE Brasil Revista da Gestao Costeira Integrada 11 2 archived PDF from the original on November 29 2016 retrieved November 28 2016 The better beaches of Fortaleza Brazil Fortaleza International Airport Retrieved July 18 2021 Mucuripe Fortaleza Veja dicas no Ferias Brasil Archived from the original on December 20 2016 Retrieved December 10 2016 Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano do Brasil 2013 2010 Perfil do municipio de Fortaleza no Atlas do IDH 2013 Programa das Nacoes Unidas para o Desenvolvimento PNUD Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved July 30 2013 Fortaleza CE Acompanhamento Brasileiro dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milenio Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved February 23 2015 DATASUS April 10 2010 Caderno de Informacoes de Saude Informacoes Gerais Retrieved February 25 2015 permanent dead link UPAs Secretaria Municipal da Saude Archived from the original on February 8 2015 Retrieved January 28 2015 Onde ficam os novos CEOs policlinicas UPAs e hospitais Secretaria da Saude do Estado July 15 2013 Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved January 28 2015 Santa Casa de Misericordia de Fortaleza comemora 150 anos Diario do Nordeste February 20 2011 Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved February 25 2015 Os Maiores Hospitais Privados Anuario de Fortaleza 2012 2013 Fundacao Democrito Rocha Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved January 28 2015 Fortaleza e a 3ª capital do Brasil com maior cobertura do Programa Saude da Familia Diario do Nordeste July 25 2012 Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved January 28 2015 SAMU 192 Fortaleza Secretaria Municipal de Saude Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved March 1 2015 HUWC e o maior centro de transplantes de figado da America Latina TV Diario in Portuguese Verdes Mares February 27 2015 Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved August 8 2019 Medicina na Federal do Ceara e o curso mais concorrido do Sisu Estadao January 8 2013 Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved April 24 2015 Wellington Ricardo Nogueira Maciel 2006 Aeroporto de Fortaleza usos e significados contemporaneos PDF UFC Archived PDF from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved January 26 2015 Infraero lanca edital para conclusao de obras do aeroporto de Fortaleza G1 January 6 2015 Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved January 26 2015 Movimento Operacional da Rede Infraero de Janeiro a Dezembro de 2013 PDF Infraero 2013 Archived from the original PDF on February 2 2014 Retrieved January 26 2015 Fernanda Castello Branco As 11 estradas mais incriveis do Brasil iG Archived from the original on April 11 2018 Retrieved September 22 2014 a b c d Autarquia Municipal de Transito CTAFOR Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved February 9 2014 Integracao no sistema de transporte publico coletivo de Fortaleza PDF Camara Municipal de Fortaleza Archived PDF from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved January 27 2015 a b Mapa das Linhas Metro de Fortaleza Metro de Fortaleza METROFOR Archived from the original on September 25 2013 Retrieved August 22 2013 Dilma cita metro de Fortaleza em debate e causa polemica nas redes sociais Radio Verdes Mares October 20 2014 Archived from the original on August 8 2017 Retrieved January 26 2015 BRT Brasil Associacao Nacional das Empresas de Transportes NTU Archived from the original on January 30 2015 Retrieved January 29 2015 Prefeitos planejam dobrar ciclovias em capitais ate 2016 15 04 2015 Cotidiano Folha de S Paulo Archived from the original on December 21 2016 Retrieved December 10 2016 Associated Press April 15 2013 Two killed in shooting near Brazil World Cup stadium site Sports Illustrated Archived from the original on January 16 2020 The fans were killed about 5 kilometers 3 miles from the Arena Castelao in the city of Fortaleza one of the six venues hosting matches in the Confederations Cup in June Griffin Jo June 4 2014 Brazil World Cup city guide Fortaleza The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on January 16 2020 Since being named a World Cup host city Fortaleza has punched above its weight it was first to complete its new stadium on time but has also seen violent protests against Fifa s lavish spending during the Confederations Cup in June 2013 12 regionais de Fortaleza confira a nova divisao da capital cearense G1 in Portuguese January 6 2021 Retrieved June 29 2022 Fortaleza em Bairros Fortaleza em Mapas IPLANFOR in Portuguese 2020 Archived from the original on July 1 2022 Retrieved June 29 2022 Fortaleza se torna cidade irma de Lisboa oestadoce com br in Portuguese Oestado June 30 2016 Retrieved May 23 2020 Bibliography EditSee also Bibliography of the history of FortalezaExternal links EditFortaleza at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity in Portuguese Fortaleza City Council home page in Portuguese Fortaleza Tourism Office home page Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fortaleza amp oldid 1133295263, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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