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Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

April 25, 2023

In this Argentine name, the surname is Fernández and the marital name is Kirchner.
"Cristina Fernández" and "Christina Fernandez" redirect here. For the Spanish sport shooter, see Cristina Fernández (sport shooter). For the American photographer, see Christina Fernandez (photographer).

Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (Spanish pronunciation: [kɾisˈtina eˈlisaβet feɾˈnandez ðe ˈkiɾʃneɾ] (listen);[note 1] born 19 February 1953), often referred to by her initials CFK,[1][2][note 2] is an Argentine lawyer and politician who has served as the Vice President of Argentina since 2019. She also served as the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015 and the first lady during the tenure of her husband, Néstor Kirchner. She was the second female president of Argentina (after Isabel Perón) and the first elected female president of Argentina. Ideologically, she identifies herself as a Peronist and a progressive, with her political approach called Kirchnerism.[5][6]

Excelentísima Señora
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Fernández de Kirchner in 2022
Vice President of Argentina
Assumed office
10 December 2019
PresidentAlberto Fernández
Preceded byGabriela Michetti
President of Argentina
In office
10 December 2007 – 10 December 2015
Vice President
Preceded byNéstor Kirchner
Succeeded byMauricio Macri
National Senator
In office
10 December 2017 – 10 December 2019
ConstituencyBuenos Aires
In office
10 December 2005 – 28 November 2007
ConstituencyBuenos Aires
In office
10 December 2001 – 9 December 2005
ConstituencySanta Cruz
In office
10 December 1995 – 3 December 1997
ConstituencySanta Cruz
First Lady of Argentina
In role
25 May 2003 – 10 December 2007
PresidentNéstor Kirchner
Preceded byHilda González de Duhalde
Succeeded byNéstor Kirchner
(First Gentleman)
National Deputy
In office
10 December 1997 – 9 December 2001
ConstituencySanta Cruz
Member of the Constitutional Convention
In office
1 May 1994 – 22 August 1994
ConstituencySanta Cruz
First Lady of Santa Cruz
In role
10 December 1991 – 25 May 2003
GovernorNéstor Kirchner
Preceded byMarta Arana de García
Succeeded byMaría Gloria Ros de Icazuriaga
Provincial Deputy of Santa Cruz
In office
10 December 1989 – 10 December 1995
ConstituencyRío Gallegos
First Lady of Río Gallegos
In role
10 December 1987 – 10 December 1991
IntendantNéstor Kirchner
Preceded bySofía Vicic de Ceperníc
Succeeded byEva María Henríquez de Martínez
Personal details
Born
Cristina Elisabet Fernández

(1953-02-19) 19 February 1953 (age 70)
Tolosa, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Political partyJusticialist
Other political
affiliations
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1975; died 2010)​
Children2, including Máximo
Alma materNational University of La Plata
Signature

Born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, she studied law at the University of La Plata, and moved to Patagonia with her husband Néstor Kirchner upon graduation. She was elected to the provincial legislature; her husband was elected mayor of Río Gallegos. She was elected national senator in 1995, and had a controversial tenure, while her husband was elected governor of Santa Cruz Province. In 1994, she was also elected to the constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina. She was the First Lady from 2003 to 2007 after her husband was elected president.

Néstor Kirchner did not run for reelection. Instead, his wife was the candidate for the Front for Victory alliance, becoming president in the 2007 presidential election. Her first term of office started with a conflict with the agricultural sector, and her proposed taxation system was rejected. After this she nationalised private pension funds, and fired the president of the Central Bank. The price of public services remained subsidised and she renationalised energy firm YPF as a result. The country had good relations with other South American nations, and strained relations with the western bloc as part of the regional political movement known as pink tide. She also continued her husband's human rights policies, and had a rocky relationship with the press. Néstor Kirchner died in 2010, and she was re-elected for a second term in 2011. She won the 2011 general election with 54.11% of the votes,[7] the highest percentage obtained by any presidential candidate since 1983. The 37.3% difference between votes for hers and the runner-up ticket Binner-Morandini was the second largest in the history of Argentine general elections.[8][9] She established currency controls during her second term, and the country fell into sovereign default in 2014. She left office in 2015 with approval ratings above 50%.[10]

During her two terms as president, several corruption scandals took place and subsequently her government faced several demonstrations against her rule. She was charged for fraudulent low price sales of dollar futures,[11] and later acquitted.[12] In 2015, she was indicted for obstructing the investigation into the 1994 AMIA Bombing,[13] after Alberto Nisman's controversial accusation of a purported "pact" (a memorandum) signed between her government and Iran which was supposedly seeking impunity for Iranians involved in the terrorist attack.[14] In 2017, an arrest warrant issued by Claudio Bonadio for Fernández de Kirchner charged her with "treason",[15] but due to her parliamentary immunity, she did not go to prison, and the treason accusation was later dropped, while other charges related to Nisman's accusation remained.[16][17] In 2018, she was also indicted for corruption on charges alleging that her administration had accepted bribes in exchange for public works contracts.[18][19] On 30 September 2020, the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections to be inadmissible.[20] After analyzing the claims of the defendants in the case for the never-ratified Memorandum with Iran, on 7 October 2021, the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case null and void. The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran, and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants.[21] On 6 December 2022, she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption, and has stated her intention to appeal the verdict.[22][23]

Early life and education

 
Cristina Fernández during her youth

Cristina Fernández was born on 19 February 1953 in Tolosa, a suburb of La Plata, capital of the Buenos Aires Province.[24] She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernández and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm. Eduardo was a bus driver and an anti-Peronist, and Ofelia was a Peronist union leader and a single mother. Fernández married her and moved into her house when Cristina was two years old. Most details about her childhood such as her elementary school are unknown.[25] She attended high school at Popular Mercantil and Misericordia schools.[25] Three of her grandparents were Spanish immigrants, specifically from Galicia.[26]

She began her college studies at the National University of La Plata. She studied psychology for a year, then dropped it and studied law instead. She met fellow student Néstor Kirchner in 1973. He introduced her to political debates. There were heated political controversies at the time caused by the decline of the Argentine Revolution military government, the return of the former president Juan Perón from exile, the election of Héctor Cámpora as president of Argentina, and the early stages of the Dirty War. She became influenced by Peronism, left-wing politics, and anti-imperialism. Despite the presence of sympathizers of the Montoneros guerrillas in La Plata, the Kirchners had never been involved themselves. Cristina and Néstor married in a civil ceremony on 9 May 1975. Her mother got them administrative jobs at her union. The 1976 Argentine coup d'état took place the following year. Cristina proposed to move to Río Gallegos, Néstor's home city, but he delayed their departure until his graduation on 3 July 1976.[25]

Cristina had not yet graduated when they moved to Río Gallegos and completed the remaining subjects with distance education. There have been claims made that she never graduated, and that she may have worked as a lawyer without having a degree. This idea was proposed by the constitutionalist Daniel Sabsay, and fueled by the reluctance of the National University of La Plata (UNLP) to release her degree.[27] She registered at the Tribunal Superior de Justicia of Santa Cruz in 1980, the Comodoro Rivadavia's chamber of appeals in 1985 and worked as an attorney for the Justicialist Party in 1983. There are also logs of minor cases where she acted as a lawyer.[28] The claim has been sent to trial four times, and the judges Norberto Oyarbide, Ariel Lijo, Sergio Torres, and Claudio Bonadio all ruled that she has a degree.[29]

Néstor established a law firm that Cristina joined in 1979.[30] The firm worked for banks and financial groups that filed eviction lawsuits, which had a growing rate at the time because the 1050 ruling of the Central Bank had increased the interest rates for mortgage loans.[30] The Kirchners acquired twenty-one land lots at cheap prices as they were about to be auctioned.[31] Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during the Dirty War.[32] Forced disappearances were common at the time, but unlike other lawyers the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus. Julio César Strassera, prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas against the military, criticized the Kirchners' lack of legal actions against the military, and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy.[33]

Political career

Cristina Kirchner was elected deputy for the provincial legislature of Santa Cruz in 1989. The Justicialist Party (PJ), led by Carlos Menem, returned to the presidency in the 1989 general elections. She served as interim governor of Santa Cruz for a couple of days, after the impeachment of Ricardo del Val in 1990.[34] She organized Néstor's political campaign when he was elected governor of Santa Cruz in 1991. In 1994, she was elected to the constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina.[35]

She was elected national senator in the 1995 general elections. She opposed some bills proposed by Menem, such as a treaty with Chilean president Patricio Aylwin that benefited Chile in a dispute over the Argentina–Chile border.[36] The Minister of Defense Oscar Camilión was questioned in Congress about the Argentine arms trafficking scandal; Kirchner told him that he had to resign, which he refused to do.[37] As a result, she made a name for herself as a troublemaker. She was removed from the PJ bloc in the Congress in 1997 for misconduct.[36] She resigned her senatorial seat that year and ran for national deputy in the 1997 midterm elections instead. Menem ended his term of office in 1999 and was replaced by Fernando de la Rúa. Fernández de Kirchner took part in a commission to investigate money laundering with fellow legislator Elisa Carrió, and got into conflicts with her. She ran again for senator in the 2001 midterm elections.[36]

Néstor Kirchner was elected president in 2003, and she became the First Lady. Under these circumstances, she sought a lower profile in Congress.[36] Her husband had a political dispute with the previous president, Eduardo Duhalde. Their dispute continued during the 2005 midterm elections. Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province, both leaders had their respective wives run for the office: Hilda González de Duhalde for the PJ, and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner for the Front for Victory.[38] She won the election.[39]

Presidential campaigns

2007 presidential campaign

See also: 2007 Argentine general election
 
First Lady Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) campaigning alongside her husband, Néstor Kirchner in 2007.

The presidential election was held on 28 October 2007.[40] With Fernández de Kirchner leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers focused on forcing her into a ballotage. To win in a single round, a presidential candidate in Argentina needs either more than 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10 percentage points over the runner-up. However, with 13 challengers splitting the vote, she won the election decisively in the first round with just over 45% of the vote, compared to 23% for Elisa Carrió (candidate for the Civic Coalition) and 17% for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna.[40] Fernández de Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor, while Carrió and Lavagna both received more support from the urban middle class.[41] She lost the election in the large cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario.[41]

On 14 November, the president-elect announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the twelve ministers appointed, seven had been ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time. The selections anticipated the continuation of the policies implemented by Néstor Kirchner.[42]

She began a four-year term on 10 December 2007, facing challenges including: inflation, poor public security, international credibility, a faulty energy infrastructure, and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly 30% on export taxes.[42] Fernández de Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina, after Isabel Perón but, unlike Perón, she was elected to the office, whereas Isabel Perón was elected Juan Perón's vice president, and automatically assumed the presidency on his death.[41] The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was also the first time a democratic head of state was replaced by their spouse without the death of either. He remained highly influential during his wife's term,[43] supervising the economy and leading the PJ.[44] Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Perón and Bill and Hillary Clinton.[45] Media observers suspected that Mr. Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit, swapping roles with his wife.[44][45][46]

2011 presidential campaign

See also: 2011 Argentine general election

When Néstor Kirchner refused to run for re-election in 2007 and proposed his wife instead, it was rumored that they could alternate in the presidency for the next 12 years to circumvent the constitutional limit of two consecutive terms. This scenario would have had Cristina standing down in favor of Néstor in 2011, and Néstor would in turn hand the FPV candidacy back to Cristina in 2015. The death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010 derailed such a plan.[47] She had a low positive image, below 30%.[47] On 21 June 2011, she announced that she would run for a second term as president. A few days later, she announced that her economic minister Amado Boudou would run for vice president on her ticket. She personally chose most of the candidates for deputy in the Congress, favoring members of the Cámpora.[48]

The elections took place on 23 October. She was re-elected with 54% of the vote, followed by socialist Hermes Binner, 37 points behind her. The opposition was divided between several candidates and the perceived economic prosperity prevailed over voter's concerns about corruption and cronyism.[47] It was the largest victory percentage in national elections since 1983.[49] The Peronist party also won eight of the nine elections for governor held that day, increased their number of senators, and obtained the majority in the chamber of deputies, including the number of legislators needed for quorum. They had lost that majority in the 2009 elections. She invited children on stage during the celebrations, and Vice President Amado Boudou played an electric guitar. As she had in 2007, she gave a conciliatory speech.[50]

Presidency (2007–2015)

Main article: Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Economic policy

 
Fernández de Kirchner with minister of economy Axel Kicillof

When she first took office, Cristina Kirchner replaced the previous minister of economy, Miguel Gustavo Peirano, who had been appointed by her husband as former president. Peirano was succeeded by Martín Lousteau in December 2007. He served as the first of several ministers of economy under her presidency. The attempt to increase taxes on agricultural exports caused a conflict with the agricultural sector and protests broke out. As a result, taxes were not increased, and Lousteau resigned by April 2008, only a few months after he had been appointed.[51] He was replaced by Argentina's tax agency chief Carlos Rafael Fernández.[51]

As an alternative to increasing taxes, and facing debt payments the following year, the government nationalized private pension funds, known as "Administradoras de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones" (AFJP). The amount of money involved in this operation was nearly 30 billion dollars, and debt obligations were nearly 24 billion dollars.[52] The nationalization was justified by the president as government protectionism during the crisis, and compared with the bank bailouts in Europe and the United States. It was criticized as a threat to property rights and the rule of law.[52]

Fernández resigned after the Kirchnerist defeat in the 2009 elections, and was replaced by Amado Boudou, president of the ANSES which had worked for that nationalization. Although inflation was nearing 25% and on the rise, Boudou did not consider it a significant problem.[53]

In January 2010, Fernández de Kirchner created the bicentennial fund employing a necessity and urgency decree in order to pay debt obligations with foreign-exchange reserves. Martín Redrado, president of the Central Bank, refused to implement it, and was fired by another decree.[54] Judge María José Sarmiento annulled both decrees on the grounds that the Central Bank was independent. Redrado resigned one month later, and was replaced by Mercedes Marcó del Pont.[55]

In an attempt to combat poverty, the government introduced in 2009 the Universal Child Allowance, a cash transfer program to parents who are unemployed or in the informal economy.[56] It was later expanded to cover other disadvantaged groups.[57]

The extent to which Kirchner's policies have lowered poverty is controversial, with the government's reported poverty rate being questioned by some experts.[57] According to a 2017 UNICEF report, the cash transfers reduced extreme poverty by 30.8% and general poverty by 5.6%.[58]

Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011, along with Amado Boudou as vice president and the Front for Victory regained control over both chambers of Congress.[59] Hernán Lorenzino became the new minister of economy. The government established currency controls that limited the power to buy or sell foreign currencies, especially American dollars. Many Argentines kept their savings in dollars as a hedge against inflation. The government believed the controls were required to prevent the capital flight and tax evasion.[60]

They initiated a period of fiscal reform, which included several tax increases, limits to wage increases, but increases in protectionism and reorganization of state-owned enterprises.[61] Hugo Moyano, main union leader, who was a strong supporter of kirchnerism, began to oppose the President.[62] Moyano would later organize a big protest at Plaza de Mayo, with 30,000 people, requesting the abolition of capital gains tax.[63]

Axel Kicillof was appointed minister in 2013, and served for the remainder of Kirchner's term. He arranged payment of the debt to the Paris Club, and the compensation requested by Repsol for the nationalization of YPF.[64] One month later, negotiations with hedge funds failed, and American judge Thomas Griesa issued an order that Argentina had to pay to all creditors and not just those who had accepted a reduced payment as outlined in the Argentine debt restructuring plan.[65] Kicillof refused to agree that the country had fallen into a sovereign default.[66]

When Argentina devalued the peso in January 2014, Kicillof placed blame on the exchange-market speculation by Juan José Aranguren, chief of Royal Dutch Shell in Argentina; later in the year, when the peso was at its lowest ever position in relation to the dollar, he blamed "vulture funds" from the United States.[citation needed] At the 2014 United Nations conference, she accused the "vulture funds" of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them "economic terrorists".[67][68]

According to The Economist, the Kirchners returned Argentina to "economic nationalism and near-autarky".[69]

Energy policy

 
Fernández de Kirchner announces the bill to renationalize YPF

In 2002, Eduardo Duhalde fixed the prices for public services such as electricity, gas and water supply. These remained fixed during the terms of Duhalde and Néstor and Cristina Kirchner, despite the crisis that motivated them having ended. As the inflation rate grew during the period, the state financed part of these prices with subsidies. Investment in these areas decreased, and the generation and distribution networks suffered. Argentina lost its self-supply of energy, and had to import it, rather than being able to export surpluses.[70]

She proposed a fiscal austerity program in early 2012, including the gradual removal of subsidies.[71] The proposal turned out to be unpopular, and was not implemented. She opted instead to send a bill to Congress for the renationalization of YPF, privatized in 1993, blaming the Spanish company Repsol for the energy trade deficit. The bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by a 207-32 margin. It was criticized as an authoritarian move, as there was no negotiation with Repsol.[72] As well, the Vaca Muerta oil field had been discovered by this time. However, YPF was unable to afford the costs to exploit the oil at the site, and the rights to drill at Vaca Muerta were sold to the Chevron Corporation.[73] The costs of energy imports increased the trade deficit and the inflation rate, and power outages became frequent. Outages usually took place on the hottest days of the summer season, as the use of air conditioning increased electricity consumption to peak levels.[74]

Conflict with the agricultural sector

Main article: 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector
 
Road blockade during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector in Villa María, Córdoba

In March 2008, Fernández de Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, so that rates fluctuated with international prices. This would effectively raise levies on soybean exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement. This new taxation scheme, proposed by Minister Martín Lousteau, led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations, with the aim of forcing the government to back down on new tax system. They were joined on 25 March by thousands of pot-banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and the presidential palace. These demonstrations were followed by others at locations across the country that included road blockades and food shortages.[75]

The protests were highly polarizing. The government argued that the new taxes would allow for a better redistribution of wealth, and keep down the food prices. It also claimed the farmers were staging a coup d'état against Fernández de Kirchner.[76] Farmers argued that the high taxes made cultivation unviable.[75] The activist Luis D'Elía interrupted one of the demonstrations leading stick-wielding pro-government supporters, who attacked the participants.[75] Minister Lousteau resigned during the crisis, and the Peronist governors opted to negotiate on their own with the farmers, ignoring her approach. Her public image plummeted to its lowest level since the election in October 2007.[77]

After four months of conflict and having the majority in both houses of the Argentine Congress, the president introduced the new taxation bill. However, many legislators gave priority to the local agendas of their provinces as their economies depended heavily on agriculture. Many FPV legislators, such as Rubén Marín, opposed the bill. Marín argued: "For us, agriculture is the economy".[76] There were two demonstrations the day of the vote: one against the bill, attended by 235,000 people, and the other in support of the bill, attended by 100,000 people.[76] Farmers had announced that they would continue their demonstrations if the bill was approved without amendments.[75] Senator Emilio Rached from Santiago del Estero cast the vote that resulted in a 36–36 tie. In the case of a tie, the vice president, who also serves as president of the Senate but without the right to vote, is required to cast the tie-breaking vote. Julio Cobos voted against the bill, which was then rejected, saying that: "My vote is not in favor, my vote is against".[76] Despite the chilly relations between Cobos and Cristina Kirchner since that event, he completed his term as vice president.[78]

Other protests

 
200,000 people took part in a cacerolazo against Fernández de Kirchner

Fernández de Kirchner was reelected in 2011. The Constitution of Argentina allows only one reelection. Many of her supporters proposed an amendment to the Constitution to allow indefinite reelections. She did not publicly support the proposal, but did not discourage or reject it either. The proposal was not taken to the Congress, as the FPV still lacked the required two-thirds majority to approve an amendment bill. It was rejected by many sectors of society. The first big demonstration (a cacerolazo) took place in September 2012. It was not called by specific politicians or social leaders, but by the public using social networks. The massive turnout was completely unexpected by both the government and the opposition.[79] People also protested the 2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster, the conflict between Kirchnerism and the media, rising crime rates, and the tight currency controls. She dismissed the demonstration, and said that she would continue working as before.[79] Most of the Fernández de Kirchner loyalists, however, preferred simply to ignore the protest.[80]

A larger demonstration, the 8N, took place two months later. It was attended by nearly half a million people.[81] They protested a variety of issues such as those of the previous demonstration, as well as the growing rate of inflation and the corruption scandals. She promised to keep her policies unchanged, and Senator Aníbal Fernández dismissed the significance of the demonstrations.[81] Journalist Jorge Lanata explained the polarization was because the government and its supporters thought they were engaged in a revolution, and this justified being against freedom of the press and other public rights. Cabinet Chief Juan Manuel Abal Medina said the demonstrators belonged to a class that was against social justice, and compared the demonstrations to a coup d'état.[82] A similar view was held by Fernández de Kirchner's loyalists.[80]

Buenos Aires and La Plata suffered floods in April, resulting in more than 70 deaths. Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed out that the national government had prevented the city from taking out international loans, which would have been used for infrastructure improvements.[83] A week later, Fernández de Kirchner announced a proposed amendment of the Argentine judiciary. Three bills were controversial: the first proposed to limit injunctions against the state; the second would include people selected in national elections on the body that appoints or removes judges; the third would create a new court that would limit the number of cases heard by the Supreme Court. The opposition considered the bills an attempt to control the judiciary.[84] The 2013 season of the investigative journalism program Periodismo para todos revealed an ongoing case of political corruption involving Néstor Kirchner, called "The Route of the K-Money", which generated a huge political controversy.[85] This led to a new cacerolazo on 18 April, known as the 18A.[86]

Prosecutor Alberto Nisman, who worked on the investigation of the 1994 Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association) AMIA bombing, accused Fernández de Kirchner of engaging in a criminal, cover-up conspiracy to cover up the attack. He was found dead in his home the day before he was to explain his denunciation in Congress. Argentine law enforcement concluded that Nisman's death was a homicide.[87] The unsolved case was highly controversial. The 18F demonstration took place a month after his death. It was organized as a silent demonstration, as an homage to Alberto Nisman, and was devoid of political flags or banners. The rule was followed, with occasional exceptions, by waves of spontaneous clapping or people singing the Argentine national anthem. The city police estimated that the demonstration was attended by 400,000 people.[88]

Corruption scandals

 
A financial firm located at the Madero Center hotel sparked The Route of the K-Money scandal

Several scandals took place during the Fernández de Kirchner administration. The first involved the detention of Venezuelan-American businessman Antonini Wilson in an airport after being found with a suitcase filled with $800,000.[89] This money was illegally provided by Petróleos de Venezuela, the state oil company, to be used for her 2007 general election campaign. Details of the case were explained by businessman Carlos Kauffmann and lawyer Moisés Maiónica, who pleaded guilty.[90] The FPV financing of the 2007 elections caused another scandal years later. Three pharmaceutical businessmen, Sebastián Forza, Damián Ferrón, and Leopoldo Bina, were found dead in 2008, a case known as the "Triple Crime". Further investigation of Forza, who contributed $200,000 to the campaign, identified him as a provider of ephedrine to the Sinaloa Cartel.[91] In 2015, Martín Lanatta and José Luis Salerno, convicted for the killings, claimed that Aníbal Fernández was the boss of a mafia ring that ordered those killings to secure the illegal traffic of ephedrine.[92] Fernández denied the charges, maintaining that it was a set up to undermine his chances in the 2015 general election.[92] General illegal drug trade grew in Argentina during Kirchnerism, and saw Mexican and Colombian syndicates working with Peruvian and Bolivian smugglers. Conviction rates for money laundering were almost nonexistent. Mariano Federici, head of the Financial Information Unit, said that the "magnitude of the threat is very serious, and this would never have been possible without collaboration from government officials in this country".[93]

Amado Boudou, who served as minister of economy during Fernández de Kirchner's first term and vice president during the second, was suspected of corruption in 2012 case.[94] The Ciccone Calcografica printing company filed for bankruptcy in 2010, but this request was cancelled when businessman Alejandro Vandenbroele bought it. The company received tax breaks to pay its debts, and was selected to print banknotes of the Argentine peso. It is suspected that Vandenbroele is actually a frontman for Boudou, and that he employed his clout as minister of economy to benefit a company that actually belonged to him.[95]

The TV program Periodismo para todos broadcast information about The Route of the K-Money scandal. Businessman Leonardo Fariña said in an interview that he helped businessman Lázaro Báez to divert money from public works, and take it to a financial firm located in the Madero Center luxury hotel. This firm, informally known as "La Rosadita", would have sent the money abroad to tax havens, using shell companies. Given the amounts of money involved, the money was weighed instead of counted to determine the value. Federico Elaskar, owner of the firm, confirmed Fariña's claims in another interview. Both of them retracted their statements after the program was aired, but prosecutor José María Campagnoli confirmed their links with Báez. Báez denied any wrongdoing. Campagnoli was suspended as a prosecutor, accused of leaking information, and abusing his authority.[96] Báez is also linked with the Kirchners to the Hotesur scandal, a suspected case of money laundering. According to a criminal complaint by opposition deputy Margarita Stolbizer, his company Valle Mitre S.A. has rented 1,100 rooms per month, for years, at the Hotesur and Alto Calafate hotels, but without occupying them. These hotels, located in the city of El Calafate, belong to the Kirchners.[97]

Human rights policy

 
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner with the Mothers and Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo

The Fernández de Kirchner presidency continued the trials of military personnel involved in the Dirty War started by her husband.[3] There have been more than 500 people sentenced, and 1,000 convicted, in a process that was unprecedented in Latin America.[98] De facto president Jorge Rafael Videla, who was convicted and given a life sentence in 1985 and pardoned years later, received a new life sentence in 2010. General Luciano Benjamín Menéndez, who waged war against the leftist guerrillas in the northern Argentine provinces, received a life sentence as well.[99]

Another related investigation involved the fate of the children of captured pregnant guerrillas, who were given up for adoption by the military junta. An estimated 500 children were involved.[100] The investigation became controversial during the Fernández de Kirchner administration, as those involved had become adults and some of them refused to participate in DNA testing. One of those cases was the Noble siblings case, involving the adopted sons of Ernestina Herrera de Noble, owner of the Clarín newspaper. The Kirchners advanced a bill in Congress to make the genetic testing of suspected victims mandatory. Although the measure had popular support, critics considered it a breach of the right to privacy, and politically motivated because of a dispute between her and the Clarín newspaper.[100] The Noble siblings tests in 2011 were negative,[98] and the case was closed in January 2016, after Fernández de Kirchner left the presidency.[101] Hilario Bacca, a confirmed son of disappeared guerrillas, appealed a judicial ruling that sought to change his name, asking to keep the name he had been using.[102]

Relationship with the media

See also: Relation of Kirchnerism with the press
 
Kirchner holding a copy of Clarín

Football broadcasting was nationalized on the program Fútbol para todos and then filled with pro-government advertisements.[103] On the other hand, the country's largest selling newspaper Clarín, published by the Clarín Group, is not aligned with the government.[104]

The Fernández de Kirchner government launched an illegal campaign against Clarín Group, which included over 450 legal and administrative acts of harassment, as reported by the Global Editors Network. One of those actions was a selective use of state advertising, to benefit the media aligned with the government.[104] The government tried to enforce a controversial media law that would see Clarín Group lose licenses and be forced to sell most of its assets. The law was initially sanctioned as a competition law for the media, but critics pointed out that it was only being used to further the campaign against Clarín Group.[104] The government had little interest in enforcing measures of the law that were not related to Clarín Group.[105] Clarín Group launched a constitutional challenge against some articles of the law with the judiciary. The government released an anti-Clarín advertisement claiming it refused to obey the law and may be subverting democracy.[106] The conflict led to disputes with the judiciary. Minister Julio Alak said that extending an injunction that allowed Clarín Group to keep its assets during the trial would be an insurrection, and it was rumored that judges who did not rule as the government wished might face impeachment. The court extended the injunction.[105]

She claims that journalistic objectivity does not exist, and that all journalists act on behalf of certain interests.[106] She also justified the lack of press conferences, arguing that it is not important for her administration.[106]

Anthony Mills, deputy director of the International Press Institute, compared the harassment against the press in Argentina with cases in Venezuela and Ecuador. He considered it unfortunate that the president disparaged journalism, and pointed that the freedom of the press may be declining in Argentina.[106]

Midterm elections

 
President Kirchner after the defeat at the 2009 midterm elections

The 2009 midterm elections took place a year after the crisis with the farmers. The Kirchners were highly unpopular at the time, and people rejected their policies and governing style. The growing rates of inflation and crime also eroded their public support. Seeking to reverse their declining popularity, Néstor Kirchner led the list for deputy candidates at the Buenos Aires province. He was narrowly defeated by Francisco de Narváez, who led a Peronist faction opposed to the Kirchners. The Kirchners lost the majority of Congress as a result of the election.[107]

The Front for Victory recovered the majority in both chambers of the Congress during the 2011 presidential elections, when she was re-elected for a second term. The party had projects to amend the constitution and allow indefinite reelections, but lacked the supermajority required for it. A victory at the 2013 midterm elections would have given such majority, but the party was defeated in most provinces. Sergio Massa, a former cabinet minister of the Kirchners, won in the Buenos Aires Province by nearly 10 points with his new party, the Renewal Front. Argentina lacked a big opposition party since the collapse of the Radical Civic Union in 2001. Instead, Massa created an alternative party that also stood for Peronism.[108] However, the party still retained a simple majority in Congress. This election was the first one where teenagers from 16 to 18 could vote. President Fernández de Kirchner, who had undergone brain surgery some weeks before, was hospitalized during the election and unable to join the campaign.[109][110]

Foreign policy

 
Fernández de Kirchner with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in 2011

Fernández de Kirchner was part of the "pink tide", a group of populist, left-wing presidents who ruled several Latin American countries in the 2000s. This group included, among others, Néstor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina, Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador.[111] She has been an unconditional supporter of Chávez and Maduro. As Paraguay rejected the incorporation of Venezuela into the Mercosur trade bloc, she took advantage of the impeachment of Fernando Lugo to claim that Paraguay had suffered a coup d'état and proposed to temporarily remove the country from the bloc. With the support of the other presidents, Paraguay was removed for a time, and Venezuela was incorporated into the Mercosur.[112] She maintained her support of Venezuela even during the large 2014 Venezuela protests and the imprisonment of its leader, Leopoldo López.[113]

She had a rocky relationship with the United States. Several items from a US Air Force plane, such as drugs and GPS devices, were seized by Argentine officials, which caused a diplomatic crisis. US State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said that they were standard tools used in counter-terrorism tactics which were being taught to the Argentine police during the joint operation, and asked for the return of the seized materials.[114] She blamed the whole country for the 2014 default, ruled by US judge Thomas P. Griesa. She said in a cadena nacional ("national network") address that the US may be trying to oust her from power, or even assassinate her. She said this a few days after accusing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant of similar assassination plans against her. The idea was rejected by opposition leader Elisa Carrió as a mere conspiracy theory.[115]

The 30th anniversary of the Falklands War was in 2012, and Fernández de Kirchner was increasingly critical of the UK, reiterating the Argentine claims in the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute.[116] British Prime minister David Cameron rejected her comments.[117] Relations were also strained by recent oil explorations in the area, and she threatened to sue Rockhopper Exploration for it.[118]

When Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio was elected as Pope Francis, the initial reactions were mixed. Most of Argentine society cheered it, but the pro-government newspaper Página/12 published renewed allegations about the Dirty War, and the president of the National Library described a global conspiracy theory. The president took more than an hour to congratulate him, and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech. However, due to the Pope's popularity in Argentina, Fernández de Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a "Copernican shift" in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon.[119] On the day before his inauguration as pope, Bergoglio, now Francis, had a private meeting with Fernández de Kirchner. They exchanged gifts and lunched together. This was the new pope's first meeting with a head of state, and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations.[120][121] Página/12 removed their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by Horacio Verbitsky, from their web page, as a result of this change.[122]

Argentina suffered a terrorist attack in 1994, the AMIA bombing targeting a Buenos Aires Jewish center, that killed 85 people and wounded 300. The investigation remained open for years, and prosecutor Alberto Nisman was appointed to the case. He accused Iran of organizing the attack, and the Hezbollah group of carrying it out. He intended to prosecute five Iranian officials, including former Iranian president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, but Argentina signed a memorandum of understanding with Iran for a joint investigation. Nisman accused the president of signing that memorandum for oil and trade benefits, according to hundreds of hours of wiretaps. On 19 January 2015, he was found dead at his home, a day before a congressional hearing to explain his accusation, which caused a great controversy. As of 2016, both the cases of the AMIA bombing and the death of Nisman remain unresolved, and the courts declined at the time to investigate his denunciation of Fernández de Kirchner.[123]

Fernández de Kirchner maintained her positions during several speeches at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) during its yearly meetings of September and had a rocky relationship with Iranian President Ahmadinejad. In 2009, Fernández de Kirchner personally asked Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to cooperate with the Argentine justice to help bring closure to the AMIA bombing. She pointed the belief of both mandataries in God and condemned Ahmadinejad's denial of the Holocaust as well as other "Western tragedies"[124] In the September 2009 UNGA, she clashed with Ahmadinejad and ordered the Argentine delegation to walk out on Ahmadinejad's speech, denouncing his rhetoric.[125] In return, Iran responded that Argentina's accusations were "unfounded and irresponsible" and denounced the "inept Argentine judicial system and its vulnerabiities to internal and foreign pressures."[126]

Post-presidency

 
Fernández de Kirchner with then-Buenos Aires Mayor and successor Mauricio Macri in 2014

Mauricio Macri, mayor of Buenos Aires, was elected president in the 2015 presidential elections, defeating the Kirchnerist candidate Daniel Scioli in a ballotage. During the transition period, Macri reported that Fernández de Kirchner was creating obstacles and problems in an attempt to undermine his government. She changed the 2016 budget, increasing spending in several areas (even the broadcasting of soccer matches), despite the huge fiscal deficit. A number of Kirchnerist officials refused to resign their offices to allow Macri to appoint his own people.[127] Even the handover ceremony became controversial, as she refused to attend it. It was the first time since the end of military rule in 1983 that the outgoing president did not hand over power to the incoming one.[128]

In 2016, she founded a think tank under the name of Patria Institute, intended to centralize her post-presidency activities.[129] She also wrote a book called Sinceramente, which was published in 2019.[130]

Senatorial run

Both Fernández de Kirchner and her former interior minister Florencio Randazzo wanted to run for senator for the Buenos Aires Province at the 2017 midterm elections. Refusing to run in primary elections, she asked for a shared ticket as a condition to run for senator. Randazzo did not accept the proposal. As both candidates enlisted to run in the general election, the FPV broke apart with the Justicialist Party of Buenos Aires Province backing Randazzo and the rest of the FPV parties backing Fernández de Kirchner; the remaining parties formed the Citizen's Unity (Unidad Ciudadana) coalition.[131] Esteban Bullrich was the candidate of Cambiemos.

Fernández de Kirchner won the mandatory primary elections by a slim margin of 0,08%,[132] but lost in the general election 36% to 42%.[133] However, she still took office according to Argentine Senate election procedure where the balloting results in two of the three senate seats being claimed by the party winning the largest vote share, with the second-place finisher claiming the third senate seat.

Vice presidency

 
Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (right) alongside President Alberto Fernández (left) in 2021.

On 27 October 2019, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was elected vice president, making her the first former head of state to assume the Argentine vice presidency. She was the running mate of Alberto Fernández (no relation), who was elected president. She resigned from the Senate on 27 November 2019 after assuming the vice presidency, and was replaced by her former foreign minister Jorge Taiana.[134][135]

Legal charges

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner faced several charges in court after leaving office. One of those concerned the sale of dollar futures at very low prices near the end of her term of office. This became a problem during Macri's presidency. The operation was carried out by the Central Bank, but judge Claudio Bonadio believes Fernández de Kirchner is the instigator. She is also being investigated for her role in "The Route of the K-Money" scandal. About US$1 million of her assets was frozen while Bonadio investigated the case. She took advantage of the hearing to organize her first political rally since leaving power.[136] Lázaro Báez who has close ties with the Kirchners was detained in April 2016 as it was suspected that he might flee escape.[137] José López, an official from the ministry of public works, was detained while trying to hide bags filled with millions in cash at a monastery.[138] On 27 December 2016, Federal Judge Julián Ercolini ordered the freezing of US$633 million of Fernández de Kirchner's assets and approved charges of illicit association and fraudulent administration against her.[139] The case presented by Nisman was finally opened for investigation in December 2016.[140]

In December 2017, Judge Bonadio indicted her and charged her with high treason. However, as a sitting senator, she enjoyed immunity from prosecution.[141] On 5 March 2018, Fernández de Kirchner was indicted for obstructing investigation into the 1994 AMIA Bombing which killed 85 people, with her allegedly making a deal with the Iranian government to stop investigating Iranian officials who may have been involved in the attack in exchange for better prices on Iranian oil and other products.[142] She can still face trial despite her immunity, while legislators also have the choice to strip her of immunity.[142] Human Rights Watch claims, based mainly on reports and testimonies made by the ex-secretary-general of Interpol Ronald Noble, that these charges have no grounds.[143][144] Noble refuted the claim of cover-up made by judge Bonadio, calling the judge's report "false, misleading and incomplete".[145]

In April 2021, Fernández de Kirchner's lawyers anticipated that they will ask for the cause against her regarding the memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran to be nullified, alleging that it was tampered by the visits of two different judges to former President Mauricio Macri, which coincided with the time of indictments on the cause against her.[146][clarification needed]

On 6 December 2022, the Court of First Instance found de Kirchner guilty of "fraudulent administration" over the awarding of a public works contract to a friend, businessman Lázaro Báez.[147] The court sentenced Fernández de Kirchner to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption.[148] She has temporary immunity and will be able to remain free due to her current role as a vice president, and can appeal the verdict. She denied the allegations against her and confirmed that she will not run for reelection in 2023.[149][150][151]

Image

Main articles: Public image of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Relato K

Cristina Kirchner is considered to be a populist leader.[152][153]

She had been accused of building a system of propaganda, referred to by critics as the Relato K.[154]

Axel Kaiser, a follower of the Austrian School, claims that this propaganda glorifies the state to the detriment of individual rights, uses conspiracy theories to explain the government's mistakes, blames neoliberalism for poverty, and glorifies democracy while only maintaining the appearance of it,[155] justifies economic interventionism by describing economic activity as a zero-sum game (where any wealth is the result of exploitation),[156] and blames class conflict and imperialism for problems such as inflation.[157][158]

To Kaiser, this system divides the political world into two halves: the people and those against the people, with the Kirchners described as the saviors of the people, interpreting their collective will beyond the boundaries of parliaments and parties. This division is used to justify the rejection of those described as being against the people, and to polarize the population.[159] He claims that Fernández de Kirchner's election in 2011 was used to justify authoritarian policies in the name of the general will, criticism being described as antidemocratic or as the plotting of a coup.[160]

According to Richard Bourke, political theorist and Kirchner supporter Ernesto Laclau considered this the perfect form of democracy,[161] a vision of that has been criticized by other writers as leaving little room for opposition, reducing the citizen to a spectator unable to contest government policies.[162]

Personal life

 
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in presidential regalia posing with her children, Máximo and Florencia (2011)

In 1973, during her studies at the National University of La Plata, she met her future spouse, Néstor Kirchner. They were married on 9 May 1975 and had two children: Máximo (born 1977, currently serving as National Deputy for Buenos Aires Province and the leader for Frente de Todos in the chamber) and Florencia (born 1990).[25]

Néstor Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 after suffering a heart attack.[163] Following the death of her husband, she dressed in black for over three years.[164]

Health

Fernández de Kirchner's health first became a topic of public concern in 2005 when Noticias magazine reported that she might suffer from bipolar disorder. Journalist Franco Lindner interviewed the psychiatrist who treated her without revealing his name. Journalist Nelson Castro investigated further and discovered that the psychiatrist was Alejandro Lagomarsino, who died in 2011.[165] Lagomarsino was the leading specialist in the treatment of bipolar disorder in Argentina.[166]

Castro's investigation revealed that Fernández de Kirchner was treated by Lagomarsino for a short period. He could not determine the length of her treatment or the medicine she received, or whether another psychiatrist continued treating her or not.[167] Castro considers that some of her outlandish phrases or projects, and her frequent periods of hiding from public view, may be explained by the disorder's periods of mania and depression, as well as being a regular political strategy.[168][169] Eduardo Duhalde said that Néstor Kirchner once confided in him that she had a bipolar disorder, while she was having a violent outburst.[170]

During the United States diplomatic cables leak it was revealed that Hillary Clinton questioned Fernández de Kirchner's mental health and asked the US embassy whether she was receiving treatment or not;[171] she later apologized to Fernández de Kirchner for those leaks.[172] She said in her book La Presidenta that it was all a misunderstanding; it is her sister who suffers from bipolar disorder.[173]

On 27 December 2011, presidential spokesman Alfredo Scoccimaro announced that Fernández de Kirchner had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer on 22 December and that she would undergo surgery on 4 January 2012. The standard procedure in these operations is to expose the thyroid gland so that a pathologist can take a sample, analyze it looking for carcinogenic cells, and then decide whether it needs to be removed. In her case, this step was omitted and the gland was removed directly.[174] After the operation, it was revealed that she had been misdiagnosed and did not have cancer.[175] On 5 October 2013, doctors ordered Fernández de Kirchner to rest for a month after they found blood on her brain caused by a head injury she received on 8 August 2012.[176] She was re-admitted to hospital and had successful surgery on 8 October 2013 to remove blood from under a membrane covering her brain.[177]

On 4 November 2021, Fernández de Kirchner was admitted at the Santorio Otamendi after doctors found out that she had a uterine polyp and had to undergo hysterectomy.[178] On 6 November 2021, she was later discharged after a successful hysterectomy.[179]

Assassination attempt

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Attempted assassination of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.[edit]

On 1 September 2022, Argentine Vice President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was the target of an assassination attempt. A man approached her as she met with supporters outside of her official residence in Recoleta, Buenos Aires, and attempted to fire a semi-automatic pistol inches from her face.[180][181] The pistol failed to fire, and the suspect was immediately arrested on scene.[182][183]

The suspect has been identified as Fernando André Sabag Montiel, a 35-year-old man who was born in Brazil and has lived in Argentina since 1993.[184] He is in police custody while the investigation continues.[185][186][187]

Electoral history

Executive

Electoral history of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Election Office List Votes Result Ref.
Total % P.
2007 President of Argentina Front for Victory 8,652,293 45.28% 1st Elected [188]
2011 Front for Victory 11,865,055 54.11% 1st Elected [189]
2019 Vice President of Argentina Frente de Todos 12,946,037 48.24% 1st Elected [190]

Legislative

Electoral history of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Election Office List # District Votes Result Ref.
Total % P.
1989 Provincial Deputy Santa Cruz Victory Front 1 Santa Cruz Province 11.969 36.81% 1st[a] Elected [191]
1993 Santa Cruz Victory Front 1 Santa Cruz Province 26,877 69.32% 1st[a] Elected [192]
1997 National Deputy Justicialist Party 1 Santa Cruz Province 46,885 59.69% 1st[a] Elected [193]
2001 National Senator Justicialist Party 1 Santa Cruz Province 52,499 61.91% 1st[a] Elected [194]
2005 Justicialist Party 1 Buenos Aires Province 3,056,572 45.77% 1st[a] Elected [195]
2017 Unidad Ciudadana 1 Buenos Aires Province 3,529,900 37.31% 2nd[a] Elected [196]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Ancestry

Honours

 
Coat of Arms of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner as a member of Order of Isabella the Catholic

Foreign honours

Honorary degrees

Notes

  1. ^ In isolation, Fernández is pronounced [feɾˈnandes] in American Spanish.
  2. ^ She is variously known as Cristina Fernández,[2][3] Cristina K,[4] or Cristina.[3]

References

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  31. ^ Majul, p. 22
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Bibliography

  • Skard, Torild (2014). "Cristina Fernández de Kirchner". Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-1578-0.
  • Bourke, Richard (2016). Popular Sovereignty in Historical Perspective. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-13040-1.
  • Di Marco, Laura (2012). La Cámpora. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3798-2.
  • Gelb, Joyce; Lief Palley, Marian (2009). Women & Politics around the world. United States: ABC Clio, Inc. ISBN 978-1-85109-988-7.
  • Ibarra, Vilma (2015). Cristina vs. Cristina. Argentina: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-4613-7.
  • Kaiser, Axel (2016). El engaño populista [The populist lie] (in Spanish). Colombia: Ariel. ISBN 978-987-38-0439-7.
  • Majul, Luis (2009). El Dueño (PDF) (in Spanish). Argentina: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2157-8.
  • Mendelevich, Pablo (2013). El Relato Kirchnerista en 200 expresiones [The Kirchnerist speech in 200 words] (in Spanish). Argentina: Ediciones B. ISBN 978-987-627-412-8.
  • McCloskey, Erin (September 2011). Argentina. England: The Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-84162-351-1.
  • Panizza, Francisco (2014). Moments of Truth: The Politics of Financial Crises in Comparative Perspective. United States: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-83411-7.
  • Castro, Nelson (2015). Secreto de estado. Argentina: Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-5356-2.
  • Vargas Llosa, Álvaro (2014). Últimas noticias del nuevo idiota iberoamericano [Latest news from the new iberoamerican useful idiot] (in Spanish). Colombia: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-4106-4.
  • Petras, James; Veltmeyer, Henry (2016). What's Left in Latin America?: Regime Change in New Times. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-76162-3.

External links

  • (in Spanish)
  • (in Spanish)
  • (in Spanish) Extensive biography by CIDOB Foundation
  • Cristina Fernández de Kirchner at IMDb
  • Youtube channel
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Sofía Vicic de Ceperníc
 First Lady of Río Gallegos
1987–1991 		Succeeded by
Eva María Henríquez de Martínez
Preceded by
Marta Arana de García
 First Lady of Santa Cruz
1991–2003 		Succeeded by
María Gloria Ros de Icazuriaga
Preceded by First Lady of Argentina
2003–2007 		Succeeded byas First Gentleman
Party political offices
Preceded by Justicialist Party nominee for President of Argentina
2007, 2011 		Succeeded by
Front for Victory nominee for President of Argentina
2007, 2011
Preceded by Justicialist Party nominee for Vice President of Argentina
2019 		Most recent
New political alliance Frente de Todos nominee for Vice President of Argentina
2019
Political offices
Preceded by President of Argentina
2007–2015 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice President of Argentina
2019–present 		Incumbent

April 25, 2023
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In this Argentine name the surname is Fernandez and the marital name is Kirchner Cristina Fernandez and Christina Fernandez redirect here For the Spanish sport shooter see Cristina Fernandez sport shooter For the American photographer see Christina Fernandez photographer Parts of this article those related to legal charges need to be updated The reason given is Scant coverage of her extensive legal problems Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2022 Cristina Elisabet Fernandez de Kirchner Spanish pronunciation kɾisˈtina eˈlisabet feɾˈnandez de ˈkiɾʃneɾ listen note 1 born 19 February 1953 often referred to by her initials CFK 1 2 note 2 is an Argentine lawyer and politician who has served as the Vice President of Argentina since 2019 She also served as the President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015 and the first lady during the tenure of her husband Nestor Kirchner She was the second female president of Argentina after Isabel Peron and the first elected female president of Argentina Ideologically she identifies herself as a Peronist and a progressive with her political approach called Kirchnerism 5 6 Excelentisima SenoraCristina Fernandez de KirchnerFernandez de Kirchner in 2022Vice President of ArgentinaIncumbentAssumed office 10 December 2019PresidentAlberto FernandezPreceded byGabriela MichettiPresident of ArgentinaIn office 10 December 2007 10 December 2015Vice PresidentJulio CobosAmado BoudouPreceded byNestor KirchnerSucceeded byMauricio MacriNational SenatorIn office 10 December 2017 10 December 2019ConstituencyBuenos AiresIn office 10 December 2005 28 November 2007ConstituencyBuenos AiresIn office 10 December 2001 9 December 2005ConstituencySanta CruzIn office 10 December 1995 3 December 1997ConstituencySanta CruzFirst Lady of ArgentinaIn role 25 May 2003 10 December 2007PresidentNestor KirchnerPreceded byHilda Gonzalez de DuhaldeSucceeded byNestor Kirchner First Gentleman National DeputyIn office 10 December 1997 9 December 2001ConstituencySanta CruzMember of the Constitutional ConventionIn office 1 May 1994 22 August 1994ConstituencySanta CruzFirst Lady of Santa CruzIn role 10 December 1991 25 May 2003GovernorNestor KirchnerPreceded byMarta Arana de GarciaSucceeded byMaria Gloria Ros de IcazuriagaProvincial Deputy of Santa CruzIn office 10 December 1989 10 December 1995ConstituencyRio GallegosFirst Lady of Rio GallegosIn role 10 December 1987 10 December 1991IntendantNestor KirchnerPreceded bySofia Vicic de CepernicSucceeded byEva Maria Henriquez de MartinezPersonal detailsBornCristina Elisabet Fernandez 1953 02 19 19 February 1953 age 70 Tolosa Buenos Aires Province ArgentinaPolitical partyJusticialistOther politicalaffiliationsFront for Victory 2003 2017 Citizen s Unity 2017 2019 Frente de Todos since 2019 SpouseNestor Kirchner m 1975 died 2010 wbr Children2 including MaximoAlma materNational University of La PlataSignatureBorn in La Plata Buenos Aires Province she studied law at the University of La Plata and moved to Patagonia with her husband Nestor Kirchner upon graduation She was elected to the provincial legislature her husband was elected mayor of Rio Gallegos She was elected national senator in 1995 and had a controversial tenure while her husband was elected governor of Santa Cruz Province In 1994 she was also elected to the constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina She was the First Lady from 2003 to 2007 after her husband was elected president Nestor Kirchner did not run for reelection Instead his wife was the candidate for the Front for Victory alliance becoming president in the 2007 presidential election Her first term of office started with a conflict with the agricultural sector and her proposed taxation system was rejected After this she nationalised private pension funds and fired the president of the Central Bank The price of public services remained subsidised and she renationalised energy firm YPF as a result The country had good relations with other South American nations and strained relations with the western bloc as part of the regional political movement known as pink tide She also continued her husband s human rights policies and had a rocky relationship with the press Nestor Kirchner died in 2010 and she was re elected for a second term in 2011 She won the 2011 general election with 54 11 of the votes 7 the highest percentage obtained by any presidential candidate since 1983 The 37 3 difference between votes for hers and the runner up ticket Binner Morandini was the second largest in the history of Argentine general elections 8 9 She established currency controls during her second term and the country fell into sovereign default in 2014 She left office in 2015 with approval ratings above 50 10 During her two terms as president several corruption scandals took place and subsequently her government faced several demonstrations against her rule She was charged for fraudulent low price sales of dollar futures 11 and later acquitted 12 In 2015 she was indicted for obstructing the investigation into the 1994 AMIA Bombing 13 after Alberto Nisman s controversial accusation of a purported pact a memorandum signed between her government and Iran which was supposedly seeking impunity for Iranians involved in the terrorist attack 14 In 2017 an arrest warrant issued by Claudio Bonadio for Fernandez de Kirchner charged her with treason 15 but due to her parliamentary immunity she did not go to prison and the treason accusation was later dropped while other charges related to Nisman s accusation remained 16 17 In 2018 she was also indicted for corruption on charges alleging that her administration had accepted bribes in exchange for public works contracts 18 19 On 30 September 2020 the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernandez de Kirchner ruling the former president s objections to be inadmissible 20 After analyzing the claims of the defendants in the case for the never ratified Memorandum with Iran on 7 October 2021 the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case null and void The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants 21 On 6 December 2022 she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption and has stated her intention to appeal the verdict 22 23 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 3 Presidential campaigns 3 1 2007 presidential campaign 3 2 2011 presidential campaign 4 Presidency 2007 2015 4 1 Economic policy 4 2 Energy policy 4 3 Conflict with the agricultural sector 4 4 Other protests 4 5 Corruption scandals 4 6 Human rights policy 4 7 Relationship with the media 4 8 Midterm elections 4 9 Foreign policy 5 Post presidency 5 1 Senatorial run 5 2 Vice presidency 5 3 Legal charges 6 Image 7 Personal life 7 1 Health 7 2 Assassination attempt 8 Electoral history 8 1 Executive 8 2 Legislative 9 Ancestry 10 Honours 10 1 Foreign honours 10 2 Honorary degrees 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Bibliography 13 External linksEarly life and education Edit Cristina Fernandez during her youth Cristina Fernandez was born on 19 February 1953 in Tolosa a suburb of La Plata capital of the Buenos Aires Province 24 She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernandez and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm Eduardo was a bus driver and an anti Peronist and Ofelia was a Peronist union leader and a single mother Fernandez married her and moved into her house when Cristina was two years old Most details about her childhood such as her elementary school are unknown 25 She attended high school at Popular Mercantil and Misericordia schools 25 Three of her grandparents were Spanish immigrants specifically from Galicia 26 She began her college studies at the National University of La Plata She studied psychology for a year then dropped it and studied law instead She met fellow student Nestor Kirchner in 1973 He introduced her to political debates There were heated political controversies at the time caused by the decline of the Argentine Revolution military government the return of the former president Juan Peron from exile the election of Hector Campora as president of Argentina and the early stages of the Dirty War She became influenced by Peronism left wing politics and anti imperialism Despite the presence of sympathizers of the Montoneros guerrillas in La Plata the Kirchners had never been involved themselves Cristina and Nestor married in a civil ceremony on 9 May 1975 Her mother got them administrative jobs at her union The 1976 Argentine coup d etat took place the following year Cristina proposed to move to Rio Gallegos Nestor s home city but he delayed their departure until his graduation on 3 July 1976 25 Cristina had not yet graduated when they moved to Rio Gallegos and completed the remaining subjects with distance education There have been claims made that she never graduated and that she may have worked as a lawyer without having a degree This idea was proposed by the constitutionalist Daniel Sabsay and fueled by the reluctance of the National University of La Plata UNLP to release her degree 27 She registered at the Tribunal Superior de Justicia of Santa Cruz in 1980 the Comodoro Rivadavia s chamber of appeals in 1985 and worked as an attorney for the Justicialist Party in 1983 There are also logs of minor cases where she acted as a lawyer 28 The claim has been sent to trial four times and the judges Norberto Oyarbide Ariel Lijo Sergio Torres and Claudio Bonadio all ruled that she has a degree 29 Nestor established a law firm that Cristina joined in 1979 30 The firm worked for banks and financial groups that filed eviction lawsuits which had a growing rate at the time because the 1050 ruling of the Central Bank had increased the interest rates for mortgage loans 30 The Kirchners acquired twenty one land lots at cheap prices as they were about to be auctioned 31 Their law firm defended military personnel accused of committing crimes during the Dirty War 32 Forced disappearances were common at the time but unlike other lawyers the Kirchners never signed a habeas corpus Julio Cesar Strassera prosecutor in the 1985 Trial of the Juntas against the military criticized the Kirchners lack of legal actions against the military and considered their later interest in the issue a form of hypocrisy 33 Political career EditCristina Kirchner was elected deputy for the provincial legislature of Santa Cruz in 1989 The Justicialist Party PJ led by Carlos Menem returned to the presidency in the 1989 general elections She served as interim governor of Santa Cruz for a couple of days after the impeachment of Ricardo del Val in 1990 34 She organized Nestor s political campaign when he was elected governor of Santa Cruz in 1991 In 1994 she was elected to the constituent assembly that amended the Constitution of Argentina 35 She was elected national senator in the 1995 general elections She opposed some bills proposed by Menem such as a treaty with Chilean president Patricio Aylwin that benefited Chile in a dispute over the Argentina Chile border 36 The Minister of Defense Oscar Camilion was questioned in Congress about the Argentine arms trafficking scandal Kirchner told him that he had to resign which he refused to do 37 As a result she made a name for herself as a troublemaker She was removed from the PJ bloc in the Congress in 1997 for misconduct 36 She resigned her senatorial seat that year and ran for national deputy in the 1997 midterm elections instead Menem ended his term of office in 1999 and was replaced by Fernando de la Rua Fernandez de Kirchner took part in a commission to investigate money laundering with fellow legislator Elisa Carrio and got into conflicts with her She ran again for senator in the 2001 midterm elections 36 Nestor Kirchner was elected president in 2003 and she became the First Lady Under these circumstances she sought a lower profile in Congress 36 Her husband had a political dispute with the previous president Eduardo Duhalde Their dispute continued during the 2005 midterm elections Without consensus in the PJ for a single candidate for senator of the Buenos Aires province both leaders had their respective wives run for the office Hilda Gonzalez de Duhalde for the PJ and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner for the Front for Victory 38 She won the election 39 Presidential campaigns Edit2007 presidential campaign Edit See also 2007 Argentine general election First Lady Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner right campaigning alongside her husband Nestor Kirchner in 2007 The presidential election was held on 28 October 2007 40 With Fernandez de Kirchner leading all the pre election polls by a wide margin her challengers focused on forcing her into a ballotage To win in a single round a presidential candidate in Argentina needs either more than 45 of the vote or 40 of the vote and a lead of more than 10 percentage points over the runner up However with 13 challengers splitting the vote she won the election decisively in the first round with just over 45 of the vote compared to 23 for Elisa Carrio candidate for the Civic Coalition and 17 for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna 40 Fernandez de Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor while Carrio and Lavagna both received more support from the urban middle class 41 She lost the election in the large cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario 41 On 14 November the president elect announced the names of her new cabinet which was sworn in on 10 December Of the twelve ministers appointed seven had been ministers in Nestor Kirchner s government while the other five took office for the first time The selections anticipated the continuation of the policies implemented by Nestor Kirchner 42 She began a four year term on 10 December 2007 facing challenges including inflation poor public security international credibility a faulty energy infrastructure and protests from the agricultural sectors over an increase of nearly 30 on export taxes 42 Fernandez de Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina after Isabel Peron but unlike Peron she was elected to the office whereas Isabel Peron was elected Juan Peron s vice president and automatically assumed the presidency on his death 41 The transition from Nestor Kirchner to Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was also the first time a democratic head of state was replaced by their spouse without the death of either He remained highly influential during his wife s term 43 supervising the economy and leading the PJ 44 Their marriage has been compared with those of Juan and Eva Peron and Bill and Hillary Clinton 45 Media observers suspected that Mr Kirchner stepped down as president to circumvent the term limit swapping roles with his wife 44 45 46 2011 presidential campaign Edit See also 2011 Argentine general election When Nestor Kirchner refused to run for re election in 2007 and proposed his wife instead it was rumored that they could alternate in the presidency for the next 12 years to circumvent the constitutional limit of two consecutive terms This scenario would have had Cristina standing down in favor of Nestor in 2011 and Nestor would in turn hand the FPV candidacy back to Cristina in 2015 The death of Nestor Kirchner in 2010 derailed such a plan 47 She had a low positive image below 30 47 On 21 June 2011 she announced that she would run for a second term as president A few days later she announced that her economic minister Amado Boudou would run for vice president on her ticket She personally chose most of the candidates for deputy in the Congress favoring members of the Campora 48 The elections took place on 23 October She was re elected with 54 of the vote followed by socialist Hermes Binner 37 points behind her The opposition was divided between several candidates and the perceived economic prosperity prevailed over voter s concerns about corruption and cronyism 47 It was the largest victory percentage in national elections since 1983 49 The Peronist party also won eight of the nine elections for governor held that day increased their number of senators and obtained the majority in the chamber of deputies including the number of legislators needed for quorum They had lost that majority in the 2009 elections She invited children on stage during the celebrations and Vice President Amado Boudou played an electric guitar As she had in 2007 she gave a conciliatory speech 50 Presidency 2007 2015 EditMain article Presidency of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner Economic policy Edit Fernandez de Kirchner with minister of economy Axel Kicillof When she first took office Cristina Kirchner replaced the previous minister of economy Miguel Gustavo Peirano who had been appointed by her husband as former president Peirano was succeeded by Martin Lousteau in December 2007 He served as the first of several ministers of economy under her presidency The attempt to increase taxes on agricultural exports caused a conflict with the agricultural sector and protests broke out As a result taxes were not increased and Lousteau resigned by April 2008 only a few months after he had been appointed 51 He was replaced by Argentina s tax agency chief Carlos Rafael Fernandez 51 As an alternative to increasing taxes and facing debt payments the following year the government nationalized private pension funds known as Administradoras de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones AFJP The amount of money involved in this operation was nearly 30 billion dollars and debt obligations were nearly 24 billion dollars 52 The nationalization was justified by the president as government protectionism during the crisis and compared with the bank bailouts in Europe and the United States It was criticized as a threat to property rights and the rule of law 52 Fernandez resigned after the Kirchnerist defeat in the 2009 elections and was replaced by Amado Boudou president of the ANSES which had worked for that nationalization Although inflation was nearing 25 and on the rise Boudou did not consider it a significant problem 53 In January 2010 Fernandez de Kirchner created the bicentennial fund employing a necessity and urgency decree in order to pay debt obligations with foreign exchange reserves Martin Redrado president of the Central Bank refused to implement it and was fired by another decree 54 Judge Maria Jose Sarmiento annulled both decrees on the grounds that the Central Bank was independent Redrado resigned one month later and was replaced by Mercedes Marco del Pont 55 In an attempt to combat poverty the government introduced in 2009 the Universal Child Allowance a cash transfer program to parents who are unemployed or in the informal economy 56 It was later expanded to cover other disadvantaged groups 57 The extent to which Kirchner s policies have lowered poverty is controversial with the government s reported poverty rate being questioned by some experts 57 According to a 2017 UNICEF report the cash transfers reduced extreme poverty by 30 8 and general poverty by 5 6 58 Fernandez de Kirchner was reelected in 2011 along with Amado Boudou as vice president and the Front for Victory regained control over both chambers of Congress 59 Hernan Lorenzino became the new minister of economy The government established currency controls that limited the power to buy or sell foreign currencies especially American dollars Many Argentines kept their savings in dollars as a hedge against inflation The government believed the controls were required to prevent the capital flight and tax evasion 60 They initiated a period of fiscal reform which included several tax increases limits to wage increases but increases in protectionism and reorganization of state owned enterprises 61 Hugo Moyano main union leader who was a strong supporter of kirchnerism began to oppose the President 62 Moyano would later organize a big protest at Plaza de Mayo with 30 000 people requesting the abolition of capital gains tax 63 Axel Kicillof was appointed minister in 2013 and served for the remainder of Kirchner s term He arranged payment of the debt to the Paris Club and the compensation requested by Repsol for the nationalization of YPF 64 One month later negotiations with hedge funds failed and American judge Thomas Griesa issued an order that Argentina had to pay to all creditors and not just those who had accepted a reduced payment as outlined in the Argentine debt restructuring plan 65 Kicillof refused to agree that the country had fallen into a sovereign default 66 When Argentina devalued the peso in January 2014 Kicillof placed blame on the exchange market speculation by Juan Jose Aranguren chief of Royal Dutch Shell in Argentina later in the year when the peso was at its lowest ever position in relation to the dollar he blamed vulture funds from the United States citation needed At the 2014 United Nations conference she accused the vulture funds of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them economic terrorists 67 68 According to The Economist the Kirchners returned Argentina to economic nationalism and near autarky 69 Energy policy Edit Fernandez de Kirchner announces the bill to renationalize YPF In 2002 Eduardo Duhalde fixed the prices for public services such as electricity gas and water supply These remained fixed during the terms of Duhalde and Nestor and Cristina Kirchner despite the crisis that motivated them having ended As the inflation rate grew during the period the state financed part of these prices with subsidies Investment in these areas decreased and the generation and distribution networks suffered Argentina lost its self supply of energy and had to import it rather than being able to export surpluses 70 She proposed a fiscal austerity program in early 2012 including the gradual removal of subsidies 71 The proposal turned out to be unpopular and was not implemented She opted instead to send a bill to Congress for the renationalization of YPF privatized in 1993 blaming the Spanish company Repsol for the energy trade deficit The bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by a 207 32 margin It was criticized as an authoritarian move as there was no negotiation with Repsol 72 As well the Vaca Muerta oil field had been discovered by this time However YPF was unable to afford the costs to exploit the oil at the site and the rights to drill at Vaca Muerta were sold to the Chevron Corporation 73 The costs of energy imports increased the trade deficit and the inflation rate and power outages became frequent Outages usually took place on the hottest days of the summer season as the use of air conditioning increased electricity consumption to peak levels 74 Conflict with the agricultural sector Edit Main article 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector Road blockade during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector in Villa Maria Cordoba In March 2008 Fernandez de Kirchner introduced a new sliding scale taxation system for agricultural exports so that rates fluctuated with international prices This would effectively raise levies on soybean exports from 35 to 44 at the time of the announcement This new taxation scheme proposed by Minister Martin Lousteau led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations with the aim of forcing the government to back down on new tax system They were joined on 25 March by thousands of pot banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and the presidential palace These demonstrations were followed by others at locations across the country that included road blockades and food shortages 75 The protests were highly polarizing The government argued that the new taxes would allow for a better redistribution of wealth and keep down the food prices It also claimed the farmers were staging a coup d etat against Fernandez de Kirchner 76 Farmers argued that the high taxes made cultivation unviable 75 The activist Luis D Elia interrupted one of the demonstrations leading stick wielding pro government supporters who attacked the participants 75 Minister Lousteau resigned during the crisis and the Peronist governors opted to negotiate on their own with the farmers ignoring her approach Her public image plummeted to its lowest level since the election in October 2007 77 After four months of conflict and having the majority in both houses of the Argentine Congress the president introduced the new taxation bill However many legislators gave priority to the local agendas of their provinces as their economies depended heavily on agriculture Many FPV legislators such as Ruben Marin opposed the bill Marin argued For us agriculture is the economy 76 There were two demonstrations the day of the vote one against the bill attended by 235 000 people and the other in support of the bill attended by 100 000 people 76 Farmers had announced that they would continue their demonstrations if the bill was approved without amendments 75 Senator Emilio Rached from Santiago del Estero cast the vote that resulted in a 36 36 tie In the case of a tie the vice president who also serves as president of the Senate but without the right to vote is required to cast the tie breaking vote Julio Cobos voted against the bill which was then rejected saying that My vote is not in favor my vote is against 76 Despite the chilly relations between Cobos and Cristina Kirchner since that event he completed his term as vice president 78 Other protests Edit 200 000 people took part in a cacerolazo against Fernandez de Kirchner Fernandez de Kirchner was reelected in 2011 The Constitution of Argentina allows only one reelection Many of her supporters proposed an amendment to the Constitution to allow indefinite reelections She did not publicly support the proposal but did not discourage or reject it either The proposal was not taken to the Congress as the FPV still lacked the required two thirds majority to approve an amendment bill It was rejected by many sectors of society The first big demonstration a cacerolazo took place in September 2012 It was not called by specific politicians or social leaders but by the public using social networks The massive turnout was completely unexpected by both the government and the opposition 79 People also protested the 2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster the conflict between Kirchnerism and the media rising crime rates and the tight currency controls She dismissed the demonstration and said that she would continue working as before 79 Most of the Fernandez de Kirchner loyalists however preferred simply to ignore the protest 80 A larger demonstration the 8N took place two months later It was attended by nearly half a million people 81 They protested a variety of issues such as those of the previous demonstration as well as the growing rate of inflation and the corruption scandals She promised to keep her policies unchanged and Senator Anibal Fernandez dismissed the significance of the demonstrations 81 Journalist Jorge Lanata explained the polarization was because the government and its supporters thought they were engaged in a revolution and this justified being against freedom of the press and other public rights Cabinet Chief Juan Manuel Abal Medina said the demonstrators belonged to a class that was against social justice and compared the demonstrations to a coup d etat 82 A similar view was held by Fernandez de Kirchner s loyalists 80 Buenos Aires and La Plata suffered floods in April resulting in more than 70 deaths Mayor Mauricio Macri pointed out that the national government had prevented the city from taking out international loans which would have been used for infrastructure improvements 83 A week later Fernandez de Kirchner announced a proposed amendment of the Argentine judiciary Three bills were controversial the first proposed to limit injunctions against the state the second would include people selected in national elections on the body that appoints or removes judges the third would create a new court that would limit the number of cases heard by the Supreme Court The opposition considered the bills an attempt to control the judiciary 84 The 2013 season of the investigative journalism program Periodismo para todos revealed an ongoing case of political corruption involving Nestor Kirchner called The Route of the K Money which generated a huge political controversy 85 This led to a new cacerolazo on 18 April known as the 18A 86 Prosecutor Alberto Nisman who worked on the investigation of the 1994 Asociacion Mutual Israelita Argentina Argentine Israeli Mutual Association AMIA bombing accused Fernandez de Kirchner of engaging in a criminal cover up conspiracy to cover up the attack He was found dead in his home the day before he was to explain his denunciation in Congress Argentine law enforcement concluded that Nisman s death was a homicide 87 The unsolved case was highly controversial The 18F demonstration took place a month after his death It was organized as a silent demonstration as an homage to Alberto Nisman and was devoid of political flags or banners The rule was followed with occasional exceptions by waves of spontaneous clapping or people singing the Argentine national anthem The city police estimated that the demonstration was attended by 400 000 people 88 Corruption scandals Edit A financial firm located at the Madero Center hotel sparked The Route of the K Money scandal Several scandals took place during the Fernandez de Kirchner administration The first involved the detention of Venezuelan American businessman Antonini Wilson in an airport after being found with a suitcase filled with 800 000 89 This money was illegally provided by Petroleos de Venezuela the state oil company to be used for her 2007 general election campaign Details of the case were explained by businessman Carlos Kauffmann and lawyer Moises Maionica who pleaded guilty 90 The FPV financing of the 2007 elections caused another scandal years later Three pharmaceutical businessmen Sebastian Forza Damian Ferron and Leopoldo Bina were found dead in 2008 a case known as the Triple Crime Further investigation of Forza who contributed 200 000 to the campaign identified him as a provider of ephedrine to the Sinaloa Cartel 91 In 2015 Martin Lanatta and Jose Luis Salerno convicted for the killings claimed that Anibal Fernandez was the boss of a mafia ring that ordered those killings to secure the illegal traffic of ephedrine 92 Fernandez denied the charges maintaining that it was a set up to undermine his chances in the 2015 general election 92 General illegal drug trade grew in Argentina during Kirchnerism and saw Mexican and Colombian syndicates working with Peruvian and Bolivian smugglers Conviction rates for money laundering were almost nonexistent Mariano Federici head of the Financial Information Unit said that the magnitude of the threat is very serious and this would never have been possible without collaboration from government officials in this country 93 Amado Boudou who served as minister of economy during Fernandez de Kirchner s first term and vice president during the second was suspected of corruption in 2012 case 94 The Ciccone Calcografica printing company filed for bankruptcy in 2010 but this request was cancelled when businessman Alejandro Vandenbroele bought it The company received tax breaks to pay its debts and was selected to print banknotes of the Argentine peso It is suspected that Vandenbroele is actually a frontman for Boudou and that he employed his clout as minister of economy to benefit a company that actually belonged to him 95 The TV program Periodismo para todos broadcast information about The Route of the K Money scandal Businessman Leonardo Farina said in an interview that he helped businessman Lazaro Baez to divert money from public works and take it to a financial firm located in the Madero Center luxury hotel This firm informally known as La Rosadita would have sent the money abroad to tax havens using shell companies Given the amounts of money involved the money was weighed instead of counted to determine the value Federico Elaskar owner of the firm confirmed Farina s claims in another interview Both of them retracted their statements after the program was aired but prosecutor Jose Maria Campagnoli confirmed their links with Baez Baez denied any wrongdoing Campagnoli was suspended as a prosecutor accused of leaking information and abusing his authority 96 Baez is also linked with the Kirchners to the Hotesur scandal a suspected case of money laundering According to a criminal complaint by opposition deputy Margarita Stolbizer his company Valle Mitre S A has rented 1 100 rooms per month for years at the Hotesur and Alto Calafate hotels but without occupying them These hotels located in the city of El Calafate belong to the Kirchners 97 Human rights policy Edit President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner with the Mothers and Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo The Fernandez de Kirchner presidency continued the trials of military personnel involved in the Dirty War started by her husband 3 There have been more than 500 people sentenced and 1 000 convicted in a process that was unprecedented in Latin America 98 De facto president Jorge Rafael Videla who was convicted and given a life sentence in 1985 and pardoned years later received a new life sentence in 2010 General Luciano Benjamin Menendez who waged war against the leftist guerrillas in the northern Argentine provinces received a life sentence as well 99 Another related investigation involved the fate of the children of captured pregnant guerrillas who were given up for adoption by the military junta An estimated 500 children were involved 100 The investigation became controversial during the Fernandez de Kirchner administration as those involved had become adults and some of them refused to participate in DNA testing One of those cases was the Noble siblings case involving the adopted sons of Ernestina Herrera de Noble owner of the Clarin newspaper The Kirchners advanced a bill in Congress to make the genetic testing of suspected victims mandatory Although the measure had popular support critics considered it a breach of the right to privacy and politically motivated because of a dispute between her and the Clarin newspaper 100 The Noble siblings tests in 2011 were negative 98 and the case was closed in January 2016 after Fernandez de Kirchner left the presidency 101 Hilario Bacca a confirmed son of disappeared guerrillas appealed a judicial ruling that sought to change his name asking to keep the name he had been using 102 Relationship with the media Edit See also Relation of Kirchnerism with the press Kirchner holding a copy of Clarin Football broadcasting was nationalized on the program Futbol para todos and then filled with pro government advertisements 103 On the other hand the country s largest selling newspaper Clarin published by the Clarin Group is not aligned with the government 104 The Fernandez de Kirchner government launched an illegal campaign against Clarin Group which included over 450 legal and administrative acts of harassment as reported by the Global Editors Network One of those actions was a selective use of state advertising to benefit the media aligned with the government 104 The government tried to enforce a controversial media law that would see Clarin Group lose licenses and be forced to sell most of its assets The law was initially sanctioned as a competition law for the media but critics pointed out that it was only being used to further the campaign against Clarin Group 104 The government had little interest in enforcing measures of the law that were not related to Clarin Group 105 Clarin Group launched a constitutional challenge against some articles of the law with the judiciary The government released an anti Clarin advertisement claiming it refused to obey the law and may be subverting democracy 106 The conflict led to disputes with the judiciary Minister Julio Alak said that extending an injunction that allowed Clarin Group to keep its assets during the trial would be an insurrection and it was rumored that judges who did not rule as the government wished might face impeachment The court extended the injunction 105 She claims that journalistic objectivity does not exist and that all journalists act on behalf of certain interests 106 She also justified the lack of press conferences arguing that it is not important for her administration 106 Anthony Mills deputy director of the International Press Institute compared the harassment against the press in Argentina with cases in Venezuela and Ecuador He considered it unfortunate that the president disparaged journalism and pointed that the freedom of the press may be declining in Argentina 106 Midterm elections Edit President Kirchner after the defeat at the 2009 midterm elections The 2009 midterm elections took place a year after the crisis with the farmers The Kirchners were highly unpopular at the time and people rejected their policies and governing style The growing rates of inflation and crime also eroded their public support Seeking to reverse their declining popularity Nestor Kirchner led the list for deputy candidates at the Buenos Aires province He was narrowly defeated by Francisco de Narvaez who led a Peronist faction opposed to the Kirchners The Kirchners lost the majority of Congress as a result of the election 107 The Front for Victory recovered the majority in both chambers of the Congress during the 2011 presidential elections when she was re elected for a second term The party had projects to amend the constitution and allow indefinite reelections but lacked the supermajority required for it A victory at the 2013 midterm elections would have given such majority but the party was defeated in most provinces Sergio Massa a former cabinet minister of the Kirchners won in the Buenos Aires Province by nearly 10 points with his new party the Renewal Front Argentina lacked a big opposition party since the collapse of the Radical Civic Union in 2001 Instead Massa created an alternative party that also stood for Peronism 108 However the party still retained a simple majority in Congress This election was the first one where teenagers from 16 to 18 could vote President Fernandez de Kirchner who had undergone brain surgery some weeks before was hospitalized during the election and unable to join the campaign 109 110 Foreign policy Edit Fernandez de Kirchner with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in 2011 Fernandez de Kirchner was part of the pink tide a group of populist left wing presidents who ruled several Latin American countries in the 2000s This group included among others Nestor and Cristina Kirchner in Argentina Hugo Chavez and Nicolas Maduro in Venezuela Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador 111 She has been an unconditional supporter of Chavez and Maduro As Paraguay rejected the incorporation of Venezuela into the Mercosur trade bloc she took advantage of the impeachment of Fernando Lugo to claim that Paraguay had suffered a coup d etat and proposed to temporarily remove the country from the bloc With the support of the other presidents Paraguay was removed for a time and Venezuela was incorporated into the Mercosur 112 She maintained her support of Venezuela even during the large 2014 Venezuela protests and the imprisonment of its leader Leopoldo Lopez 113 She had a rocky relationship with the United States Several items from a US Air Force plane such as drugs and GPS devices were seized by Argentine officials which caused a diplomatic crisis US State Department spokesman Philip J Crowley said that they were standard tools used in counter terrorism tactics which were being taught to the Argentine police during the joint operation and asked for the return of the seized materials 114 She blamed the whole country for the 2014 default ruled by US judge Thomas P Griesa She said in a cadena nacional national network address that the US may be trying to oust her from power or even assassinate her She said this a few days after accusing the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant of similar assassination plans against her The idea was rejected by opposition leader Elisa Carrio as a mere conspiracy theory 115 The 30th anniversary of the Falklands War was in 2012 and Fernandez de Kirchner was increasingly critical of the UK reiterating the Argentine claims in the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 116 British Prime minister David Cameron rejected her comments 117 Relations were also strained by recent oil explorations in the area and she threatened to sue Rockhopper Exploration for it 118 When Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio was elected as Pope Francis the initial reactions were mixed Most of Argentine society cheered it but the pro government newspaper Pagina 12 published renewed allegations about the Dirty War and the president of the National Library described a global conspiracy theory The president took more than an hour to congratulate him and only did so in a passing reference within a routine speech However due to the Pope s popularity in Argentina Fernandez de Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a Copernican shift in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon 119 On the day before his inauguration as pope Bergoglio now Francis had a private meeting with Fernandez de Kirchner They exchanged gifts and lunched together This was the new pope s first meeting with a head of state and there was speculation that the two were mending their relations 120 121 Pagina 12 removed their controversial articles about Bergoglio written by Horacio Verbitsky from their web page as a result of this change 122 Argentina suffered a terrorist attack in 1994 the AMIA bombing targeting a Buenos Aires Jewish center that killed 85 people and wounded 300 The investigation remained open for years and prosecutor Alberto Nisman was appointed to the case He accused Iran of organizing the attack and the Hezbollah group of carrying it out He intended to prosecute five Iranian officials including former Iranian president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani but Argentina signed a memorandum of understanding with Iran for a joint investigation Nisman accused the president of signing that memorandum for oil and trade benefits according to hundreds of hours of wiretaps On 19 January 2015 he was found dead at his home a day before a congressional hearing to explain his accusation which caused a great controversy As of 2016 both the cases of the AMIA bombing and the death of Nisman remain unresolved and the courts declined at the time to investigate his denunciation of Fernandez de Kirchner 123 Fernandez de Kirchner maintained her positions during several speeches at the United Nations General Assembly UNGA during its yearly meetings of September and had a rocky relationship with Iranian President Ahmadinejad In 2009 Fernandez de Kirchner personally asked Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to cooperate with the Argentine justice to help bring closure to the AMIA bombing She pointed the belief of both mandataries in God and condemned Ahmadinejad s denial of the Holocaust as well as other Western tragedies 124 In the September 2009 UNGA she clashed with Ahmadinejad and ordered the Argentine delegation to walk out on Ahmadinejad s speech denouncing his rhetoric 125 In return Iran responded that Argentina s accusations were unfounded and irresponsible and denounced the inept Argentine judicial system and its vulnerabiities to internal and foreign pressures 126 Post presidency Edit Fernandez de Kirchner with then Buenos Aires Mayor and successor Mauricio Macri in 2014 Mauricio Macri mayor of Buenos Aires was elected president in the 2015 presidential elections defeating the Kirchnerist candidate Daniel Scioli in a ballotage During the transition period Macri reported that Fernandez de Kirchner was creating obstacles and problems in an attempt to undermine his government She changed the 2016 budget increasing spending in several areas even the broadcasting of soccer matches despite the huge fiscal deficit A number of Kirchnerist officials refused to resign their offices to allow Macri to appoint his own people 127 Even the handover ceremony became controversial as she refused to attend it It was the first time since the end of military rule in 1983 that the outgoing president did not hand over power to the incoming one 128 In 2016 she founded a think tank under the name of Patria Institute intended to centralize her post presidency activities 129 She also wrote a book called Sinceramente which was published in 2019 130 Senatorial run Edit Both Fernandez de Kirchner and her former interior minister Florencio Randazzo wanted to run for senator for the Buenos Aires Province at the 2017 midterm elections Refusing to run in primary elections she asked for a shared ticket as a condition to run for senator Randazzo did not accept the proposal As both candidates enlisted to run in the general election the FPV broke apart with the Justicialist Party of Buenos Aires Province backing Randazzo and the rest of the FPV parties backing Fernandez de Kirchner the remaining parties formed the Citizen s Unity Unidad Ciudadana coalition 131 Esteban Bullrich was the candidate of Cambiemos Fernandez de Kirchner won the mandatory primary elections by a slim margin of 0 08 132 but lost in the general election 36 to 42 133 However she still took office according to Argentine Senate election procedure where the balloting results in two of the three senate seats being claimed by the party winning the largest vote share with the second place finisher claiming the third senate seat Vice presidency Edit Vice President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner right alongside President Alberto Fernandez left in 2021 On 27 October 2019 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was elected vice president making her the first former head of state to assume the Argentine vice presidency She was the running mate of Alberto Fernandez no relation who was elected president She resigned from the Senate on 27 November 2019 after assuming the vice presidency and was replaced by her former foreign minister Jorge Taiana 134 135 Legal charges Edit Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner faced several charges in court after leaving office One of those concerned the sale of dollar futures at very low prices near the end of her term of office This became a problem during Macri s presidency The operation was carried out by the Central Bank but judge Claudio Bonadio believes Fernandez de Kirchner is the instigator She is also being investigated for her role in The Route of the K Money scandal About US 1 million of her assets was frozen while Bonadio investigated the case She took advantage of the hearing to organize her first political rally since leaving power 136 Lazaro Baez who has close ties with the Kirchners was detained in April 2016 as it was suspected that he might flee escape 137 Jose Lopez an official from the ministry of public works was detained while trying to hide bags filled with millions in cash at a monastery 138 On 27 December 2016 Federal Judge Julian Ercolini ordered the freezing of US 633 million of Fernandez de Kirchner s assets and approved charges of illicit association and fraudulent administration against her 139 The case presented by Nisman was finally opened for investigation in December 2016 140 In December 2017 Judge Bonadio indicted her and charged her with high treason However as a sitting senator she enjoyed immunity from prosecution 141 On 5 March 2018 Fernandez de Kirchner was indicted for obstructing investigation into the 1994 AMIA Bombing which killed 85 people with her allegedly making a deal with the Iranian government to stop investigating Iranian officials who may have been involved in the attack in exchange for better prices on Iranian oil and other products 142 She can still face trial despite her immunity while legislators also have the choice to strip her of immunity 142 Human Rights Watch claims based mainly on reports and testimonies made by the ex secretary general of Interpol Ronald Noble that these charges have no grounds 143 144 Noble refuted the claim of cover up made by judge Bonadio calling the judge s report false misleading and incomplete 145 In April 2021 Fernandez de Kirchner s lawyers anticipated that they will ask for the cause against her regarding the memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran to be nullified alleging that it was tampered by the visits of two different judges to former President Mauricio Macri which coincided with the time of indictments on the cause against her 146 clarification needed On 6 December 2022 the Court of First Instance found de Kirchner guilty of fraudulent administration over the awarding of a public works contract to a friend businessman Lazaro Baez 147 The court sentenced Fernandez de Kirchner to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption 148 She has temporary immunity and will be able to remain free due to her current role as a vice president and can appeal the verdict She denied the allegations against her and confirmed that she will not run for reelection in 2023 149 150 151 Image EditThis section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints Please improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page April 2021 Main articles Public image of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner and Relato K Cristina Kirchner is considered to be a populist leader 152 153 She had been accused of building a system of propaganda referred to by critics as the Relato K 154 Axel Kaiser a follower of the Austrian School claims that this propaganda glorifies the state to the detriment of individual rights uses conspiracy theories to explain the government s mistakes blames neoliberalism for poverty and glorifies democracy while only maintaining the appearance of it 155 justifies economic interventionism by describing economic activity as a zero sum game where any wealth is the result of exploitation 156 and blames class conflict and imperialism for problems such as inflation 157 158 To Kaiser this system divides the political world into two halves the people and those against the people with the Kirchners described as the saviors of the people interpreting their collective will beyond the boundaries of parliaments and parties This division is used to justify the rejection of those described as being against the people and to polarize the population 159 He claims that Fernandez de Kirchner s election in 2011 was used to justify authoritarian policies in the name of the general will criticism being described as antidemocratic or as the plotting of a coup 160 According to Richard Bourke political theorist and Kirchner supporter Ernesto Laclau considered this the perfect form of democracy 161 a vision of that has been criticized by other writers as leaving little room for opposition reducing the citizen to a spectator unable to contest government policies 162 Personal life Edit President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner in presidential regalia posing with her children Maximo and Florencia 2011 In 1973 during her studies at the National University of La Plata she met her future spouse Nestor Kirchner They were married on 9 May 1975 and had two children Maximo born 1977 currently serving as National Deputy for Buenos Aires Province and the leader for Frente de Todos in the chamber and Florencia born 1990 25 Nestor Kirchner died on 27 October 2010 after suffering a heart attack 163 Following the death of her husband she dressed in black for over three years 164 Health Edit Fernandez de Kirchner s health first became a topic of public concern in 2005 when Noticias magazine reported that she might suffer from bipolar disorder Journalist Franco Lindner interviewed the psychiatrist who treated her without revealing his name Journalist Nelson Castro investigated further and discovered that the psychiatrist was Alejandro Lagomarsino who died in 2011 165 Lagomarsino was the leading specialist in the treatment of bipolar disorder in Argentina 166 Castro s investigation revealed that Fernandez de Kirchner was treated by Lagomarsino for a short period He could not determine the length of her treatment or the medicine she received or whether another psychiatrist continued treating her or not 167 Castro considers that some of her outlandish phrases or projects and her frequent periods of hiding from public view may be explained by the disorder s periods of mania and depression as well as being a regular political strategy 168 169 Eduardo Duhalde said that Nestor Kirchner once confided in him that she had a bipolar disorder while she was having a violent outburst 170 During the United States diplomatic cables leak it was revealed that Hillary Clinton questioned Fernandez de Kirchner s mental health and asked the US embassy whether she was receiving treatment or not 171 she later apologized to Fernandez de Kirchner for those leaks 172 She said in her book La Presidenta that it was all a misunderstanding it is her sister who suffers from bipolar disorder 173 On 27 December 2011 presidential spokesman Alfredo Scoccimaro announced that Fernandez de Kirchner had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer on 22 December and that she would undergo surgery on 4 January 2012 The standard procedure in these operations is to expose the thyroid gland so that a pathologist can take a sample analyze it looking for carcinogenic cells and then decide whether it needs to be removed In her case this step was omitted and the gland was removed directly 174 After the operation it was revealed that she had been misdiagnosed and did not have cancer 175 On 5 October 2013 doctors ordered Fernandez de Kirchner to rest for a month after they found blood on her brain caused by a head injury she received on 8 August 2012 176 She was re admitted to hospital and had successful surgery on 8 October 2013 to remove blood from under a membrane covering her brain 177 On 4 November 2021 Fernandez de Kirchner was admitted at the Santorio Otamendi after doctors found out that she had a uterine polyp and had to undergo hysterectomy 178 On 6 November 2021 she was later discharged after a successful hysterectomy 179 Assassination attempt Edit These paragraphs are an excerpt from Attempted assassination of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner edit On 1 September 2022 Argentine Vice President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was the target of an assassination attempt A man approached her as she met with supporters outside of her official residence in Recoleta Buenos Aires and attempted to fire a semi automatic pistol inches from her face 180 181 The pistol failed to fire and the suspect was immediately arrested on scene 182 183 The suspect has been identified as Fernando Andre Sabag Montiel a 35 year old man who was born in Brazil and has lived in Argentina since 1993 184 He is in police custody while the investigation continues 185 186 187 Electoral history EditExecutive Edit Electoral history of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner Election Office List Votes Result Ref Total P 2007 President of Argentina Front for Victory 8 652 293 45 28 1st Elected 188 2011 Front for Victory 11 865 055 54 11 1st Elected 189 2019 Vice President of Argentina Frente de Todos 12 946 037 48 24 1st Elected 190 Legislative Edit Electoral history of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner Election Office List District Votes Result Ref Total P 1989 Provincial Deputy Santa Cruz Victory Front 1 Santa Cruz Province 11 969 36 81 1st a Elected 191 1993 Santa Cruz Victory Front 1 Santa Cruz Province 26 877 69 32 1st a Elected 192 1997 National Deputy Justicialist Party 1 Santa Cruz Province 46 885 59 69 1st a Elected 193 2001 National Senator Justicialist Party 1 Santa Cruz Province 52 499 61 91 1st a Elected 194 2005 Justicialist Party 1 Buenos Aires Province 3 056 572 45 77 1st a Elected 195 2017 Unidad Ciudadana 1 Buenos Aires Province 3 529 900 37 31 2nd a Elected 196 a b c d e f Presented on an electoral list The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party alliance received in that constituency Ancestry EditAncestors of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner8 Francisco Fernandez de O Campo 197 b Spain4 Pascasio Fernandez Gomez 197 b 27 February 1862 A Fonsagrada Galicia Spain9 Isabel Gomez Diaz 197 b Spain2 Eduardo Fernandezb 1921 Argentina5 Amparo Fernandezb Asturias Spain1 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner 199 b 19 February 1953 La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina6 Carlos Wilhelm3 Ofelia Esther Wilhelmb circa 1930 198 Argentina7 Maria Vicenta Pulido Plazab Madrid SpainHonours Edit Coat of Arms of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner as a member of Order of Isabella the Catholic Foreign honours Edit Brazil Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross 200 2015 Ecuador Manuela Sanchez Award from the National Assembly of Ecuador 201 Palestine Star of Palestine 202 12 August 2015 Peru Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru 203 22 March 2010 Spain Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic 204 11 February 2009 Honorary degrees Edit Honorary Doctorate from the National University of La Plata 205 Honorary Doctorate from the National University of Quilmes 206 Notes Edit In isolation Fernandez is pronounced feɾˈnandes in American Spanish She is variously known as Cristina Fernandez 2 3 Cristina K 4 or Cristina 3 References Edit CFK back at Olivos presidential residency after CELAC summit Buenos Aires Herald 29 January 2014 Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 a b CFK to 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2016 Retrieved 13 October 2016 Uki Goni 2 April 2012 Argentinian president attacks UK refusal to negotiate on Falklands The Guardian Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Helene Mulholland 14 June 2012 Falklands anniversary David Cameron defiant over Argentinian threats The Guardian Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Andrew Critchlow 28 May 2015 New Falklands oil discovery could stir trouble with Argentina The Telegraph Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Associated Press in Buenos Aires 27 March 2013 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner turns Pope Francis from foe to friend The Guardian Archived from the original on 17 March 2014 Retrieved 15 March 2014 Pope s diplomacy put to test as leaders flock to Rome CP24 Associated Press 18 March 2013 Archived from the original on 20 June 2015 Retrieved 15 May 2015 Gilbert Jonathan 18 March 2013 Making nice Argentina s Kirchner and Pope Francis meet in Rome The Christian Science Monitor Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 Retrieved 26 March 2013 Daniel Garcia 19 November 2014 La nota completa que Pagina 12 intento borrar The complete article that Pagina 12 attempted to delete in Spanish Todo Noticias Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 Retrieved 16 April 2017 One year on Nisman death still roils Argentina s Jews The Times of Israel 18 January 2016 Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 Retrieved 13 October 2016 Vittori Gustavo J 9 March 2015 Con cual Cristina me quedo Which Cristina do I prefer El Litoral in Spanish Archived from the original on 3 May 2021 Retrieved 3 May 2021 Rosales Jorge 24 September 2009 El viaje presidencial Reuniones en las Naciones Unidas Cristina Kirchner denuncio a Iran en su discurso ante la ONU The presidential trip Meetings at the United Nations Cristina Kirchner denounced Iran in her speech to the UN La Nacion in Spanish Archived from the original on 3 May 2021 Retrieved 3 May 2021 Iran responde con fuerza a Argentina por atentado contra la AMIA Iran responds strongly to Argentina for attack against AMIA La Tercera in Spanish 3 October 2009 Archived from the original on 3 May 2021 Retrieved 3 May 2021 Alexander Harriet 7 December 2015 Cristina Kirchner creating as many problems as possible for the new government The Telegraph Archived from the original on 1 May 2017 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Alexander Harriet 9 December 2015 Cristina Kirchner refuses to attend Mauricio Macri s inauguration The Telegraph Archived from the original on 11 November 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Cristina lanzo el Instituto Patria pero desde las redes sociales Clarin in Spanish 13 April 2016 Archived from the original on 7 December 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2022 El furor por el libro de Cristina Kirchner llego a Tucuman el tucumano in Spanish 28 April 2019 Archived from the original on 7 December 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2022 Argentina A New Political Party Further Divides the Opposition Stratfor 15 June 2017 Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2017 Nicolas Misculin 13 September 2017 Macri ally gains ground in Argentina Senate election against Fernandez Reuters Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 Retrieved 22 December 2017 Charlie Devereux 22 October 2017 Argentina s Macri Wins Big Endorsement in Midterm Elections Bloomberg L P Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 Retrieved 22 December 2017 Argentine Congress welcomes 24 new senators this Wednesday Prensa Latina 27 November 2019 Archived from the original on 29 July 2020 Retrieved 27 November 2019 NUMERO DE EXPEDIENTE 3320 19 in Spanish Senado de Argentina 27 November 2019 Archived from the original on 28 November 2019 Retrieved 28 November 2019 Staff Our Foreign 14 May 2016 Former Argentinian President Cristina Kirchner indicted over currency trade that lost billions The Telegraph Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Kirchnerite businessman arrested faces charges of money laundering and fiscal fraud Merco Press 6 April 2016 Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Argentina ex minister arrested over cash bags at monastery BBC 15 June 2016 Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 Retrieved 14 October 2016 Argentina ex leader Cristina Fernandez charged in corruption case BBC News London 27 December 2016 Archived from the original on 27 December 2016 Retrieved 27 December 2016 Ryan Dube 29 December 2016 Argentina Reopens Probe of Kirchner Related to 1994 Bombing The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 Retrieved 31 December 2016 Max Radwin and Anthony Faiola 7 December 2017 Argentine ex president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner charged with treason The Washington Post Archived from the original on 29 December 2017 Retrieved 22 December 2017 a b Argentina ex leader on trial for alleged cover up in bombing ABC News Archived from the original on 7 March 2018 Retrieved 7 March 2018 Argentina Far Fetched Treason Charges Against Ex Officials Human Rights Watch 19 December 2017 Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Kollmann Raul 26 June 2020 Interpol enterro el corazon de la causa por el Memorandum con Iran punto final a la historia de las alertas rojas Nuevo informe que demuestra que CFK y Timerman nunca intentaron beneficiar a los iranies PAGINA12 Archived from the original on 31 October 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Politi Daniel 15 December 2017 Former Interpol Chief Says Argentina Bungled Investigation of 94 Attack Published 2017 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Visitas de jueces a Olivos el abogado de Cristina Kirchner anuncio que pedira la nulidad del caso del memorandum Visits of judges to Olivos Cristina Kirchner s lawyer announced that he will request the annulment of the memorandum case La Nacion 5 April 2021 Archived from the original on 5 April 2021 Retrieved 5 April 2021 Fernandez de Kirchner Argentina vice president found guilty of corruption BBC News 6 December 2022 Archived from the original on 6 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Court sentences Vice President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner to six years in prison for corruption batimes com ar 7 December 2022 Archived from the original on 7 December 2022 Retrieved 7 December 2022 Delfino Sahar Akbarzai Emilia 7 December 2022 Argentina s Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner sentenced to six years in prison for corruption CNN Archived from the original on 8 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Fernandez de Kirchner Argentina vice president found guilty of corruption BBC News 6 December 2022 Archived from the original on 6 December 2022 Retrieved 8 December 2022 Molina Federico Rivas 7 December 2022 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner redraws political map of Argentina after being handed six year jail term for corruption EL PAIS English Edition Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Kaiser p 17 Robert Muggah 23 October 2017 Is Populism Making a Comeback in Latin America Foreign Policy Archived from the original on 22 November 2020 Retrieved 27 November 2020 Rafael Di Tella Sebastian Galiani Ernesto Schargrodsky October 2019 Persuasive propaganda during the 2015 Argentine ballotage PDF LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION Archived PDF from the original on 2 July 2020 Retrieved 27 November 2020 Kaiser pp 21 22 Kaiser p 31 Kaiser p 30 Linette Lopez 1 August 2014 The President Of Argentina Compared Her Country s Default To Violence In Gaza Business Insider Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 Retrieved 2 November 2016 Kaiser p 22 Kaiser p 55 Bourke p 354 Bourke p 355 Barrionuevo Alexei 27 October 2010 Argentine Ex Leader Dies Political Impact Is Murky The New York Times Sao Paulo Archived from the original on 1 April 2013 Retrieved 22 December 2012 Definitivo el paso a paso de como Cristina abandono el luto Definitive the step by step of how did Cristina left her widowness in Spanish Todo Noticias 26 November 2013 Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 Retrieved 31 October 2014 Castro p 25 Castro p 48 Castro p 29 Castro pp 30 36 President Cristina Kirchner expected to resume activities Tuesday Merco Press 10 May 2011 Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 17 October 2016 Castro p 40 Harnden Toby 30 November 2010 WikiLeaks Hillary Clinton questions the mental health of Cristina Kirchner The Telegraph Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 17 October 2016 Hillary Clinton rings Cristina Fernandez and apologizes for the cables Merco Press 3 December 2010 Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 Retrieved 17 October 2016 Castro p 39 Castro p 61 Bronstein Hugh Rizzi Maximiliano 7 January 2012 Argentina s Fernandez sent home never had cancer Reuters Archived from the original on 15 March 2013 Retrieved 22 December 2012 Warren Michael 5 October 2013 Blood on brain rest ordered for Argentine leader Associated Press Archived from the original on 28 June 2014 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner to have surgery following head injury The Guardian 7 October 2013 Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 Retrieved 26 September 2016 Cristina Kirchner sera operada este jueves en el Otamendi le haran una histerectomia Todo Noticias 3 November 2021 Archived from the original on 7 November 2021 Retrieved 23 August 2022 Tras ser sometida a una histerectomia Cristina Kirchner fue dada de alta Clarin 6 November 2021 Archived from the original on 23 August 2022 Retrieved 23 August 2022 Nicas Jack Alcoba Natalie 1 September 2022 Argentina s Vice President Unharmed After Failed Assassination Attempt The New York Times Archived from the original on 2 September 2022 Retrieved 2 September 2022 Goni Uki Phillips Tom Jones Sam 2 September 2022 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner arrest after attempted shooting of Argentina vice president The Guardian Retrieved 2 September 2022 Man detained after pointing handgun at Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner Buenos Aires Times 1 September 2022 Archived from the original on 2 September 2022 Retrieved 2 September 2022 Man detained after pointing gun at Argentine vice president ABC News Archived from the original on 2 September 2022 Retrieved 2 September 2022 Seifert Daniel 1 September 2022 Ataque a Cristina Kirchner quien es el detenido que apunto con un arma a la vicepresidenta Clarin in Spanish Retrieved 4 September 2022 Argentina VP unharmed after assailant threatens her with gun finance yahoo com Archived from the original on 2 September 2022 Retrieved 2 September 2022 Ataque a Cristina Kirchner EN VIVO Mauricio Macri pidio un inmediato y profundo esclarecimiento del hecho Clarin in Spanish 1 September 2022 Archived from the original on 2 September 2022 Retrieved 2 September 2022 Ataque a Cristina Kirchner detuvieron a un hombre que le apunto con un arma frente a su casa Clarin in Spanish 1 September 2022 Archived from the original on 2 September 2022 Retrieved 2 September 2022 Elecciones 2007 argentina gob ar in Spanish Direccion Nacional Electoral 14 February 2019 Retrieved 4 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Elecciones 2011 argentina gob ar in Spanish Direccion Nacional Electoral 29 August 2017 Retrieved 4 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Elecciones 2019 argentina gob ar in Spanish Direccion Nacional Electoral Retrieved 4 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Escrutinio Definitivo PDF mininterior gov ar in Spanish Subsecretaria de Asuntos Institucionales Archived from the original PDF on 30 March 2018 Retrieved 4 February 2023 Escrutinio Definitivo PDF mininterior gov ar in Spanish Subsecretaria de Asuntos Institucionales Archived from the original PDF on 30 March 2018 Retrieved 4 February 2023 Elecciones 1997 argentina gob ar in Spanish Direccion Nacional Electoral 6 February 2019 Retrieved 4 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Elecciones 2001 argentina gob ar in Spanish Direccion Nacional Electoral 7 February 2019 Retrieved 4 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Elecciones 2005 argentina gob ar in Spanish Direccion Nacional Electoral 8 February 2019 Retrieved 4 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Elecciones 2017 argentina gob ar in Spanish Direccion Nacional Electoral 27 September 2017 Retrieved 4 February 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c El origen gallego de C F K Archived 26 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Galician origin of C F K Ofelia Wilhelm la madre de Cristina de empleada estatal a jubilada VIP Perfil com 14 March 2019 Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 Cristina Kirchner dijo sentir envidia de la Furia Roja Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Espana no es un pais cualquiera tres de mis cuatro abuelos son espanoles y para todos los argentinos hay un lazo especial Three of my grandparents are Spanish Dilma Rousseff se emociono al condecorar a Cristina con la Orden del Sur de Brasil Dilma Rousseff became emotional when she condecorated Cristina with the Brazilian Order of the Southern Cross Los Andes in Spanish 17 July 2015 Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Condecoraron a Cristina Kirchner en Ecuador Cristina Kirchner was condecorated in Ecuador La Nacion in Spanish 29 September 2016 Archived from the original on 21 October 2016 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Cristina encabezara un acto en el que recibira la condecoracion de Palestina Cristina led an event where she will receive the Star of Palestine in Spanish Minuto Uno 12 August 2015 Archived from the original on 24 October 2016 Retrieved 20 October 2016 President Garcia awards the Order of the Sun to Argentinean head of state Peruvian Times 22 March 2010 Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 Retrieved 26 September 2016 Edith Pardo San Martin 11 February 2009 Las gaffes protocolares de la gira The diplomatic mistakes of the tour La Nacion in Spanish Archived from the original on 21 October 2016 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Nestor Kirchner fue distinguido post mortem como Doctor Honoris Causa Nestor Kirchner was distinguished post mortem as Honoris Causa in Spanish Perfil Archived from the original on 21 October 2016 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner recibira el Doctorado Honoris Causa Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner will receive the Honoris Causa in Spanish University of Quilmes 12 October 2016 Archived from the original on 21 October 2016 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Bibliography Edit Argentina portal Biography portal Politics portalSkard Torild 2014 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner Women of Power Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide Bristol Policy Press ISBN 978 1 4473 1578 0 Bourke Richard 2016 Popular Sovereignty in Historical Perspective United Kingdom Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 13040 1 Di Marco Laura 2012 La Campora Buenos Aires Sudamericana ISBN 978 950 07 3798 2 Gelb Joyce Lief Palley Marian 2009 Women amp Politics around the world United States ABC Clio Inc ISBN 978 1 85109 988 7 Ibarra Vilma 2015 Cristina vs Cristina Argentina Planeta ISBN 978 950 49 4613 7 Kaiser Axel 2016 El engano populista The populist lie in Spanish Colombia Ariel ISBN 978 987 38 0439 7 Majul Luis 2009 El Dueno PDF in Spanish Argentina Planeta ISBN 978 950 49 2157 8 Mendelevich Pablo 2013 El Relato Kirchnerista en 200 expresiones The Kirchnerist speech in 200 words in Spanish Argentina Ediciones B ISBN 978 987 627 412 8 McCloskey Erin September 2011 Argentina England The Globe Pequot Press ISBN 978 1 84162 351 1 Panizza Francisco 2014 Moments of Truth The Politics of Financial Crises in Comparative Perspective United States Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 83411 7 Castro Nelson 2015 Secreto de estado Argentina Sudamericana ISBN 978 950 07 5356 2 Vargas Llosa Alvaro 2014 Ultimas noticias del nuevo idiota iberoamericano Latest news from the new iberoamerican useful idiot in Spanish Colombia Planeta ISBN 978 950 49 4106 4 Petras James Veltmeyer Henry 2016 What s Left in Latin America Regime Change in New Times Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 76162 3 External links EditCristina Fernandez de Kirchner at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote in Spanish Official site of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner in Spanish Senate of the Argentine Republic website in Spanish Extensive biography by CIDOB Foundation Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner at IMDb Youtube channel Appearances on C SPANHonorary titlesPreceded bySofia Vicic de Cepernic First Lady of Rio Gallegos1987 1991 Succeeded byEva Maria Henriquez de MartinezPreceded byMarta Arana de Garcia First Lady of Santa Cruz1991 2003 Succeeded byMaria Gloria Ros de IcazuriagaPreceded byHilda Gonzalez de Duhalde First Lady of Argentina2003 2007 Succeeded byNestor Kirchneras First GentlemanParty political officesPreceded byNestor Kirchner Justicialist Party nominee for President of Argentina2007 2011 Succeeded byDaniel ScioliFront for Victory nominee for President of Argentina2007 2011Preceded byCarlos Zannini Justicialist Party nominee for Vice President of Argentina2019 Most recentNew political alliance Frente de Todos nominee for Vice President of Argentina2019Political officesPreceded byNestor Kirchner President of Argentina2007 2015 Succeeded byMauricio MacriPreceded byGabriela Michetti Vice President of Argentina2019 present Incumbent Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner amp oldid 1150900068, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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