Prime Minister of Albania
The prime minister of Albania (Albanian: Kryeministri i Shqipërisë), officially the prime minister of the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Kryeministri i Republikës së Shqipërisë), is the head of government of Albania. The office of the prime minister is a core institution in the politics of Albania formed after the Albanian declaration of independence on 28 November 1912. Since that time, the nation has navigated a dynamic political evolution spanning distinct periods, encompassing a monarchy, a communist regime and the eventual democratic order. In 1912, Ismail Qemali was inaugurated as the first prime minister of Albania, guiding the nation toward sovereignty amidst the complex conditions in the Balkans. In 1944, Enver Hoxha implemented a radical change in government, transforming Albania into an authoritarian and isolationist communist regime. In 1991, the nation transitioned into a democracy that marked a notable shift, when Fatos Nano emerged as the first post-communist prime minister of Albania.
| Prime Minister of Albania | |
|---|---|
| Kryeministri i Shqipërisë | |
| Style | His Excellency (diplomatic) |
| Type | Head of government |
| Member of | |
| Residence | Kryeministria |
| Seat | Tirana |
| Appointer | President with Parliament confidence |
| Term length | Four years, renewable |
| Constituting instrument | Constitution |
| Inaugural holder | Ismail Qemali |
| Formation | 4 December 1912 |
| Deputy | Deputy Prime Minister |
| Salary | 228,730 lek[1] |
| Website | kryeministria |
The office of the prime minister is defined by the constitution of Albania. The appointment begins with general elections, during which parties or political coalitions nominate candidates for the parliament. The leader of the party with the most parliamentary seats becomes a contender for the office of the prime minister. After the results are certified, the president invites the majority leader to propose a prime ministerial candidate who must secure a majority from the parliament for selection. Once selected, the prime minister-elect is mandated to partake in a formal oath-taking ceremony presided over by the president. The prime minister is in charge of forming and guiding the council of ministers, presenting the nation's integral policies and coordinating government institutions. Located in Tirana, the Kryeministria is the official workplace of the prime minister and holds a crucial role in facilitating their duties and those of the council. Since September 2013, Edi Rama from the Albanian Socialist Party has served as prime minister.
History edit
1912–1990 edit
Following the declaration of independence on 28 November 1912, the establishment of the office of the prime minister became an integral part of the constitutional framework of Albania.[2] Amidst the formative period characterised by tumultuous political and regional conflicts, a series of distinguished ministers assumed the position, each confronted with distinct challenges that left a lasting impact on Albanian politics. Ismail Qemali occupied the mantle of the first prime minister and directed the Albanian people toward the realisation of Independent Albania.[3] Subsequently, during their respective tenures as prime ministers from 1914 to 1920, Turhan Përmeti and Esad Toptani were instrumental in directing Albania through the challenges of World War I.[4] This period was marked by their dedication to preserving the country's independence in the face of shifting alliances and external interventions.[5] Similarly, the emergence of Ilias Vrioni as prime minister in 1920 occurred in the aftermath of World War I, and Vrioni addressed border disputes with the backing of several major Western nations that guaranteed Albania's sovereignty within the boundaries formed in 1913.[6] Following these developments, Ahmet Zogu served as prime minister in 1922, concentrating on centralising power, modernising the economy and attracting foreign investments.[7] In 1924, Fan Noli's brief tenure saw the introduction of sweeping reforms, including initiatives in education and land distribution aimed at reshaping the socio-economic landscape, alongside the establishment of the Albanian Orthodox Church.[8] Zogu returned as prime minister for a second term in 1925 and further solidified his influence, ultimately transitioning the country into a monarchy in 1928, with himself as king.[9]
With the global crisis of the Great Depression, Albania grappled with significant economic and financial challenges from 1930 to 1939. The government was tasked with stabilising the economy and fostering socio-economic growth. During this period, a succession of prime ministers, including Kostaq Kotta, Pandeli Evangjeli and Mehdi Frashëri, led the country. Amid World War II, despite declaring neutrality, Albania was invaded by Italy.[10] Prime Ministers of the era, including Shefqet Vërlaci and Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, assumed significant roles in navigating the challenges posed by foreign occupation. In 1943, Germany occupied the country, leading to the brief prime ministerial tenures of Rexhep Mitrovica, Fiqri Dine and Ibrahim Biçakçiu during the occupation.[11]
With the conclusion of World War II in Albania, the country entered an unprecedented transformative phase under the leadership of Enver Hoxha, who acceded to the mantle of prime minister in 1944. Hoxha's tenure was marked by a commitment to Marxism–Leninism, resulting in the establishment of the People's Republic of Albania in 1946.[12] The regime faced multifaceted challenges, encompassing widespread poverty, illiteracy, healthcare crises, and gender inequality.[13][14] In response, Hoxha initiated a comprehensive modernisation effort aimed at achieving economic and social progress and transitioning Albania into an industrialised society.[15] Mehmet Shehu served as a prominent figure in Hoxha's government, holding the position of prime minister for a significant part of the communist period, from 1954 to 1981.[16] He played an essential part in implementing the government's policies and exerting influence over the country's direction.[17] Adil Çarçani succeeded Shehu as prime minister and maintained the position for nine years, maintaining Albania's isolationist stance in external affairs and alignment with the Eastern Bloc countries.[18]
1991–present edit
After the fall of communism, the office of the prime minister of Albania was restored and a democratic order was established.[19] Responding to widespread protests in December 1990, the government of Ramiz Alia of the Party of Labour granted its approval for the first multi-party elections in March 1991 and the subsequent elections in March 1992.[20] This resulted in the legal recognition of the opposition Democratic Party and paved the way for the admission of other political parties, including the Socialist Party.[21] Subsequently, Fatos Nano emerged as the first post-communist prime minister on 22 February 1991. Nano prioritised the establishment of democratic institutions, the implementation of economic reforms and the reintegration of Albania into the international community.[22][23] On 4 June 1991, Nano resigned from office due to political and social pressure, allowing Ylli Bufi and Vilson Ahmeti to assume the mantle for a short period, respectively.[24][25] During their tenures, Albania became a member of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE).[26] Aleksandër Meksi became prime minister on 13 April 1992 following the Democratic Party's victory in elections in March.[27] His cabinet was dedicated to further advancing democratic and economic development and strengthening Albania's international connections.[28][29][30] This commitment culminated to the country's accession to the Council of Europe (CoE) in July 1995.[31] However, the tenure of Meksi faced criticism for what some perceived as an increasingly authoritarian approach and allegations of corruption.[32] One of the most notable events during his rule was the outbreak of the 1997 Albanian civil unrest that resulted in a humanitarian crisis and an international intervention.[33]
Following the departure of Meksi on 25 March 1997, Bashkim Fino emerged as prime minister with a commitment to holding early elections in June.[34][35] Fatos Nano secured his second term as prime minister but faced several challenges, notably in assembling a cabinet, which led to his resignation.[36] Pandeli Majko succeeded Nano as Prime Minister on 28 September 1998 and focused on the preservation of public order and the fight against corruption and organised crime.[37][38][39][40] His cabinet garnered approval for a new constitution through a referendum in November 1998, all amidst continued instability in, and a large influx of refugees from, Albanian-speaking Kosovo.[41][40][42] With the resignation of Majko on 29 October 1999, Ilir Meta emerged as prime minister and served until his resignation on 29 January 2002.[43][44][45] Following Majko's return for his second term on 7 February 2002, Nano assumed the mantle for his third term as prime minister until 3 July 2005.[46][47] In the July 2005 elections, Sali Berisha emerged as prime minister with a dedication to sustainable economic development and advancing Albania toward European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) membership.[48] The tenure of Berisha achieved a major milestone when the country secured NATO membership in April 2009.[49][50] However, his leadership was marred by increasing allegations of corruption, misappropriation of public funds and interference in public processes.[51] Edi Rama occupied the role as prime minister for three consecutive terms following his party's victory in the July 2013 elections.[52][53] Under his guidance, Albania achieved consistent economic growth and made continuous progress toward EU membership through a series of reforms aimed at socio-economic revitalisation, reinforcement of the rule of law, enhancement of the judicial system and transparency in governance.[52][53][54]
Appointment edit
The process of selecting the prime minister of Albania begins with the conducting of general elections, in which the members of the parliament are elected through a proportional representation system for four-year terms.[55][56] Political parties or coalitions nominate their candidates for the members of parliament.[57] The leader of the party or coalition which secures the most seats in the parliament emerges as a contender for the role of the prime minister.[58] Once the election results receive official certification, the president extends an invitation to the leader of the party or coalition with the parliamentary majority, urging them to propose a candidate for the position.[58] The nominated candidate subsequently seeks approval from the parliament, with the members of the parliament casting their votes either in favor or against the proposed candidate.[58] The candidate must garner a majority of affirmative votes to secure appointment, thereby confirming their selection as the prime minister.[58] In the event that the appointed prime minister does not secure approval from the parliament, a 10-day window is provided for the president to nominate a new candidate.[58] If, once more, the parliament does not endorse this subsequent nominee, it is granted an additional 10-day period to designate an alternative prime minister.[58] If the parliament remains unable to successfully elect a new prime minister within these defined timeframes, the president retains the prerogative to dissolve the parliament.[58]
Before assuming the office, the prime minister-elect is mandated to partake in a formal oath-taking ceremony presided over by the president.[59] The ceremony, conducted in compliance with the guidelines of the constitution, marks the commencement of the minister's official functions. During the oath, the prime minister affirms their allegiance to the constitution and laws, making a commitment to fulfill the functions of their office and prioritise the welfare of the Albanian people:[59]
Albanian: Betohem se do t'i bindem Kushtetutës dhe ligjeve të vendit, do të respektoj të drejtat dhe liritë e shtetasve, do të mbroj pavarësinë e Republikës së Shqipërisë dhe do t'i shërbej interesit të përgjithshëm dhe përparimit të popullit Shqiptar. Zoti më ndihmoftë!
English: I swear that I will obey to the Constitution and laws of the country, that I will respect the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect the independence of the Republic of Albania, and I will serve the general interest and the progress of the Albanian people. May God help me!
Functions edit
Located at Dëshmorët e Kombit Boulevard in Tirana, the Kryeministria operates as the official workplace of the prime minister and assumes a central role in facilitating the functions of the prime minister and the council of ministers.[60][61][62] According to the constitution, the office of the prime minister holds an integral position in the executive arm of government as the head of government.[63] One of the core functions of the prime minister is to form and lead the council of ministers, which include the deputy prime minister and several other ministers. The prime minister selects the members of the council and proposes their appointments for approval by the president.[58] The prime minister is also entrusted with the duty of formulating and presenting the principal general policies of the country. This task involves ensuring the implementation of legislation endorsed by the council of ministers.[64] Further to these core functions, the prime minister takes on the office of coordinating and supervising the work of both the council and other significant institutions of the government. This ensures the efficient operation of the framework of the government, the resolution of potential conflicts among ministers, the issuance of necessary instructions and an overall contribution to the efficient administration of government functions.[64]
The prime minister has the ability to propose a motion of confidence to the parliament, focusing on significant matters related to bill or decision approval.[65] This motion cannot involve investigations, appointments, immunity or parliamentary functioning. The duration of debate is determined by the conference of chairpersons, with a minimum of 3 minutes per deputy. Voting occurs after at least 3 days from the presentation of the motion.[65] If the motion fails, the prime minister can request the dissolution of the parliament within 48 hours, with the president dissolving parliament within 10 days of the request. Importantly, a motion of confidence cannot be proposed during the consideration of a motion of no confidence.[65] When the prime minister is absent or incapacitated, the deputy prime minister assumes the role of second-in-command to maintain the uninterrupted functioning of the government.[61] Their appointment and dismissal are determined by the council of ministers based on the recommendation of the prime minister.[1]
List edit
| No. | Portrait | Name | Term | Party | Government | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | Duration | |||||||
| Independent Albania (1912 – 1914) | |||||||||
| 1 | Ismail Qemali (1844 – 1919) | 4 December 1912 | 22 January 1914 | 1 year, 1 month and 26 days | Independent | Provisional | [68][69][70] | ||
| – | International Control Commission | 22 January 1914 | 14 March 1914 | 1 month and 24 days | Members | [71][72] | |||
| Principality of Albania (1914 – 1925) | |||||||||
| 2 | Turhan Përmeti (1846 – 1927) | 14 March 1914 | 3 September 1914 | 5 months and 18 days | Independent | Përmeti (I and II) | [73] | ||
| 3 | Essad Toptani (1863 – 1920) | 5 October 1914 | 27 January 1916 | 1 year, 3 months and 23 days | Toptani | [74] | |||
| – | Turhan Përmeti (1846 – 1927) | 25 December 1918 | 29 January 1920 | 1 year, 1 month and 5 days | Përmeti III | [75] | |||
| 4 | Sulejman Delvina (1884 – 1933) | 30 January 1920 | 14 November 1920 | 9 months and 16 days | Delvinal | [76] | |||
| 5 | Ilias Vrioni (1882 – 1932) | 15 November 1920 | 16 October 1921 | 11 months and 2 days | Vrioni (I and II) | [77] | |||
| 6 | Pandeli Evangjeli (1859 – 1949) | 16 October 1921 | 6 December 1921 | 1 month and 21 days | Evangjeli | [78] | |||
| 7 | Qazim Koculi (1887 – 1943) | 6 December 1921 | 6 December 1921 | 1 day | Koculi | [79] | |||
| 8 | Hasan Prishtina (1873 – 1933) | 7 December 1921 | 12 December 1921 | 6 days | Prishtina | [80] | |||
| 9 | Idhomen Kosturi (1873 – 1943) | 12 December 1921 | 24 December 1921 | 13 days | Kosturi | [81] | |||
| 10 | Xhafer Ypi (1880 – 1940) | 24 December 1921 | 2 December 1922 | 11 months and 9 days | Popular | Ypi | [82] | ||
| 11 | Ahmet Zogu (1895 – 1961) | 2 December 1922 | 25 February 1924 | 1 year, 2 months and 24 days | Conservative | Zogu | [83] | ||
| 12 | Shefqet Vërlaci (1877 – 1946) | 3 March 1924 | 27 May 1924 | 2 months and 25 days | Progressive | Vërlaci | [84] | ||
| – | Ilias Vrioni (1882 – 1932) | 31 May 1924 | 10 June 1924 | 11 days | Independent | Vrioni III | [85] | ||
| 13 | Fan Noli (1882 – 1965) | 16 June 1924 | 24 December 1924 | 6 months and 9 days | Liberal | Noli | |||
| First Republic of Albania (1925 – 1928)[a] | |||||||||
| – | Ahmet Zogu (1895 – 1961) | 6 January 1925 | 31 January 1925 | 8 months and 18 days | Conservative | Zogu II | [87] | ||
| Kingdom of Albania (1928 – 1939) | |||||||||
| 14 | Kostaq Kotta (1886 – 1947) | 5 September 1928 | 5 March 1930 | 1 year, 6 months and 1 day | Independent | Kotta | [88] | ||
| – | Pandeli Evangjeli (1859 – 1949) | 6 March 1930 | 16 October 1935 | 5 years, 7 months and 11 days | Evangjeli (II, III and IV) | [89] | |||
| 15 | Mehdi Frashëri (1872 – 1963) | 21 October 1935 | 7 November 1936 | 1 year and 18 days | Frashëri | [90] | |||
| – | Kostaq Kotta (1886 – 1947) | 9 November 1936 | 7 April 1939 | 2 years, 4 months and 30 days | Kotta II | [91] | |||
| Italian protectorate of Albania (1939 – 1943) | |||||||||
| – | Shefqet Vërlaci (1877 – 1946) | 12 April 1939 | 3 December 1941 | 2 years, 7 months and 22 days | Fascist | Vërlaci II | [92] | ||
| 16 | Mustafa Merlika-Kruja (1887 – 1958) | 4 December 1941 | 4 January 1943 | 1 year, 1 month and 1 day | Merlika-Kruja | [93] | |||
| 17 | Ekrem Libohova (1882 – 1948) | 18 January 1943 | 11 February 1943 | 25 days | Libohova | [94] | |||
| 18 | Maliq Bushati (1890 – 1946) | 12 February 1943 | 28 April 1943 | 2 months and 17 days | Bushati | [95] | |||
| – | Ekrem Libohova (1882 – 1948) | 11 May 1943 | 10 September 1943 | 4 months | Libohova II | [96] | |||
| German occupation of Albania (1943 – 1944) | |||||||||
| 19 | Rexhep Mitrovica (1887 – 1967) | 5 November 1943 | 16 June 1944 | 7 months and 12 days | National Front | Mitrovica | [97] | ||
| 20 | Fiqri Dine (1897 – 1960) | 18 July 1944 | 28 August 1944 | 1 month and 11 days | Dine | [98] | |||
| 21 | Ibrahim Biçakçiu (1905 – 1977) | 6 September 1944 | 25 October 1944 | 1 month and 20 days | Biçaku | [99] | |||
| People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1944 – 1991) | |||||||||
| 22 | Enver Hoxha (1908 – 1985) | 10 November 1944 | 20 July 1954 | 9 years, 8 months and 10 days | Labour | Hoxha (I, II and III) | [100] | ||
| 23 | Mehmet Shehu (1913 – 1981) | 20 July 1954 | 18 December 1981 | 27 years, 4 months and 29 days | Shehu (I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII) | [101][102] | |||
| 24 | Adil Çarçani (1922 – 1997) | 4 January 1982 | 22 February 1991 | 9 years, 2 months and 4 days | Çarçani (I, II and III) | [103] | |||
| Republic of Albania (1991 – present) | |||||||||
| 25 | Fatos Nano (born 1952) | 22 February 1991 | 4 June 1991 | 3 months and 14 days | Socialist | Nano (I and II) | [104] | ||
| 26 | Ylli Bufi (born 1948) | 5 June 1991 | 10 December 1991 | 6 months and 6 days | Stability | [105] | |||
| 27 | Vilson Ahmeti (born 1951) | 10 December 1991 | 4 April 1992 | 3 months and 26 days | Ahmeti | [106] | |||
| 28 | Aleksandër Meksi (born 1939) | 13 April 1992 | 25 March 1997 | 4 years, 11 months and 13 days | Democrat | Meksi (I and II) | [107] | ||
| 29 | Bashkim Fino (1962 – 2021) | 13 March 1997 | 25 July 1997 | 4 months and 13 days | Socialist | Fino | [108] | ||
| – | Fatos Nano (born 1952) | 25 July 1997 | 28 September 1998 | 1 year, 2 months and 4 days | Nano III | [109] | |||
| 30 | Pandeli Majko (born 1967) | 28 September 1998 | 29 October 1999 | 1 year, 1 month and 2 days | Majko | [110] | |||
| 31 | Ilir Meta (born 1969) | 29 October 1999 | 29 January 2002 | 2 years, 3 months and 1 day | Meta (I and II) | [111] | |||
| – | Pandeli Majko (born 1967) | 7 February 2002 | 24 July 2002 | 5 months and 18 days | Majko II | [112] | |||
| – | Fatos Nano (born 1952) | 24 July 2002 | 8 September 2005 | 3 years, 1 month and 16 days | Nano IV | [113] | |||
| 32 | Sali Berisha (born 1944) | 8 September 2005 | 11 September 2013 | 8 years and 4 days | Democrat | Berisha (I and II) | [114] | ||
| 33 | Edi Rama (born 1964) | 11 September 2013 | Incumbent | 10 years, 7 months and 17 days | Socialist | Rama (I, II and III) | [115] | ||
Notes edit
- ^ During the period, the office of the prime minister was exercised by the Minister of Justice, which included Hiqmet Delvina, Josif Kedhi, Petro Poga, Milto Tutulani and Ilias Vrioni.[86]
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b "Raundi i Pestë i Vlerësimit ë". Council of Europe (CoE). pp. 11–13. from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 369–370
- ^ Frashëri 2008, p. 256
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 235–236
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 235–236
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 235–236
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 236–244
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 236–244
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 236–244
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 244–247
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, pp. 244–247
- ^ Fischer & Schmitt 2022, p. 283.
- ^ Fischer, Bernd (10 June 2010). "Albania and Enver Hoxha's legacy". OpenDemocracy. from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ Pano, Aristotel. "Panorama of the Economic-Social Development of Socialist Albania". from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Fischer & Schmitt 2022, pp. 274, 279.
- ^ Fevziu, Blendi (February 2016). "21 Demise of a Prime Minister". Enver Hoxha The Iron Fist of Albania. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9-780-8-5772-9088. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Lentz 2014, p. 23
- ^ Lentz 2014, p. 23
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 369
- ^ ASMPE 1992, p. 1.
- ^ ASMPE 1992, p. 10.
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 319
- ^ ASMPE 1992, p. 5.
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 319
- ^ Jeffries 2002, p. 6
- ^ Ágh 1998, p. 201
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 298
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 369–370
- ^ ASMPE 1992, p. 22.
- ^ East & Pontin 2016, p. 231
- ^ Ágh 1998, p. 201
- ^ Watkins 2003, p. 76
- ^ Watkins 2003, p. 77
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 298
- ^ Watkins 2003, p. 77
- ^ Watkins 2003, p. 77
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 289
- ^ Watkins 2003, p. 77
- ^ Schmidt, Fabian (9 October 1998). "Albania: New Prime Minister Faces Referendum On Draft Constitution". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
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- ^ a b "Need for systematic reforms". Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
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- ^ "Chapter 1 Country Context and World Bank Group Strategy and Program FY11 – 19: Albania". World Bank. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 127–128
- ^ "Collection of electoral data on Albania". Council of Europe (CoE). from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ "Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h OSCE 1998, p. 19.
- ^ a b OSCE 1998, p. 17.
- ^ "Selia e Kryeministrisë" (in Albanian). Bashkia Tiranë. from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ a b Anastasi, Aurela; (Methasani) Çani, Eralda; Zaganjori, Xhezair (2011). "Shteti i së Drejtës në Kushtetutën e Republikës së Shqipërisë" (in Albanian). Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS). pp. 152–154. from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ NR446 2023, pp. 2–5.
- ^ "2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Albania". United States Department of State. from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ a b OSCE 1998, p. 20.
- ^ a b c ShtetiWeb 2013, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Dervishi 2012, pp. 270–273
- ^ "Qeveritë Shqiptare" (in Albanian). ShtetiWeb. from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ ASA 2009, pp. 2155–2156: "Qeveria e Përkohshme e Vlorës (04.12.1912)"
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 369
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 475–476
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 475–476
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2156
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2156 "Note: The first government of Turhan Përmeti extended from 14 March to 20 May 1914 followed by the second government from 28 May to 3 September 1914."
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2156
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2157
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 100
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2157: "Note: The first government of Ilias Vrioni extended from 15 November 1920 to 1 July 1921."
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 130
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2158
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 370
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2158
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2158
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2158
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2158
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2159
- ^ Dervishi 2012, pp. 270–273
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2159
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2160
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2160
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2161
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2161
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2161
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2161
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2162
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2162
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2162
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2162
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2163
- ^ ASA 2009, p. 2163
- ^ Lentz 2014, p. 23
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. xxxix
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. xlii
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. xlii–xliii
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 319
- ^ Lentz 2014, p. 24
- ^ Lentz 2014, p. 24
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 298
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. xlv
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 319
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 289
- ^ Elsie 2010, pp. xlvi–xlvii
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 289
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 319
- ^ Elsie 2010, p. 49
- ^ "Dekret Nr. 8304, datë 11.9.2013" (PDF) (in Albanian). Ministry of Infrastructure. (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
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