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Navarre

Navarre (English: /nəˈvɑːr/; Spanish: Navarra [naˈβara]; Basque: Nafarroa [nafaro.a]), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra [komuniˈðað foˈɾal de naˈβara]; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea [nafaro.ako foɾu komunitate.a]), is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France. The capital city is Pamplona (Basque: Iruña). The present-day province makes up the majority of the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre, a long-standing Pyrenean kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost part, Lower Navarre, located in the southwest corner of France.

Navarre
Navarra (Spanish)
Nafarroa (Basque)
Chartered Community of Navarre
Comunidad Foral de Navarra (Spanish)
Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea (Basque)
Anthem: Gorteen Ereserkia / Himno de las Cortes
"Anthem of the Courts"
Location of Navarre within Spain
Coordinates: 42°49′N 1°39′W / 42.817°N 1.650°W / 42.817; -1.650
Country Spain
CapitalPamplona (Iruña)
Government
 • PresidentMaría Chivite (PSN-PSOE)
Area
(2.2% of Spain; Ranked 11th)
 • Total10,391 km2 (4,012 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total661,537
 • Density64/km2 (160/sq mi)
 • Pop. rank
15th
 • Percent
1.3% of Spain
Demonym(s)
Navarrese (en)
Navarro/a (es)
Nafartar (eu)
ISO 3166-2
ES-NA
Official languagesSpanish (Basque is co-official in the Basque-speaking areas)
Statute of Autonomy16 August 1982
ParliamentParliament of Navarre
Congress seats5 (of 350) deputies
Senate seats5 (of 265) senators
HDI (2021)0.926[1]
very high · 3rd
Websitewww.navarra.es/home_en/ (ES) www.navarra.es/eu/hasiera (EUS)

Navarre is in the transition zone between Green Spain and semi-arid interior areas, and thus its landscapes vary widely across the region. Being in a transition zone also produces a highly variable climate, with summers that are a mix of cooler spells and heat waves, and winters that are mild for the latitude. Navarre is one of the historic Basque districts: its Basque features are conspicuous in the north, but virtually absent on the southern fringes. The best-known event in Navarre is the annual festival of San Fermín held in Pamplona in July.

Toponymy Edit

The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra, Nafarroa, or Naparroa is a reference to navarros, in Eginhard's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne, describing his intrusion to the Ebro river.[2] Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros. There are two proposed etymologies for the name.[2]

  • Basque nabar (declined absolute singular nabarra): "brownish", "multicolour" (i. e. in contrast to the green mountainous lands north of the original County of Navarre).
  • Basque naba (or Spanish nava): "valley", "plain" + Basque herri ("people", "land").

The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate, rather than Basque per se.

The official name in Basque is Nafarroa, but the form Nafarroa Garaia "Upper Navarre" is also often seen, to distinguish the province from neighboring Lower Navarre.

History Edit

 
Coins of Arsaos, Navarre, 150 – 100 BC, showing Rome's stylistic influence
 
Castle of Xabier

Antiquity Edit

Before and during the Roman Empire, the Vascones populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees, including the area which would ultimately become Navarre. In the mountainous north, the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement, except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso (in what is now Gipuzkoa)—and the flatter areas to the south, Calagurris (in what is now La Rioja), which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming—vineyards, olives, and wheat crops. There is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques, as they had the same enemies.[3]

Kingdom of Navarre Edit

Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area. The Vascones (to become the Basques) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD. In the year 778, the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass.

Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824), the Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela, establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre.[4] That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III, comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees, and even a short overlordship of Gascony (in the early 11th century).[5]

When Sancho III died in 1035, the kingdom was divided between his sons.[6] It never fully recovered its political power, while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims (the Francs) poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James.[7] In 1200, Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile, leaving the kingdom landlocked.[8] Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads.

The native line of kings came to an end in 1234; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties.[9] However, the Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions. The death of Queen Blanche I (1441) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarre's internal affairs.[10] In 1512, Navarre was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholic's troops,[11] with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to the north of the Pyrenees, and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre-Béarn, led by Queen Joan III as of 1555.

To the south of the Pyrenees, Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515, but kept a separate ambiguous status, and a shaky balance up to 1610—King Henry III ready to march over Spanish Navarre. A Chartered Government was established (the Diputación), and the kingdom managed to keep home rule. Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794, when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether, with the end of the First Carlist War (1839 – 1841) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule (fueros) to an end.[12]

Province of Spain Edit

 
Carlists in retreat to the Irache monastery during the Third Carlist War
 
Memorial to the Charters of Navarre erected by popular subscription in Pamplona, after the Gamazada (1903)
 
Arturo Campión (1854 – 1937), a major Basque Navarrese activist, and MP in Madrid during the Gamazada
 
Façade of the Parliament of Navarre in Pamplona

Loss of home rule Edit

After the 1839 Convention of Bergara, a reduced version of home rule (fueros) was passed in 1839. However, the 1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros (later called the "Compromise Act", Ley Paccionada) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre. The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarre's customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling.

Amid instability in Spain, Carlists took over in Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces. An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital (1872 – 1876), but King Alfonso XII's restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat. The end of the Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre.

In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrid's governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions. Except for a small faction (the so-called Alfonsinos), all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the Laurak Bat, the Basque districts in Spain. Among these, the Carlists stood out, who politically dominated the province, and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid, as well as left leaning influences. Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa, Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period, remaining a basically rural economy.

Republic and military uprising Edit

In 1932, a Basque Country's separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism, a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939). Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933, leaving the latter eager for revenge.[13] The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence, ideologues such as Víctor Pradera, and an understanding with General Mola paved the way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona (18 July 1936).

The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ("reds"), mildly republican, or just inconvenient.[14] The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks, and counted on the active complicity of the clergy, who adopted the fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks.[15][16] The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857, plus a further 305 dying in prisons (ill-treatment, malnutrition).[17]

The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas (Urbasa, etc.). Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent, e.g. Fortunato Aguirre, a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella (and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club), was executed in September 1936. Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors. Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North.

Post-war scene Edit

As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War (Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising), Franco allowed Navarre, as it happened with Álava, to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of the ancient Navarrese liberties.[18] The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage, famine, and smuggling, with the economy relying on agriculture (wheat, vineyards, olive, barley), and a negative migration balance. The victors came to cluster around two main factions, Carlists and Falangists,[19] while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group, the Opus Dei, to found their University of Navarre (1952), ever more influential in Pamplona.

The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s (automobile manufacturing and accessories, etc.), especially around the overgrown capital. It was followed by labour and political unrest. In the run-up to Spanish democracy (Constitution ratified in 1978), Navarre plunged into a climate of violence practised by ETA, state-sponsored paramilitary groups and police forces, extending through the 1980s and beyond.

Tension during the Spanish transition Edit

Officials and figures with good connections to the Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez's UCD, later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero (1979), refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre's charters (or fueros) remained in place. They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community, where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held a majority.

A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ("Amejoramiento"), a Navarre-only solution considered 'an upgrade' of its former status issued from the (remains of the) charters. In a three-year span, the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position, quit the Basque process, and joined the arrangement adopted for Navarre (Chartered Community of Navarre, 1982). The reform was not ratified by referendum, as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces.

Politics Edit

Institutions and status Edit

 
Patrol unit from the Policía Foral, the Navarrese autonomous police force, that largely replaces the Spanish National Police and the Civil Guard in this territory.

After the end of Franco's dictatorship, Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain. The community ceremonies, education, and social services, together with housing, urban development, and environment protection policies are under the responsibility of Navarre's political institutions. As in the rest of communities, Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years, and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community, who is in charge of Navarre's government. Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain (but like the Basque Autonomous Community), Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow the overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences.

The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) party. After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre (PSN – PSOE, one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, main centre-left wing party in Spain) or the Navarrese People's Union (UPN) (a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the People's Party (PP), main right-wing party in Spain). However, in 2015 Uxue Barkos (Geroa Bai) became president with the support of EH Bildu, Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra. She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre.

Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of the vote (around 31% in the 2015 elections), and a majority in most of the northern areas. Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum (as predicted in the Spanish constitution). All Spain-based parties, as well as UPN and PSN, oppose this move.

Present-day political dynamics Edit

 
Seat distribution in the Parliament of Navarre since 2019.
  EH Bildu (7)
  Geroa Bai (9)
  PSN (11)
  Navarra Suma (20)

Politics in Navarre have been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocks representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society: the Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties, on the one side, and the institutional pro-Spanish parties, UPN, PP and PSN on the other. Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community. In the past, pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions.[citation needed] Another 2013-2014 controversy refers to the alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers, billed as "ETA supporting teachers".[20][21]

Since the establishment of Navarre's present status (the Amejoramiento, the 'Betterment') in 1982, the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals, with UPN's Miguel Sanz's term being the most stable and longest, extending from 2001 to 2011. Between 2012 and 2014, a series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra.[22][23] By November 2012, the PSN—UPN's standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN, but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances, leaving a deadlocked government. The regional president, widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central government's backup, went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre.[24]

After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet (Lourdes Goicoechea, regional public finance secretary) in February 2014,[25] the Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that "Navarre is strategic for Spain", and asserting that any other political alliance means "supporting ETA". The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that "the worst political error is not corruption" but getting along with Bildu (a Basque pro-independence coalition).[26] In May 2015, the elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties, which managed to establish an alliance, Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019. June 2019 elections, however, turned the tide, when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma, made up of UPN, PP and Ciudadanos, and garnered 20 MPs, 40% of the seats in the Parliament of Navarre, although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share.[27][28] Following the election results, PSN's María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces, handing over Pamplona's council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances, but relying on its abstention for her inauguration.[29][30]

In December 2017, the Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories, one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish, and another for Spanish monolinguals, so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra (integrated in the regional government) the new progressive government's plan to have just one; the latter echoes a long-running demand of education unions.[31] In July 2018, the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Right's and Civil Servants' Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015.[32] Three months later, the chief executive officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero, as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as a new Jose Antonio, also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures.[33] In October 2019, the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas, also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions, unless strictly needed; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in the coalition government of Navarre, as well as EH Bildu, but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma.[34][35]

Geography and climate Edit

 
Irati Forest
 
Baztan valley
 
Bardenas Reales

Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 (2006), of whom approximately one-third live in the capital, Pamplona (195,769 pop.), and one-half in the capital's metropolitan area (315,988 pop.). There are no other large municipalities in the region. The next largest are Tudela (32,802), Barañain (22,401), Burlada/Burlata (18,388), Estella-Lizarra (13,892), Zizur Mayor (13,197), Tafalla (11,040), Villava/Atarrabia (10,295), and Ansoáin/Antsoain (9,952).

Despite its relatively small size, Navarre features stark contrasts in geography, from the Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south. The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes, with an elevation of 2,428 metres (7,965 feet).

Other important mountains are Txamantxoia, Kartxela, the Larra-Belagua Massif, Sierra de Alaiz, Untzueko Harria, Sierra de Leyre, Sierra del Perdón, Montejurra, Ezkaba, Monte Ori, Sierra de Codés, Urbasa, Andia, and the Aralar Range.

In the north, climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate (Köppen: Cfb). Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Bay of Biscay, the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián. At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower, leading to a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa and Csb) At the southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid (Köppen: Bsk). This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north, further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region.

The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of 28 °C (82 °F) and lows of 14 °C (57 °F), while winter highs are 9 °C (48 °F) and lows 1 °C (34 °F) with moderate precipitation year-round.

Climate data for Pamplona-Iruña
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1)
23.6
(74.5)
30
(86)
29.6
(85.3)
33.5
(92.3)
38.5
(101.3)
40.2
(104.4)
40.6
(105.1)
38.8
(101.8)
30
(86)
27
(81)
20
(68)
40.6
(105.1)
Average high °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4)
10.9
(51.6)
14.6
(58.3)
16.4
(61.5)
20.2
(68.4)
25.2
(77.4)
28.2
(82.8)
28.3
(82.9)
24.5
(76.1)
19.3
(66.7)
13.1
(55.6)
9.7
(49.5)
18.4
(65.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4)
6.3
(43.3)
9.1
(48.4)
10.9
(51.6)
14.7
(58.5)
18.6
(65.5)
21.2
(70.2)
21.4
(70.5)
18.2
(64.8)
14.1
(57.4)
9.0
(48.2)
6.0
(42.8)
12.9
(55.2)
Average low °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5)
1.6
(34.9)
3.7
(38.7)
5.3
(41.5)
8.6
(47.5)
11.9
(53.4)
14.2
(57.6)
14.5
(58.1)
12.0
(53.6)
8.9
(48.0)
4.8
(40.6)
2.2
(36.0)
7.4
(45.3)
Record low °C (°F) −12.4
(9.7)
−15.2
(4.6)
−9
(16)
−2.2
(28.0)
−0.2
(31.6)
3.8
(38.8)
7
(45)
4.8
(40.6)
3.4
(38.1)
−1
(30)
−6.6
(20.1)
−14.2
(6.4)
−15.2
(4.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57
(2.2)
50
(2.0)
54
(2.1)
74
(2.9)
60
(2.4)
46
(1.8)
33
(1.3)
38
(1.5)
44
(1.7)
68
(2.7)
75
(3.0)
72
(2.8)
674
(26.5)
Average relative humidity (%) 78 72 66 65 63 59 57 58 62 69 76 78 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 93 125 177 185 228 268 310 282 219 164 108 88 2,240
Source 1: [36]
Source 2: [37]

Cultural heritage Edit

Navarre is a mixture of its Basque tradition, the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro. The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat, vegetables, wine, and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja. It was a part of the Roman Empire, inhabited by the Vascones, later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslims Banu Qasi, whose authority was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century.

During the Reconquista, Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims, since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Starting in the 11th century, the Way of Saint James grew in importance. It brought pilgrims, traders and Christian soldiers from the North. Gascons and Occitans from beyond the Pyrenees (called Franks) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns, and they brought their crafts, culture and Romance languages.

Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre, expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries, and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after the death of his wife Queen Isabella, he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to conversos and mudejars of 1492 to the former kingdom. Therefore, Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed.

Economy Edit

 
Navarra products treemap, 2020

Navarre is one of the wealthiest regions in Spain per capita, with a diversified economy primarily focused on the energy sector, healthcare services and manufacturing. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros as of 2018, accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average.[38]

The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and was the lowest in the country.[39]

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
unemployment rate
(in %)
5.4% 4.7% 6.8% 10.8% 11.9% 13.0% 16.2% 17.9% 15.7% 13.8% 12.5% 10.2%

Energy policy Edit

Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010. By 2004, 61% of the region's electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms, 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines, and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants. In addition, the region had what was then Spain's largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela (1.2 MWp capacity) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations.

Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión (0.25 MWp)[40] and another at Castejón (2.44 MWp), also once the largest in Spain.[41]

Demography Edit

In 2018, the Foral Community of Navarra ranked 15th as the most populous Autonomous Community in Spain with a population of 647,554 inhabitants, which at the time was a population density of 62.32 inhabitants/km².

The data of the population pyramid of 2010 can be summarized as follows:

  • The population under 20 years of age is 19.84% of the total.
  • The one between 20–40 years is 29.39%.
  • The one between 40–60 years is 27.98%.
  • The older than 60 years is 22.78%.

Languages Edit

 
The Iberian Peninsula in 1030. The first evidence of written Romance in central Spain and of written Basque is in the Glosas Emilianenses, from La Rioja, a territory that was part of Navarre for some time. The map shows the Kingdom of Pamplona through the years 1029 y 1035.

Presently, Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community, except for north-eastern areas, where Basque continues to be the prevailing language. According to official statistics, Spanish is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population, Basque is 5.7% of the population's mother tongue, and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue.[42]

Language shift Edit

The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately,[43] after a steady historic retreat. In 2011, 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque.[44] Historically, Basque is the lingua navarrorum, as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages, such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise.[45] The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas.[46] In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the king's authority, the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626:

Two languages are spoken across the kingdom, Basque and Romance, but most properly the Cantabric [language] Basque, the original and most ancient, brought along by its creator, the patriarch Tubal, devoid of mingling with others; it has always been preserved there, except in the Ribera and the bordering areas of Castile and Aragon, where Romance is spoken.

— García de Gongora (pseudonym of Juan Sada Amezqueta)[47]

José Moret, chronicler of the kingdom, called Navarre and its bordering provinces "the lands of Basque", claiming also that Tubal founded the Kingdom of Navarre.[47] However, Basque underwent a gradual erosion, accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites, among other reasons.[48] By 1778, 121,000 inhabitants out of 227,000 were Basque speakers, 53% of its population, still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories. However, the number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century. In 1936, Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population.[49]

Other languages have been spoken, but have disappeared, such as Navarro-Aragonese, a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin. Starting in the late 11th century, the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas (Francs) who settled in separate boroughs along the Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early-14th century. Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329, when it reached official status.[50] However, from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian (Spanish) and eventually merged with it.[51] Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela, French, Hebrew, and Arabic.

Linguistic division of the territory and legal consequences Edit

 
Distribution by municipality of the Basque-speaking zone, mixed-speaking zone and the non-Basque speaking zone through the modification of 2017.

According to the 1978 Spanish constitution and the Amejoramiento del Fuero, a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre, Spanish is the official language of Navarre, while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas. Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language, the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as a specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage.[52]

The Statutory Law of Basque of 1986 defined the above areas, creating the Basque-speaking zone, an area north-east of Navarre in which Basque is the co-official language along with Spanish. This law recognizes Spanish and Basque as Navarre's lenguas propias (a Spanish legal term meaning that a language in an autonomous community in Spain has co-official status along with Spanish),[53] according to the Foral Law 18/1986 of Basque.[54] This law divides Navarre into three linguistically distinct areas, a Basque-speaking zone, where Basque is the dominant language, a Mixed-speaking zone, where Basque and Spanish are both dominant, and a Non-Basque speaking zone, where Spanish is the dominant language. In the latter, the public entities of Navarre are required to use only Spanish, but in the mixed area the use of Basque is also confined to certain position. The area of the municipalities belonging to the Basque-speaking and Mixed Basque and Spanish-speaking zones are the following:[54]

Later, two more municipalities would be added that came from the Basque-speaking zone: Lecumberri and Irurzun.

As a consequence of the constitution of new municipalities, other municipalities would be added: Berrioplano, Berriozar, Orcoyen y Zizur Mayor. Moreover, in 2010 a legal modification granted four municipalities of Cuenca de Pamplona the power of incorporating into the Mixed-speaking zone if the absolute majority decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-speaking zone. Aranguren, Belascoáin y Galar decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-speaking zone while Noáin decided to remain in the Basque-speaking zone.

One modification to the law implemented in June 2017 allowed municipalities from the Non-Basque speaking zone to become a part of the mixed zone 44 (Abáigar, Adiós, Aibar, Allín, Améscoa Baja, Ancín, Añorbe, Aranarache, Arellano, Artazu, Bargota, Beriáin, Biurrun-Olcoz, Cabredo, Dicastillo, Enériz, Eulate, Gallués, Garínoain, Izagaondoa, Larraona, Leoz, Lerga, Lónguida, Mendigorría, Metauten, Mirafuentes, Murieta, Nazar, Obanos, Olite, Oteiza, Pueyo, Sangüesa, Tafalla, Tiebas, Tirapu, Unzué, Ujué, Urraúl Bajo, Urroz-Villa, Villatuerta, Cirauqui y Zúñiga) and for Atez to pass from the Mixed-speaking zone to the Basque-speaking zone.[55]

  • Non-Basque-speaking zone: This zone is composed of the remaining municipalities that are located predominantly towards the Southeast of the foral community where the Basque language is not commonly spoken by the population. However, more people have been speaking Basque in these communities and in present day, there are municipalities in which 10% of their inhabitants are bilingual or semi-bilingual in Basque and Spanish such as in Tafalla, Sangüesa y Lumbier. In comparison, in Tafalla or Sanguesa's population those that speak or understand Basque well are 5% of the population or 10% en Lumbier. In other localities with ikastolas such as in Fontellas, Lodosa y Viana the bilingual population is around 2% and 8%, while those that speak or understand Basque well are 1% in Fontellas, 2% in Lodosa and 5% in Viana.[56] Since 2006-2007 the schools that teach Basque in the Non-Basque speaking zone are assisted by the Department of Education of the government of Navarre.[57]

Denomination of local entities Edit

The official denomination of Navarran municipalities and villages are regulated according to the Foral Basque Law.[54][58] It distinguishes three different types of formulas:

  • Unique denominations: the use of Basque in legal documents is the same when compared with Spanish independently. Examples: Lantz or Beintza-Labaien.
  • Compounded denominations: They have a unique denomination formula formed from the Spanish and Basque toponyms in Spanish or Basque and are united by the symbol "-" or "/". Its use (the compounded denomination) is the same in Spanish as in Basque. Examples: Doneztebe/Santesteban, Orreaga/Roncesvalles, Estella-Lizarra.
  • Double denominations: The toponym, in Basque or Spanish is dependent on the language and how it is used in the text. Examples: Pamplona <> Iruña, Villava <> Atarrabia, Aibar <> Oibar.
 
Percentage of people that speak Basque well (2001).

Basque dialects in Navarre Edit

Basque in Navarre has various dialects (there are nine according to the classification of the General Basque Dictionary or the Royal Academy of the Basque Language). According to the most recent classification of Koldo Zuazo, the most widespread dialect is Upper Navarrese, spoken in the northern part of Navarre. In localities such as Basaburua Mayor, Imoz and other border localities with Gipuzkoa, the dialect of Central Basque is spoken and in the central part of the Pyrenees in Navarre a variety of Navarro-Lapurdian is spoken.

On the east of the Pyrenees in Navarre, the Roncalese and Salazarese dialects of Basque used to be spoken in the valleys of Roncal and Salazar, but it disappeared near the end of the twentieth century; the last person who spoke it in Roncal died in 1991 and in Salazar the language also disappeared because the last person who spoke it fluently died during the first years of the twenty-first century. Apart from dialects, sub-dialects from Basque also exist and there are also differences in vocabulary in local linguistic communities.

Linguistic traits of the Spanish spoken in Navarre Edit

There are a number of features of Spanish as spoken in Navarre that are either exclusive to the area or shared only with neighbouring areas (mainly Aragón and La Rioja), such as the predominance of the diminutive with -ico or the use of the conditional verb tense in place of the preterite of the subjunctive (for example, using podría instead of pudiera). There are also differences in the vocabulary of Spanish speakers from Navarre,[59] including the presence of words of Basque origin, which is in some cases due to a Basque substrate, or long-standing contact and commercial exchanges with areas of Navarre in which Basque is spoken.[49]

See also Edit

Notes and references Edit

  1. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  2. ^ a b Bernardo Estornés Lasa's Spanish article on Navarra 2012-01-12 at the Wayback Machine in the Auñamendi Entziklopedia (click on "NAVARRA – NAFARROA (NOMBRE Y EMBLEMAS)")
  3. ^ "HISTORY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY - THE ROMANS". Kondaira.net.
  4. ^ Collins, Roger (1990). The Basques (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0631175652., p. 140-141.
  5. ^ Collins (1990), p. 181.
  6. ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2014). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-1317870418.
  7. ^ Collins (1990), pp. 214–215.
  8. ^ Collins (1990), pp. 185.
  9. ^ Collins (1990), pp. 232.
  10. ^ Monreal/Jimeno (2012), pp. 10–15.
  11. ^ Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012). Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. ISBN 978-84-7681-736-0., pp. 30 – 32
  12. ^ Collins (1990), p. 275.
  13. ^ Paul Preston (2013). The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. London, UK: HarperCollins. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-00-638695-7.
  14. ^ Preston, P. 2013, p. 179-181
  15. ^ Preston, P. 2013, p. 182-184
  16. ^ Charla con Lucio Urtubia [Talks with Lucio Urtubia] (in Spanish). CGT/LKN Bizkaia. 2014-04-15. Event occurs at 07’02. Archived from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2015-05-01. (First-hand witness Lucio Urtubia's testimony in Spanish) For the first time ever that is being talked about now, I only bore witness to crimes and abuses in my land carried out by that Church that if it really wanted, all could have been prevented. In the Ribera of Navarre, there are about 4,000 dead by fire-squad, people who had done no harm, no evil to anyone, they were just workers, farmers, the hunger-stricken, so that is why, because they were Republicans, or just affiliated to the CNT or UGT that they were executed by firearm. That was with the complicity of the Catholic Church, that is why I don't believe in that Church, that Church was horrific. That Church had the likes of don Pablo or don Vitoriano, who came down every morning, there were little kids who had just come from shooting in executions, with the former asking to them, "How many, how many today?", the kids going, "Three or four", in turn responding, "Small number, small number". I lived through all that.
  17. ^ Preston, P. 2013, p. 183
  18. ^ "Navarra. Historia: Franquismo". Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia. EuskoMedia Fundazioa. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  19. ^ "Navarra. Historia: Franquismo". Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia. EuskoMedia Fundazioa. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  20. ^ "La Guardia Civil alerta: ETA se infiltra en la escuela navarra". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  21. ^ "Nafarroako D ereduko 1.600 irakasle ikertu ditu poliziak ETArekin zerikusia izan dezaketelakoan" (PDF). Hik Hasi. 189: 441. December 2013.
  22. ^ "La Cámara de Comptos constata que el Gobierno hizo dejación de funciones al no controlar Caja Navarra". Noticias de Navarra. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  23. ^ "Barcina y Sanz duplicaban la reuniones de Caja Navarra para cobrar más en dietas". La Vanguardia. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  24. ^ "Barcina arriesga el régimen foral para salvar su Gobierno". Naiz. 11 August 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  25. ^ "La exdirectora de Hacienda acusa a Lourdes Goicoechea de presionar sobre inspecciones a determinados clientes". Noticias de Navarra. 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  26. ^ "Fernández Díaz: "Navarra es estratégica para España"". Naiz. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  27. ^ "Navarra Suma arrebata un escaño a EH Bildu y consigue 20 parlamentarios e Izquierda-Ezkerra mantiene el suyo". Hazte socio de eldiario.es (in Spanish). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  28. ^ Santos, Pilar (2019-03-11). "PP, Cs y UPN se presentarán juntos en la plataforma 'Navarra suma'". elperiodico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  29. ^ Marcos, José (2019-06-11). "El PSOE facilitará Pamplona a la derecha sin renunciar al Gobierno de Navarra". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  30. ^ "María Chivite tomará posesión este martes como presidenta del Gobierno de Navarra". Europa Press. 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  31. ^ N.Elia (21 December 2017). "IU hace fracasar el intento del Gobierno de implantar la lista única para euskera y castellano en la próxima OPE de Educación". El Diario. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  32. ^ "El Constitucional anula la ley foral de víctimas de extrema derecha y funcionarios públicos". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  33. ^ "Una cuenta secreta de Twitter del jefe de la Policía Nacional en Navarra insulta a políticos de izquierdas y nacionalistas". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  34. ^ "Los partidos están divididos por la sentencia de la valoración del euskera". www.eitb.eus (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-10-01.
  35. ^ "Anulan la valoración del euskera como mérito en las zonas 'mixta' y 'no vascófona'". www.eitb.eus (in Spanish). October 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
  36. ^ "Standard Climate Values for Pamplona". Aemet.es. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  37. ^ "Extreme Climate Values for Pamplona". Aemet.es. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  38. ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
  39. ^ "Regional Unemployment by NUTS2 Region". Eurostat.
  40. ^ . Renewable Energy Today. 2 December 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2020 – via Find Articles.
  41. ^ . Energías Renovables. 21 February 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  42. ^ [Statistics of Navarra from 2011 Census]. Instituto de Estadística de Navarra (in Spanish). Gobierno de Navarra. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  43. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-01-07.
  44. ^ "Statistic Institute of Navarra".
  45. ^ "Euskara" (PDF). Euskadi. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  46. ^ Trask, Robert.L. (1996). The History of Basque. New York: Routledge. p. 427. ISBN 0-415-13116-2.
  47. ^ a b Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012). Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. pp. 55–61. ISBN 978-84-7681-736-0.
  48. ^ Mikelarena Peña, Fernando (2003). "La evolución demográfica de la población vascoparlante en Navarra entre 1553 y 1936". Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta. 92: 183–197. ISSN 0046-435X.
  49. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-15.
  50. ^ Cierbide, Ricardo (1998). "Notas gráfico-fonéticas sobre la documentación medieval navarra". Príncipe de Viana. 59 (214): 523–534.
  51. ^ Herria, Euskal. Lugar de encuentro de lenguas y culturas.
  52. ^ Esparza Zabalegi, Jose Mari (2012). Vasconavarros. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9788415313-41-0.
  53. ^ Diccionario de la lengua española (23rd ed.). Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. 2014. ISBN 978-84-670-4189-7.
  54. ^ a b c "LEY FORAL 18/1986, DE 15 DE DICIEMBRE DEL EUSKERA" [Foral Law 18/1986] (in Spanish) (154). 17 December 1986. Retrieved 24 February 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  55. ^ "44 Navarran Localities Win Rights for Basque language through 'mixed zone'". Naiz (in Spanish). 22 June 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  56. ^ "Censo de poblacion. Población y demografía. Cifras de población". Institute for Statistics of Navarra (in Spanish). from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  57. ^ Iribarren, Jesús (November 15, 2006). . Diario de Noticias de Navarra (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  58. ^ "Información sobre el buscador de Entidades Locales". Navarra.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  59. ^ Irribaren, Jose María. Vocabulario navarro, Pamplona: Institución Príncipe de Viana, 1984 y Carmen Saralegui, Cristina Tabernero: Navarrismos en el diccionario de la Real Academia Española, Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Educación y Cultura, 2001.

External links Edit

  • Official website (in Basque/English/French/Spanish)
  • History of Navarre
  • (LAS BARDENAS, CAVERN, GROTTE VALTIERRA, CUEVAS DE VALTIERRA)
  • Bardenas Reales desert (Navarra)
  • Northern Spanish region leads way on renewable energy
  • (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-25. (211 KB)
  • Guide to the Navarra Pyrenees mountains.

navarre, this, article, about, autonomous, community, spain, medieval, kingdom, kingdom, other, uses, disambiguation, english, ɑːr, spanish, navarra, naˈβara, basque, nafarroa, nafaro, officially, chartered, community, spanish, comunidad, foral, navarra, komun. This article is about the autonomous community in Spain For the medieval kingdom see Kingdom of Navarre For other uses see Navarre disambiguation Navarre English n e ˈ v ɑːr Spanish Navarra naˈbara Basque Nafarroa nafaro a officially the Chartered Community of Navarre Spanish Comunidad Foral de Navarra komuniˈdad foˈɾal de naˈbara Basque Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea nafaro ako foɾu komunitate a is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain bordering the Basque Autonomous Community La Rioja and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle Aquitaine in France The capital city is Pamplona Basque Iruna The present day province makes up the majority of the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre a long standing Pyrenean kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees with its northernmost part Lower Navarre located in the southwest corner of France Navarre Navarra Spanish Nafarroa Basque Autonomous community and provinceChartered Community of NavarreComunidad Foral de Navarra Spanish Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea Basque FlagCoat of armsAnthem Gorteen Ereserkia Himno de las Cortes Anthem of the Courts Location of Navarre within SpainCoordinates 42 49 N 1 39 W 42 817 N 1 650 W 42 817 1 650Country SpainCapitalPamplona Iruna Government PresidentMaria Chivite PSN PSOE Area 2 2 of Spain Ranked 11th Total10 391 km2 4 012 sq mi Population 2021 Total661 537 Density64 km2 160 sq mi Pop rank15th Percent1 3 of SpainDemonym s Navarrese en Navarro a es Nafartar eu ISO 3166 2ES NAOfficial languagesSpanish Basque is co official in the Basque speaking areas Statute of Autonomy16 August 1982ParliamentParliament of NavarreCongress seats5 of 350 deputiesSenate seats5 of 265 senatorsHDI 2021 0 926 1 very high 3rdWebsitewww wbr navarra wbr es wbr home wbr en wbr ES www wbr navarra wbr es wbr eu wbr hasiera EUS Navarre is in the transition zone between Green Spain and semi arid interior areas and thus its landscapes vary widely across the region Being in a transition zone also produces a highly variable climate with summers that are a mix of cooler spells and heat waves and winters that are mild for the latitude Navarre is one of the historic Basque districts its Basque features are conspicuous in the north but virtually absent on the southern fringes The best known event in Navarre is the annual festival of San Fermin held in Pamplona in July Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2 1 Antiquity 2 2 Kingdom of Navarre 2 3 Province of Spain 2 3 1 Loss of home rule 2 3 2 Republic and military uprising 2 3 3 Post war scene 2 3 4 Tension during the Spanish transition 3 Politics 3 1 Institutions and status 3 2 Present day political dynamics 4 Geography and climate 5 Cultural heritage 6 Economy 7 Energy policy 8 Demography 9 Languages 9 1 Language shift 9 2 Linguistic division of the territory and legal consequences 9 3 Denomination of local entities 9 4 Basque dialects in Navarre 9 5 Linguistic traits of the Spanish spoken in Navarre 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 External linksToponymy EditThe first documented use of a name resembling Navarra Nafarroa or Naparroa is a reference to navarros in Eginhard s early 9th century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne describing his intrusion to the Ebro river 2 Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros There are two proposed etymologies for the name 2 Basque nabar declined absolute singular nabarra brownish multicolour i e in contrast to the green mountainous lands north of the original County of Navarre Basque naba or Spanish nava valley plain Basque herri people land The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate rather than Basque per se The official name in Basque is Nafarroa but the form Nafarroa Garaia Upper Navarre is also often seen to distinguish the province from neighboring Lower Navarre History Edit nbsp Coins of Arsaos Navarre 150 100 BC showing Rome s stylistic influence nbsp Castle of XabierAntiquity Edit Before and during the Roman Empire the Vascones populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees including the area which would ultimately become Navarre In the mountainous north the Vascones escaped large scale Roman settlement except for some coastal areas for example Oiasso in what is now Gipuzkoa and the flatter areas to the south Calagurris in what is now La Rioja which were amenable to large scale Roman farming vineyards olives and wheat crops There is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques as they had the same enemies 3 Kingdom of Navarre Edit Main article Kingdom of Navarre Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area The Vascones to become the Basques assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD In the year 778 the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass 824 the Basque chieftain Inigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre 4 That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees and even a short overlordship of Gascony in the early 11th century 5 When Sancho III died in 1035 the kingdom was divided between his sons 6 It never fully recovered its political power while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims the Francs poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James 7 In 1200 Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile leaving the kingdom landlocked 8 Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads The native line of kings came to an end in 1234 their heirs intermarried with French dynasties 9 However the Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions The death of Queen Blanche I 1441 inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian Aragonese House of Trastamara in Navarre s internal affairs 10 In 1512 Navarre was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholic s troops 11 with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to the north of the Pyrenees and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre Bearn led by Queen Joan III as of 1555 To the south of the Pyrenees Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515 but kept a separate ambiguous status and a shaky balance up to 1610 King Henry III ready to march over Spanish Navarre A Chartered Government was established the Diputacion and the kingdom managed to keep home rule Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794 when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self government altogether with the end of the First Carlist War 1839 1841 definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule fueros to an end 12 Province of Spain Edit nbsp Carlists in retreat to the Irache monastery during the Third Carlist War nbsp Memorial to the Charters of Navarre erected by popular subscription in Pamplona after the Gamazada 1903 nbsp Arturo Campion 1854 1937 a major Basque Navarrese activist and MP in Madrid during the Gamazada nbsp Facade of the Parliament of Navarre in PamplonaLoss of home rule Edit After the 1839 Convention of Bergara a reduced version of home rule fueros was passed in 1839 However the 1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros later called the Compromise Act Ley Paccionada definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarre s customary cross Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling Amid instability in Spain Carlists took over in Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital 1872 1876 but King Alfonso XII s restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter attack prompted the Carlist defeat The end of the Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre In 1893 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrid s governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions Except for a small faction the so called Alfonsinos all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the Laurak Bat the Basque districts in Spain Among these the Carlists stood out who politically dominated the province and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid as well as left leaning influences Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period remaining a basically rural economy Republic and military uprising Edit In 1932 a Basque Country s separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic 1931 1939 Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933 leaving the latter eager for revenge 13 The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence ideologues such as Victor Pradera and an understanding with General Mola paved the way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona 18 July 1936 The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive reds mildly republican or just inconvenient 14 The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks and counted on the active complicity of the clergy who adopted the fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks 15 16 The killing took a death toll of at least 2 857 plus a further 305 dying in prisons ill treatment malnutrition 17 The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas Urbasa etc Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent e g Fortunato Aguirre a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella and co founder of Osasuna Football Club was executed in September 1936 Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North Post war scene Edit As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising Franco allowed Navarre as it happened with Alava to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of the ancient Navarrese liberties 18 The bleak post war years were shaken by shortage famine and smuggling with the economy relying on agriculture wheat vineyards olive barley and a negative migration balance The victors came to cluster around two main factions Carlists and Falangists 19 while the totalitarian ultra Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group the Opus Dei to found their University of Navarre 1952 ever more influential in Pamplona The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s automobile manufacturing and accessories etc especially around the overgrown capital It was followed by labour and political unrest In the run up to Spanish democracy Constitution ratified in 1978 Navarre plunged into a climate of violence practised by ETA state sponsored paramilitary groups and police forces extending through the 1980s and beyond Tension during the Spanish transition Edit Officials and figures with good connections to the Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suarez s UCD later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesus Aizpun Tuero 1979 refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre s charters or fueros remained in place They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held a majority A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment Amejoramiento a Navarre only solution considered an upgrade of its former status issued from the remains of the charters In a three year span the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position quit the Basque process and joined the arrangement adopted for Navarre Chartered Community of Navarre 1982 The reform was not ratified by referendum as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces Politics EditInstitutions and status Edit nbsp Patrol unit from the Policia Foral the Navarrese autonomous police force that largely replaces the Spanish National Police and the Civil Guard in this territory After the end of Franco s dictatorship Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain The community ceremonies education and social services together with housing urban development and environment protection policies are under the responsibility of Navarre s political institutions As in the rest of communities Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community who is in charge of Navarre s government Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain but like the Basque Autonomous Community Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow the overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre UCD party After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre PSN PSOE one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party main centre left wing party in Spain or the Navarrese People s Union UPN a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the People s Party PP main right wing party in Spain However in 2015 Uxue Barkos Geroa Bai became president with the support of EH Bildu Podemos and Izquierda Ezkerra She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of the vote around 31 in the 2015 elections and a majority in most of the northern areas Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum as predicted in the Spanish constitution All Spain based parties as well as UPN and PSN oppose this move Present day political dynamics Edit nbsp Seat distribution in the Parliament of Navarre since 2019 EH Bildu 7 Izquierda Ezkerra 1 Podemos Ahal Dugu 2 Geroa Bai 9 PSN 11 Navarra Suma 20 Politics in Navarre have been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocks representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society the Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro Basque Geroa Bai parties on the one side and the institutional pro Spanish parties UPN PP and PSN on the other Parties on the pro Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community In the past pro Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions citation needed Another 2013 2014 controversy refers to the alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers billed as ETA supporting teachers 20 21 Since the establishment of Navarre s present status the Amejoramiento the Betterment in 1982 the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals with UPN s Miguel Sanz s term being the most stable and longest extending from 2001 to 2011 Between 2012 and 2014 a series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling embezzlement misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra 22 23 By November 2012 the PSN UPN s standing ally in Navarre up to that point backed down on its support of UPN but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances leaving a deadlocked government The regional president widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central government s backup went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre 24 After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet Lourdes Goicoechea regional public finance secretary in February 2014 25 the Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernandez Diaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that Navarre is strategic for Spain and asserting that any other political alliance means supporting ETA The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardon in turn stated that the worst political error is not corruption but getting along with Bildu a Basque pro independence coalition 26 In May 2015 the elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro Basque parties which managed to establish an alliance Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 2019 June 2019 elections however turned the tide when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma made up of UPN PP and Ciudadanos and garnered 20 MPs 40 of the seats in the Parliament of Navarre although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share 27 28 Following the election results PSN s Maria Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces handing over Pamplona s council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances but relying on its abstention for her inauguration 29 30 In December 2017 the Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state run education network into two different professional categories one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish and another for Spanish monolinguals so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda Ezkerra integrated in the regional government the new progressive government s plan to have just one the latter echoes a long running demand of education unions 31 In July 2018 the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Right s and Civil Servants Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015 32 Three months later the chief executive officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as a new Jose Antonio also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures 33 In October 2019 the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed Speaking and Non Basque Speaking areas also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions unless strictly needed the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in the coalition government of Navarre as well as EH Bildu but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma 34 35 Geography and climate Edit nbsp Irati Forest nbsp Baztan valley nbsp Bardenas RealesNavarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601 874 2006 of whom approximately one third live in the capital Pamplona 195 769 pop and one half in the capital s metropolitan area 315 988 pop There are no other large municipalities in the region The next largest are Tudela 32 802 Baranain 22 401 Burlada Burlata 18 388 Estella Lizarra 13 892 Zizur Mayor 13 197 Tafalla 11 040 Villava Atarrabia 10 295 and Ansoain Antsoain 9 952 Despite its relatively small size Navarre features stark contrasts in geography from the Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes with an elevation of 2 428 metres 7 965 feet Other important mountains are Txamantxoia Kartxela the Larra Belagua Massif Sierra de Alaiz Untzueko Harria Sierra de Leyre Sierra del Perdon Montejurra Ezkaba Monte Ori Sierra de Codes Urbasa Andia and the Aralar Range In the north climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate Koppen Cfb Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than 10 kilometres 6 2 mi from the Bay of Biscay the northern fringes resemble San Sebastian At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower leading to a Mediterranean climate Koppen Csa and Csb At the southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi arid Koppen Bsk This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north western corner and has summer highs of 28 C 82 F and lows of 14 C 57 F while winter highs are 9 C 48 F and lows 1 C 34 F with moderate precipitation year round Climate data for Pamplona IrunaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 19 5 67 1 23 6 74 5 30 86 29 6 85 3 33 5 92 3 38 5 101 3 40 2 104 4 40 6 105 1 38 8 101 8 30 86 27 81 20 68 40 6 105 1 Average high C F 9 1 48 4 10 9 51 6 14 6 58 3 16 4 61 5 20 2 68 4 25 2 77 4 28 2 82 8 28 3 82 9 24 5 76 1 19 3 66 7 13 1 55 6 9 7 49 5 18 4 65 1 Daily mean C F 5 2 41 4 6 3 43 3 9 1 48 4 10 9 51 6 14 7 58 5 18 6 65 5 21 2 70 2 21 4 70 5 18 2 64 8 14 1 57 4 9 0 48 2 6 0 42 8 12 9 55 2 Average low C F 1 4 34 5 1 6 34 9 3 7 38 7 5 3 41 5 8 6 47 5 11 9 53 4 14 2 57 6 14 5 58 1 12 0 53 6 8 9 48 0 4 8 40 6 2 2 36 0 7 4 45 3 Record low C F 12 4 9 7 15 2 4 6 9 16 2 2 28 0 0 2 31 6 3 8 38 8 7 45 4 8 40 6 3 4 38 1 1 30 6 6 20 1 14 2 6 4 15 2 4 6 Average precipitation mm inches 57 2 2 50 2 0 54 2 1 74 2 9 60 2 4 46 1 8 33 1 3 38 1 5 44 1 7 68 2 7 75 3 0 72 2 8 674 26 5 Average relative humidity 78 72 66 65 63 59 57 58 62 69 76 78 67Mean monthly sunshine hours 93 125 177 185 228 268 310 282 219 164 108 88 2 240Source 1 36 Source 2 37 Cultural heritage EditNavarre is a mixture of its Basque tradition the Trans Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat vegetables wine and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja It was a part of the Roman Empire inhabited by the Vascones later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslims Banu Qasi whose authority was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century During the Reconquista Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 Starting in the 11th century the Way of Saint James grew in importance It brought pilgrims traders and Christian soldiers from the North Gascons and Occitans from beyond the Pyrenees called Franks received self government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns and they brought their crafts culture and Romance languages Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after the death of his wife Queen Isabella he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to conversos and mudejars of 1492 to the former kingdom Therefore Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed Economy Edit nbsp Navarra products treemap 2020Navarre is one of the wealthiest regions in Spain per capita with a diversified economy primarily focused on the energy sector healthcare services and manufacturing The gross domestic product GDP of the autonomous community was 20 3 billion euros as of 2018 accounting for 1 7 of Spanish economic output GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33 700 euros or 112 of the EU27 average in the same year The GDP per employee was 109 of the EU average 38 The unemployment rate stood at 10 2 in 2017 and was the lowest in the country 39 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017unemployment rate in 5 4 4 7 6 8 10 8 11 9 13 0 16 2 17 9 15 7 13 8 12 5 10 2 Energy policy EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information June 2012 Main article Wind power in Spain Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100 renewable electricity generation by 2010 By 2004 61 of the region s electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43 6 from 28 wind farms 12 from over 100 small scale water turbines and 5 3 from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants In addition the region had what was then Spain s largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela 1 2 MWp capacity plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrion 0 25 MWp 40 and another at Castejon 2 44 MWp also once the largest in Spain 41 Demography EditIn 2018 the Foral Community of Navarra ranked 15th as the most populous Autonomous Community in Spain with a population of 647 554 inhabitants which at the time was a population density of 62 32 inhabitants km The data of the population pyramid of 2010 can be summarized as follows The population under 20 years of age is 19 84 of the total The one between 20 40 years is 29 39 The one between 40 60 years is 27 98 The older than 60 years is 22 78 Historical populationYearPop 1900310 535 1910323 503 4 2 1920339 220 4 9 1930352 108 3 8 1940365 014 3 7 1950383 354 5 0 1960406 838 6 1 1970466 593 14 7 1981509 002 9 1 1991519 277 2 0 2001555 829 7 0 2011640 129 15 2 2021662 032 3 4 Source INE Most populated municipalities 2021 Position Municipality Inhabitants1st Pamplona 253 0932nd Tudela 37 0083nd Egues 21 5564th Baranain 19 8535th Burlada 19 7236th Zizur Mayor 15 1987th Lizarra 13 9118th Aranguren 11 7269th Antsoain 10 73210th Berriozar 10 72311th Tafalla 10 58212th Villava 10 13113th Noain 8 35414th Corella 8 22015th Cintruenigo 8 051Languages Edit nbsp The Iberian Peninsula in 1030 The first evidence of written Romance in central Spain and of written Basque is in the Glosas Emilianenses from La Rioja a territory that was part of Navarre for some time The map shows the Kingdom of Pamplona through the years 1029 y 1035 Presently Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community except for north eastern areas where Basque continues to be the prevailing language According to official statistics Spanish is the mother tongue of 81 9 of the population Basque is 5 7 of the population s mother tongue and 3 8 of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6 1 of the population have another language as their mother tongue 42 Language shift EditThe number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately 43 after a steady historic retreat In 2011 13 6 of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14 5 considered themselves semi speakers of Basque 44 Historically Basque is the lingua navarrorum as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise 45 The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas 46 In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the king s authority the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626 Two languages are spoken across the kingdom Basque and Romance but most properly the Cantabric language Basque the original and most ancient brought along by its creator the patriarch Tubal devoid of mingling with others it has always been preserved there except in the Ribera and the bordering areas of Castile and Aragon where Romance is spoken Garcia de Gongora pseudonym of Juan Sada Amezqueta 47 Jose Moret chronicler of the kingdom called Navarre and its bordering provinces the lands of Basque claiming also that Tubal founded the Kingdom of Navarre 47 However Basque underwent a gradual erosion accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites among other reasons 48 By 1778 121 000 inhabitants out of 227 000 were Basque speakers 53 of its population still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories However the number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century In 1936 Basque speakers accounted for a 17 of the total Navarrese population 49 Other languages have been spoken but have disappeared such as Navarro Aragonese a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin Starting in the late 11th century the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas Francs who settled in separate boroughs along the Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early 14th century Navarro Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329 when it reached official status 50 However from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian Spanish and eventually merged with it 51 Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela French Hebrew and Arabic Linguistic division of the territory and legal consequences Edit nbsp Distribution by municipality of the Basque speaking zone mixed speaking zone and the non Basque speaking zone through the modification of 2017 According to the 1978 Spanish constitution and the Amejoramiento del Fuero a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make up of the chartered community of Navarre Spanish is the official language of Navarre while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque Speaking areas Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as a specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage 52 The Statutory Law of Basque of 1986 defined the above areas creating the Basque speaking zone an area north east of Navarre in which Basque is the co official language along with Spanish This law recognizes Spanish and Basque as Navarre s lenguas propias a Spanish legal term meaning that a language in an autonomous community in Spain has co official status along with Spanish 53 according to the Foral Law 18 1986 of Basque 54 This law divides Navarre into three linguistically distinct areas a Basque speaking zone where Basque is the dominant language a Mixed speaking zone where Basque and Spanish are both dominant and a Non Basque speaking zone where Spanish is the dominant language In the latter the public entities of Navarre are required to use only Spanish but in the mixed area the use of Basque is also confined to certain position The area of the municipalities belonging to the Basque speaking and Mixed Basque and Spanish speaking zones are the following 54 Basque speaking zone Abaurrea Alta Abaurrea Baja Alsasua Anue Araiz Aranaz Arano Araquil Arbizu Areso Aria Arive Arruazu Bacaicoa Basaburua Mayor Baztan Beinza Labayen Bertiz Arana Betelu Burguete Ciordia Donamaria Echalar Echarri Aranaz Elgorriaga Erasun Ergoyena Erro Esteribar Ezcurra Garayoa Garralda Goizueta Huarte Araquil Imoz Iraneta Ituren Iturmendi Lacunza Lantz Larraun Leiza Lesaca Oiz Olazagutia Orbaiceta Orbara Roncesvalles Saldias Santesteban Sumbilla Ulzama Urdax Urdiain Urroz de Santesteban Valcarlos Vera de Bidasoa Villanueva de Aezcoa Yanci Zubieta y Zugarramurdi Later two more municipalities would be added that came from the Basque speaking zone Lecumberri and Irurzun Mixed speaking zone Abarzuza Ansoain Aoiz Arce Atez Baranain Burgui Burlada Ciriza Cendea de Cizur Echarri Echauri Valle de Egues Ezcaroz Esparza de Salazar Estella Ezcabarte Garde Goni Guesa Guesalaz Huarte Isaba Iza Izalzu Jaurrieta Juslapena Lezau Lizoain Ochagavia Odieta Olaibar Olza Ollo Oronz Oroz Betelu Pamplona Puente la Reina Roncal Salinas de Oro Sarries Urzainqui Uztarroz Vidangoz Vidaurreta Villava Yerri Zabalza y Zizur Mayor As a consequence of the constitution of new municipalities other municipalities would be added Berrioplano Berriozar Orcoyen y Zizur Mayor Moreover in 2010 a legal modification granted four municipalities of Cuenca de Pamplona the power of incorporating into the Mixed speaking zone if the absolute majority decided to be incorporated into the Mixed speaking zone Aranguren Belascoain y Galar decided to be incorporated into the Mixed speaking zone while Noain decided to remain in the Basque speaking zone One modification to the law implemented in June 2017 allowed municipalities from the Non Basque speaking zone to become a part of the mixed zone 44 Abaigar Adios Aibar Allin Amescoa Baja Ancin Anorbe Aranarache Arellano Artazu Bargota Beriain Biurrun Olcoz Cabredo Dicastillo Eneriz Eulate Gallues Garinoain Izagaondoa Larraona Leoz Lerga Longuida Mendigorria Metauten Mirafuentes Murieta Nazar Obanos Olite Oteiza Pueyo Sanguesa Tafalla Tiebas Tirapu Unzue Ujue Urraul Bajo Urroz Villa Villatuerta Cirauqui y Zuniga and for Atez to pass from the Mixed speaking zone to the Basque speaking zone 55 Non Basque speaking zone This zone is composed of the remaining municipalities that are located predominantly towards the Southeast of the foral community where the Basque language is not commonly spoken by the population However more people have been speaking Basque in these communities and in present day there are municipalities in which 10 of their inhabitants are bilingual or semi bilingual in Basque and Spanish such as in Tafalla Sanguesa y Lumbier In comparison in Tafalla or Sanguesa s population those that speak or understand Basque well are 5 of the population or 10 en Lumbier In other localities with ikastolas such as in Fontellas Lodosa y Viana the bilingual population is around 2 and 8 while those that speak or understand Basque well are 1 in Fontellas 2 in Lodosa and 5 in Viana 56 Since 2006 2007 the schools that teach Basque in the Non Basque speaking zone are assisted by the Department of Education of the government of Navarre 57 Denomination of local entities Edit The official denomination of Navarran municipalities and villages are regulated according to the Foral Basque Law 54 58 It distinguishes three different types of formulas Unique denominations the use of Basque in legal documents is the same when compared with Spanish independently Examples Lantz or Beintza Labaien Compounded denominations They have a unique denomination formula formed from the Spanish and Basque toponyms in Spanish or Basque and are united by the symbol or Its use the compounded denomination is the same in Spanish as in Basque Examples Doneztebe Santesteban Orreaga Roncesvalles Estella Lizarra Double denominations The toponym in Basque or Spanish is dependent on the language and how it is used in the text Examples Pamplona lt gt Iruna Villava lt gt Atarrabia Aibar lt gt Oibar nbsp Percentage of people that speak Basque well 2001 Basque dialects in Navarre Edit Basque in Navarre has various dialects there are nine according to the classification of the General Basque Dictionary or the Royal Academy of the Basque Language According to the most recent classification of Koldo Zuazo the most widespread dialect is Upper Navarrese spoken in the northern part of Navarre In localities such as Basaburua Mayor Imoz and other border localities with Gipuzkoa the dialect of Central Basque is spoken and in the central part of the Pyrenees in Navarre a variety of Navarro Lapurdian is spoken On the east of the Pyrenees in Navarre the Roncalese and Salazarese dialects of Basque used to be spoken in the valleys of Roncal and Salazar but it disappeared near the end of the twentieth century the last person who spoke it in Roncal died in 1991 and in Salazar the language also disappeared because the last person who spoke it fluently died during the first years of the twenty first century Apart from dialects sub dialects from Basque also exist and there are also differences in vocabulary in local linguistic communities Linguistic traits of the Spanish spoken in Navarre Edit There are a number of features of Spanish as spoken in Navarre that are either exclusive to the area or shared only with neighbouring areas mainly Aragon and La Rioja such as the predominance of the diminutive with ico or the use of the conditional verb tense in place of the preterite of the subjunctive for example using podria instead of pudiera There are also differences in the vocabulary of Spanish speakers from Navarre 59 including the presence of words of Basque origin which is in some cases due to a Basque substrate or long standing contact and commercial exchanges with areas of Navarre in which Basque is spoken 49 nbsp Sanfermines in Pamplona Navarre nbsp Joaldun feast in JanuarySee also Edit nbsp Spain portalBasque Country greater region Basque language Basque Country Caja Navarra Kingdom of Navarre Kings of Navarre Lower Navarre Navarrese nationalism History of Pamplona Nueva Navarra Parliament of Navarre Renewable energy in the European UnionNotes and references Edit Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab hdi globaldatalab org Retrieved 2023 06 24 a b Bernardo Estornes Lasa s Spanish article on Navarra Archived 2012 01 12 at the Wayback Machine in the Aunamendi Entziklopedia click on NAVARRA NAFARROA NOMBRE Y EMBLEMAS HISTORY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY THE ROMANS Kondaira net Collins Roger 1990 The Basques 2nd ed Oxford UK Basil Blackwell ISBN 0631175652 p 140 141 Collins 1990 p 181 Kennedy Hugh 2014 Muslim Spain and Portugal A Political History of Al Andalus Routledge p 150 ISBN 978 1317870418 Collins 1990 pp 214 215 Collins 1990 pp 185 Collins 1990 pp 232 Monreal Jimeno 2012 pp 10 15 sfnp error no target CITEREFMonreal Jimeno2012 help Monreal Gregorio Jimeno Roldan 2012 Conquista e Incorporacion de Navarra a Castilla Pamplona Iruna Pamiela ISBN 978 84 7681 736 0 pp 30 32 Collins 1990 p 275 Paul Preston 2013 The Spanish Holocaust Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth Century Spain London UK HarperCollins p 182 ISBN 978 0 00 638695 7 Preston P 2013 p 179 181 Preston P 2013 p 182 184 Charla con Lucio Urtubia Talks with Lucio Urtubia in Spanish CGT LKN Bizkaia 2014 04 15 Event occurs at 07 02 Archived from the original on 2021 11 02 Retrieved 2015 05 01 First hand witness Lucio Urtubia s testimony in Spanish For the first time ever that is being talked about now I only bore witness to crimes and abuses in my land carried out by that Church that if it really wanted all could have been prevented In the Ribera of Navarre there are about 4 000 dead by fire squad people who had done no harm no evil to anyone they were just workers farmers the hunger stricken so that is why because they were Republicans or just affiliated to the CNT or UGT that they were executed by firearm That was with the complicity of the Catholic Church that is why I don t believe in that Church that Church was horrific That Church had the likes of don Pablo or don Vitoriano who came down every morning there were little kids who had just come from shooting in executions with the former asking to them How many how many today the kids going Three or four in turn responding Small number small number I lived through all that Preston P 2013 p 183 Navarra Historia Franquismo Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia EuskoMedia Fundazioa Retrieved 16 September 2014 Navarra Historia Franquismo Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia EuskoMedia Fundazioa Retrieved 16 September 2014 La Guardia Civil alerta ETA se infiltra en la escuela navarra ELMUNDO in Spanish 2013 11 21 Retrieved 2022 01 18 Nafarroako D ereduko 1 600 irakasle ikertu ditu poliziak ETArekin zerikusia izan dezaketelakoan PDF Hik Hasi 189 441 December 2013 La Camara de Comptos constata que el Gobierno hizo dejacion de funciones al no controlar Caja Navarra Noticias de Navarra 13 February 2014 Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 Retrieved 14 February 2014 Barcina y Sanz duplicaban la reuniones de Caja Navarra para cobrar mas en dietas La Vanguardia 7 March 2013 Retrieved 14 February 2014 Barcina arriesga el regimen foral para salvar su Gobierno Naiz 11 August 2013 Retrieved 14 February 2014 La exdirectora de Hacienda acusa a Lourdes Goicoechea de presionar sobre inspecciones a determinados clientes Noticias de Navarra 11 February 2014 Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 Retrieved 14 February 2014 Fernandez Diaz Navarra es estrategica para Espana Naiz 13 February 2014 Retrieved 14 February 2014 Navarra Suma arrebata un escano a EH Bildu y consigue 20 parlamentarios e Izquierda Ezkerra mantiene el suyo Hazte socio de eldiario es in Spanish 29 May 2019 Retrieved 2019 06 05 Santos Pilar 2019 03 11 PP Cs y UPN se presentaran juntos en la plataforma Navarra suma elperiodico in Spanish Retrieved 2019 06 05 Marcos Jose 2019 06 11 El PSOE facilitara Pamplona a la derecha sin renunciar al Gobierno de Navarra El Pais in Spanish ISSN 1134 6582 Retrieved 2019 10 04 Maria Chivite tomara posesion este martes como presidenta del Gobierno de Navarra Europa Press 2019 08 05 Retrieved 2019 10 04 N Elia 21 December 2017 IU hace fracasar el intento del Gobierno de implantar la lista unica para euskera y castellano en la proxima OPE de Educacion El Diario Retrieved 23 December 2017 El Constitucional anula la ley foral de victimas de extrema derecha y funcionarios publicos eldiario es in Spanish Retrieved 2018 07 31 Una cuenta secreta de Twitter del jefe de la Policia Nacional en Navarra insulta a politicos de izquierdas y nacionalistas eldiario es in Spanish Retrieved 2018 10 25 Los partidos estan divididos por la sentencia de la valoracion del euskera www eitb eus in Spanish Retrieved 2019 10 01 Anulan la valoracion del euskera como merito en las zonas mixta y no vascofona www eitb eus in Spanish October 2019 Retrieved 2019 10 01 Standard Climate Values for Pamplona Aemet es Retrieved 5 April 2015 Extreme Climate Values for Pamplona Aemet es Retrieved 19 November 2014 Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30 to 263 of the EU average in 2018 Eurostat Regional Unemployment by NUTS2 Region Eurostat Iberinco to Construct Solar Installation at Renewable Facility Renewable Energy Today 2 December 2004 Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 Retrieved 24 February 2020 via Find Articles Acciona connects Spain s largest PV facility Energias Renovables 21 February 2006 Archived from the original on September 28 2006 Retrieved 24 February 2020 Informacion estadistica Statistics of Navarra from 2011 Census Instituto de Estadistica de Navarra in Spanish Gobierno de Navarra 2011 Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 Retrieved 24 February 2020 38 of new alums that arrive to UPNA from Bachillerato know Basque Archived from the original on 2009 01 07 Statistic Institute of Navarra Euskara PDF Euskadi Retrieved 2019 06 15 Trask Robert L 1996 The History of Basque New York Routledge p 427 ISBN 0 415 13116 2 a b Monreal Gregorio Jimeno Roldan 2012 Conquista e Incorporacion de Navarra a Castilla Pamplona Iruna Pamiela pp 55 61 ISBN 978 84 7681 736 0 Mikelarena Pena Fernando 2003 La evolucion demografica de la poblacion vascoparlante en Navarra entre 1553 y 1936 Fontes linguae vasconum Studia et documenta 92 183 197 ISSN 0046 435X a b Las fronteras de la lengua vasca a lo largo de la historia PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2007 01 15 Cierbide Ricardo 1998 Notas grafico foneticas sobre la documentacion medieval navarra Principe de Viana 59 214 523 534 Herria Euskal Lugar de encuentro de lenguas y culturas Esparza Zabalegi Jose Mari 2012 Vasconavarros Tafalla Txalaparta pp 50 51 ISBN 9788415313 41 0 Diccionario de la lengua espanola 23rd ed Real Academia Espanola y Asociacion de Academias de la Lengua Espanola 2014 ISBN 978 84 670 4189 7 a b c LEY FORAL 18 1986 DE 15 DE DICIEMBRE DEL EUSKERA Foral Law 18 1986 in Spanish 154 17 December 1986 Retrieved 24 February 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help 44 Navarran Localities Win Rights for Basque language through mixed zone Naiz in Spanish 22 June 2017 Retrieved 24 February 2020 Censo de poblacion Poblacion y demografia Cifras de poblacion Institute for Statistics of Navarra in Spanish Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 24 February 2020 Iribarren Jesus November 15 2006 El Consejo Escolar da su visto bueno final a la legalizacion de todas las ikastolas de Navarra Diario de Noticias de Navarra in Spanish Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 24 February 2020 Informacion sobre el buscador de Entidades Locales Navarra es in Spanish Retrieved 24 February 2020 Irribaren Jose Maria Vocabulario navarro Pamplona Institucion Principe de Viana 1984 y Carmen Saralegui Cristina Tabernero Navarrismos en el diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola Pamplona Gobierno de Navarra Departamento de Educacion y Cultura 2001 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navarre Official website in Basque English French Spanish History of Navarre LAS BARDENAS CAVERN GROTTE VALTIERRA CUEVAS DE VALTIERRA Bardenas Reales desert Navarra Northern Spanish region leads way on renewable energy Navarra Electricity from renewable energy sources PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2006 07 25 211 KB Euskara Kultur Elkargoa Basque Cultural Foundation Guide to the Navarra Pyrenees mountains Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Navarre amp oldid 1176128033, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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