John Major

For other people named John Major, see John Major (disambiguation).

Sir John Major KG CH (born 29 March 1943) is a British retired politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from November 1990 to May 1997 and Leader of the Conservative Party from November 1990 to June 1997. He previously held Cabinet positions under prime minister Margaret Thatcher, lastly as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1989 to 1990. Major was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdon, formerly Huntingdonshire, from 1979 to 2001. Since stepping down as an MP in 2001, Major has focused on writing and his business, sporting and charity work, and has occasionally commented on political developments in the role of an elder statesman.

The Right Honourable Sir John Major KG CH
Major in 1995
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office 28 November 1990 – 2 May 1997
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Deputy	Michael Heseltine (1995‍–‍97)
Preceded by	Margaret Thatcher
Succeeded by	Tony Blair
Leader of the Opposition
In office 2 May 1997 – 19 June 1997
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Prime Minister	Tony Blair
Deputy	Michael Heseltine
Preceded by	Tony Blair
Succeeded by	William Hague
Leader of the Conservative Party
In office 27 November 1990 – 19 June 1997
Deputy	Viscount Whitelaw (1990‍–‍91)
Preceded by	Margaret Thatcher
Succeeded by	William Hague
Chancellor of the Exchequer
In office 26 October 1989 – 28 November 1990
Prime Minister	Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by	Nigel Lawson
Succeeded by	Norman Lamont
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
In office 24 July 1989 – 26 October 1989
Prime Minister	Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by	Geoffrey Howe
Succeeded by	Douglas Hurd
Chief Secretary to the Treasury
In office 13 June 1987 – 24 July 1989
Prime Minister	Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by	John MacGregor
Succeeded by	Norman Lamont
Junior ministerial offices Minister of State for Social Security In office 10 September 1986 – 13 June 1987 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Preceded by Tony Newton Succeeded by Nicholas Scott Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Social Security In office 2 September 1985 – 10 September 1986 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Preceded by John Patten Succeeded by Nicholas Lyell Lord Commissioner of the Treasury In office 3 October 1984 – 1 November 1985 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Preceded by Alastair Goodlad Succeeded by Tim Sainsbury
Member of Parliament for Huntingdon Huntingdonshire (1979–1983)
In office 3 May 1979 – 14 May 2001
Preceded by	David Renton
Succeeded by	Jonathan Djanogly
Personal details
Born	(1943-03-29) 29 March 1943 (age 79) St Helier, Surrey, England
Political party	Conservative
Spouse	Norma Johnson ​ (m. 1970)​
Children	2
Parent	Tom Major-Ball (father)
Relatives	Terry Major-Ball (brother)
Education	Rutlish School
Signature
Website	Official website

Having left school a day before turning sixteen,^[1] Major joined the Young Conservatives in 1959, and soon became a highly active member. He was elected to Lambeth London Borough Council in 1968, and a decade later to parliament, being elected as the MP for Huntingdonshire, later Huntingdon, in the 1979 general election. Major held several junior government positions under Thatcher from 1984 to 1987, including Parliamentary Private Secretary and assistant whip. He served in Thatcher's third ministry as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1987 to 1989, Foreign Secretary in 1989, and Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1989 to 1990. Following Thatcher's resignation in 1990, after a challenge was launched to her leadership, Major stood in the 1990 Conservative Party leadership election to replace her and emerged victorious, becoming prime minister. His mild-mannered style and moderate political stance contrasted with that of Thatcher. Two years into his premiership, Major went on to lead the Conservative Party to a fourth consecutive electoral victory, winning more than 14 million votes, which remains the highest number ever won by a political party in Britain.^[2]

As prime minister, Major created the Citizen's Charter, removed the Poll Tax and replaced it with the Council Tax, committed British troops to the Gulf War, took charge of the UK's negotiations over the Maastricht Treaty,^[3] led the country during the early 1990s economic crisis, withdrew the pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (on Black Wednesday), promoted the socially conservative back to basics campaign, privatised the railways and coal industry, and played a pivotal role in creating peace in Northern Ireland.^[4] In 1995, Major resigned as party leader, amid internal divisions over UK membership of the European Union, parliamentary scandals (widely known as "sleaze") and questions over his economic credibility. Despite being reelected as Conservative leader in the 1995 Conservative Party leadership election, his administration remained unpopular, and soon lost its parliamentary majority.^[5] The Labour Party pulled ahead of the Conservatives in every local election during Major's leadership, which increased after Tony Blair became Labour leader in 1994. Major suffered a massive defeat in the 1997 general election, when Labour inflicted one of the largest electoral defeats upon the Conservatives, resulting in a Labour government ending 18 years of Conservative rule.

After Blair succeeded Major as prime minister, Major served as Leader of the Opposition for seven weeks while the leadership election to replace him was underway. He formed a temporary Shadow Cabinet, and Major himself served as shadow foreign secretary and Shadow Secretary of State for Defence. His resignation as Conservative leader formally took effect in June 1997 after the election of William Hague. He remained active in parliament, regularly attending and contributing in debates, until he gave up his seat in the 2001 general election to focus on writing and his business, sporting and charity work. Since leaving office, Major has tended to maintain a low profile in the media, occasionally making political interventions. He supported the Britain Stronger in Europe campaign for the UK to remain in the European Union, and has often criticised Brexit since the outcome of the 2016 referendum.

Major was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005 for services to politics and charity, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1999 for his work on the Northern Ireland peace process. Although public favourability of Major has improved since he left office, his premiership has generally been viewed as average in historical rankings and public opinion of British prime ministers.

Early life and education (1943–1959)

 

260 Longfellow Road, Worcester Park, where John Major was raised from birth to the age of twelve

John Major was born on 29 March 1943 at St Helier Hospital and Queen Mary's Hospital for Children in St Helier, Surrey, the son of Gwen Major (née Coates, 1905–1970) and former music hall performer Tom Major-Ball (1879–1962), who was 63 years old when Major was born.^[6] He was christened "John Roy Major" but only "John Major" was recorded on his birth certificate;^[7][8] he used his middle name until the early 1980s.^[9] His birth had been a difficult one, with his mother suffering from pleurisy and pneumonia and John Major requiring several blood transfusions due to an infection, causing permanent scarring to his ankles.^[10][11]

The Major family—John, his parents, and his two older siblings Terry and Pat)^{[nb 1]}—lived at 260 Longfellow Road, Worcester Park, Surrey, a middle-class area where Major's father ran a garden ornaments business and his mother worked in a local library and as a part-time dance teacher.^[10] John Major later described the family's circumstances at this time as being "comfortable but not well off".^[13] Following a German V-1 flying bomb attack in the area in 1944 which killed several people, the Majors moved to the village of Saham Toney, Norfolk, for the duration of the war.^[10][11]

John began attending primary school at Cheam Common School from 1948.^[14][15] His childhood was generally happy, and he enjoyed reading, sports (especially cricket and football) and keeping pets, such as his rabbits.^[16][17] In 1954 John passed the 11+ exam, enabling him to go to Rutlish School, a grammar school in Merton Park, though to John's chagrin his father insisted that he register as 'John Major-Ball'.^[18][19] The family's fortunes took a turn for the worse, with his father's health deteriorating,^{[nb 2]} and the business in severe financial difficulties.^[20] A recalled business loan which the family were unable to repay forced Tom Major to sell the house in Worcester Park in May 1955, with the family moving to a cramped, rented top-floor flat at 144 Coldharbour Lane, Brixton.^{[21][22][nb 3]} With his parents distracted by their reduced circumstances, John Major's difficulties at Rutlish went unnoticed.

Acutely conscious of his straitened circumstances in relation to the other pupils, Major was something of a loner and consistently under-performed except in sports, coming to see the school as "a penance to be endured".^[24][25] Major left school just before his 16th birthday in 1959 with just three O-level passes in History, English Language and English Literature, to his parents' disappointment.^{[26][27][nb 4]}

Major's interest in politics stems from this period, and he avidly kept up with current affairs by reading newspapers on his long commutes from Brixton to Wimbledon.^[29] In 1956 Major met local MP Marcus Lipton at a local church fair and was invited to watch his first debate in the House of Commons, where Harold Macmillan presented his only Budget as Chancellor of the Exchequer.^[30][31] Major has attributed his political ambitions to this event.^[9][32]

Early post-school career (1959–1979)

Major's first job was as a clerk in the London-based insurance brokerage firm Price Forbes in 1959, though finding the job dull and offering no prospects he quit.^[33][34] Major began working with his brother Terry at the garden ornaments business; this had been sold in 1959, enabling the family to move to a larger residence at 80 Burton Road, Brixton.^[35][36] Major's father died on 27 March 1962.^[37][36] John left the ornaments business the following year to care for his ill mother, though when she got better he was unable to find a new job and was unemployed for much of the latter half of 1962, a situation he says was "degrading".^[36] After Major became prime minister, it was misreported that his failure to get a job as a bus conductor resulted from his failing to pass a maths test; he had in fact passed all of the necessary tests but had been passed over owing to his height.^[38][36] In the meantime he studied for a qualification in banking via correspondence course.^[39][40] Eventually in December 1962 he found a job working at the London Electricity Board (LEB) in Elephant and Castle.^[38][36]

In 1959 Major had joined the Young Conservatives in Brixton and soon became a highly active member, which helped increase his confidence following the failure of his school days.^[41][42] Encouraged by fellow Conservative Derek Stone, he started giving speeches on a soap-box in Brixton Market.^[43][36] According to his biographer Anthony Seldon, Major brought "youthful exuberance" to the Tories in Brixton, but was sometimes in trouble with the professional agent Marion Standing.^[42] Major stood as a Councillor in the 1964 Lambeth London Borough Council election for Larkhall ward at the age of 21 in 1964, losing to Labour.^[44][40] He also assisted local Conservative candidates Kenneth Payne in the 1964 general election and Piers Dixon in the 1966 general election.^[44][45] Another formative influence on Major in this period was Jean Kierans, a divorcée 13 years his elder with two children who lived opposite the family on Burton Road, who became his mentor and lover. Seldon writes "She ... made Major smarten his appearance, groomed him politically, and made him more ambitious and worldly."^[40] Major later moved in with Kierans when his family left Burton Road in 1965;^[46][45] their relationship lasted from 1963 to sometime after 1968.^[47]

 

St Matthew's Church, Brixton where John and Norma Major married in 1970

Major left the LEB and took up a post at District Bank in May 1965,^[48][40] though he soon left this to join Standard Bank the following year, largely because the latter offered the chance to work abroad.^[46] In December 1966 he was sent for a long secondment in Jos, Nigeria, which he enjoyed immensely, though he was put off by the casual racism of some of the ex-pat workers there.^[49] In May 1967 he was involved in a serious car crash in which he broke a leg and had to be flown home.^[50][51] Leaving hospital, he split his time between Jean Kierans' house and a small rented flat in Mayfair, working at Standard Bank's London office and resuming his banking diploma and activities with the Young Conservatives in his spare time.^[52][53]

Major stood again as Councillor in the 1968 Lambeth London Borough Council election, this time for Ferndale ward. Though a Labour stronghold, the Conservatives received a huge boost following Enoch Powell's anti-immigration 'Rivers of Blood speech' in April 1968 and Major won, despite strongly disapproving of Powell's views.^[54][55] Major took a major interest in housing matters, with Lambeth notorious for overcrowding and poor-quality rented accommodation. In February 1970 Major became Chairman of the Housing Committee, being responsible for overseeing the building of several large council estates.^{[56][57][nb 5]} He also promoted more openness at the council, initiating a series of public meetings with local residents.^[59][60] Major also undertook fact-finding trips to the Netherlands, Finland and the Soviet Union.^[61][62] Despite the Lambeth housing team being well-regarded nationally, Major lost his seat in the 1971 Lambeth London Borough Council election.^[63]

Major met Norma Johnson at a Conservative party event in Brixton in April 1970, and the two became engaged shortly thereafter, marrying at St Matthew's Church in Brixton on 3 October 1970.^[64][65] John's mother died shortly before in September at the age of 65.^[66][67][68] John and Norma moved into a flat at Primrose Court, Streatham, which John had bought in 1969,^[69] and had their first child, Elizabeth, in November 1971.^[70][71] In 1974 the couple moved to a larger residence at West Oak, Beckenham, and had a second child, James, in January 1975.^[72] Meanwhile, Major continued to work at Standard Bank (renamed Standard Chartered from 1975), having completed his banking diploma in 1972.^[73][74] Major was promoted to head of the PR department in August 1976, and his duties necessitated the occasional foreign trip to East Asia.^[75]

Despite his setback at the 1971 Lambeth Council election, Major continued to nurse political ambitions, and with help from friends in the Conservative Party managed to get onto the Conservative Central Office's list of potential MP candidates.^[73][76] Major was selected as the Conservative candidate for the Labour-dominated St Pancras North constituency, fighting both the February and October 1974 general elections, losing heavily both times to Labour's Albert Stallard.^[77][78] Major then attempted to get selected as a candidate for a more promising seat, and despite numerous attempts was unsuccessful until December 1976.^[79][80] Growing increasingly frustrated, Major resolved to make one last attempt, applying for selection to the safe Conservative seat of Huntingdonshire and finally he succeeded.^[81][82] Major was in some ways an odd choice, being a born-and-bred Londoner in a largely rural constituency still home to many landed families; however, he was seen as being the most likely to win-over the increasingly large numbers of upwardly mobile London over-spill families living in the area, and he was helped to familiarise himself with the area by local MP David Renton.^[83][84] In 1977 the Major family purchased a house at De Vere Close in the village of Hemingford Grey.^[81][85] Major took on a less demanding job at Standard Chartered, and started working part-time in 1978 so that he could devote more time to his constituency duties.^[85]

Early parliamentary career (1979–1987)

Major won the Huntingdon seat by a large margin in the 1979 general election, which brought Margaret Thatcher to power.^[86] He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 13 June 1979, voicing his support for the government's budget.^[87][88][89] Major assiduously courted contacts at all levels of the party in this period, joining the informal 'Guy Fawkes club' of Conservative MPs and attending various Committees.^[90][91] He became Secretary of the Environment Committee and also assisted with work on the Housing Act 1980, which allowed council house tenants the Right to Buy their homes.^[92] At this time Major lived in De Vere Close, Hemingford Grey.

 

A demonstration against the deployment of cruise missiles at RAF Molesworth in the early 1980s

Major's first promotion came when he was appointed as a Parliamentary Private Secretary in January 1981 to Patrick Mayhew and Timothy Raison, both Ministers of State at the Home Office.^[93] Seeking to gain more exposure to foreign affairs, he joined several Labour Party MPs on a fact-finding trip to the Middle East in April 1982. The group met with King Hussein of Jordan and Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation in Lebanon; in Israel they were briefly caught in the middle of a shooting incident between Israeli troops and a Palestinian rock-thrower.^[94][95]

Major later became an assistant whip in January 1983, responsible for East Anglian MPs.^[96][97] During this period Major became also involved in the response to protests at RAF Molesworth, which lay in his constituency; various peace groups were opposed to the siting of cruise missiles at the base and had established a permanent 'peace camp' there. Major addressed public meetings opposed to the protesters, organised by parish councillors, and also met Bill Westwood and separately Michael Heseltine to discuss the issue. The protesters were evicted in February 1984.^[98][99]

Major comfortably won re-election to the now slightly enlarged seat of Huntingdon at the 1983 general election.^[100][101] Shortly thereafter he and Norma moved to a larger house (Finings) in Great Stukeley; Major generally spent his weekends there, and weekdays at a rented flat in Durand Gardens, Stockwell.^[102] Major was invited to join the prestigious 'Blue Chip' group of rising stars in the Conservative Party,^[103] and he was promoted to Treasury Whip in October 1984.^[104][105] It was later revealed (in 2002) that during this period Major had conducted an affair with Edwina Currie, a Conservative backbencher and later Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Health and Social Security; the affair ended in 1988.^[106][107] Major narrowly avoided the IRA's Brighton hotel bombing in October 1984, having left the hotel only a few hours before the bomb went off.^[108] Also in this period, Major stood in for a Foreign Office minister on a trip to South America, visiting Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.^[108]

In September 1985 he was made Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), before being promoted to become Minister of State in the same department in September 1986.^[109][110] The large size of the DHSS granted Ministers a greater degree of responsibility than in other departments,^{[nb 6]} with Major assisting with work on the Social Security Act 1986 and improving provision for disabled people.^[112][113] Major began to gain a bigger profile, giving his first speech at the Conservative Party Conference in October 1986.^[114][115] He first attracted major national media attention in January 1987 over cold weather payments to the elderly, when Britain was in the depths of a severe winter.^[116][117] Amidst intense media criticism, Major discussed the issue with Margaret Thatcher and an increase in the payments was approved.^[118][119]

In Cabinet (1987–1990)

Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1987–1989)

Following the 1987 general election, in which Major retained his seat with an increased majority,^[120][121] he was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury, making him the first MP of the 1979 intake to reach the Cabinet.^{[122][123][nb 7]} The then-Chancellor Nigel Lawson generally made significant decisions with little input from others, and Major was put in charge of agreeing departmental budgets with the Secretaries of State.^[124] These discussions went well, and for the first time in several years budgets were agreed without recourse to the external adjudication of the so-called 'Star Chamber'.^[125][126] Major successfully concluded a second round of such spending reviews in July 1988.^[127][128]

Whilst Chief Secretary Major took part in discussions over the future funding of the NHS, against the background of an NHS strike in February 1988 over pay, resulting in the 'Working for Patients' white paper and subsequent National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990.^[129][130] Major also insisted in discussions with Thatcher that government assistance should be provided to support the sale of Short Brothers to Bombardier, an aerospace company and major employer in Northern Ireland which might otherwise have collapsed.^[131][132]

Foreign Secretary (July–October 1989)

In 1987–88 it became clear that Major had become a 'favourite' of Margaret Thatcher and he was widely tipped for further promotion.^[133] Nevertheless, Major's appointment to Foreign Secretary in July 1989 came as a surprise due to his relative lack of experience in the Cabinet and unfamiliarity with international affairs.^[134][135] Major found the prospect daunting, and unsuccessfully attempted to convince Thatcher to allow him to stay on at the Treasury.^[134] There were also fears within the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) that Major would be Thatcher's 'hatchet-man', as her relations with the department under Geoffrey Howe had been poor and characterised by mutual distrust.^[136] Major accepted the job and began to settle into the department, living in an upstairs room at the FCO and devolving decision making where necessary, though he found the increased security burdensome and disliked the extensive ceremonial aspects of the role.^[137][138]

Amongst Major's first acts as Foreign Secretary was to cancel the sale of Hawk aircraft to Iraq, over concerns they would be used for internal repression.^[139][140] He represented Britain at the Paris Peace Conference to determine the future of Cambodia.^[141] Major also met with US secretary of state James Baker, with whom he primarily discussed the issue of Vietnamese boat people, and with Qian Qichen, Foreign Minister of China, becoming the first senior Western politician to meet with a Chinese official since the violent crackdown of pro-democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square the previous month.^[142][143] Discussions focused primarily on the future of Hong Kong, which Britain was scheduled to hand over to China in 1997.^[140]

Major spent most of a summer holiday that year in Spain conducting extensive background reading on foreign affairs and British foreign policy.^[144][145] Upon his return to the UK he and Thatcher met with French president François Mitterrand, in which the future direction of the European Community was discussed.^[146] In September 1989 Major delivered a speech at the United Nations General Assembly, in which he pledged to support Colombia's effort to tackle the drugs trade and reiterated Britain's opposition to the apartheid regime in South Africa.^[147][148] Major also met US president George H. W. Bush in Washington, D.C.^[149] and Domingo Cavallo, the Argentine foreign minister, the first such meeting since the end of the Falklands War seven years earlier.^[150][140]

Major's last major summit as Foreign Secretary was the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Malaysia. The meeting was dominated by the issue of sanctions on South Africa, with Britain being the only country to oppose them, on the grounds that they would end up hurting poorer South Africans far more than the apartheid regime at which they were aimed.^[151][152] The summit ended acrimoniously, with Thatcher controversially and against established precedent issuing a second final communiqué stating Britain's opposition to sanctions, with the press seizing on the apparent disagreement on the matter between Major and Thatcher.^[153][152]

Chancellor of the Exchequer (1989–1990)

Chancellorship of John Major 26 October 1989 – 28 November 1990
Party	Conservative
Nominated by	Margaret Thatcher
Appointed by	Elizabeth II
Seat	11 Downing Street
← Nigel Lawson Norman Lamont →

After just three months as Foreign Secretary Major was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer on 26 October 1989 after the sudden resignation of Nigel Lawson, who had fallen out with Thatcher over what he saw as her excessive reliance on the advice of her Economic Adviser Alan Walters.^{[154][155][156][nb 8]} The appointment meant that, despite only being in the Cabinet for a little over two years, Major had gone from the most junior position in the Cabinet to holding two of the Great Offices of State. Major made tackling inflation a priority, stating that tough measures were needed to bring it down and that "if it isn't hurting, it isn't working."^[158][159] He delivered his first Autumn Statement on 15 November, announcing a boost in spending (mainly for the NHS) and with interest rates to be kept as they were.^[160][161]

As Chancellor, Major presented only one Budget, the first to be televised live, on 20 March 1990.^[162] He publicised it as a 'budget for savers', with the creations of the Tax-exempt special savings account (TESSA), arguing that measures were required to address the marked fall in the household savings ratio that had been apparent during the previous financial year. Major also abolished the composite rate tax and stamp duty on share trades, whilst increasing taxes on alcohol, cigarettes and petrol.^[163][164] Tax cuts were also made which benefited football associations, the aim being to increase funding on safety measures following the Bradford City stadium fire and Hillsborough disaster.^[165][162] Extra funding was also made available to Scotland in order to limit the impact of the Community Charge (widely dubbed the 'Poll Tax'), which had been introduced there that year.^[166][162]

The European Community's push for full Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was another important factor in Major's time as Chancellor; in June 1990 he proposed that instead of a single European currency there could instead be a 'hard ECU',^{[nb 9]} which different national currencies could compete against and, if the ECU was successful, could lead to a single currency.^[168][169] The move was seen as a wrecking tactic by France and Germany, especially when the increasingly Euro-sceptic Thatcher announced her outright opposition to EMU, and the idea was abandoned.^[170] More successfully, Major managed to get the new European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) located in London.^[171][172]

By early 1990 Major had become convinced that the best way to combat inflation and restore macroeconomic stability would be if the British pound were to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), and he and Douglas Hurd (Major's successor as Foreign Secretary) set about trying to convince a reluctant Thatcher to join it.^{[173][174][175]} The move was supported by the Bank of England, the Treasury, most of the Cabinet, the Labour Party, several major business associations and much of the press.^[176][177] With the 'Lawson Boom' showing signs of running out of steam, exacerbated by rising oil prices following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, there were fears of a potential recession and pressure to cut interest rates.^[178][179] Thatcher finally agreed on 4 October, and Britain's entry into the ERM at a rate of DM 2.95 to £1.00 (with an agreed 6% floating 'band' either side) was announced the following day.^[180][181] An interest rate cut of 1% (from 15%) was also announced on the same day.^[182][179]

The rest of Major's Chancellorship prior to the leadership contest was largely uneventful; he considered granting the Bank of England operational independence over monetary policy, with the ability to set interest rates, but decided against it.^{[183][nb 10]} He also agreed a restructuring and write-off of some Third World debt at a Commonwealth Finance Ministers meeting in Trinidad and Tobago in September 1990.^[185]

Conservative Party leadership contest

Main article: 1990 Conservative Party leadership election

Opposition within the Conservative Party to Margaret Thatcher had been brewing for some time, focusing on what was seen as her brusque, imperious style and the poll tax, which was facing serious opposition across the country. In December 1989, she had survived a leadership bid by Anthony Meyer; though she won easily, 60 MPs had not voted for her, and it was rumoured that many more had had to be strong-armed into supporting her.^{[186][187][188]} By early 1990, it was clear that bills for many under the new poll tax regime would be higher than anticipated, and opposition to the Tax grew, with a non-payment campaign gaining much support and an anti-poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square in March ending in rioting.^[189] The Conservatives lost the 1990 Mid Staffordshire by-election to Labour and the 1990 Eastbourne by-election to the Liberal Democrats, both Conservative seats, causing many Conservative MPs to worry about their prospects at the upcoming general election, due in 1991 or 1992.^{[190][191][192]} Thatcher's staunch anti-European stance also alienated pro-Europe Conservatives.^[193][179] On 1 November, the pro-European deputy prime minister Geoffrey Howe resigned, issuing a fiercely critical broadside against Thatcher in the House of Commons on 13 November.^{[194][195][196]}

The day after Howe's speech Michael Heseltine, Thatcher's former Secretary of State for Defence who had acrimoniously resigned in 1986 over the Westland affair, challenged Thatcher for the leadership of the Conservative Party.^[197][196] Both John Major and Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd supported Thatcher in the first round. Major was at home in Huntingdon recovering from a pre-arranged wisdom tooth operation during the first leadership ballot, which Thatcher won but not by the required threshold, necessitating a second round.^[198][199] Following discussions with her cabinet, in which many stated that though supporting her they doubted she could win, Thatcher withdrew from the contest and announced that she would resign as prime minister once a new leader had been elected.^[200] Major subsequently announced on 22 November that he would stand in the second ballot, with Thatcher's backing.^[201][202] Major's platform was one of moderation on Europe, a review of the poll tax, and the desire to build a "classless society".^[203][204]

Unlike in the first ballot, a candidate only required a simple majority of Conservative MPs to win, in this case 187 of 372 MPs. The ballot was held on the afternoon of 27 November; although Major obtained 185 votes, 2 votes short of an overall majority, he polled far enough ahead of both Hurd and Heseltine to secure their immediate withdrawal.^[205][206] With no remaining challengers, Major was formally named Leader of the Conservative Party that evening and was duly appointed prime minister the following day.^{[207][208][209]} At 47, he was the youngest prime minister since Lord Rosebery some 95 years earlier.^[210]

Prime Minister (1990–1997)

Main article: Premiership of John Major

First Major ministry (1990–1992)

Main article: First Major ministry

 

Prime Minister John Major and President George H. W. Bush participate in a press availability at Camp David

Major became prime minister on 28 November 1990 when he accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government, succeeding Margaret Thatcher. He inherited a majority government from Margaret Thatcher who had been the prime minister for the previous eleven years. The Conservatives' popularity was low, with some polling showing Labour's Neil Kinnock with a 23% lead over the Tories in April 1990 following the introduction of the Community Charge (poll tax).^[211] By the time of Major's appointment, Labour's lead had shrunk to 14%.^[211] However, by 1991, the Conservatives had narrowly retaken Labour in the polls.^[212]

Major's first ministry was dominated by the early 1990s recession which was believed to be caused by high interest rates, falling house prices and an overvalued exchange rate.^[213] The high interest rates led to more saving, less spending and less investment in the UK's sectors.^[213] Falling house prices stalled construction in the housing sector. Economic growth wasn't re-established until early 1993.^[214] By December 1991, unemployment was at 2.5 million (compared to 1.6 million 18 months earlier).^[215] Additionally, inflation was in double digits and interest rates reached 15%.^[216][217] However, opinion polling for Major's government remained stable during this period.

Second Major ministry (1992–1997)

Main article: Second Major ministry

 

Prime Minister John Major and President Bill Clinton deliver press statements in 1995

On 9 April 1992, Major called an election. To the surprise of many pollsters, the Conservatives won a majority, with 336 seats, and earning 41.9% of the vote.^[218][219] With a high turnout, the Conservatives earned over 14 million votes which remains a record in any UK general election. This was the Conservatives' fourth consecutive election victory. Neil Kinnock was replaced by John Smith as Labour leader and Leader of the Opposition in 1992.^[220]

On 16 September 1992, the pound sterling crashed out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism after the Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont had invested heavily in trying to keep it there, adjusting interest rates four times in one day.^[221] This event would later be called Black Wednesday. Despite the recession finally ending in 1993, the Conservatives' popularity didn't improve. Major's second ministry was also defined by conflicts within the Conservative Party regarding Europe after the government's defeat on the Maastricht Treaty.^[222]

 

Major and Clinton at the White House in 1994

On 12 May 1994, John Smith died from a heart attack and was replaced by Tony Blair who continued Labour's modernisation under the slogan of "New Labour".^[223] Some polling at the end of 1994 and the start of 1995 had Labour with a vote share of over 60%. The Tories remained divided over this era and with an attempt to silence his critics, Major resigned as Party leader. In the leadership election, Major comfortably beat John Redwood in June 1995.^[224] Following a string of by-election defeats, the Conservatives' majority of 21 had been eroded by 13 December 1996.^[225]

In the 1997 election on 1 May 1997, Labour won a 179-seat majority, ending their eighteen years in opposition.^[226] This was the worst general election result of the 20th century for the Conservatives, seeing the loss of all the party's seats in Wales and Scotland. Major's term ended with his resignation on 2 May 1997. He was succeeded as prime minister by Blair.

Final years in Parliament (1997–2001)

 

Major talks with Lieutenant General Michael Walker in 1996

Speculation over Major's leadership had continued since his re-election in 1995, and intensified as it became increasingly likely that the Conservatives would suffer a landslide defeat in the upcoming general election. During this period, Michael Portillo had frequently been touted as the favourite to replace Major, but lost his seat in the election, thus eliminating him from the running. Although many Conservative MPs wanted Major to resign as leader immediately because of the 1997 election loss, there was a movement among the grassroots of the party, encouraged by his political allies, to have him stay on as leader until the autumn. Lord Cranborne, his chief of staff during the election, and the chief whip, Alastair Goodlad, both pleaded with him to stay on: they argued that remaining as leader for a few months would give the party time to come to terms with the scale of defeat before electing a successor.^[227] Major refused, saying: "It would be terrible, because I would be presiding with no authority over a number of candidates fighting for the crown. It would merely prolong the agony."^[228]

Major served as Leader of the Opposition for seven weeks while the leadership election to replace him was underway. He formed a temporary Shadow Cabinet, but with seven of his Cabinet ministers having lost their seats at the election, and with few senior MPs left to replace them, several MPs had to hold multiple briefs.^[228][229] Major himself served as shadow foreign secretary (having served as foreign secretary for three months in 1989) and Shadow Secretary of State for Defence, and the office of Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland was left vacant until after the 2001 general election as the party no longer had any Scottish MPs.^{[228][229][230]} Major's resignation as Conservative leader formally took effect on 19 June 1997 after the election of William Hague.^[231][232]

Major's Resignation Honours were announced on 1 August 1997.^[233] He remained active in Parliament, regularly attending and contributing in debates.^[234] He stood down from the House of Commons at the 2001 general election, having announced his retirement from Parliament on 10 March 2000.^[235] Jonathan Djanogly took over as MP for Huntingdon, retaining the seat for the Conservatives at the 2001 election.^[236]

Like some post-war former prime ministers (such as Edward Heath), Major turned down a peerage when he retired from the House of Commons in 2001. He said that he wanted a "firebreak from politics" and to focus on writing and his business, sporting and charity work.^[237]

Post-parliamentary life (2001–present)

 

Major at The Hist in Dublin, 2007

Since leaving office, Major has tended to maintain a low profile in the media, occasionally commentating on political developments in the role of an elder statesman.^[238] In 1999 he published his autobiography, covering his early life and time in office, which was generally well received.^[239][240] Major went on to write a book about the history of cricket in 2007 (More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years)^[241] and a book about music hall (My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall) in 2012.^[242]

Major has further indulged his love of cricket as President of Surrey County Cricket Club from 2000 to 2001^[243] (and Honorary Life Vice-president since 2002).^[244] In March 2001 he gave the tribute to cricketer Colin Cowdrey at his memorial service in Westminster Abbey.^[245] In 2005 he was elected to the Committee of the Marylebone Cricket Club, historically the governing body of the sport, and still guardian of the laws of the game. Major left the committee in 2011, citing concerns with the planned redevelopment of Lord's Cricket Ground.^[246][247]

John Major has also been actively engaged in charity work, being President of Asthma UK,^[248] and a Patron of the Prostate Cancer Charity, Sightsavers UK, Mercy Ships, Support for Africa 2000^[248] and Afghan Heroes.^[249] In February 2012, Major became chairman of the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust,^[250] which was formed as part of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II and is intended to support charitable organisations and projects across the Commonwealth, focusing on areas such as cures for diseases and the promotion of culture and education.^[250] Major was a Patron of the sight loss and learning disability charity SeeAbility from 2006 to 2012 and has been a vice-president since 2013.^[251]

 

Major (left) with Queen Elizabeth II at Chatham House in 2012

Major has also pursued a variety of business interests, taking up appointments as Senior Adviser to Credit Suisse,^[252][253] chairman of the board of Senior Advisers at Global Infrastructure Partners,^[248][253] Global Adviser to AECOM,^[253] Chairman of the International Advisory Board of the National Bank of Kuwait,^[248] and Chairman of the European Advisory Council of the Emerson Electric Company.^[248][254] He was a member of the Carlyle Group's European Advisory Board from 1998 and was appointed Chairman of Carlyle Europe in May 2001.^{[255][256][257]} He stood down from the Group circa 2004–05.^[254][258] Major was also a director at the bus manufacturers the Mayflower Corporation from 2000 to 2003, which was liquidated in 2004 due to funding issues.^[259][260]

Following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, Major was appointed a special guardian to Princes William and Harry, with responsibility for legal and administrative matters.^[261] As a result of this, Major was the only current or former prime minister out of the five then still alive invited to the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle in May 2018.^[262] Major has also attended the funerals of notable political figures, such as Nelson Mandela in December 2013,^[263] former US first lady Barbara Bush at St. Martin's Episcopal Church in Houston, Texas on 21 April 2018^[264] and the state funeral of George H. W. Bush on 5 December 2018.^[265]

As a former Prime Minister, Major with Lady Major had a place of honour at the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II on 19 September 2022.

Revelation of affair

In 1993, Major sued two magazines, New Statesman and Society and Scallywag, as well as their distributors, for reporting rumours of an affair with Clare Latimer, a Downing Street caterer, even though at least one of the magazines had said that the rumours were false. The allegations of an affair with Latimer were indeed proven false. However, an affair with a different woman, Currie, came out a decade later, and both of these publications considered legal action to recover their costs when that happened.^[266][267]

In September 2002, it was revealed that, prior to his elevation to the Cabinet, Major had had a four-year-long extramarital affair with Edwina Currie, from 1984 to 1988.^[268][269] Commentators were quick to refer to Major's previous 'Back to Basics' platform to throw charges of hypocrisy at him. An obituary of Tony Newton in The Daily Telegraph claimed that if Newton had not kept the affair a closely guarded secret, "it is highly unlikely that Major would have become prime minister".^[270] In a press statement, Major said that he was "ashamed" by the affair and that his wife had forgiven him. In response, Currie said "he wasn't ashamed of it at the time and he wanted it to continue."^[271]

Political engagement

 

Major delivering a speech at Chatham House in 2010

Major has become an active after-dinner speaker, earning over £25,000 per engagement for his "insights and his own opinions" on politics and other matters according to his agency.^[272] Major is also actively involved in various think tanks: he is the Chair of the Panel of Senior Advisers at Chatham House (having previously served as a president of Chatham House),^[248] a member of the International Advisory Boards of the Peres Center for Peace in Israel,^[248] the InterAction Council,^[248] the Baker Institute in Houston,^[273] and a Patron of the Atlantic Partnership.^[248][273] Major was also a Director with the Ditchley Foundation from 2000 to 2009,^[259][274] and a President of the influential centre-right think tank the Bow Group from 2012 to 2014.^[275]

In February 2005, it was reported that Major and Norman Lamont delayed the release of papers on Black Wednesday under the Freedom of Information Act.^[276] Major denied doing so, saying that he had not heard of the request until the scheduled release date and had merely asked to look at the papers himself.^[277] He told BBC News that he and Lamont had been the victims of "whispering voices" to the press.^[278] He later publicly approved the release of the papers.^[279]

In December 2006, Major led calls for an independent inquiry into Blair's decision to invade Iraq, following revelations made by Carne Ross, a former British senior diplomat, that contradicted Blair's case for the invasion.^[280]

He was touted as a possible Conservative candidate for the Mayor of London elections in 2008, but turned down an offer from the Leader of the Conservatives at the time, David Cameron. A spokesperson for Major said "his political career is behind him".^[281]

 

Major delivering a speech at The Role of the Nation State in Addressing Global Challenges in 2014

Following the 2010 general election, Major announced his support for the Cameron–Clegg coalition, and stated that he hoped for a "liberal conservative" alliance beyond 2015, criticising Labour under Ed Miliband for playing "party games" rather than serving the national interest.^[282][283] Nevertheless, in 2013 Major expressed his concern at the seeming decline in social mobility in Britain: "In every single sphere of British influence, the upper echelons of power in 2013 are held overwhelmingly by the privately educated or the affluent middle class. To me, from my background, I find that truly shocking."^[284][285]

During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum Major strongly encouraged a "No" vote, stating that a vote for independence would be damaging both for Scotland and the rest of the UK. This was similar to his stance on devolution in Scotland before referendums were held on the subject both there and in Wales in 1997.^[286][287]

Major was a vocal supporter for the Remain campaign in the 2016 referendum on British membership of the European Union. Major supported a second referendum over Brexit, stating that the leave campaign put out a "fantasy case" during the referendum campaign, adding that to describe a second vote as undemocratic was "a rather curious proposition" and that he could see no "intellectual argument" against redoing the ballot.^[288] Major feared Brexit would make the UK poorer and could endanger the peace settlement in Northern Ireland.^[289]

On 30 August 2019, it was announced that Major intended to join a court case by Gina Miller against the proroguing of Parliament by the prime minister, Boris Johnson.^[290] In the 2019 general election Major urged voters to vote tactically against candidates supporting Boris Johnson when those candidates wanted a hard Brexit. Major said Brexit is, "the worst foreign policy decision in my lifetime. It will affect nearly every single aspect of our lives for many decades to come. It will make our country poorer and weaker. It will hurt most those who have least. Never have the stakes been higher, especially for the young. Brexit may even break up our historic United Kingdom."^[291] In early 2020, after the UK formally left the EU with an initial deal, Major expressed his concerns about a future trading deal with the EU being "flimsy".^[292]

In February 2022, Major made a speech at the Institute for Government think-tank in London, in which he criticised Johnson over the Partygate scandal, suggesting that he ought to resign, and also the proposed policy for those seeking asylum which he called "un-British".^[293] In July 2022, immediately following Johnson's announcement he intended to resign as prime minister but would stay until a successor was chosen, Major called for Johnson's immediate replacement and removal "for the overall wellbeing of the country."^[294]

In February 2023, Major made a speech at the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee Britain, where he said that Brexit was "a colossal mistake" and that Johnson agreed the Brexit protocol knowing it was "a mess".^[295][296]

Assessment and legacy

 

Bust of Major by Shenda Amery in Huntingdon Library

Major's mild-mannered style and moderate political stance contrasted with that of Thatcher, and made him theoretically well-placed to act as a conciliatory and relatively uncontroversial leader of his party. In spite of this, conflict raged within the parliamentary Conservative Party, particularly over the extent of Britain's integration with the European Union. Major never succeeded in reconciling the "Euro-rebels" among his MPs to his European policy, who although relatively few in number, wielded great influence because of his small majority and their wider following among Conservative activists and voters.^[297] Episodes such as the Maastricht Rebellion, led by Bill Cash and Margaret Thatcher, inflicted serious political damage on him and his government. The additional bitterness on the right wing of the Conservative Party at the manner in which Margaret Thatcher had been deposed did not make Major's task any easier, with many viewing him as a weak and vacillating leader.^[297] Ongoing 'sleaze'-related scandals among leading Conservative MPs also did Major and his government no favours, decreasing support for the party amongst the public.

His task became even more difficult after the election of the modernist and highly media-savvy Tony Blair as Labour leader in July 1994, who mercilessly exploited Conservative divisions whilst shifting Labour to the centre, thus making it much more electable.^[298] Whilst few observers doubted that Major was an honest and decent man, or that he made sincere and sometimes successful attempts to improve life in Britain and to unite his deeply divided party, he was also perceived as a weak and ineffectual figure, and his approval ratings for most of his time in office were low, particularly after "Black Wednesday" in September 1992 which destroyed the Conservative's reputation for effective economic management.^[299]

Major defended his government in his memoirs, focusing particularly on how under him the British economy had recovered from the recession of 1990–1993. He wrote that "during my premiership interest rates fell from 14% to 6%; unemployment was at 1.75 million when I took office, and at 1.6 million and falling upon my departure; and the government's annual borrowing rose from £0.5 billion to nearly £46 billion at its peak before falling to £1 billion".^[300] Major's Chancellor Ken Clarke stated in 2016 that Major's reputation looked better as time went by, in contrast to that of Tony Blair's which appeared to be in decline.^[301] Paddy Ashdown, the Leader of the Liberal Democrats during Major's term of office, was more sympathetic, writing in 2017 that Major was "one of the most honest, brave and sincere men to ever be Prime Minister" and that his time in office compares favourably with that of his successor Tony Blair.^[302]

 

Major at a fundraising event in Central London in 2009

Writing shortly after he left office, the historian and journalist Paul Johnson wrote that Major was "a hopeless leader" who "should never have been Prime Minister".^[303] The sentiments echoed that of much of the press at the time, which was generally hostile to Major, especially after Black Wednesday. The journalist Peter Oborne was one such figure, though writing in 2017 he stated that he now regrets his negative reporting, stating that he himself and the press in general were "grossly unfair to Major" and that this was motivated at least in part by snobbery at Major's humble upbringing.^[304] In 2012 Oborne had written that Major's government looks ever more successful as time goes by.^[305] Oborne singled out Major's achievements in the Northern Irish peace process, boosting the economy, keeping Britain out of the Eurozone, and his reforms of public services as being worthy of praise.^[306] Others remain unconvinced however and, writing in 2011, the BBC's Home editor Mark Easton judged that "Majorism" had made little lasting impact.^[307]

In academic circles Major's legacy has generally been better received. Mark Stuart, writing in 2017, stated that Major is "the best ex-Prime Minister we have ever had", praising him for initiating the Northern Ireland peace process, peacefully handing Hong Kong back to China, creating the National Lottery and leaving a sound economy to Labour in 1997.^[308] Dennis Kavanagh likewise states that Major did relatively well considering the unbridgeable divides that existed in the Conservative Party in the 1990s, chiefly over Europe, whilst also delivering economic growth, a more user-focused public sector and the basis of peace settlement in Northern Ireland.^[309] He also notes that Major's unexpected 1992 election victory effectively sealed in the Thatcher-era reforms and forced the Labour Party to ditch most of its more socialist-tinged policies, thereby permanently shifting the British political landscape to the centre ground.^[309] Anthony Seldon largely agrees with this assessment, adding that Major's deep dislike of discrimination contributed to the continuing decline in racism and homophobia in British society, and that his proactive foreign policy stance maintained Britain's influence in the world at a time of profound global change.^[310] He also notes that Major faced a deeply unfavourable set of circumstances: most of the obvious and pressing Conservative reforms (e.g. reining in the power of trade unions and privatising failing industries) had already been completed under Thatcher, the swift nature of his rise to power left him little time to formulate policy positions and upon becoming prime minister he was immediately thrust into having to deal with the Gulf War and a major recession. Furthermore, the narrow majority achieved after the 1992 election left him exposed to internal Conservative rebellions, which only worsened as time went by, abetted by a hostile press, as it became clear the Conservatives would lose the next election.^[311] Seldon concludes that "Major was neither non-entity nor failure. His will be judged an important if unruly premiership at the end of the Conservative century, completing some parts of an earlier agenda while in some key respects helping to define a Conservatism for the 21st century."^[312] Seldon reiterated these views in his contribution to the 2017 volume John Major: An Unsuccessful Prime Minister?^[313]

Political historian Robert Taylor, in his 2006 biography of Major, concurs with many of these points, summing up that "In the perspective provided by the years of New Labour government since May 1997, John Major's record as Prime Minister looked much better than his many critics liked to suggest... Britain's most extraordinary Conservative Prime Minister bequeathed an important legacy to this party and his country to build on. One day both yet may come to recognise and appreciate it."^[314] Noted political historian Dick Leonard, however, writing in 2004, was more harsh in his assessment, concluding that Major was "A man of evident decent instincts, but limited abilities: as Prime Minister he pushed these abilities to the limit. It was not enough."^[315]

Representation in the media

 

Major at Chatham House in 2011

During his leadership of the Conservative Party, Major was portrayed as honest ("Honest John")^[316][317] but unable to exert effective control over his fractious party. However, his polite, easy-going manner was initially well received by both his supporters and his critics.^[318] Major's appearance was noted for its greyness, his prodigious philtrum, and large glasses, all of which were exaggerated in caricatures. For example, in Spitting Image, Major's puppet was changed from a circus performer to that of a literally grey man who ate dinner with his wife in silence, occasionally saying "nice peas, dear", while at the same time nursing an unrequited crush on his colleague Virginia Bottomley – an invention, but an ironic one in view of his affair with Edwina Currie, which was not then a matter of public knowledge. By the end of his premiership his puppet would often be shown observing the latest fiasco and ineffectually murmuring "oh dear".^[319][320] Long-standing Conservative MP Enoch Powell, when asked about Major, stated "I simply find myself asking – does he really exist?",^[321] whereas on the left Labour's Alastair Campbell dismissed him as a "piece of lettuce that passes for prime minister"^[322] and Labour MP Tony Banks said of Major in 1994 that, "He was a fairly competent Chairman of Housing on Lambeth Council. Every time he gets up now I keep thinking, 'What on earth is Councillor Major doing?' I can't believe he's here and sometimes I think he can't either."^[323]

The media (particularly The Guardian cartoonist Steve Bell) used the allegation by Alastair Campbell that he had observed Major tucking his shirt into his underpants to caricature him wearing his pants outside his trousers,^[324] as a pale grey echo of both Superman and Supermac, a parody of Harold Macmillan.^[325][326] Bell also used the humorous possibilities of the Cones Hotline, a means for the public to inform the authorities of potentially unnecessary traffic cones, which was part of the Citizen's Charter project established by John Major. Major was also satirised by Patrick Wright with his book 101 Uses for a John Major (based on a comic book of some 10 years earlier called 101 Uses for a Dead Cat), in which Major was illustrated serving a number of bizarre purposes, such as a train-spotter's anorak or as a flag-pole;^[327][328] Wright published a second collection of '101 Uses', as well as a parodic cartoon biography of Major entitled Not Inconsiderable: Being the Life and Times of John Major.^[329]

Private Eye parodied Sue Townsend's The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, age 13¾ to run a regular column The Secret Diary of John Major, age 47¾, in which Major was portrayed as naïve and childish, keeping lists of his enemies in a Rymans Notebook called his "Bastards Book", and featuring "my wife Norman" and "Mr Dr Mawhinney" as recurring characters.^[330][326] The magazine still runs one-off specials of this diary (with the age updated) on occasions when Major is in the news, such as on the breaking of the Edwina Currie story or the publication of his autobiography.

The impressionist comedian Rory Bremner often mocked John Major, for example depicting him as 'John 90', a play on 1960s puppet show Joe 90;^[331][332] his impersonation was so accurate that he managed to fool the MP Richard Body that he was really speaking to Major in a prank phone call.^[333] The incident prompted Cabinet Secretary Robin Butler to warn Channel 4 head Michael Grade against any further calls for fear that state secrets could be inadvertently leaked.^[334]

Major was often mocked for his nostalgic evocation of what sounded like the lost Britain of the 1950s (see Merry England);^[335] for example, his famous speech stating that "Fifty years from now Britain will still be the country of long shadows on county grounds, warm beer, invincible green suburbs, dog lovers and pools fillers and – as George Orwell said – 'old maids bicycling to Holy Communion through the morning mist'."^[336] Major complained in his memoirs that these words (which drew upon a passage in George Orwell's essay The Lion and the Unicorn)^[337] had been misrepresented as being more naive and romantic than he had intended, and indeed his memoirs were dismissive of the common conservative viewpoint that there was once a time of moral rectitude; Major wrote that "life has never been as simple as that". Throughout his time in office Major was often acutely sensitive to criticism of him in the press; his biographer Anthony Seldon posits this to an inner vulnerability stemming from his difficult childhood and adolescence.^[319] After leaving office, Major stated that "Perhaps up to a point I was too sensitive about some of the things in the press, I’m happy to concede that. But, the politicians who are said to have hides like rhinos and be utterly impervious to criticism, if they’re not extinct, they are very rare and I freely confess I wasn't amongst them."^[338]

Major has been depicted on screen by Keith Drinkel in Thatcher: The Final Days (1991),^[339] Michael Maloney in Margaret (2009),^[340] Robin Kermode in The Iron Lady (2011),^[340] Marc Ozall in the TV series The Crown, Gordon Griffin in Westminster on Trial and Roger Sansom in On the Record. Footage of Major's 1992 election win is used in Patrick Keiller's 1994 documentary film London.^[341] Major was also one of the prime ministers portrayed in the 2013 stage play The Audience.^[342] Less flatteringly, Major was the subject of the song John Major – Fuck You by Scottish punk band Oi Polloi.^[343]

Major was portrayed by Jonny Lee Miller in the fifth season of The Crown in 2022. Major called the series a "barrel-load of nonsense" for a fictitious storyline in which the then Prince Charles lobbies Major in 1991, attempting to oust Queen Elizabeth II from power. Netflix defended the series as a "fictional dramatisation".^[344]

Personal life

 

Major at a cricket match

Major married Norma Johnson (now Dame Norma Major) on 3 October 1970 at St Matthew's Church, Brixton.^{[345][64][65]} She was a teacher and a member of the Young Conservatives. They met on polling day for the Greater London Council elections in London, and became engaged after only ten days.^[346] They have two children: a daughter, Elizabeth (born November 1971)^[70][71] and a son, James (b. January 1975).^[72] They continue to live at their constituency home, Finings, in Great Stukeley, Huntingdonshire.^[257] They also own a flat in London and a holiday home on the Norfolk coast at Weybourne, which they have in the past invited ex-soldiers to use for free as part of the Afghan Heroes charity.^{[257][249][347]} As with all former prime ministers, Major is entitled to round-the-clock police protection.^[348][349]

Elizabeth Major, a qualified veterinary nurse, married Luke Salter on 26 March 2000 at All Saints Church, Somerby, having been in a relationship with him since 1988.^[350][351] Salter died on 22 November 2002 from cancer.^[352] James Major, a former retail manager and nightclub promoter, married gameshow hostess Emma Noble on 29 March 1999 in the Chapel Crypt at Westminster Abbey.^[351][353] They had a son, Harrison, born July 2000, who was later diagnosed with autism.^[354] The marriage ended in an acrimonious divorce in 2003, with Noble accusing Major of "unreasonable behaviour".^[355] James later married Kate Postlethwaite (née Dorrell), the mother of his second son.

Major's elder brother Terry, who died in 2007, became a minor media personality during Major's period in Downing Street, writing a 1994 autobiography, Major Major: Memories of an Older Brother, and appearing on TV shows such as Have I Got News for You.^[356][357] John's sister Patricia Dessoy kept a much lower profile; she died in 2017.^[358] After leaving office Major became aware that his father fathered two half-siblings extramaritally: Tom Moss and Kathleen Lemmon.^{[359][360][361]}

Research conducted by Paul Penn-Simkins, a genealogist formerly employed as a researcher at the College of Arms and as a heraldic consultant at Christie's, and subsequently corroborated by Lynda Rippin, a genealogist employed by Lincolnshire Council, showed that John Major and Margaret Thatcher were fifth cousins once removed, both descending from the Crust family, who farmed at Leake, near Boston, Lincolnshire.^{[362][363][364][365][366]}

Major has been keen on sports since his youth, most notably cricket;^[367] he is also a supporter of Chelsea F.C.^[368][369] and a Patron of British Gymnastics.^[370] He also enjoys gardening, listening to music and reading; Anthony Trollope being among his favourite authors.^[371][372] Major is a Christian, though his upbringing was never especially religious and he states that he is "a believer at a distance".^[373] He shied away from the topic when in office, stating that "I have always been a little wary of politicians who parade their faith, and prefer a little English reserve on the subject."^[374]

Honours

 

Major receiving the insignia of Order of the Companions of Honour from the Queen at Buckingham Palace, 1999

In the 1999 New Year Honours List, Major was made a Companion of Honour for his work on the Northern Ireland peace process.^[375]

On 23 April 2005, Major was bestowed with a knighthood as a Companion of the Order of the Garter by Queen Elizabeth II. He was installed at St George's Chapel, Windsor, on 13 June. Membership of the Order of the Garter is limited in number to 24, and as a personal gift of the Monarch is an honour traditionally bestowed on former prime ministers.^[376]

On 20 June 2008, Major was granted the Freedom of the City of Cork.^[377][378] He was also granted the Outstanding Contribution to Ireland award in Dublin on 4 December 2014.^[379][380]

On 8 May 2012, Major was personally decorated at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo by the Emperor of Japan with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in recognition of his invaluable contributions to Japan–UK relations through his work in the political and economic arena, and also in promoting mutual understanding. While prime minister, Major had pursued energetic campaigns aimed at boosting bilateral trade: "Priority Japan" (1991–94) and "Action Japan" (1994–97). The 1991 Japan Festival also took place under his premiership.^[381]

Awards

In 2008, Major won the British Sports Book Awards (Best Cricket Book) for More Than a Game.^[382]

Public commemoration

 

Plaque on St Helier Hospital, Sutton

 

Plaque in Archbishop's Park, Lambeth

Two plaques commemorating John Major in South London.

An oil painting of Major, painted in 1996 by June Mendoza, is part of the Parliamentary collection,^[383][384] as is a bronze bust by Anne Curry, unveiled in the Members' Lobby on 16 October 2017.^{[385][386][387]} There is another bust of Major in the Norman Shaw Building North by Neale Andrew, sculpted in 1993 and installed in 2004, however this is not accessible to the public.^[388][389]

A large bust of John Major by Shenda Amery in Huntingdon Library was unveiled by his wife Norma in 1993.^[390]

A painting of John Major by Diccon Swan is on display at the Carlton Club, and was unveiled by his wife Norma in 1994.^[391][392] The National Portrait Gallery holds two paintings of Major – the first official portrait of him as prime minister, painted by Peter Deighan in 1994,^[393][394] and one of John and Norma by John Wonnacott, painted in 1997.^[395]

There is a large John Major Suite at The Oval, home to Surrey County Cricket Club; the venue also contains a painting of Major.^[396]

There is a 'Heritage in Sutton' plaque on St Helier Hospital, where John Major was born in 1943,^[397] and a plaque commemorating him in Archbishop's Park next to Lambeth Palace, included as part of the Lambeth Millennium Pathway. There are also various plaques commemorating facilities opened by John Major: at Brampton Memorial Centre, Brampton (opened 1988),^[398] Hamerton Zoo Park, Hamerton (1990),^[399] Cadbury World, Birmingham (1991),^[400] a tree commemorating the restoration of the River Mill pub, Eaton Socon,^[401] the gardens at Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon (2009),^[402] the North Terminal extension at Gatwick Airport (2011),^[403] Huntingdonshire Football Association headquarters, Huntingdon (2015),^[404] and Alconbury Weald cricket pitch (2019).^[405]

In 2013 the town of Candeleda in Spain named a street for John Major (Avenida de John Major), as Major has holidayed there for many years.^[406][407] Major Close, in Loughborough Junction near where John grew up, is also named for him; the street was to be called 'Sir John Major Close', however this long name breached council guidelines.^[408]

Arms

Coat of arms of Sir John Major

Adopted 2005 Crest A Demi-stag Gules attired and unguled Or langued Azure holding between its forelegs a double-warded Key Or wards ’M’ upwards and ribboned Gules Azure and Argent^[409] Escutcheon Chequy Vert and Azure over all a Portcullis Or in chief three Torteaux Gules^[410] Motto Adeste comites (Rally round, comrades) Other elements Garter circlet and appended Companion of Honour insignia^[411] Banner   The banner of John Major's arms used as knight of the Garter at St George's Chapel.

See also

• 1997 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
• Electoral history of John Major
• First Major ministry
• Second Major ministry

Notes

1. John also had two other half-siblings from his father's affairs which he was not to learn of until much later.^[12]
2. Tom Major had planned to move the family to Canada in his retirement, but his immigration application was rejected due to his failing eyesight.^[20]
3. Major was later to learn that the flat was in fact owned by his half-brother Tom Moss.^[23]
4. In the 1999 BBC documentary The Major Years, Major can be seen getting visibly upset when recalling this episode.^[28]
5. Major was later to express regret for his support for large-scale tower block estates. In April 1992 Labour-run Lambeth Council rebuffed plans for a plaque commemorating Major in the borough, stating that there was already "sufficient monument to John Major in the form of the Stockwell Park and Moorlands Estates".^[58]
6. The department was later split into two separate ministries for Health and Social Security in 1988.^[111]
7. Major was also appointed to the Privy Council at this time.^[123]
8. Walters resigned soon after.^[157]
9. The European Currency Unit was a notional unit of account based on a weighted 'basket' of major European currencies. It was replaced with the physical Euro currency in 1999.^[167]
10. This was later enacted under Labour Chancellor Gordon Brown in 1998.^[184]

References

1. "The Rt. Hon. Sir John Major KG CH". Johnmajorarchive.org. Retrieved 12 November 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
2. "UK Election Statistics: 1918-2021: A century of elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 18 August 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
3. "European Council (Maastricht)". Hansard. 11 December 1991. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
4. Watt, Nicholas (17 May 2011). "John Major started process that has culminated with Queen's visit to Dublin". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
5. "The Major minority". The Independent. 13 December 1996. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
6. . Sole.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
7. "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
8. Major 2000, pp. 8–9.
9. . History and Tour. 10 Downing Street. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
10. Major 2000, p. 8.
11. Seldon 1998, p. 9.
12. Major 2000, pp. 4, 6.
13. Seldon 1998, p. 8.
14. Major 2000, p. 10.
15. Seldon 1998, p. 11.
16. Major 2000, pp. 10–12.
17. Seldon 1998, pp. 11, 15.
18. Major 2000, p. 14.
19. Seldon 1998, pp. 12–13.
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Works cited

• Bennett, Gillian (1996). "'Camera, Lights Action!': The British General Election 1992 as Narrative Event". Folklore. 107 (1–2): 94–97. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1996.9715921. ISSN 0015-587X.
• Major, John (2000). John Major: The Autobiography. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-257004-6.
• Seldon, Anthony (1998) [1997]. Major: A Political Life. London: Phoenix Books. ISBN 978-0-7538-0145-1.
• Snowdon, Peter (2010). Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party. London: HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-00-730884-2.
• Taylor, Robert (2006). Major. London: Haus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904950-72-1.
• Turner, Alwyn W. (2013). A Classless Society: Britain in the 1990s. Aurum Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78131-068-7.

Further reading

• Anderson, Bruce (1991). John Major: The Making of the Prime Minister. Fourth Estate Classic House. ISBN 978-1-872180-54-0.
• Bale, Tim; Sanders, Karen (2001). "'Playing by the Book': Success and Failure in John Major's Approach to Prime Ministerial Media Management". Contemporary British History. 15 (4): 93–110. doi:10.1080/713999434. S2CID 144521737.
• Bell, David S., Erwin C. Hargrove, and Kevin Theakston. "Skill in context: A comparison of politicians." Presidential Studies Quarterly 29.3 (1999): 528–548; comparison of John Major with George H.W. Bush (US), and Jacques Chirac (France).
• Burnham, June; Jones, G. W.; Elgie, Robert (1995). "The Parliamentary Activity of John Major, 1990–94". British Journal of Political Science. 25 (4): 551–63. doi:10.1017/S0007123400007341. S2CID 154948468.
• Cowley, Philip; Garry, John (1998). "The British Conservative Party and Europe: the choosing of John Major". British Journal of Political Science. 28 (3): 473–99. doi:10.1017/S0007123498000350.
• Dell, Edmund (1996). The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90. HarperCollins. pp. 541–50. ISBN 978-0-00-255558-6., covers his term as Chancellor.
• Dorey, Peter, ed. (1999). The Major Premiership: Politics and Policies under John Major, 1990–97. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-73681-4.
• Ellis, Nesta Wyn (1991). John Major: A Personal Biography. Time Warner Books UK. ISBN 978-0-356-20304-1.
• Foley, Michael (2003). John Major, Tony Blair & a Conflict of Leadership: Collision Course. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6316-9.
• Hickson, Kevin; Williams, Ben (2017). John Major: An Unsuccessful Prime Minister?: Reappraising John Major. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78590-067-9.
• Hogg, Sarah; Hill, Jonathan (1995). Too Close to Call: Power and Politics; John Major in No. 10. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-87716-9.
• Jones, Philip; Hudson, John (1996). "The Quality of Political Leadership: A case study of John Major". British Journal of Political Science. 26 (2): 229–44. doi:10.1017/S0007123400000430. S2CID 153794499.
• Junor, Penny (1996). John Major: From Brixton to Downing Street. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-023874-7.
• Kavanagh, Dennis; Seldon, Anthony, eds. (1994). The Major Effect: An Overview of John Major's Premiership. Pan Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-333-62273-5.
• Pearce, Edward (1991). The Quiet Rise of John Major. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-81208-1.
• Reitan, Earl A. (2002). The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-2202-2.

Primary sources

• Major, John (2007). More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-718364-7.
• Major, John (2012). My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-745014-5.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Major.

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to John Major.

• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Major
• The Public Whip – John Major MP voting record
• Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
• on the Downing Street website.
• , lecture by Vernon Bogdanor at Gresham College on 21 June 2007 (with video and audio files available for download).
• Portraits of John Major at the National Portrait Gallery, London  
• "Archival material relating to John Major". UK National Archives.