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Ho Chi Minh City

November 07, 2023

"Saigon" and "HCMC" redirect here. For other uses, see Saigon (disambiguation) and HCMC (disambiguation).

Ho Chi Minh City (abbreviated HCMC),[a] also commonly known as Saigon,[b] is the most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of around 9.3 million in 2023.[4] Situated in the Southeast region of Vietnam, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 km2 (796 sq mi).

Ho Chi Minh City
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
Saigon (Sài Gòn)
Municipality
Saigon - Ho Chi Minh City
Clockwise from top: District 1 skyline, Independence Palace, Ben Thanh Market, Bach Dang Quay, Tomb of Lê Văn Duyệt, Municipal Theatre, City Hall, Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica
Seal
Nicknames: 
Thành phố mang tên Bác
(lit. 'The city bearing the name of Uncle Ho')
Paris of the Orient (historical)[1]
Motto(s): 
Paulatim crescam (historical)[2]
Meaning: Little by little we grow
Interactive map outlining Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City
Location within Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City
Location within Southeast Asia
Ho Chi Minh City
Location within Asia
Coordinates: 10°46′32″N 106°42′07″E / 10.77556°N 106.70194°E / 10.77556; 106.70194
Country Vietnam
RegionSoutheast
Founded1698
Founded byNguyễn Hữu Cảnh
Named forHo Chi Minh
Districts16 urban districts, 5 rural districts and 1 sub-city
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyHo Chi Minh City People's Council [vi]
 • Secretary of CPVNguyễn Văn Nên
 • Chairwoman of People's CouncilNguyễn Thị Lệ
 • Chairman of People's CommitteePhan Văn Mãi
Area
[3]
 • Municipality2,061.2 km2 (795.83 sq mi)
 • Metro
30,595 km2 (11,813 sq mi)
Elevation
19 m (63 ft)
Population
 (2023)
 • Municipality9,320,866 (1st)
 • Density4,375/km2 (11,330/sq mi)
 • Metro
21,281,639 (1st)
 • Metro density697.2/km2 (1,806/sq mi)
DemonymSaigonese
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code
700000–740000
Area codes28
ISO 3166 codeVN-SG
License plate41, 50–59
GRP (Nominal)2022
– TotalUS$63.6 billion[4]
– Per capitaUS$6,890
GRP (PPP)2022
– TotalUS$199.7 billion[5]
– Per capitaUS$21,640
HDI (2020)0.795 (2nd)[6]
International airportsTan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN)
Rapid transit systemHo Chi Minh City Metro
Websitehochiminhcity.gov.vn

Saigon was the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902, and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954. Following the partition of French Indochina, it became the capital of South Vietnam until the fall of Saigon in 1975. The communist government renamed Saigon in honour of Hồ Chí Minh shortly after the fall of Saigon. Beginning in the 1990s, the city underwent rapid modernisation and expansion, contributing to Vietnam's post-war economic recovery.[7]

It is known for its well-preserved French colonial architecture, vibrant street life,[8] its varied cultural institutions, which include historic landmarks, walking streets, museums and galleries which attracts over 8 million international visitors each year.[9][10]

Ho Chi Minh City is a major centre for finance, media, technology, education, and transportation. The city generates around a quarter of the country's total GDP, and is home to many multinational companies.[11] It has a Human Development Index of 0.795 (high), ranking second among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.[6] Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the main airport serving the city, is the busiest airport in the country by passenger traffic, accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam.[12]

Etymology edit

Main article: Names of Ho Chi Minh City

The first known human habitation of the area was a Cham settlement called Baigaur.[nb 1] The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor, a small fishing village.[13][14] Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamed Gia Định (嘉定), a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s, when it adopted the name Sài Gòn, westernized as Saïgon,[14] although the city was still indicated as 嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Hán until at least 1891.[15]

The current name, Ho Chi Minh City, was given after reunification in 1976 to honour Ho Chi Minh.[nb 2] Even today, however, the informal name of Sài Gòn remains in daily speech. However, there is a technical difference between the two terms: Sài Gòn is commonly used to refer to the city centre in District 1 and the adjacent areas, while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts.[14]

Saigon edit

 
Saigon is written here as 柴棍 along with other Southern Vietnamese cities. (On the left of the page, first row after "城庯三")

The etymology of Saigon is uncertain.

The original toponym behind Sài Gòn, was attested earliest as 柴棍, with two phonograms whose Sino-Vietnamese readings are sài and côn respectively, in Lê Quý Đôn's Phủ biên tạp lục (撫邊雜錄 "Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier", c. 1776), wherein Lê relates that, in 1674, Cambodian prince Ang Nan was installed as uparaja in 柴棍 (Sài Gòn) by Vietnamese forces.

柴棍 also appears later in Trịnh Hoài Đức's Gia Định thành thông chí (嘉定城通志 "Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel", c. 1820), Nam quốc địa dư giáo khoa thư (南國地輿教科書 "Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country", 1908),[17] etc.

Adrien Launay's Histoire de la Mission de Cochinchine (1688−1823), "Documents Historiques II: 1728 - 1771" (1924: 190) cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms: provincia Rai-gon, Rai-gon thong (for *Sài Gòn thượng "Upper Saigon"), & Rai-gon-ha (for *Sài Gòn hạ "Lower Saigon").

It is probably a transcription of Khmer ព្រៃនគរ (Prey Nokôr)[18][19][nb 3], or Khmer ព្រៃគរ (Prey Kôr).

The proposal that Sài Gòn is from non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 堤岸 tai4 ngon6 (“embankment”, SV: đê ngạn)[nb 4], the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn, (e.g. by Vương Hồng Sển) has been critiqued as folk-etymological, as: (1) the Vietnamese source Phủ biên tạp lục (albeit written in literary Chinese) was the earliest extant one containing the local toponym's transcription; (2) 堤岸 has variant form 提岸, thus suggesting that both were transcriptions of a local toponym and thus are cognates to, not originals of, Sài Gòn. Saigon is unlikely to be from 堤岸 since in 南國地輿教科書 Nam Quốc địa dư giáo khoa thư, it also lists Chợ Lớn as 𢄂𢀲 separate from 柴棍 Sài Gòn.

Ho Chi Minh City edit

The current official name, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, was first proclaimed in 1945, and later adopted in 1976. It is abbreviated as TP.HCM, and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City, abbreviated as HCMC, and in French as Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville (the circumflex is sometimes omitted), abbreviated as HCMV. The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh, the first leader of North Vietnam. This name, though not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, 胡) with a given name meaning "enlightened will" (from Sino-Vietnamese, 志 明; Chí meaning 'will' or 'spirit', and Minh meaning 'light'), in essence, meaning "light bringer".[22] Nowadays, "Sài Gòn" is commonly used to refer to the city's central business districts, "Prey Nokor City" is well known in Khmer, whereas "Hồ Chí Minh City" is used to refer to the whole city.[23]

History edit

Early settlement edit

The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.[24] A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa.[24] Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the Khmer Empire around 1145,[24] Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.[25]

The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords. Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn - daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên - and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. In exchange, Chey Chettha II gifted Prei Nokor to the Nguyễn lords.[26] Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon, Đồng Nai. Before that, the Funanese, Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.

The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In 1623, Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gòn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé). Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi crossroads). It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.

Nguyễn Dynasty rule edit

 
Drawing of Phụng citadel in the Nguyễn dynasty

In 1679, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge. In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.[27][28] King Chey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700. In February 1700, he invaded Cambodia from An Giang. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese general Trần Thượng Xuyên (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew Ang Em surrendered to the invaders, as the Vietnamese marched onto and captured Cambodia's capital Phnom Penh.[29] As a result, Saigon and Long An were officially and securely obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands.[29]

In 1788, Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.[30] Two years later, a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định, or Thành Bát Quái ("Eight Diagrams") was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel, one of the Nguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries.[31]

The citadel was captured by Lê Văn Khôi during his revolt of 1833–35 against Emperor Minh Mạng. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called Phụng Thành, was built in 1836.[32] In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa.[32] Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.[24]

French colonial era edit

Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon,[33] the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonisation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including a botanical garden, the Norodom Palace, Hotel Continental, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and Bến Thành Market, among many others.[34][35] In April 1865, Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.[36] During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as "Pearl of the Orient" (Hòn ngọc Viễn Đông),[37] or "Paris of the Extreme Orient".[38]

On 27 April 1931, a new région called Saigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955.[39] From about 256,000 in 1930,[40] Saigon's population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.[40]

Republic of Vietnam era edit

In 1949, former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam with himself as head of state.[7] In 1954, the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the communist Việt Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, gaining complete control of the northern half of the country, while the southern half gained independence from France.[41] The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1955 referendum,[41] with Saigon as its capital.[42] On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name, Đô Thành Sài Gòn ("Capital City Saigon").[43] After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.[43] In December 1966, two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to become District 9.[44] In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city's area consisted of eleven districts, Gia Định, Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), and Phú Hòa District (Bình Dương).[44]

Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.[45] In the late 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country's economy grew rapidly under capitalism;[43] by 1960, over half of South Vietnam's factories were located in Saigon.[46] However, beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries.[43] As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by the USAID as being turned "into a huge slum".[47] The city also suffered from "prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money", and according to Stanley Karnow, it was "a black-market city in the largest sense of the word".[42]

On 28 April 1955, the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Bình Xuyên military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless.[42][48] Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including the Hòa Hảo Buddhist reform movement.[42] On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức burned himself in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 1 November of the same year, Diệm was assassinated in Saigon, in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh.[42]

During the 1968 Tet Offensive, communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city. On 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured, ending the Vietnam War with a victory for North Vietnam,[49] and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People's Army.[42]

Post–Vietnam War and today edit

In 1976, upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.[nb 5] At the time, the city covered an area of 1,295.5 square kilometres (500.2 sq mi) with eight districts and five rurals: Thủ Đức, Hóc Môn, Củ Chi, Bình Chánh, and Nhà Bè.[44] Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times,[44] most recently in 2020, when District 2, District 9, and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city.[50]

On 29 October 2002, 60 people died and 90 injured in the International Trade Center building fire in Ho Chi Minh City.[51]

Today, Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as "the manufacturing hub" of Vietnam, and "an attractive business hub".[52] In terms of cost, it was ranked the 111th-most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities.[53] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2020, the city was classified as a "Beta" city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[54]

Geography edit

 
Population density and elevation above sea level in the city (2010). Ho Chi Minh City is vulnerable to sea level rise

The city is located in the south-eastern region of Vietnam, 1,760 km (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi. The average elevation is 5 m (16 ft) above sea level for the city centre and 16 m (52 ft) for the suburb areas.[55] It borders Tây Ninh Province and Bình Dương Province to the north, Đồng Nai Province and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province to the east, Long An Province to the west, Tiền Giang Province and East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km (9 mi) long. The city covers an area of 2,095 km2 (809 sq mi or 0.63% of the surface of Vietnam), extending up to Củ Chi District (12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border) and down to Cần Giờ on the Eastern Sea. The distance from the northernmost point (Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune, Củ Chi District) to the southernmost one (Long Hòa Commune, Cần Giờ District) is 102 km (63 mi), and from the easternmost point (Long Bình ward, District Nine) to the westernmost one (Bình Chánh Commune, Bình Chánh District) is 47 km (29 mi).[citation needed] Due to its location on the Mekong Delta, the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture.[56]

Climate edit

The city has a tropical climate, specifically tropical savanna (Aw), with a high average humidity of 78–82%.[57] The year is divided into two distinct seasons.[57] The rainy season, with an average rainfall of about 1,800 mm (71 in) annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually lasts from May to November.[57] The dry season lasts from December to April.[57] The average temperature is 28 °C (82 °F), with little variation throughout the year.[57] The highest temperature recorded was 40.0 °C (104 °F) in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13.8 °C (57 °F) in January.[57] On average, the city experiences between 2,400 and 2,700 hours of sunshine per year.[57]

Climate data for Ho Chi Minh City (Tan Son Nhat International Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.4
(97.5) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.4
(102.9) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		36.1
(97.0) 		35.3
(95.5) 		34.9
(94.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.6
(99.7) 		40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 32.0
(89.6) 		32.7
(90.9) 		33.6
(92.5) 		34.5
(94.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.6
(88.9) 		33.0
(91.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.1
(82.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.1
(82.6) 		28.0
(82.4) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		28.2
(82.8)
Average low °C (°F) 23.4
(74.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.9
(76.8)
Record low °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.8
(56.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 12.0
(0.47) 		8.0
(0.31) 		18.0
(0.71) 		57.0
(2.24) 		202.0
(7.95) 		224.0
(8.82) 		231.0
(9.09) 		219.0
(8.62) 		490.0
(19.29) 		340.0
(13.39) 		128.0
(5.04) 		41.0
(1.61) 		1,970
(77.54)
Average rainy days 2.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 13.0 16.0 19.0 17.0 18.0 16.0 9.0 5.0 121
Average relative humidity (%) 72 70 70 72 79 82 83 83 85 84 80 77 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 245 246 272 239 195 171 180 172 162 182 200 226 2,490
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,[58] Asian Development Bank[57]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (rainfall)[59]

Flooding edit

The city is considered one of the cities most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly flooding. During the rainy season, a combination of high tide, heavy rains, high flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city.[60][61] A once-in-100 year flood would cause 23% of the city to suffer flooding.[62]

Administration edit

 
Ho Chi Minh City Hall is the administrative building of the city's government.
 
Administrative divisions of HCMC's urban districts and municipal city
1–12. Districts 1 to 12 excludes District 2 and District 9 (Part of city of Thu Duc).
2. City of Thủ Đức
13. Bình Thạnh
14. Bình Tân
15. Gò Vấp
16. Phú Nhuận
17. Tân Bình
18. Tân Phú

The city is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam's provinces, which is subdivided into 22 district-level sub-divisions (as of 2020):

  • 1 sub-city (211 km2 or 81 sq mi in area), which is designated municipal city (thành phố thuộc thành phố trực thuộc trung ương):

They are further subdivided into 5 commune-level towns (or townlets), 58 communes, and 249 wards (as of 2020, see List of HCMC administrative units below).[63]

On 1 January 2021, it was announced that District 2, District 9 and Thủ Đức District would be consolidated and was approved by Standing Committee of the National Assembly.[64][50]

City government edit

The Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee is a 13-member executive branch of the city. The current chairman is Phan Văn Mãi. There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments.

The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Council and consists of 105 members. The current chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Lệ.

The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People's Court. The current chief judge is Lê Thanh Phong.

The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City. The current secretary is Nguyễn Văn Nên. The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party, while chairman of the People's Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People's Council is ranked fourth.[citation needed]

Demographics edit

Historical population
Year Area km2 Population Person/km2 Urban Rural
Census[68]
1999 - 5,034,058 - 4,207,825 826,233
2004 - 6,117,251 - 5,140,412 976,839
2009 2,097.1 7,162,864 3,416 5,880,615 1,282,249
2019 2,061.2 8,993,082 4,363 7,127,364 1,865,718
Estimate
2010 2,095.6 7,346,600 3,506 6,114,300 1,232,300
2011 2,095.6 7,498,400 3,578 6,238,000 1,260,400
2012 2,095.6 7,660,300 3,655 6,309,100 1,351,100
2013 2,095.6 7,820,000 3,732 6,479,200 1,340,800
2014 2,095.5 7,981,900 3,809 6,554,700 1,427,200
2015 2,095.5 8,127,900 3,879 6,632,800 1,495,100
2016 2,061.4 8,287,000 4,020 6,733,100 1,553,900
2017 2,061.2 8,444,600 4,097 6,825,300 1,619,300
Sources:[69][70][71][72]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1995 4,640,400—    
1996 4,747,900+2.3%
1997 4,852,300+2.2%
1998 4,957,300+2.2%
1999 5,073,100+2.3%
2000 5,274,900+4.0%
2001 5,454,000+3.4%
2002 5,619,400+3.0%
2003 5,809,100+3.4%
2004 6,007,600+3.4%
2005 6,230,900+3.7%
2006 6,483,100+4.0%
2007 6,725,300+3.7%
2008 6,946,100+3.3%
2009 7,196,100+3.6%
2010 7,378,000+2.5%
2011 7,517,900+1.9%
2012 7,663,800+1.9%
2013 7,818,200+2.0%
2014 8,244,400+5.5%
2015 8,307,900+0.8%
2016 8,441,902+1.6%
2017 8,446,000+0.0%
2018 8,843,200+4.7%
2019 9,038,600+2.2%
2020 9,227,600+2.1%
2021 9,166,800−0.7%
Source: Tổng cục thống kê Việt Nam: 80 : 93 [73]

The population of the city, as of the 1 October 2004 census, was 6,117,251 (of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants).[63] In mid-2007, the city's population was 6,650,942 – with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants. The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city's population was 7,162,864 people,[74] about 8.34% of the total population of Vietnam, making it the highest population-concentrated city in the country. As of the end of 2012, the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people, an increase of 3.1% from 2011.[75] As an administrative unit, its population is also the largest at the provincial level. According to the 2019 census, Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8.9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area.[4]

The city's population is expected to grow to 13.9 million by 2025.[76] The population of the city is expanding faster than earlier predictions. In August 2017, the city's mayor, Nguyễn Thành Phong, admitted that previous estimates of 8–10 million were drastic underestimations.[77] The actual population (including those who have not officially registered) was estimated 13 million in 2017.[78] The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning, will have an area of 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020.[79] Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as "Saigonese" in English and "dân Sài Gòn" in Vietnamese.

Ethnic groups edit

The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) at about 93.52%. Ho Chi Minh City's largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese (Hoa) with 5.78%. Cholon – in District 5 and parts of Districts 6, 10, and 11 – is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam. The Hoa (Chinese) speak a number of varieties of Chinese, including Cantonese, Teochew (Chaozhou), Hokkien, Hainanese, and Hakka; smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese. Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0.34%, Cham with 0.1%, as well as a small group of Bawean from Bawean Island in Indonesia (about 400; as of 2015), they occupy District 1.[80]

Various other nationalities including Koreans, Japanese, Americans, South Africans, Filipinos and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City, particularly in Thủ Đức and District 7 as expatriate workers.[81]

Religion edit

As of March 2019, the city recognises 13 religions and 1,983,048 residents identify as religious people. Catholicism and Buddhism are the two predominant religions in Saigon. The largest is Buddhism as it has 1,164,930 followers followed by Catholicism with 745,283 followers, Caodaism with 31,633 followers, Protestantism with 27,016 followers, Islam with 6,580 followers, Hòa Hảo with 4,894 followers, Tịnh độ cư sĩ Phật hội Việt Nam with 1,387 followers, Hinduism with 395 followers, Đạo Tứ ấn hiếu nghĩa with 298 followers, Minh Sư Đạo with 283 followers, Baháʼí Faith with 192 followers, Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương with 89 followers, Minh Lý Đạo with 67 followers, and the rest are the Saigonese who don't believe in God which is Atheism.[82]

Economy edit

The city is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam. Although the city takes up just 0.6% of the country's land area, it contains 8.34% of the population of Vietnam, 20.2% of its GDP, 27.9% of industrial output and 34.9% of the FDI projects in the country in 2005.[83] In 2005, the city had 4,344,000 labourers, of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm (in Vietnam, 60 for male and 55 for female workers).[84] In 2009, GDP per capita reached $2,800, compared to the country's average level of $1,042.[85]

Year General description
2006 As of June 2006, the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks. Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam, with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007.[86] In 2007, the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion.[87]
2007 In 2007, the city's GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion, or about $2,180 per capita, up 12.6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20% of the country's GDP. The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) reached $71.5 billion, or about $10,870 per capita (approximately three times higher than the country's average). The city's Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion, equivalent to 30% of the value of the entire nation. Export – Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion, or 40% of the national total, of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion (40% of Vietnam's total export revenues). In 2007, Ho Chi Minh City's contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent, accounting for about 20.5 percent of total revenues. The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that of Hanoi.[88][failed verification]
2008 In 2008, it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI.[89] In 2010, the city's GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion, or about $2,800 per capita, up 11.8 percent from 2009.[90]
2012 By the end of 2012, the city's GDP was estimated around $28,595 billion[dubious – discuss], or about $3,700 per capita, up 9.2 percent from 2011.[91] Total trade (export and import) reached $47.7 billion, with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion.[75]
2013 In 2013, GDP of the city grew 7.6% by Q1, 8.1% by Q2, and 10.3% by the end of Q3. By the end of 2013, the city's GDP grew 9.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $4,500.[92]
2014 By the end of 2014, the city's GDP grew 9.5%, with GDP per capita reaching $5,100.[93]
2020 The city's economic performance transcended 6%, at 7.84% from 2016-2019 and 2016-2020; the town grew at 6,59%.  Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at $6.328;[94] however, it yielded the preferred growth at $9.800 per capita due to the repercussion result of Covid-19.[95]

Sectors edit

 
Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam, and is among the busiest container ports in the world.
 
Hi-tech Park, located in District 9, is one of Vietnam's two national hi-tech parks.

The economy of the city consists of industries ranging from mining, seafood processing, agriculture, and construction, to tourism, finance, industry and trade. The state-owned sector makes up 33.3% of the economy, the private sector 4.6%, and the remainder in foreign investment. Concerning its economic structure, the service sector accounts for 51.1%, industry and construction account for 47.7% and forestry, agriculture and others make up just 1.2%.[96]

The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.[97][98]

Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12. The park is approximately 15 km (9 mi) from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot.com companies. The park also includes a software training school. Dot.com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high-speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation. Together with the Hi-Tech Park in Thủ Đức, and the 32 ha. software park inside Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city, Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi-tech city in the country and the South-East Asia region.

This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries, as India has done. Some 300,000 businesses, including many large enterprises, are involved in high-tech, electronic, processing and light industries, and also in construction, building materials and agricultural products. Additionally, crude oil is a popular economic base in the city. Investors are still pouring money into the city. Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng (US$7.5 million)[99] with 18,500 newly founded companies. Investment trends to high technology, services and real estate projects.[citation needed]

As of June 2006, the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks, in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi-tech park. Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city. More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city. The Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Vietnam, was opened in 2001. There are 171 medium and large-scale markets as well as several supermarket chains, shopping malls, and fashion and beauty centers.[citation needed]

Urbanisation edit

 
Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation. The Landmark 81 is the tallest building in Vietnam.

With a population now of 8,382,287 (as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010)[100] (registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million), the city needs increased public infrastructure.[63] To this end, the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres. The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiêm city centre in District 2 and the Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, a new city centre in District 7 (as part of the Saigon South project) where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australian Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located. In December 2007, Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre completed the 17.8 km (11.1 mi) 10–14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas, Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area. In November 2008, a brand new trade centre, Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre, also opened its doors. Other projects include Grandview, Waterfront, Sky Garden, Riverside and Phú Gia 99. Phú Mỹ Hưng's new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction.[citation needed]

Shopping edit

Some of the larger shopping malls and plazas opened recently include:

  • Maximark – Multiple locations (District 10, Tân Bình District)
  • Satramart – 460 3/2 Street, Ward 12, District 10
  • Auchan (2016) – Multiple locations (District 10, Gò Vấp District)
  • Lotte Mart – Multiple locations (District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • AEON Mall – Multiple locations (Bình Tân District, Tân Phú District)
  • SC VivoCity (2015) – 1058 Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard, Tân Phong Ward, District 7
  • Zen Plaza (1995) – 54–56 Nguyễn Trãi St, District 1
  • Saigon Centre (1997) – 65 Lê Lợi Blvd, District 1
  • Diamond Plaza (1999) – 34 Lê Duẩn Blvd, District 1
  • Big C (2002) – Multiple locations (District 10, Bình Tân District, Gò Vấp District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District)
  • METRO Cash & Carry/Mega Market – Multiple locations (District 2, District 6, District 12)
  • Crescent Mall – Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, District 7
  • Parkson (2005–2009) – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 5, District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • Saigon Paragon (2009) – 3 Nguyễn Lương Bằng St, Tân Phú Ward, District 7
  • NowZone (2009) – 235 Nguyễn Văn Cừ Ave, District 1
  • Kumho Asiana Plaza (2010) – 39 Lê Duẩn Blvd, Bến Nghé Ward, District 1
  • Vincom Centre (2010) – 70–72 Lê Thánh Tôn St, District 1
  • Union Square – 171 Lê Thánh Tôn st, District 1
  • Vincom Mega Mall (2016) – 161 Hà Nội Highway, Thảo Điền Ward, District 2 (City of Thủ Đức)
  • Bitexco Financial Tower (2010) Alley 2 Hàm Nghi Blvd, District 1
  • Co.opmart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 3, District 5, District 6, District 7, District 8, District 10, District 11, District 12, Bình Chánh District, Bình Tân District, Bình Thạnh District, Củ Chi District, Gò Vấp District, Hóc Môn District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District, Thủ Đức District)
  • Landmark 81 (2018) – 208 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh St, Bình Thạnh District
  • WinMart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 7, District 9, District 10, Bình Chánh District, Bình Thạnh District, Gò Vấp District, Tân Bình District, Thủ Đức District)

In 2007, three million foreign tourists, about 70% of the total number of tourists to Vietnam, visited the city. Total cargo transport to city's ports reached 50.5 million tonnes,[101] nearly one-third of the total for Vietnam.

Cityscape edit

Architecture edit

Ho Chi Minh City has many architecturally notable buildings from different styles and time periods. French influence during the colonial era can be seen throughout the city, especially in District 1 where a number of buildings can be found. Notable buildings of French colonial architecture include the Ho Chi Minh City Hall, Saigon Central Post Office, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon and Bến Thành Market.[8]

Apart from its French architecture, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to a number of buildings inspired by Chinese architecture. Notable buildings are mostly found in Chợ Lớn, where many Hoa people reside. These include the Thien Hau Temple, which was first built around 1760, making it one of the oldest historic buildings still standing in the city.[102]

During the Republic of Vietnam era, Vietnamese modernist architecture began to develop in the city. Prominent buildings which were commissioned during this time include the Independence Palace, replacing the former Independence Palace which was of Baroque Revival architecture.[103]

Parks and gardens edit

 
Tao Đàn Park is one of the largest and oldest parks in Ho Chi Minh City.

Despite the city's high building density, Ho Chi Minh City has a number of large parks. One of the largest and most popular parks is Tao Đàn Park, located next to the Independence Palace in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City.[104] Other parks in District 1 include the September 23rd Park and 30/4 Park.[105]

The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, located on the northern end of District 1, is one of the world's oldest zoos and botanical gardens. It contains a collection of over 600 rare animals and about 4,000 plant species, some of which are over 100 years in age.[106]

Pedestrian zones edit

Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard was the first pedestrian street in Ho Chi Minh City. It opened to the public in April 2015, and is a popular spot for locals and visitors to gather.[107] Many events are held in the precinct throughout the year, including the annual flower festival during Tết.[108]

Bui Vien Walking Street is also well-known in Ho Chi Minh City due to its status as a hub for western backpackers and tourists.[109] Bui Vien Street, also known as “Western Street” (Pho Tay), is a backpacker district in Ho Chi Minh City that offers a variety of restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, live music pubs, and rooftop bars. Before becoming a walking street, Bui Vien Street was a popular destination for backpackers to have fun, try unfamiliar cuisines, and explore new places during their trip to Ho Chi Minh City.[110]

Transport edit

Air edit

 
Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam.

The city is served by Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled (with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010, accounting for more than half of Vietnam's air passenger traffic[111][112]). Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025. Based in Long Thành District, Đồng Nai Province, about 40 km (25 mi) east of Ho Chi Minh City, Long Thành Airport will serve international flights, with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights.[113]

Rail edit

The city is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3, with stops at cities and provinces along the line.[114] Within the city, the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn. In addition, there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An, Thủ Đức, Bình Triệu, Gò Vấp. However, rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0.6% of passenger traffic and 6% of goods shipments.[115]

Water transport edit

The city's location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port; besides a constant stream of cargo ships, passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, including Vũng Tàu, Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta, and Phnom Penh. Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam's southern provinces has steadily increased over the years; the Đôi and Tẻ Canals, the main routes to the Mekong Delta, receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year, representing around 13 million tons of cargo. A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport, to be implemented in 2011–14.[116] In 2017, the Saigon Waterbus launched, connecting District 1 to Thu Duc City.[117]

Public transport edit

Metro edit

The Ho Chi Minh City Metro, a rapid transit network, is being built in stages. The first line is under construction, and expected to be fully operational by 2024.[118] This first line will connect Bến Thành to Suối Tiên Park in District 9, with a depot in Long Bình. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily.[119] A line between Bến Thành and Tham Lương in District 12 has been approved by the government,[120] and several more lines are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies.[119]

Bus edit

Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus. The city has a number of coach houses, which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam. The largest coach station – in terms of passengers handled – is the Miền Đông Coach Station in the Bình Thạnh District.

Private transport edit

The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes, cars, buses, taxis, and bicycles. Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city. Taxis are plentiful and usually have metres, although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip, for example, from the airport to the city centre. For short trips, "xe ôm" (literally, "hug vehicle") motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city, usually congregating at a major intersection. You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride-hailing apps like Grab and GoJek. A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos, which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace. For the last few years, cars have become more popular.[121] There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city, which is almost double compared with Hanoi.[115] The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution. The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport.[122]

Expressway edit

Main articles: Ho Chi Minh City–Trung Luong Expressway and Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway
 
HCMC-LT-DG Expressway

The city has two expressways making up the North-South Expressway system, connecting the city with other provinces. The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City - Trung Lương Expressway, opened in 2010, connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta.[123] The second one is Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thành - Dầu Giây Expressway, opened in 2015, connecting the city with Đồng Nai, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu and the Southeast of Vietnam.[124] The Ho Chi Minh City - Long Khánh Expressway is under planning and will be constructed in the near future.

Healthcare edit

 
Franco-Vietnamese Hospital in District 7, Ho Chi Minh City

The health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of international facilities,[125] as well as privately owned clinics.[63] The 1,400-bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital, upgraded by Japanese aid and the French-sponsored Institute of Cardiology, Prima Medical Center Saigon (Ophthalmology), a member of World Association of Eye Hospitals[126] and City International Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South-East Asia region.

Education edit

High schools in the city edit

Notable high schools in the city include Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted, Phổ Thông Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted, Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School, Gia Định High School [vi], Lê Quý Đôn High School [vi], Marie Curie High School, Võ Thị Sáu High School, Trần Phú High School and others. Though the former schools are all public, private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City. High school consists of grade 10–12 (sophomore, junior, and senior).[127]

List of Public High Schools in the city (non-exhaustive) edit

List of Private High Schools in the city (non-exhaustive) edit

Universities in the city edit

See also: List of universities in Ho Chi Minh City
 
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam.

Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry; the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400,000 students.[63] Notable universities include Vietnam National University, with 50,000 students distributed among six schools; The University of Technology (Đại học Bách khoa, formerly Phú Thọ National Center of Technology); The University of Sciences (formerly Saigon College of Sciences); The University of Social Sciences and Humanities (formerly Saigon College of Letters); The International University; The University of Economics and Law; and the newly established University of Information Technology.

Some other important higher education establishments include University of Pedagogy, University of Economics, University of Architecture, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Nong Lam University (formerly University of Agriculture, Forestry and Silviculture), University of Law, University of Technical Education, University of Banking, University of Industry, Open University,[128] University of Sports and Physical Education, University of Fine Arts, University of Culture, the Conservatory of Music, the Saigon Institute of Technology, Văn Lang University, Saigon University, and Hoa Sen University.

In addition to the above public universities, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities. One of the most notable is RMIT International University Vietnam, a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students. Tuition at RMIT is about US$40,000 for an entire course of study.[129] Other private universities include The Saigon International University (or SIU) is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education.[130] Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students[131] Depending on the type of program, tuition at SIU costs US$5,000–6,000 per year.[132]

Tourism edit

Main article: Declared monuments of Ho Chi Minh City
See also: List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City
 
Bùi Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels, coffee shops and bars catering to tourists.

Tourist attractions in the city are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War. The city's centre has some wide American-style boulevards and a few French colonial buildings. The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other. The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace (Dinh Thống Nhất), City Hall (Ủy ban nhân dân Thành phố), Municipal Theatre (Nhà hát thành phố, also known as the Opera House), City Post Office (Bưu điện thành phố), State Bank Office (Ngân hàng Nhà nước), City People's Court (Tòa án nhân dân thành phố), and Notre-Dame Cathedral (Nhà thờ Đức Bà Sài Gòn), which was constructed between 1863 and 1880. Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic, dating from the French colonial era, and the Rex and Caravelle hotels, both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & '70s.[133]

The city has various museums including the Museum, Museum of Vietnamese History, the Revolutionary Museum, the Museum of south-eastern Armed Forces, the War Remnants Museum, the Museum of Southern Women, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Nhà Rồng Memorial House, and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels. The Củ Chi tunnels are north-west of the city in Củ Chi District. The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, in District 1, dates from 1865. The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park, Suối Tiên Amusement and Culture Park, and Cần Giờ's Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists. Aside from the Municipal Theatre, there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thành Theatre, Hòa Bình Theatre, and the Lan Anh Music Stage. The city is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres, with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60–70% of Vietnam's total revenue in this industry.[citation needed] Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam's provinces and municipalities, residents of the city keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government. The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam.[citation needed]

Like many of Vietnam's smaller cities, the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such as phở or rice vermicelli. Backpacking travellers most often frequent the "Backpackers' Quarter" on Phạm Ngũ Lão Street and Bùi Viện Street, District 1.[134]

It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007, of which 70 percent, approximately 3 million tourists, visited the city.[135] According to the most recent international tourist statistic, Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017.[136]

According to Mastercard's 2019 report, the city is also the country's second most visited city (18th in Asia Pacific), with 4.1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 (after Hanoi with 4.8 million visitors).[137]

Culture edit

 
Dragon dance to welcome Tết Nguyên Đán in Ho Chi Minh City

Museums and art galleries edit

Due to its history, artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles. Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Trần Phú street, and Bùi Viện street.[138]

Food and drink edit

Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants, coffee shops, and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices.[139] It is currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food.[140]

Media edit

See also: Media of Vietnam and Telecommunications in Vietnam
 
HTV, the second largest and the first-ever television network in Vietnam, has its headquarters in District 1.

The city's media is the most developed in the country. At present, there are seven daily newspapers: Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Liberated Saigon), and its Vietnamese, investment and finance, sports, evening, and weekly editions; Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam; Thanh Niên (Young People), the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam; Người Lao Động (Labourer); Thể Thao (Sports); Pháp Luật (Law); The Saigon Times Daily, an English-language newspaper; as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines. The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses, many bookstores, and a widespread network of public and school libraries; the city's General Library houses over 1.5 million books. Once called THVN9, the locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) is the first and the second largest television network in the nation, just behind the national Vietnam Television (VTV), broadcasting 24/7 on 7 different channels (using analog and digital technology). Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks (SCTV and HTVC), with over one million subscribers. The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam.[citation needed]

Internet coverage, especially through ADSL connections, is rapidly expanding, with over 2,200,000 subscribers and around 5.5 million frequent users. Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company (VDC), Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology (FPT), Netnam Company, Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation (Saigon Postel Corporation, SPT) and Viettel Company. The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones (the latter growing annually by 20%). Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies, including Viettel Mobile, MobiFone, VinaPhone, and Vietnam Mobile.

Sport edit

 
Thống Nhất Stadium is home to the V.League 1 football club F.C.

As of 2005, Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields, 86 swimming pools, and 256 gyms.[141] The largest stadium in the city is the 15,000-seat Thống Nhất Stadium, located on Đào Duy Từ Street, in Ward 6 of District 10. The next largest is Military Region 7 Stadium, located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tân Bình district. The Military Region 7 Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals. As well as being a sporting venue, it is also the site of a music school. Phú Thọ Racecourse, another notable sporting venue established during colonial times, is the only racetrack in Vietnam, however, due to poor maintenance, the facilities are not in good condition.[142] The city's Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs, including Phan Đình Phùng, Thanh Đa, and Yết Kiêu.

The city is home to a number of association football clubs. One of the city's largest clubs, F.C., is based at Thống Nhất Stadium, formerly as Cảng Sài Gòn, they were four-time champions of Vietnam's V.League 1 (in 1986, 1993–94, 1997, and 2001–02). Navibank Saigon F.C., founded as Quân Khu 4, were also based at Thống Nhất Stadium, emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season, and were promoted to the V-League in 2009, the club has since been dissolved during a corruption scandal.[143] The city's police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s, Công An Thành Phố, which won the V-League championship in 1995, the club was dissolved in 2002 as the league become more professional. Since its inception in 2016, Sài Gòn F.C. competed in V.League 1, however, in 2022 they suffered relegation and will complete in V.League 2 in 2023.

In 2011, the city was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League.[144] Saigon Heat was the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam.[145] The team also plays in the domestic basketball league, the Vietnam Basketball Association, and have won the championship on three occasions (2019, 2020 and 2022).

In 2016, a second professional basketball team was created, Wings, playing in the domestic Vietnam Basketball Association.

The city hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year, such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run. Several other sports are represented by teams in the city, such as Irish (Gaelic) Football, rugby, cricket,[146] volleyball, basketball, chess, athletics, and table tennis.[147]

International relations edit

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam

The city is twinned with:[148]

Cooperation and friendship edit

In addition to its twin towns, the city is in cooperation with:[148]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Vietnamese: Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, abbreviated TP.HCM; Northern [tʰajŋ̟˨˩ fo˧˦ ho˨˩ t͡ɕi˧˦ mïŋ˧˧] ⓘ, Southern [tʰan˨˩ fow˦˥ how˨˩ cɪj˦˥ mɨn˧˧] ⓘ
  2. ^ Vietnamese: Sài Gòn; Northern [sàj ɣɔ̀n] ⓘ, Southern [ʂàj ɣɔ̀ŋ] ⓘ.
  1. ^ Vo, Nghia M., ed. (2009). The Viet Kieu in America: Personal Accounts of Postwar Immigrants from Vietnam. McFarland. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-7864-5490-7. Saigon began as the Cham village of Baigaur, then became the Khmer Prey Nôkôr before being taken over by the Vietnamese and renamed Gia Dinh Thanh and then Saigon.
  2. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows: "By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon-Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon-Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly's meeting;(PNAM)
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City."[16]
  3. ^ "The Khmer name for Saigon, by the way, is Prey Nokor; prey means forest, nokor home or city."[20]
  4. ^ "Un siècle plus tard (1773), la révolte des TÁYON (sic) [qu'éclata] tout, d'abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui-Nhon, et s'étendit rapidement dans le sud, chassa de Bien-Hoa le mouvement commercial qu'y avaient attiré les Chinois. Ceux-ci abandonnèrent Cou-lao-pho, remontèrent de fleuve de Tan-Binh, et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN. Cette création date d'environ 1778. Ils appelèrent leur nouvelle résidence TAI-NGON ou TIN-GAN. Le nom transformé par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis appliqué à tort, par l'expédition française, au SAIGON actuel dont la dénomination locale est BEN-NGHE ou BEN-THANH."[21]
  5. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows: "By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon – Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon–Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly's meeting;
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City."[16]

References edit

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External links edit

  • (in Vietnamese and English) (archived 18 February 2010)
  • (archived 26 October 2015)
  •   Geographic data related to Ho Chi Minh City at OpenStreetMap

November 07, 2023
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of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Wikipedia article at vi Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated vi Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Ho Chi Minh City abbreviated HCMC a also commonly known as Saigon b is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 9 3 million in 2023 4 Situated in the Southeast region of Vietnam the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2 061 km2 796 sq mi Ho Chi Minh City Thanh phố Hồ Chi MinhSaigon Sai Gon MunicipalitySaigon Ho Chi Minh CityClockwise from top District 1 skyline Independence Palace Ben Thanh Market Bach Dang Quay Tomb of Le Văn Duyệt Municipal Theatre City Hall Saigon Notre Dame BasilicaSealNicknames Thanh phố mang ten Bac lit The city bearing the name of Uncle Ho Paris of the Orient historical 1 Motto s Paulatim crescam historical 2 Meaning Little by little we growInteractive map outlining Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh CityLocation within VietnamShow map of VietnamHo Chi Minh CityLocation within Southeast AsiaShow map of Southeast AsiaHo Chi Minh CityLocation within AsiaShow map of AsiaCoordinates 10 46 32 N 106 42 07 E 10 77556 N 106 70194 E 10 77556 106 70194Country VietnamRegionSoutheastFounded1698Founded byNguyễn Hữu CảnhNamed forHo Chi MinhDistricts16 urban districts 5 rural districts and 1 sub cityGovernment TypeMunicipality BodyHo Chi Minh City People s Council vi Secretary of CPVNguyễn Văn Nen Chairwoman of People s CouncilNguyễn Thị Lệ Chairman of People s CommitteePhan Văn MaiArea 3 Municipality2 061 2 km2 795 83 sq mi Metro30 595 km2 11 813 sq mi Elevation19 m 63 ft Population 2023 Municipality9 320 866 1st Density4 375 km2 11 330 sq mi Metro21 281 639 1st Metro density697 2 km2 1 806 sq mi DemonymSaigoneseTime zoneUTC 07 00 ICT Postal code700000 740000Area codes28ISO 3166 codeVN SGLicense plate41 50 59GRP Nominal 2022 TotalUS 63 6 billion 4 Per capitaUS 6 890GRP PPP 2022 TotalUS 199 7 billion 5 Per capitaUS 21 640HDI 2020 0 795 2nd 6 International airportsTan Son Nhat International Airport SGN Rapid transit systemHo Chi Minh City MetroWebsitehochiminhcity wbr gov wbr vnSaigon was the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954 Following the partition of French Indochina it became the capital of South Vietnam until the fall of Saigon in 1975 The communist government renamed Saigon in honour of Hồ Chi Minh shortly after the fall of Saigon Beginning in the 1990s the city underwent rapid modernisation and expansion contributing to Vietnam s post war economic recovery 7 It is known for its well preserved French colonial architecture vibrant street life 8 its varied cultural institutions which include historic landmarks walking streets museums and galleries which attracts over 8 million international visitors each year 9 10 Ho Chi Minh City is a major centre for finance media technology education and transportation The city generates around a quarter of the country s total GDP and is home to many multinational companies 11 It has a Human Development Index of 0 795 high ranking second among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam 6 Tan Sơn Nhất International Airport the main airport serving the city is the busiest airport in the country by passenger traffic accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam 12 Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Saigon 1 2 Ho Chi Minh City 2 History 2 1 Early settlement 2 2 Nguyễn Dynasty rule 2 3 French colonial era 2 4 Republic of Vietnam era 2 5 Post Vietnam War and today 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Flooding 4 Administration 4 1 City government 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnic groups 5 2 Religion 6 Economy 6 1 Sectors 6 2 Urbanisation 6 3 Shopping 7 Cityscape 7 1 Architecture 7 2 Parks and gardens 7 3 Pedestrian zones 8 Transport 8 1 Air 8 2 Rail 8 3 Water transport 8 4 Public transport 8 4 1 Metro 8 4 2 Bus 8 5 Private transport 8 6 Expressway 9 Healthcare 10 Education 10 1 High schools in the city 10 1 1 List of Public High Schools in the city non exhaustive 10 1 2 List of Private High Schools in the city non exhaustive 10 2 Universities in the city 11 Tourism 12 Culture 12 1 Museums and art galleries 12 2 Food and drink 13 Media 14 Sport 15 International relations 15 1 Twin towns sister cities 15 2 Cooperation and friendship 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External linksEtymology editMain article Names of Ho Chi Minh City The first known human habitation of the area was a Cham settlement called Baigaur nb 1 The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor a small fishing village 13 14 Over time under the control of the Vietnamese it was officially renamed Gia Định 嘉定 a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s when it adopted the name Sai Gon westernized as Saigon 14 although the city was still indicated as 嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Han until at least 1891 15 The current name Ho Chi Minh City was given after reunification in 1976 to honour Ho Chi Minh nb 2 Even today however the informal name of Sai Gon remains in daily speech However there is a technical difference between the two terms Sai Gon is commonly used to refer to the city centre in District 1 and the adjacent areas while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts 14 Saigon edit nbsp Saigon is written here as 柴棍 along with other Southern Vietnamese cities On the left of the page first row after 城庯三 The etymology of Saigon is uncertain The original toponym behind Sai Gon was attested earliest as 柴棍 with two phonograms whose Sino Vietnamese readings are sai and con respectively in Le Quy Đon s Phủ bien tạp lục 撫邊雜錄 Miscellaneous Chronicles of the Pacified Frontier c 1776 wherein Le relates that in 1674 Cambodian prince Ang Nan was installed as uparaja in 柴棍 Sai Gon by Vietnamese forces 柴棍 also appears later in Trịnh Hoai Đức s Gia Định thanh thong chi 嘉定城通志 Comprehensive Records about the Gia Định Citadel c 1820 Nam quốc địa dư giao khoa thư 南國地輿教科書 Textbook on the Geography of the Southern Country 1908 17 etc Adrien Launay s Histoire de la Mission de Cochinchine 1688 1823 Documents Historiques II 1728 1771 1924 190 cites 1747 documents containing the toponyms provincia Rai gon Rai gon thong for Sai Gon thượng Upper Saigon amp Rai gon ha for Sai Gon hạ Lower Saigon It is probably a transcription of Khmer ព រ នគរ Prey Nokor 18 19 nb 3 or Khmer ព រ គរ Prey Kor The proposal that Sai Gon is from non Sino Vietnamese reading of Chinese 堤岸 tai4 ngon6 embankment SV đe ngạn nb 4 the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn e g by Vương Hồng Sển has been critiqued as folk etymological as 1 the Vietnamese source Phủ bien tạp lục albeit written in literary Chinese was the earliest extant one containing the local toponym s transcription 2 堤岸 has variant form 提岸 thus suggesting that both were transcriptions of a local toponym and thus are cognates to not originals of Sai Gon Saigon is unlikely to be from 堤岸 since in 南國地輿教科書 Nam Quốc địa dư giao khoa thư it also lists Chợ Lớn as 𢄂𢀲 separate from 柴棍 Sai Gon Ho Chi Minh City edit The current official name Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh was first proclaimed in 1945 and later adopted in 1976 It is abbreviated as TP HCM and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City abbreviated as HCMC and in French as Ho Chi Minh Ville the circumflex is sometimes omitted abbreviated as HCMV The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh the first leader of North Vietnam This name though not his given name was one he favored throughout his later years It combines a common Vietnamese surname Hồ 胡 with a given name meaning enlightened will from Sino Vietnamese 志 明 Chi meaning will or spirit and Minh meaning light in essence meaning light bringer 22 Nowadays Sai Gon is commonly used to refer to the city s central business districts Prey Nokor City is well known in Khmer whereas Hồ Chi Minh City is used to refer to the whole city 23 History editEarly settlement edit The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple founded in the 4th century AD 24 A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa 24 Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the Khmer Empire around 1145 24 Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest 25 The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phuc Ngọc Vạn daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phuc Nguyen and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620 the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth In exchange Chey Chettha II gifted Prei Nokor to the Nguyễn lords 26 Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon Đồng Nai Before that the Funanese Khmer and Cham had lived there scattered from time immemorial The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon In 1623 Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son in law King Chey Chettha II to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor Sai Gon and Kas Krobei Bến Nghe Although this was a deserted jungle area it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam Cambodia and Siam The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tan Mỹ near the present day Cống Quỳnh Nguyễn Trai crossroads It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies Nguyễn Dynasty rule edit nbsp Drawing of Phụng citadel in the Nguyễn dynastyIn 1679 Lord Nguyễn Phuc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho Bien Hoa and Saigon to seek refuge In 1698 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh a Vietnamese noble was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area thus detaching the area from Cambodia which was not strong enough to intervene He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement 27 28 King Chey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700 In February 1700 he invaded Cambodia from An Giang In March the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese general Trần Thượng Xuyen Chen Shangchuan defeated the main Cambodian army at Bich Đoi citadel king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew Ang Em surrendered to the invaders as the Vietnamese marched onto and captured Cambodia s capital Phnom Penh 29 As a result Saigon and Long An were officially and securely obtained by the Nguyễn more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands 29 In 1788 Nguyễn Anh captured the city and used it as a centre of resistance against Tay Sơn 30 Two years later a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định or Thanh Bat Quai Eight Diagrams was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel one of the Nguyễn Anh s French mercenaries 31 The citadel was captured by Le Văn Khoi during his revolt of 1833 35 against Emperor Minh Mạng Following the revolt Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled and a new citadel called Phụng Thanh was built in 1836 32 In 1859 the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hoa 32 Initially called Gia Định the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century 24 French colonial era edit Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon 33 the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonisation During the late 19th and early 20th centuries construction of various French style buildings began including a botanical garden the Norodom Palace Hotel Continental Notre Dame Cathedral and Bến Thanh Market among many others 34 35 In April 1865 Gia Định Bao was established in Saigon becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam 36 During the French colonial era Saigon became known as Pearl of the Orient Hon ngọc Viễn Đong 37 or Paris of the Extreme Orient 38 On 27 April 1931 a new region called Saigon Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955 39 From about 256 000 in 1930 40 Saigon s population rose to 1 2 million in 1950 40 Gallery of Saigon during the French colonial era nbsp The Siege of Saigon in 1859 by Franco Spanish forces nbsp The map of Saigon in 1881 nbsp French soldiers stationed at a barrack in Saigon in 1930 nbsp Imperial Japanese soldiers entering in Saigon in 1941 during World War II nbsp Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945 Republic of Vietnam era edit In 1949 former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam with himself as head of state 7 In 1954 the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel Bến Hải River with the communist Việt Minh under Ho Chi Minh gaining complete control of the northern half of the country while the southern half gained independence from France 41 The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngo Đinh Diệm in the 1955 referendum 41 with Saigon as its capital 42 On 22 October 1956 the city was given the official name Đo Thanh Sai Gon Capital City Saigon 43 After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards 43 In December 1966 two wards from old An Khanh Commune of Gia Định were formed into District 1 then seceded shortly later to become District 9 44 In July 1969 District 10 and District 11 were founded and by 1975 the city s area consisted of eleven districts Gia Định Củ Chi District Hậu Nghĩa and Phu Hoa District Binh Dương 44 Saigon served as the financial industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam 45 In the late 1950s with the U S providing nearly 2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime the country s economy grew rapidly under capitalism 43 by 1960 over half of South Vietnam s factories were located in Saigon 46 However beginning in the 1960s Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation as it was completely dependent on U S aid and imports from other countries 43 As a result of widespread urbanisation with the population reaching 3 3 million by 1970 the city was described by the USAID as being turned into a huge slum 47 The city also suffered from prostitutes drug addicts corrupt officials beggars orphans and Americans with money and according to Stanley Karnow it was a black market city in the largest sense of the word 42 On 28 April 1955 the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Binh Xuyen military force in the city The battle lasted until May killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20 000 homeless 42 48 Ngo Đinh Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon including the Hoa Hảo Buddhist reform movement 42 On 11 June 1963 Buddhist monk Thich Quảng Đức burned himself in the city in protest of the Diệm regime On 1 November of the same year Diệm was assassinated in Saigon in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh 42 During the 1968 Tet Offensive communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city On 30 April 1975 Saigon was captured ending the Vietnam War with a victory for North Vietnam 49 and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People s Army 42 Gallery of Saigon during the Republic of Vietnam era nbsp The Independence Palace in 1967 It was the official residence and workplace of the President of South Vietnam nbsp The Saigon Opera House as seen from Tự Do Liberty Street in 1967 nbsp Street view of Saigon in 1968 nbsp The headquarters of StanVac now part of Exxon is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era Post Vietnam War and today edit In 1976 upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam the city of Saigon including the Cholon area the province of Gia Dịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh nb 5 At the time the city covered an area of 1 295 5 square kilometres 500 2 sq mi with eight districts and five rurals Thủ Đức Hoc Mon Củ Chi Binh Chanh and Nha Be 44 Since 1978 administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times 44 most recently in 2020 when District 2 District 9 and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city 50 On 29 October 2002 60 people died and 90 injured in the International Trade Center building fire in Ho Chi Minh City 51 Today Ho Chi Minh City along with its surrounding provinces is described as the manufacturing hub of Vietnam and an attractive business hub 52 In terms of cost it was ranked the 111th most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities 53 In terms of international connectedness as of 2020 the city was classified as a Beta city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 54 Geography edit nbsp Population density and elevation above sea level in the city 2010 Ho Chi Minh City is vulnerable to sea level riseThe city is located in the south eastern region of Vietnam 1 760 km 1 090 mi south of Hanoi The average elevation is 5 m 16 ft above sea level for the city centre and 16 m 52 ft for the suburb areas 55 It borders Tay Ninh Province and Binh Dương Province to the north Đồng Nai Province and Ba Rịa Vũng Tau province to the east Long An Province to the west Tiền Giang Province and East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km 9 mi long The city covers an area of 2 095 km2 809 sq mi or 0 63 of the surface of Vietnam extending up to Củ Chi District 12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border and down to Cần Giờ on the Eastern Sea The distance from the northernmost point Phu Mỹ Hưng Commune Củ Chi District to the southernmost one Long Hoa Commune Cần Giờ District is 102 km 63 mi and from the easternmost point Long Binh ward District Nine to the westernmost one Binh Chanh Commune Binh Chanh District is 47 km 29 mi citation needed Due to its location on the Mekong Delta the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture 56 Climate edit The city has a tropical climate specifically tropical savanna Aw with a high average humidity of 78 82 57 The year is divided into two distinct seasons 57 The rainy season with an average rainfall of about 1 800 mm 71 in annually about 150 rainy days per year usually lasts from May to November 57 The dry season lasts from December to April 57 The average temperature is 28 C 82 F with little variation throughout the year 57 The highest temperature recorded was 40 0 C 104 F in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13 8 C 57 F in January 57 On average the city experiences between 2 400 and 2 700 hours of sunshine per year 57 Climate data for Ho Chi Minh City Tan Son Nhat International Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 36 4 97 5 38 7 101 7 39 4 102 9 40 0 104 0 39 0 102 2 37 5 99 5 35 2 95 4 36 1 97 0 35 3 95 5 34 9 94 8 35 0 95 0 37 6 99 7 40 0 104 0 Average high C F 32 0 89 6 32 7 90 9 33 6 92 5 34 5 94 1 34 9 94 8 33 5 92 3 33 0 91 4 32 9 91 2 32 6 90 7 32 3 90 1 32 4 90 3 31 6 88 9 33 0 91 4 Daily mean C F 27 3 81 1 27 5 81 5 28 1 82 6 29 3 84 7 29 5 85 1 28 8 83 8 28 4 83 1 28 3 82 9 28 1 82 6 28 0 82 4 28 0 82 4 27 3 81 1 28 2 82 8 Average low C F 23 4 74 1 23 1 73 6 24 9 76 8 26 4 79 5 26 4 79 5 25 5 77 9 25 2 77 4 25 1 77 2 25 0 77 0 25 0 77 0 24 9 76 8 23 9 75 0 24 9 76 8 Record low C F 13 8 56 8 16 0 60 8 17 5 63 5 20 0 68 0 20 0 68 0 19 0 66 2 16 2 61 2 20 0 68 0 16 3 61 3 16 5 61 7 15 9 60 6 13 9 57 0 13 8 56 8 Average precipitation mm inches 12 0 0 47 8 0 0 31 18 0 0 71 57 0 2 24 202 0 7 95 224 0 8 82 231 0 9 09 219 0 8 62 490 0 19 29 340 0 13 39 128 0 5 04 41 0 1 61 1 970 77 54 Average rainy days 2 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 13 0 16 0 19 0 17 0 18 0 16 0 9 0 5 0 121Average relative humidity 72 70 70 72 79 82 83 83 85 84 80 77 78Mean monthly sunshine hours 245 246 272 239 195 171 180 172 162 182 200 226 2 490Source 1 Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology 58 Asian Development Bank 57 Source 2 World Meteorological Organization rainfall 59 Flooding edit The city is considered one of the cities most vulnerable to the effects of climate change particularly flooding During the rainy season a combination of high tide heavy rains high flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city 60 61 A once in 100 year flood would cause 23 of the city to suffer flooding 62 Administration edit nbsp Ho Chi Minh City Hall is the administrative building of the city s government nbsp Administrative divisions of HCMC s urban districts and municipal city1 12 Districts 1 to 12 excludes District 2 and District 9 Part of city of Thu Duc 2 City of Thủ Đức13 Binh Thạnh14 Binh Tan15 Go Vấp16 Phu Nhuận17 Tan Binh18 Tan PhuThe city is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam s provinces which is subdivided into 22 district level sub divisions as of 2020 5 rural districts 1 601 km2 or 618 sq mi in area which are designated as rural huyện Củ Chi Hoc Mon Binh Chanh Nha Be Cần Giờ 16 urban districts 283 km2 or 109 sq mi in area which are designated urban or suburban quận District 1 District 3 District 4 District 5 District 6 District 7 District 8 District 10 District 11 District 12 Go Vấp Tan Binh Tan Phu Binh Thạnh Phu Nhuận Binh Tan 1 sub city 211 km2 or 81 sq mi in area which is designated municipal city thanh phố thuộc thanh phố trực thuộc trung ương Thủ Đức They are further subdivided into 5 commune level towns or townlets 58 communes and 249 wards as of 2020 update see List of HCMC administrative units below 63 On 1 January 2021 it was announced that District 2 District 9 and Thủ Đức District would be consolidated and was approved by Standing Committee of the National Assembly 64 50 City government edit The Ho Chi Minh City People s Committee is a 13 member executive branch of the city The current chairman is Phan Văn Mai There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People s Council and consists of 105 members The current chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Lệ The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People s Court The current chief judge is Le Thanh Phong The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City The current secretary is Nguyễn Văn Nen The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party while chairman of the People s Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People s Council is ranked fourth citation needed List of HCMC administrative unitsvteName of districtDec 2003 Sub division unitsDec 2003 Area km2 Dec 2008 Population as of census1 October 2004 Population as of census1 April 2009 Population2010 65 Population2011 66 Population2015 67 Population km22011Municipal cityThủ Đức 34 wards 213 5 664 655 845 924 860 006 880 109 966 201 4 122Urban districtsDistrict 1 10 wards 7 73 198 032 180 225 187 435 185 715 193 632 24 025District 3 14 wards 4 92 201 122 190 553 188 945 188 898 196 333 38 393District 4 15 wards 4 18 180 548 180 980 183 261 183 043 186 727 43 790District 5 15 wards 4 27 170 367 171 452 174 154 175 217 178 615 41 034District 6 14 wards 7 19 241 379 249 329 253 474 251 902 258 945 35 035District 7 10 wards 35 69 159 490 244 276 274 828 265 997 310 178 7 453District 8 16 wards 19 18 360 722 408 772 418 961 421 547 431 969 21 978District 10 15 wards 5 72 235 231 230 345 232 450 234 188 238 558 40 942District 11 16 wards 5 14 224 785 226 854 232 536 234 293 230 596 45 582District 12 11 wards 52 78 290 129 405 360 427 083 451 737 510 326 8 589Go Vấp District 16 wards 19 74 452 083 522 690 548 145 561 068 634 146 28 423Tan Binh District 15 wards 22 38 397 569 421 724 430 436 430 350 459 029 19 229Tan Phu District 11 wards 16 06 366 399 398 102 407 924 419 227 464 493 26 103Binh Thạnh District 20 wards 20 76 423 896 457 362 470 054 479 733 487 985 23 109Phu Nhuận District 15 wards 4 88 175 293 174 535 175 175 175 631 182 477 35 990Binh Tan District 10 wards 51 89 398 712 572 132 595 335 611 170 686 474 11 778Total urban districts and municipal city 249 wards 496 04 5 140 412 5 880 615 6 060 202 6 149 817 6 508 647 12 398DistrictsCủ Chi District 20 communes 1 township 434 5 288 279 343 155 355 822 362 454 403 038 834Hoc Mon District 11 communes 1 township 109 18 245 381 349 065 358 640 363 171 422 471 3326Binh Chanh District 15 communes 1 township 252 69 304 168 420 109 447 291 465 248 591 451 1841Nha Be District 6 communes 1 township 100 41 72 740 101 074 103 793 109 949 139 225 1095Cần Giờ District 6 communes 1 township 704 22 66 272 68 846 70 697 70 499 74 960 100Total suburban districts 58 communes 5 townships 1 601 976 839 1 282 249 1 336 244 1 371 321 1 631 145 857Whole city 249 wards 58 communes 5 townships 2 097 06 6 117 251 7 162 864 7 396 446 7 521 138 8 072 129 3 587Demographics editHistorical populationYear Area km2 Population Person km2 Urban RuralCensus 68 1999 5 034 058 4 207 825 826 2332004 6 117 251 5 140 412 976 8392009 2 097 1 7 162 864 3 416 5 880 615 1 282 2492019 2 061 2 8 993 082 4 363 7 127 364 1 865 718Estimate2010 2 095 6 7 346 600 3 506 6 114 300 1 232 3002011 2 095 6 7 498 400 3 578 6 238 000 1 260 4002012 2 095 6 7 660 300 3 655 6 309 100 1 351 1002013 2 095 6 7 820 000 3 732 6 479 200 1 340 8002014 2 095 5 7 981 900 3 809 6 554 700 1 427 2002015 2 095 5 8 127 900 3 879 6 632 800 1 495 1002016 2 061 4 8 287 000 4 020 6 733 100 1 553 9002017 2 061 2 8 444 600 4 097 6 825 300 1 619 300Sources 69 70 71 72 Historical populationYearPop 19954 640 400 19964 747 900 2 3 19974 852 300 2 2 19984 957 300 2 2 19995 073 100 2 3 20005 274 900 4 0 20015 454 000 3 4 20025 619 400 3 0 20035 809 100 3 4 20046 007 600 3 4 20056 230 900 3 7 20066 483 100 4 0 20076 725 300 3 7 20086 946 100 3 3 20097 196 100 3 6 20107 378 000 2 5 20117 517 900 1 9 20127 663 800 1 9 20137 818 200 2 0 20148 244 400 5 5 20158 307 900 0 8 20168 441 902 1 6 20178 446 000 0 0 20188 843 200 4 7 20199 038 600 2 2 20209 227 600 2 1 20219 166 800 0 7 Source Tổng cục thống ke Việt Nam 80 93 73 The population of the city as of the 1 October 2004 census was 6 117 251 of which 19 inner districts had 5 140 412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976 839 inhabitants 63 In mid 2007 the city s population was 6 650 942 with the 19 inner districts home to 5 564 975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1 085 967 inhabitants The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city s population was 7 162 864 people 74 about 8 34 of the total population of Vietnam making it the highest population concentrated city in the country As of the end of 2012 the total population of the city was 7 750 900 people an increase of 3 1 from 2011 75 As an administrative unit its population is also the largest at the provincial level According to the 2019 census Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8 9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area 4 The city s population is expected to grow to 13 9 million by 2025 76 The population of the city is expanding faster than earlier predictions In August 2017 the city s mayor Nguyễn Thanh Phong admitted that previous estimates of 8 10 million were drastic underestimations 77 The actual population including those who have not officially registered was estimated 13 million in 2017 78 The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning will have an area of 30 000 km2 12 000 sq mi with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020 79 Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as Saigonese in English and dan Sai Gon in Vietnamese Ethnic groups edit The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese Kinh at about 93 52 Ho Chi Minh City s largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese Hoa with 5 78 Cholon in District 5 and parts of Districts 6 10 and 11 is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam The Hoa Chinese speak a number of varieties of Chinese including Cantonese Teochew Chaozhou Hokkien Hainanese and Hakka smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0 34 Cham with 0 1 as well as a small group of Bawean from Bawean Island in Indonesia about 400 as of 2015 they occupy District 1 80 Various other nationalities including Koreans Japanese Americans South Africans Filipinos and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City particularly in Thủ Đức and District 7 as expatriate workers 81 Religion edit As of March 2019 the city recognises 13 religions and 1 983 048 residents identify as religious people Catholicism and Buddhism are the two predominant religions in Saigon The largest is Buddhism as it has 1 164 930 followers followed by Catholicism with 745 283 followers Caodaism with 31 633 followers Protestantism with 27 016 followers Islam with 6 580 followers Hoa Hảo with 4 894 followers Tịnh độ cư sĩ Phật hội Việt Nam with 1 387 followers Hinduism with 395 followers Đạo Tứ ấn hiếu nghĩa with 298 followers Minh Sư Đạo with 283 followers Bahaʼi Faith with 192 followers Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương with 89 followers Minh Ly Đạo with 67 followers and the rest are the Saigonese who don t believe in God which is Atheism 82 Economy editThis section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions December 2018 The city is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam Although the city takes up just 0 6 of the country s land area it contains 8 34 of the population of Vietnam 20 2 of its GDP 27 9 of industrial output and 34 9 of the FDI projects in the country in 2005 83 In 2005 the city had 4 344 000 labourers of whom 130 000 are over the labour age norm in Vietnam 60 for male and 55 for female workers 84 In 2009 GDP per capita reached 2 800 compared to the country s average level of 1 042 85 Year General description2006 As of June 2006 the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam with 2 530 FDI projects worth 16 6 billion at the end of 2007 86 In 2007 the city received over 400 FDI projects worth 3 billion 87 2007 In 2007 the city s GDP was estimated at 14 3 billion or about 2 180 per capita up 12 6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20 of the country s GDP The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity PPP reached 71 5 billion or about 10 870 per capita approximately three times higher than the country s average The city s Industrial Product Value was 6 4 billion equivalent to 30 of the value of the entire nation Export Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for 36 billion or 40 of the national total of which export revenue reached 18 3 billion 40 of Vietnam s total export revenues In 2007 Ho Chi Minh City s contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent accounting for about 20 5 percent of total revenues The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1 5 times higher than that of Hanoi 88 failed verification 2008 In 2008 it attracted 8 5 billion in FDI 89 In 2010 the city s GDP was estimated at 20 902 billion or about 2 800 per capita up 11 8 percent from 2009 90 2012 By the end of 2012 the city s GDP was estimated around 28 595 billion dubious discuss or about 3 700 per capita up 9 2 percent from 2011 91 Total trade export and import reached 47 7 billion with export at 21 57 billion and import 26 14 billion 75 2013 In 2013 GDP of the city grew 7 6 by Q1 8 1 by Q2 and 10 3 by the end of Q3 By the end of 2013 the city s GDP grew 9 3 with GDP per capita reaching 4 500 92 2014 By the end of 2014 the city s GDP grew 9 5 with GDP per capita reaching 5 100 93 2020 The city s economic performance transcended 6 at 7 84 from 2016 2019 and 2016 2020 the town grew at 6 59 Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at 6 328 94 however it yielded the preferred growth at 9 800 per capita due to the repercussion result of Covid 19 95 Sectors edit nbsp Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam and is among the busiest container ports in the world nbsp Hi tech Park located in District 9 is one of Vietnam s two national hi tech parks The economy of the city consists of industries ranging from mining seafood processing agriculture and construction to tourism finance industry and trade The state owned sector makes up 33 3 of the economy the private sector 4 6 and the remainder in foreign investment Concerning its economic structure the service sector accounts for 51 1 industry and construction account for 47 7 and forestry agriculture and others make up just 1 2 96 The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe 97 98 Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12 The park is approximately 15 km 9 mi from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot com companies The park also includes a software training school Dot com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation Together with the Hi Tech Park in Thủ Đức and the 32 ha software park inside Tan Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi tech city in the country and the South East Asia region This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries as India has done Some 300 000 businesses including many large enterprises are involved in high tech electronic processing and light industries and also in construction building materials and agricultural products Additionally crude oil is a popular economic base in the city Investors are still pouring money into the city Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng US 7 5 million 99 with 18 500 newly founded companies Investment trends to high technology services and real estate projects citation needed As of June 2006 the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi tech park Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city The Stock Exchange the first stock exchange in Vietnam was opened in 2001 There are 171 medium and large scale markets as well as several supermarket chains shopping malls and fashion and beauty centers citation needed Urbanisation edit nbsp Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation The Landmark 81 is the tallest building in Vietnam With a population now of 8 382 287 as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010 100 registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million the city needs increased public infrastructure 63 To this end the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiem city centre in District 2 and the Phu Mỹ Hưng Urban Area a new city centre in District 7 as part of the Saigon South project where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australian Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located In December 2007 Phu Mỹ Hưng s new City Centre completed the 17 8 km 11 1 mi 10 14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas Tan Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area In November 2008 a brand new trade centre Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre also opened its doors Other projects include Grandview Waterfront Sky Garden Riverside and Phu Gia 99 Phu Mỹ Hưng s new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction citation needed Shopping edit Some of the larger shopping malls and plazas opened recently include Maximark Multiple locations District 10 Tan Binh District Satramart 460 3 2 Street Ward 12 District 10 Auchan 2016 Multiple locations District 10 Go Vấp District Lotte Mart Multiple locations District 7 District 11 Tan Binh District AEON Mall Multiple locations Binh Tan District Tan Phu District SC VivoCity 2015 1058 Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard Tan Phong Ward District 7 Zen Plaza 1995 54 56 Nguyễn Trai St District 1 Saigon Centre 1997 65 Le Lợi Blvd District 1 Diamond Plaza 1999 34 Le Duẩn Blvd District 1 Big C 2002 Multiple locations District 10 Binh Tan District Go Vấp District Phu Nhuận District Tan Phu District METRO Cash amp Carry Mega Market Multiple locations District 2 District 6 District 12 Crescent Mall Phu Mỹ Hưng Urban Area District 7 Parkson 2005 2009 Multiple locations District 1 District 2 District 5 District 7 District 11 Tan Binh District Saigon Paragon 2009 3 Nguyễn Lương Bằng St Tan Phu Ward District 7 NowZone 2009 235 Nguyễn Văn Cừ Ave District 1 Kumho Asiana Plaza 2010 39 Le Duẩn Blvd Bến Nghe Ward District 1 Vincom Centre 2010 70 72 Le Thanh Ton St District 1 Union Square 171 Le Thanh Ton st District 1 Vincom Mega Mall 2016 161 Ha Nội Highway Thảo Điền Ward District 2 City of Thủ Đức Bitexco Financial Tower 2010 Alley 2 Ham Nghi Blvd District 1 Co opmart Multiple locations District 1 District 3 District 5 District 6 District 7 District 8 District 10 District 11 District 12 Binh Chanh District Binh Tan District Binh Thạnh District Củ Chi District Go Vấp District Hoc Mon District Phu Nhuận District Tan Phu District Thủ Đức District Landmark 81 2018 208 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh St Binh Thạnh District WinMart Multiple locations District 1 District 2 District 7 District 9 District 10 Binh Chanh District Binh Thạnh District Go Vấp District Tan Binh District Thủ Đức District In 2007 three million foreign tourists about 70 of the total number of tourists to Vietnam visited the city Total cargo transport to city s ports reached 50 5 million tonnes 101 nearly one third of the total for Vietnam Cityscape editArchitecture edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 Ho Chi Minh City has many architecturally notable buildings from different styles and time periods French influence during the colonial era can be seen throughout the city especially in District 1 where a number of buildings can be found Notable buildings of French colonial architecture include the Ho Chi Minh City Hall Saigon Central Post Office Notre Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon and Bến Thanh Market 8 Apart from its French architecture Ho Chi Minh City is also home to a number of buildings inspired by Chinese architecture Notable buildings are mostly found in Chợ Lớn where many Hoa people reside These include the Thien Hau Temple which was first built around 1760 making it one of the oldest historic buildings still standing in the city 102 During the Republic of Vietnam era Vietnamese modernist architecture began to develop in the city Prominent buildings which were commissioned during this time include the Independence Palace replacing the former Independence Palace which was of Baroque Revival architecture 103 Parks and gardens edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 nbsp Tao Đan Park is one of the largest and oldest parks in Ho Chi Minh City Despite the city s high building density Ho Chi Minh City has a number of large parks One of the largest and most popular parks is Tao Đan Park located next to the Independence Palace in District 1 Ho Chi Minh City 104 Other parks in District 1 include the September 23rd Park and 30 4 Park 105 The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens located on the northern end of District 1 is one of the world s oldest zoos and botanical gardens It contains a collection of over 600 rare animals and about 4 000 plant species some of which are over 100 years in age 106 Pedestrian zones edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard was the first pedestrian street in Ho Chi Minh City It opened to the public in April 2015 and is a popular spot for locals and visitors to gather 107 Many events are held in the precinct throughout the year including the annual flower festival during Tết 108 Bui Vien Walking Street is also well known in Ho Chi Minh City due to its status as a hub for western backpackers and tourists 109 Bui Vien Street also known as Western Street Pho Tay is a backpacker district in Ho Chi Minh City that offers a variety of restaurants coffee shops hotels live music pubs and rooftop bars Before becoming a walking street Bui Vien Street was a popular destination for backpackers to have fun try unfamiliar cuisines and explore new places during their trip to Ho Chi Minh City 110 nbsp Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard nbsp Ho Chi Minh City Book StreetTransport editAir edit nbsp Tan Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam The city is served by Tan Sơn Nhất International Airport the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled with an estimated number of over 15 5 million passengers per year in 2010 accounting for more than half of Vietnam s air passenger traffic 111 112 Long Thanh International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025 Based in Long Thanh District Đồng Nai Province about 40 km 25 mi east of Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh Airport will serve international flights with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed Tan Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights 113 Rail edit The city is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country The Reunification Express tau Thống Nhất runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3 with stops at cities and provinces along the line 114 Within the city the two main stations are Song Thần and Sai Gon In addition there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An Thủ Đức Binh Triệu Go Vấp However rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0 6 of passenger traffic and 6 of goods shipments 115 Water transport edit The city s location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port besides a constant stream of cargo ships passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia including Vũng Tau Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta and Phnom Penh Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam s southern provinces has steadily increased over the years the Đoi and Tẻ Canals the main routes to the Mekong Delta receive 100 000 waterway vehicles every year representing around 13 million tons of cargo A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport to be implemented in 2011 14 116 In 2017 the Saigon Waterbus launched connecting District 1 to Thu Duc City 117 Public transport edit Metro edit The Ho Chi Minh City Metro a rapid transit network is being built in stages The first line is under construction and expected to be fully operational by 2024 118 This first line will connect Bến Thanh to Suối Tien Park in District 9 with a depot in Long Binh Planners expect the route to serve more than 160 000 passengers daily 119 A line between Bến Thanh and Tham Lương in District 12 has been approved by the government 120 and several more lines are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies 119 Bus edit Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus The city has a number of coach houses which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam The largest coach station in terms of passengers handled is the Miền Đong Coach Station in the Binh Thạnh District Private transport edit The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes cars buses taxis and bicycles Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city Taxis are plentiful and usually have metres although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip for example from the airport to the city centre For short trips xe om literally hug vehicle motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city usually congregating at a major intersection You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride hailing apps like Grab and GoJek A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace For the last few years cars have become more popular 121 There are approximately 340 000 cars and 3 5 million motorcycles in the city which is almost double compared with Hanoi 115 The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport 122 Expressway edit Main articles Ho Chi Minh City Trung Luong Expressway and Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh Dau Giay Expressway nbsp HCMC LT DG ExpresswayThe city has two expressways making up the North South Expressway system connecting the city with other provinces The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City Trung Lương Expressway opened in 2010 connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta 123 The second one is Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh Dầu Giay Expressway opened in 2015 connecting the city with Đồng Nai Ba Rịa Vũng Tau and the Southeast of Vietnam 124 The Ho Chi Minh City Long Khanh Expressway is under planning and will be constructed in the near future Healthcare edit nbsp Franco Vietnamese Hospital in District 7 Ho Chi Minh CityThe health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of international facilities 125 as well as privately owned clinics 63 The 1 400 bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital upgraded by Japanese aid and the French sponsored Institute of Cardiology Prima Medical Center Saigon Ophthalmology a member of World Association of Eye Hospitals 126 and City International Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South East Asia region Education editHigh schools in the city edit Notable high schools in the city include Le Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted Phổ Thong Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School Gia Định High School vi Le Quy Đon High School vi Marie Curie High School Vo Thị Sau High School Trần Phu High School and others Though the former schools are all public private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City High school consists of grade 10 12 sophomore junior and senior 127 List of Public High Schools in the city non exhaustive edit VNUHCM High School for the Gifted Le Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School Bui Thị Xuan High School Phu Nhuận High School Trần Phu High School Binh Phu High School Gia Định High School vi Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School Le Quy Đon High School vi Nguyễn Du Secondary School Nguyễn Hữu Cầu High School Nguyễn Hữu Huan High School Marie Curie High School Vo Thị Sau High School Vo Trường Toản High School Hung Vương High School Chu Văn An High School Trưng Vương High School Lương Thế Vinh High School Trần Khai Nguyen High School Ten Lơ Man High School Nguyễn Trai High School Nguyễn Khuyến High School Nguyễn Du High School Nguyễn Cong Trứ High School Trần Hưng Đạo High School Nguyễn Chi Thanh High School Nguyễn Thai Binh High School Thủ Đức High School Nguyễn Thị Diệu High SchoolList of Private High Schools in the city non exhaustive edit British International School Ho Chi Minh City International School Ho Chi Minh City Saigon South International School Ngo Thời Nhiệm High School Nguyễn Khuyến High School Khai Tri High School Quang Trung Nguyễn Huệ High School Tri Đức High School Trương Vĩnh Ky High School VinSchool VStar School Australian International School Western Australian International School Systems The Canadian International School Hong Ha Secondary High SchoolUniversities in the city edit See also List of universities in Ho Chi Minh City nbsp Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400 000 students 63 Notable universities include Vietnam National University with 50 000 students distributed among six schools The University of Technology Đại học Bach khoa formerly Phu Thọ National Center of Technology The University of Sciences formerly Saigon College of Sciences The University of Social Sciences and Humanities formerly Saigon College of Letters The International University The University of Economics and Law and the newly established University of Information Technology Some other important higher education establishments include University of Pedagogy University of Economics University of Architecture Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine Nong Lam University formerly University of Agriculture Forestry and Silviculture University of Law University of Technical Education University of Banking University of Industry Open University 128 University of Sports and Physical Education University of Fine Arts University of Culture the Conservatory of Music the Saigon Institute of Technology Văn Lang University Saigon University and Hoa Sen University In addition to the above public universities Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities One of the most notable is RMIT International University Vietnam a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6 000 students Tuition at RMIT is about US 40 000 for an entire course of study 129 Other private universities include The Saigon International University or SIU is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education 130 Enrollment at SIU averages about 12 000 students 131 Depending on the type of program tuition at SIU costs US 5 000 6 000 per year 132 Tourism editMain article Declared monuments of Ho Chi Minh CitySee also List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City nbsp Bui Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels coffee shops and bars catering to tourists Tourist attractions in the city are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War The city s centre has some wide American style boulevards and a few French colonial buildings The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace Dinh Thống Nhất City Hall Ủy ban nhan dan Thanh phố Municipal Theatre Nha hat thanh phố also known as the Opera House City Post Office Bưu điện thanh phố State Bank Office Ngan hang Nha nước City People s Court Toa an nhan dan thanh phố and Notre Dame Cathedral Nha thờ Đức Ba Sai Gon which was constructed between 1863 and 1880 Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic dating from the French colonial era and the Rex and Caravelle hotels both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s amp 70s 133 The city has various museums including the Museum Museum of Vietnamese History the Revolutionary Museum the Museum of south eastern Armed Forces the War Remnants Museum the Museum of Southern Women the Museum of Fine Arts the Nha Rồng Memorial House and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels The Củ Chi tunnels are north west of the city in Củ Chi District The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens in District 1 dates from 1865 The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park Suối Tien Amusement and Culture Park and Cần Giờ s Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists Aside from the Municipal Theatre there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thanh Theatre Hoa Binh Theatre and the Lan Anh Music Stage The city is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60 70 of Vietnam s total revenue in this industry citation needed Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam s provinces and municipalities residents of the city keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam citation needed Like many of Vietnam s smaller cities the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such as phở or rice vermicelli Backpacking travellers most often frequent the Backpackers Quarter on Phạm Ngũ Lao Street and Bui Viện Street District 1 134 It was approximated that 4 3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007 of which 70 percent approximately 3 million tourists visited the city 135 According to the most recent international tourist statistic Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017 136 According to Mastercard s 2019 report the city is also the country s second most visited city 18th in Asia Pacific with 4 1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 after Hanoi with 4 8 million visitors 137 Culture edit nbsp Dragon dance to welcome Tết Nguyen Đan in Ho Chi Minh CityMuseums and art galleries edit Due to its history artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street Trần Phu street and Bui Viện street 138 nbsp Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts nbsp Ho Chi Minh City Museum of History nbsp War Remnants MuseumFood and drink edit Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants coffee shops and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices 139 It is currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food 140 Media editSee also Media of Vietnam and Telecommunications in Vietnam nbsp HTV the second largest and the first ever television network in Vietnam has its headquarters in District 1 The city s media is the most developed in the country At present there are seven daily newspapers Sai Gon Giải Phong Liberated Saigon and its Vietnamese investment and finance sports evening and weekly editions Tuổi Trẻ Youth the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam Thanh Nien Young People the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam Người Lao Động Labourer Thể Thao Sports Phap Luật Law The Saigon Times Daily an English language newspaper as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses many bookstores and a widespread network of public and school libraries the city s General Library houses over 1 5 million books Once called THVN9 the locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television HTV is the first and the second largest television network in the nation just behind the national Vietnam Television VTV broadcasting 24 7 on 7 different channels using analog and digital technology Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks SCTV and HTVC with over one million subscribers The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam citation needed Internet coverage especially through ADSL connections is rapidly expanding with over 2 200 000 subscribers and around 5 5 million frequent users Internet service providers ISPs operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company VDC Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology FPT Netnam Company Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation Saigon Postel Corporation SPT and Viettel Company The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones the latter growing annually by 20 Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies including Viettel Mobile MobiFone VinaPhone and Vietnam Mobile Sport edit nbsp Thống Nhất Stadium is home to the V League 1 football club F C As of 2005 update Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields 86 swimming pools and 256 gyms 141 The largest stadium in the city is the 15 000 seat Thống Nhất Stadium located on Đao Duy Từ Street in Ward 6 of District 10 The next largest is Military Region 7 Stadium located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tan Binh district The Military Region 7 Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals As well as being a sporting venue it is also the site of a music school Phu Thọ Racecourse another notable sporting venue established during colonial times is the only racetrack in Vietnam however due to poor maintenance the facilities are not in good condition 142 The city s Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs including Phan Đinh Phung Thanh Đa and Yết Kieu The city is home to a number of association football clubs One of the city s largest clubs F C is based at Thống Nhất Stadium formerly as Cảng Sai Gon they were four time champions of Vietnam s V League 1 in 1986 1993 94 1997 and 2001 02 Navibank Saigon F C founded as Quan Khu 4 were also based at Thống Nhất Stadium emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season and were promoted to the V League in 2009 the club has since been dissolved during a corruption scandal 143 The city s police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s Cong An Thanh Phố which won the V League championship in 1995 the club was dissolved in 2002 as the league become more professional Since its inception in 2016 Sai Gon F C competed in V League 1 however in 2022 they suffered relegation and will complete in V League 2 in 2023 In 2011 the city was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League 144 Saigon Heat was the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam 145 The team also plays in the domestic basketball league the Vietnam Basketball Association and have won the championship on three occasions 2019 2020 and 2022 In 2016 a second professional basketball team was created Wings playing in the domestic Vietnam Basketball Association The city hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run Several other sports are represented by teams in the city such as Irish Gaelic Football rugby cricket 146 volleyball basketball chess athletics and table tennis 147 International relations editTwin towns sister cities edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam The city is twinned with 148 nbsp Ahmadi Governorate Kuwait 2010 nbsp Almaty Kazakhstan 2011 nbsp Auvergne Rhone Alpes France 1998 nbsp Bangkok Thailand 2014 nbsp Champasak Province Laos 2001 nbsp Busan South Korea 1995 nbsp Guangdong Province China 2009 nbsp Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China 2013 nbsp Leipzig Germany 2021 149 nbsp Lyon France 1997 nbsp Manila Philippines 1994 nbsp Minsk Belarus 2008 nbsp Moscow Russia 2003 nbsp New York City United States 2023 150 nbsp Osaka Prefecture Japan 2007 nbsp Phnom Penh Cambodia 1999 nbsp Saint Petersburg Russia 2005 nbsp San Francisco United States 1995 nbsp Shandong Province China 2013 nbsp Shanghai China 1994 nbsp Sofia Bulgaria 2015 nbsp Vientiane Laos 2001 nbsp Vladivostok Russia 2009 nbsp Yangon Myanmar 2012 nbsp Zhejiang Province China 2009 Cooperation and friendship edit In addition to its twin towns the city is in cooperation with 148 nbsp Barcelona Spain 2009 nbsp Budapest Hungary 2013 nbsp Daegu South Korea 2015 nbsp Geneva Switzerland 2007 nbsp Guangzhou China 1996 nbsp Johannesburg South Africa 2009 nbsp Kosice Slovakia 2016 151 nbsp Moscow Oblast Russia 2015 nbsp Northern Territory Australia 2014 nbsp Osaka Japan 2011 nbsp Queensland Australia 2005 nbsp Seville Spain 2009 nbsp Shenyang China 1999 nbsp Shiga Prefecture Japan 2014 nbsp Sverdlovsk Oblast Russia 2000 nbsp Toronto Canada 2006 nbsp Yokohama Japan 2009 See also edit nbsp Vietnam portal175 Hospital History of Organized Crime in Saigon List of East Asian ports List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City List of historical capitals of VietnamNotes edit Vietnamese Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh abbreviated TP HCM Northern tʰajŋ fo ho t ɕi miŋ Southern tʰan fow how cɪj mɨn Vietnamese Sai Gon Northern saj ɣɔ n Southern ʂaj ɣɔ ŋ Vo Nghia M ed 2009 The Viet Kieu in America Personal Accounts of Postwar Immigrants from Vietnam McFarland p 218 ISBN 978 0 7864 5490 7 Saigon began as the Cham village of Baigaur then became the Khmer Prey Nokor before being taken over by the Vietnamese and renamed Gia Dinh Thanh and then Saigon The text of the resolution is as follows By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 6th tenure 1st session for officially renaming Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon Gia Dinh City with several glorious feats deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly s meeting PNAM Decides to rename Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City 16 The Khmer name for Saigon by the way is Prey Nokor prey means forest nokor home or city 20 Un siecle plus tard 1773 la revolte des TAYON sic qu eclata tout d abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui Nhon et s etendit rapidement dans le sud chassa de Bien Hoa le mouvement commercial qu y avaient attire les Chinois Ceux ci abandonnerent Cou lao pho remonterent de fleuve de Tan Binh et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN Cette creation date d environ 1778 Ils appelerent leur nouvelle residence TAI NGON ou TIN GAN Le nom transforme par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis applique a tort par l expedition francaise au SAIGON actuel dont la denomination locale est BEN NGHE ou BEN THANH 21 The text of the resolution is as follows By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 6th tenure 1st session for officially renaming Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon Gia Dinh City with several glorious feats deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly s meeting Decides to rename Saigon Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City 16 References edit Saigon Paris of the Orient shows war tarnish Lodi News Sentinel 7 April 1971 Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 Cherry Haydon 2019 Down and Out in Saigon Stories of the Poor in a Colonial City Yale University Press p 29 ISBN 978 0 300 21825 1 Area population and population density by province GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE of VIETNAM Archived from the original on 6 November 2018 Retrieved 26 September 2018 a b c Bao cao sơ bộ Tổng điều tra Dan số va nha ở 2019 General statistics for Population and households investigation 2019 in Vietnamese General Statistics Office of Vietnam Archived from the original on 13 November 2019 Retrieved 20 March 2020 Tinh hinh kinh tế xa hội thang 12 va năm 2018 Statistical Office in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 4 January 2019 Retrieved 4 January 2019 a b General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2021 Bao cao Chỉ số phat triển con người Việt Nam giai đoạn 2016 2020 Vietnam s Human Development Index 2016 2020 PDF Report pp 29 30 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Rankings 2020 Mercer 9 June 2020 Archived from the original on 22 May 2021 Retrieved 22 May 2021 The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Archived from the original on 24 August 2020 Retrieved 31 August 2020 Cổng thong tin điện tử Bộ Kế hoạch va Đầu tư mpi gov vn Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 16 May 2021 Độ cao trung binh so với mặt nước biển nội thanh la 5 m ngoại thanh la 16 m Murray N J Clemens R S Phinn S R Possingham H P Fuller R A 2014 Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea PDF Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12 5 267 272 doi 10 1890 130260 Archived PDF from the original on 7 December 2021 Retrieved 21 August 2021 a b c d e f g h Viet Nam Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City Power Grid Development Sector Project PDF Asian Development Bank Archived from the original PDF on 23 July 2018 Retrieved 27 January 2015 Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical amp Climatic Data for Construction PDF in Vietnamese Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology Archived from the original PDF on 22 July 2018 Retrieved 23 July 2018 World Weather Information Service Ho Chi Minh City World Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Flood management in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam royalhaskoningdhv com Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Retrieved 18 June 2020 Saigon braces for more record tides this year VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 4 June 2020 Retrieved 18 June 2020 Can coastal cities turn the tide on climate change flooding risk mckinsey com Archived from the original on 16 June 2020 Retrieved 18 June 2020 a b c d e Statistical office in Ho Chi Minh City Pso hochiminhcity gov vn Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2010 VnExpress HCMC set to carve out class 1 city by merging three districts VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 Retrieved 12 November 2020 http www pso hochiminhcity gov vn c document library get file uuid 5fdc62bc 0523 453a b596 57ad36af9831 amp groupId 18 http www pso hochiminhcity gov vn web guest niengiamthongke nam2011 http www pso hochiminhcity gov vn c document library get file uuid 7311d5ad c5a4 4383 8fb4 36c209afa120 amp groupId 18 01 04 199901 10 200401 04 200901 04 2019 TỔNG CỤC THỐNG KE Archived 3 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine gso gov vn Tổng điều tra dan số va nha ở năm 2009 Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine gso gov vn GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE of VIET NAM Archived 27 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine gso gov vn Report on Results of the 2019 Census General Statistics Office of Vietnam Archived PDF from the original on 9 May 2020 Retrieved 1 May 2020 Dan số trung binh phan theo địa phương qua cac năm Archived 2014 10 08 at the Wayback Machine General Statistics Office of Vietnam General Statistics Office of Vietnam Gso gov vn Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 4 October 2010 a b Tong Cuc Thong Ke Gso gov vn Archived from the original on 4 April 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Wendell Cox 22 March 2012 THE EVOLVING URBAN FORM HO CHI MINH CITY SAIGON New Geography Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 Retrieved 15 October 2012 Guess how many people are jamming into Saigon Hint It s as bad as Tokyo VnExpress International Archived from the original on 21 March 2018 Retrieved 21 March 2018 Thảo Nguyen 17 August 2017 Chủ tịch Nguyễn Thanh Phong Dự bao dan số Tp Hồ Chi Minh đến năm 2025 la 10 triệu người nhưng nay đa đạt 13 triệu người Chairman Nguyễn Thanh Phong The official population of Ho Chi Minh City is estimated to reach 10 million by 2025 but this number reached 13 million in 2017 Tri thức trẻ Archived from the original on 17 July 2018 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Quy hoạch xay dựng vung Tp HCM VnEconomy 25 April 2008 Archived from the original on 10 June 2008 Retrieved 18 June 2008 Menelusuri jejak keturunan Indonesia asal Bawean di Vietnam www bbc com in Indonesian 2 August 2015 Retrieved 23 May 2023 Cục thống ke Tom tắt kết quả điều tra dan số Pso hochiminhcity gov vn 4 January 2001 Archived from the original on 23 September 2010 Retrieved 4 October 2010 THE 2009 VIETNAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS Tổng cục Thống ke Việt Nam Statistics in 2005 Archived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine on the city s official website Ho Chi Minh City Economics Institute Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Hana R Alberts 21 December 2009 Forbes profile of Vietnam Forbes Archived from the original on 14 May 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 Han Ni TPHCM dẫn đầu thu hut vốn FDI vi biết cach bứt pha Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Sai Gon giải phong 2007 TPHCM sau 1 năm gia nhập WTO Vượt len chinh minh Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Trung tam thong tin thương mại Minh Anh Sai Gon trong mắt bạn trẻ TUOI TRE ONLINE in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 3 December 2020 Retrieved 17 March 2023 Ho Chi Minh City attracts record FDI in 2008 Archived from the original on 19 May 2009 10 điểm nổi bật trong tinh hinh kinh tế xa hội TPHCM năm 2010 Bsc com vn Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 24 April 2012 VnExpress TP HCM đặt mục tieu thu nhập binh quan 4 000 USD mỗi người VnExpress Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 Retrieved 5 January 2013 Archived copy Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 10 October 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link GDP binh quan đầu người của TP Hồ Chi Minh đạt 5 131 USD Hanộimới Hanoimoi com vn Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 Retrieved 29 May 2015 etime danviet vn GRDP binh quan đầu người TP HCM năm 2020 ước đạt 6 328 USD danviet vn in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 10 February 2022 Retrieved 10 February 2022 Mai Ban 14 March 2021 Vi sao Tp HCM lỡ mục tieu thu nhập đầu người 9 800 USD năm Nhịp sống kinh tế Việt Nam amp Thế giới in Vietnamese Retrieved 10 February 2022 permanent dead link Chỉ tieu tổng hợp giai đoạn 2001 06 Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ho Chi Minh City government website Dead Link Chinese state port operator s India and Vietnam acquisitions stall Nikkei Asia Archived from the original on 28 January 2021 Retrieved 30 January 2021 A primer on China s Belt and Road Initiative plans in South east Asia Archived from the original on 5 February 2021 Retrieved 30 January 2021 Exchange rate from XE com Tong Cuc Thong Ke Gso gov vn Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 mofahcm in Vietnamese mofahcm Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 Retrieved 3 April 2010 Số lượng khach quốc tế đến TPHCM đa đạt tới 3 triệu lượt người tăng 14 6 so với năm 2006 chiếm 70 tổng lượng du khach đến VN Lượng hang hoa vận chuyển qua cảng đạt 50 5 triệu tấn Cholon A Little China in the heart of Saigon French Academic Network for Asian Studies Archived from the original on 15 June 2023 Retrieved 15 June 2023 How Vietnam Created Its Own Brand of Modernist Architecture Saigoneer Retrieved 15 June 2023 The Best Parks and Green Spaces in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Culture Trip 26 February 2018 Retrieved 15 June 2023 HCMC park gets land back from metro VnExpress Retrieved 15 June 2023 Record revenues at Saigon Zoo after post Covid reopening VnExpress Retrieved 15 June 2023 HCMC s popular pedestrian street to get a green facelift VnExpress Retrieved 15 June 2023 Saigon flower street all set to blossom for Tet VnExpress Retrieved 15 June 2023 Foreigners a common sight again at Saigon tourist hotspots VnExpress Retrieved 15 June 2023 Guide To Ho Chi Minh City Nightlife 2023 Sipping Dancing amp More Vietnam Travel Blog 2 October 2023 Retrieved 5 October 2023 M Ha 13 October 2007 Mở rộng san bay Tan Sơn Nhất BAO SAI GON GIẢI PHoNG in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 Retrieved 17 March 2023 Two more Hanoi lt gt Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on Vietnamnet net accessdate 11 November 2007 in Vietnamese 1 Archived 22 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Airport Development News PDF Archived from the original PDF on 8 October 2006 Retrieved 19 May 2008 Train from Ho Chi Minh City Ticket fare and Schedule Vietnam Railways vietnam railway com Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 Retrieved 31 January 2017 a b Print Version mt gov vn 29 May 2008 Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 City to expand waterway transport Vietnam News Service 19 April 2010 Archived from the original on 21 April 2010 Retrieved 3 October 2017 VnExpress Saigon River bus not convenient enough to lure commuters VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Retrieved 31 August 2022 Insider Vietnam 18 February 2020 First metro line in Vietnam s Ho Chi Minh fully linked expected to launch next year Vietnam Insider Archived from the original on 7 April 2021 Retrieved 1 April 2021 a b Ho Chi Minh City Metro Railway technology com Archived from the original on 4 May 2010 Retrieved 4 April 2010 Dinh Muoi HCMC s subway route No 2 approved Thanh Nien Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 Retrieved 29 April 2010 VnExpress November auto sales achieve year record VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 16 December 2020 Retrieved 17 December 2020 Hans Heinrich Bass Thanh Trung Nguyen April 2013 Imminent gridlocks dandc eu Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 Retrieved 7 May 2013 Dự an đường cao tốc TP HCM Trung Lương Tedi vn Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 Retrieved 8 May 2016 Ngay 8 2 thong xe toan cao tốc TP HCM Long Thanh Dầu Giay VnExpress Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 Retrieved 8 May 2016 International Hospitals and Clinics in Saigon A Short Guide for Expats Urban Sesame 2 August 2022 Retrieved 15 August 2022 World Association of Eye Hospitals 30 October 2023 New members of the WAEH World Association of Eye Hospitals High School Education system Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 Ho Chi Minh City Open University Ou edu vn Archived from the original on 13 August 2004 Retrieved 3 April 2010 RMIT University website Rmit edu vn Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 Retrieved 24 April 2012 Saigon International University siu edu vn Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 Retrieved 2 March 2013 SIU Group of Asian International Education siu edu vn Archived from the original on 7 March 2013 Retrieved 2 March 2013 Schedule of Course Fees siu edu vn Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 Retrieved 2 March 2013 In 2014 tourism revenue has hit VND 78 7 trillion US 3 7 billion up to 4 percent compared to the same period in 2013 Ho Chi Minh City backpackers town Tuoi Tre News Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 Retrieved 23 June 2016 2 Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine TITC HCM City welcomes six millionth int l visitor in 2017 Tổng cục Du lịch Việt Nam permanent dead link Mastercard lists Hanoi HCMC among top 20 Asia Pacific travel destinations VNExpress Archived from the original on 22 October 2019 Retrieved 13 November 2019 Kalmusky Katie 20 May 2020 The 6 Best Art Galleries in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Culture Trip Retrieved 10 December 2022 Guide City Pass City Pass Guide Why Is Food So Cheap in Vietnam Archived from the original on 4 May 2021 Retrieved 17 December 2020 VnExpress Saigon among top five global cities for street food survey VnExpress International VnExpress International Latest news business travel and analysis from Vietnam Archived from the original on 22 January 2021 Retrieved 17 December 2020 Exercise and sports Archived 30 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine PSO Ho Chi Minh City Cảnh xuống cấp tại nha thi đấu hiện đại bậc nhất ở TP HCM ZingNews vn 25 July 2022 ONLINE TUOI TRE 29 October 2012 Chinh thức xoa sổ CLB Navibank Sai Gon TUOI TRE ONLINE ASEAN Basketball League website Aseanbasketballleague com 22 October 2011 Archived from the original on 27 December 2011 Retrieved 24 April 2012 SSA Saigon Heat Joins the AirAsia ASEAN Basketball League ABL News 20 October 2011 Archived from the original on 27 December 2011 Saigon Sports Clubs and Activities with Men s and Women s Teams Urbansesame com 15 March 2022 Retrieved 15 August 2022 Sports Clubs amp Associations Ho Chi Minh City Business Directory Angloinfo Angloinfo Ho Chi Minh City Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 a b Danh sach địa phương nước ngoai kết nghĩa với TpHCM in Vietnamese Sở ngoại vụ Thanh phố Hồ Chi Minh Archived from the original on 7 June 2021 Retrieved 25 July 2021 Ho Chi Minh Stadt Stadt Leipzig Retrieved 16 April 2022 HCM City New York establish sister city relationship Government of Vietnam 23 September 2023 Retrieved 24 September 2023 Partnerske mesta mesta Kosice in Slovak Kosice Archived from the original on 13 June 2021 Retrieved 25 July 2021 External links editHo Chi Minh City at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Travel information from Wikivoyage Official website in Vietnamese and English archived 18 February 2010 Ho Chi Minh City People s Council archived 26 October 2015 nbsp Geographic data related to Ho Chi Minh City at OpenStreetMap Portal nbsp Vietnam Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ho Chi Minh City amp oldid 1183583469, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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