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Trieste

January 08, 2024

"Tergeste" redirects here. For the asteroid, see 478 Tergeste. For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation).

Trieste (/triˈɛst/ tree-EST,[3] Italian: [triˈɛste] ⓘ)[4] is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the regional decentralization entity of Trieste.

Trieste
Trst (Slovene)
Comune
Comune di Trieste
Clockwise from top: Piazza Unità d'Italia; Serbian Orthodox church; Castello Miramare; the city seafront seen from the Molo Audace; a narrow street of the Old City; and the Canal Grande ("Grand Canal")
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Trieste
Trieste
Location of Trieste in Italy
Trieste
Trieste (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
Coordinates: 45°39′01″N 13°46′13″E / 45.65028°N 13.77028°E / 45.65028; 13.77028
CountryItaly
RegionFriuli-Venezia Giulia
ProvinceTrieste
FrazioniBanne (Bani), Barcola (Barkovlje), Basovizza (Bazovica), Borgo San Nazario, Cattinara (Katinara), Conconello (Ferlugi), Contovello (Kontovel), Grignano (Grljan), Gropada (Gropada), Longera (Lonjer), Miramare (Miramar), Opicina (Opčine), Padriciano (Padriče), Prosecco (Prosek), Santa Croce (Križ), Servola (Škedenj), Trebiciano (Trebče)
Government
 • MayorRoberto Dipiazza (FI)
Area
[1]
 • Total84.49 km2 (32.62 sq mi)
Elevation
2 m (7 ft)
Population
 (2018)[2]
 • Total204,338 (Comune)
234,638 (Urban)
418,000 (Metro)
Demonym(s)English: Triestine or Triestino
Italian: triestino (m.), triestina (f.)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
34100
Dialing code040
ISTAT code032006
Patron saintSt. Justus of Trieste
Saint day3 November
WebsiteOfficial website

Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste, on a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia; Slovenia lies close, at approximately 8 km (5 mi) east and 10–15 km (6–9 mi) southeast of the city, while Croatia is about 30 km (19 mi) to the south of the city.

The city has a long coastline and is surrounded by grassland, forest, and karstic areas. In 2022, it had a population of about 204,302.[2]

Trieste belonged to the Habsburg monarchy from 1382 until 1918. In the 19th century the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport. As a prosperous trading hub in the Mediterranean region, Trieste became the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (after Vienna, Budapest, and Prague). In the fin de siècle, it emerged as an important hub for literature and music. Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s, and the Free Territory of Trieste became a major site of the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War.

Trieste, a deep-water port, is a maritime gateway for northern Italy, Germany, Austria and Central Europe. It is considered the end point of the maritime Silk Road, with its connections to the Suez Canal and Turkey. Since the 1960s, Trieste has emerged as a prominent research location in Europe because of its many international organisations and institutions. The city lies at the intersection of Latin, Slavic and Germanic cultures where Central Europe meets the Mediterranean Sea, and is home to diverse ethnic groups and religious communities.

Trieste has the highest percentage of researchers in Europe in relation to population.[5] Città della Barcolana ("City of the Barcolana"), Città della bora ("City of the bora"), Città del vento ("City of Wind"), "Vienna by the sea" and "City of Coffee" are also idioms used to describe Trieste.

Names and etymology edit

See also: Names of Trieste in different languages

The most likely origin is a Celtic word, Tergeste – with the -est- suffix typical of Venetic – and derived from the hypothetical Illyrian word *terg- "market" (etymologically cognate to the Albanian term treg 'market, marketplace'[6] and reconstructed Proto-Slavic "*tъrgъ")[6][7][8] Roman authors also transliterated the name as Tergestum (according to Strabo, the name of the oppidum Tergestum originated from the three battles the Roman Army had to engage in with local tribes, "TER GESTUM [BELLUM]"). Modern names of the city include: Italian: Trieste, Slovene: Trst, German: Triest, Hungarian: Trieszt, Serbo-Croatian: Trst / Трст, Polish: Triest, Greek: Τεργέστη Tergésti and Czech: Terst.

Geography edit

 
Satellite view of Trieste

Trieste lies in the northernmost part of the high Adriatic in northeastern Italy, near the border with Slovenia. The city lies on the Gulf of Trieste. Built mostly on a hillside that becomes a mountain, Trieste's urban territory lies at the foot of an imposing escarpment that comes down abruptly from the Karst Plateau towards the sea. The karst hills delimiting the city reach an elevation of 458 metres (1,503 feet) above sea level. It lies at the junction point of the Italian geographical region, the Balkan Peninsula, and Mitteleuropan Area.

Climate edit

 
View of Trieste

The territory of Trieste is composed of several different climate zones depending on the distance from the sea and elevation. The average temperatures (1971–2000) are 5.7 °C (42 °F) in January and 24.1 °C (75 °F) in July.[9] It has a humid subtropical climate (according to the Köppen climate classification). On average, humidity levels are low (~65%), while only two months (January and February) receive slightly less than 60 mm (2 in) of precipitation.

Trieste, like the Istrian Peninsula, has evenly distributed rainfall above 1,000 mm (39 in) in total; it is noteworthy that no true summer drought occurs. Snow occurs on average 2 days per year.[10] Temperatures are very mild; lows below 0° are somewhat rare and highs above 30 °C (86 °F) are not common.[citation needed] Winter highs are lower than the average temperatures in the Mediterranean zone (~ 5–11 °C). Two basic weather patterns alternate — sunny, windy and often very cold days frequently caused a northeastern wind called bora, as well as rainy days with temperatures of about 6 to 11 °C (43 to 52 °F). Summer is very warm with highs of about 28 °C (82 °F) and lows above 20 °C (68 °F), with hot nights being influenced by the warm sea water. The highest temperature of the last 30 years is 40.1 °C (104 °F) in 2020, whereas the absolute minimum was −7.9 °C (18 °F) in 1996.[citation needed]

The Trieste area is divided into 8a–10a zones according to USDA hardiness zoning; Villa Opicina (320 to 420 MSL) with 8a in upper suburban area down to 10a in especially shielded and windproof valleys close to the Adriatic sea.

The climate can be severely affected by the bora, a very dry and usually cool north-to-northeast katabatic wind that can last for some days and reach speeds of up to 140 km/h (87 mph) on the piers of the port, thus sometimes bringing subzero temperatures to the entire city.[11]

Climate data for Trieste Barcola
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		23.9
(75.0) 		29.8
(85.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		36.2
(97.2) 		40.1
(104.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.8
(87.4) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		40.1
(104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.0
(77.0) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.8
(47.8) 		17.5
(63.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3) 		6.6
(43.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.9
(44.4) 		14.6
(58.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		4.3
(39.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		11.7
(53.0)
Record low °C (°F) −7.5
(18.5) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.1
(50.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−7.9
(17.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.0
(2.28) 		56.9
(2.24) 		63.4
(2.50) 		82.8
(3.26) 		84.2
(3.31) 		100.4
(3.95) 		62.1
(2.44) 		84.5
(3.33) 		103.4
(4.07) 		111.4
(4.39) 		107.4
(4.23) 		88.5
(3.48) 		1,003
(39.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.8 6.2 7.8 8.5 8.7 9.3 6.5 7.3 7.1 7.9 9.1 8.4 94.6
Average snowy days 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 2.0
Average relative humidity (%) 67 64 62 64 64 65 62 62 66 68 67 68 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 96.1 118.7 142.6 177 226.3 243 288.3 260.4 210 167.4 99 83.7 2,112.5
Source 1: [Atlante Climatico d'Italia del Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare, data 1971–2011]
Source 2: Rivista Ligure "La neve sulle coste del Maditerraneo" [10]

City districts edit

 
Seven sections of Trieste

Trieste is administratively divided in seven districts, which in turn are further subdivided into parishes (frazioni):

  1. Altipiano Ovest: Borgo San Nazario · Contovello (Kontovel) · Prosecco (Prosek) · Santa Croce (Križ)
  2. Altipiano Est: Banne (Bani) · Basovizza (Bazovica) · Gropada (Gropada) · Opicina (Opčine) · Padriciano (Padriče) · Trebiciano (Trebče)
  3. Barcola (Slovene: Barkovlje)[12] · Cologna (Slovene: Kolonja)[12] · Conconello (Ferlugi) · Gretta (Slovene: Greta)[12] · Grignano (Grljan) · Guardiella (Slovene: Verdelj)[12] · Miramare · Roiano (Slovene: Rojan)[12] · Scorcola (Škorklja)
  4. Barriera Nuova · Borgo Giuseppino · Borgo Teresiano · Città Nuova · Città Vecchia · San Vito · San Giusto · Campi Elisi · Sant'Andrea · Cavana
  5. Barriera Vecchia (Stara Mitnica) · San Giacomo (Sveti Jakob) · Santa Maria Maddalena Superiore (Sveta Marija Magdalena Zgornja)
  6. Cattinara (Katinara) · Chiadino (Slovene: Kadinj)[12] · San Luigi · Guardiella (Verdelj) · Longera (Slovene: Lonjer)[12] · San Giovanni (Sveti Ivan)· Rozzol (Slovene: Rocol)[12] · Melara
  7. Chiarbola (Slovene: Čarbola)[12] · Coloncovez (Kolonkovec) · Santa Maria Maddalena Inferiore (Slovene: Spodnja Sveta Marija Magdalena)[12] · Raute · Santa Maria Maddalena Superiore (Slovene: Zgornja Sveta Marija Magdalena)[12] · Servola (Škedenj) · Poggi Paese · Poggi Sant'Anna (Sveta Ana)· Valmaura · Altura · Borgo San Sergio

The iconic city centre is Piazza Unità d'Italia, which is located in between the large 19th-century avenues of Borgo Teresiano and the old medieval city, characterised by many narrow streets.

History edit

Main article: History of Trieste
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Trieste.
Timeline of Trieste
Historical affiliations

 Roman Empire, pre 395
 Western Roman Empire, 395–476
 Byzantine Empire, 476–567
 Lombards, 567−788
 Francia, 788−843
 Middle Francia, 843−855
 Patriarchate of Aquileia, 855–952
 March of Verona, 952–1081
  Patria del Friuli, 1081–1368
  Republic of Venice, 1368–1369
 Patriarchate of Aquileia, 1378–1382
  Holy Roman Empire, 1382−1809
  Austrian Empire, 1804–1809
  First French Empire, 1809–1814
  Austrian Empire, 1814–1867
  Austria-Hungary, 1867−1922
  Kingdom of Italy, 1922–1943
  OZAK, 1943–1945
  Allied Military Government, 1945–1947
  Free Territory of Trieste, 1947–1954
  Italy, 1954–present

Ancient history edit

 
Arco di Riccardo, a Roman triumphal arch constructed from 33–32 BC

Since the second millennium BC, the location was an inhabited site. Originally an Illyrian settlement, the Veneti entered the region in the 10th–9th c. BC and seem to have given the town its name, Tergeste, because terg* is a Venetic word meaning market (q.v. Oderzo whose ancient name was Opitergium). Later, the town was captured by the Carni, a tribe of the Eastern Alps, before becoming part of the Roman republic in 177 BC during the Second Istrian War.[13]

After being attacked by barbarians from the interior in 52 BC,[14] until 46 BC it was granted the status of Roman colony under Julius Caesar, who recorded its name as Tergeste in Commentarii de Bello Gallico (51 BC), in which he recounts events of the Gallic Wars.[15]

In imperial times the border of Roman Italy moved from the Timavo River to Formione (today Risano). Roman Tergeste flourished due to its position on the road from Aquileia, the main Roman city in the area, to Istria, and as a port, some ruins of which are still visible. Emperor Augustus built a line of walls around the city in 33–32 BC, while Trajan built a theatre in the 2nd century. At the same time, the citizens of the town were enrolled in the tribe Pupinia. In 27 BC, Trieste was incorporated in Regio X of Augustan Italia.[16]

In the early Christian era Trieste continued to flourish. Between 138 and 161 AD, its territory was enlarged and nearby Carni and Catali were granted Roman citizenship by the Roman Senate and Emperor Antoninus Pius at the pleading of a leading Tergestine citizen, the quaestor urbanus, Fabius Severus.[17]

Already at the time of the Roman Empire there was a fishing village called Vallicula ("small valley") in the Barcola area. Remains of richly decorated Roman villas, including wellness facilities, piers and extensive gardens suggest that Barcola was already a place for relaxation among the Romans because of its favourable microclimate, as it was located directly on the sea and protected from the bora. At that time, Pliny the Elder mentioned the vines of the wine Pulcino ("Vinum Pucinum" – probably today's "Prosecco"), which were grown on the slopes.[18]

Late antiquity edit

The city was witness to the Battle of the Frigidus in the Vipava Valley in AD 394, in which Theodosius I defeated Eugenius. Despite the deposition of Romulus Augustulus at Ravenna in 476 and the ascension to power of Odoacer in Italy, Trieste was retained by the Roman Emperor seated at Constantinople, and thus became a Byzantine military outpost.[citation needed] In 539, the Byzantines annexed it to the Exarchate of Ravenna, despite Trieste's being briefly taken by the Lombards in 567 during its invasion of northern Italy, it was held until the time of the coming of the Franks.[citation needed]

Middle Ages edit

In 788, Trieste submitted to Charlemagne, who placed it under the authority of the count-bishop who in turn was under the Duke of Friùli. From 1081, the city came loosely under the Patriarchate of Aquileia, developing into a free commune by the end of the 12th century.[citation needed]

During the 13th and 14th centuries, Trieste became a maritime trade rival to the Republic of Venice which briefly occupied it in 1283–87, before coming under the patronage of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. After it committed a perceived offence against Venice, the Venetian State declared war against Trieste in July 1368 and by November had occupied the city. Venice intended to keep the city and began rebuilding its defences, but was forced to leave in 1372. By the Peace of Turin in 1381, Venice renounced its claim to Trieste and the leading citizens of Trieste petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg, Duke of Austria, to make Trieste part of his domains. The agreement of voluntary submission (dedizione) was signed at the castle of Graz on 30 September 1382.[19]

The city maintained a high degree of autonomy under the Habsburgs, but was increasingly losing ground as a trade hub, both to Venice and to Ragusa. In 1463, a number of Istrian communities petitioned Venice to attack Trieste. Trieste was saved from utter ruin by the intervention of Pope Pius II who had previously been bishop of Trieste. However, Venice limited Trieste's territory to three miles (4.8 kilometres) outside the city. Trieste would be assaulted again in 1468–1469 by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III. His sack of the city is remembered as the "Destruction of Trieste."[20] He then restored the city walls for the fourth time.[14] Trieste was fortunate to be spared another sack in 1470 by the Ottomans who burned the village of Prosecco, only about 5.3 miles (8.5 kilometres) from Trieste, while on their way to attack Friuli.[21]

 
Trieste in the 17th century, in a contemporary image by the Carniolan historian Johann Weikhard von Valvasor

Early modern period edit

See also: Imperial Free City of Trieste

Following an unsuccessful Habsburg invasion of Venice in the prelude to the 1508–16 War of the League of Cambrai, the Venetians occupied Trieste again in 1508, and were allowed to keep the city under the terms of the peace treaty.[citation needed] However, the Habsburg Empire recovered Trieste a little over one year later, when the conflict resumed. By the 18th century Trieste became an important port and commercial hub for the Austrians.[citation needed] In 1719, it was granted status as a free port within the Habsburg Empire by Emperor Charles VI, and remained a free port until 1 July 1791. The reign of his successor, Maria Theresa of Austria, marked the beginning of a very prosperous era for the city. Serbs settled Trieste largely in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they soon formed an influential and rich community within the city, as a number of Serb traders owned important business and had built palaces across Trieste.[22]

19th century edit

 
Palazzo Carciotti in Trieste, c. 1850

In the following decades, Trieste was briefly occupied by troops of the French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars on several occasions, in 1797, 1805 and 1809. From 1809 to 1813, Trieste was annexed into Illyrian Provinces, interrupting its status of free port and losing its autonomy. The municipal autonomy was not restored after the return of the city to the Austrian Empire in 1813. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Trieste continued to prosper as the Free Imperial City of Trieste (German: Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest), a status that granted economic freedom, but limited its political self-government. The city's role as Austria's main trading port and shipbuilding centre was later emphasised with the foundation of the merchant shipping line Austrian Lloyd in 1836, whose headquarters stood at the corner of the Piazza Grande and Sanità (today's Piazza Unità d'Italia). By 1913 Austrian Lloyd had a fleet of 62 ships comprising a total of 236,000 tonnes.[23] With the introduction of the constitutionalism in the Austrian Empire in 1860, the municipal autonomy of the city was restored, with Trieste becoming capital of the Austrian Littoral crown land (German: Österreichisches Küstenland).

 
The Stock Exchange Square in 1854
 
Stock market in Trieste today

With anti-clericalism on the rise in the rest of the Italian peninsula due to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardina's bellicose policies towards the church and its estates, Pope Leo XIII at times considered moving his residence to Trieste or Salzburg. However, Emperor Franz Joseph rejected the idea.[24] Trieste, along with Fiume, served as an important base for the Imperial-Royal Navy, which in the first decade of the XX century embarked on a major modernisation programme. With the construction of the Austrian Southern Railway, the first major railway in the Empire, in 1857, Trieste acquired a significant role in the trade of coal.

 
A view of Trieste in 1885

Trieste had long been home to Italian irredentist sentiment, as seen in the activity at Caffè Tommaseo.[25] In 1882 this fervour culminated in an attempted assassination of Emperor Franz Joseph at the hands of Wilhem Oberdank (Guglielmo Oberdan), while His Majesty was on visit in the city. The perpetrator was arrested, tried, found guilty and ultimately sentenced to death. His legacy has been regarded as worthy of martyrdom by fellow irredentists, while monarchical elements regard his actions as ignominious. The Emperor, who went on to reign for thirty-four more years, did not visit Trieste.[26]

20th century edit

At the beginning of the 20th century, Trieste was a bustling cosmopolitan city frequented by artists and philosophers such as James Joyce, Italo Svevo, Sigmund Freud, Zofka Kveder, Dragotin Kette, Ivan Cankar, Scipio Slataper, and Umberto Saba.[citation needed] The city was the major port on the Austrian Riviera.[citation needed]

World War I, annexation to Italy and Fascist era edit

See also: Battles of the Isonzo and Julian March

Italy, in return for entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers, had been promised substantial territorial gains, which included the former Austrian Littoral and western Inner Carniola.[27] Italy therefore annexed the city of Trieste at the end of the war, in accordance with the provisions of the 1915 Treaty of London and the Italian-Yugoslav 1920 Treaty of Rapallo.[28]

In the late 1920s, following Italian fascists burning down of the Slovene cultural centre in July 1920, the Slovene militant anti-fascist organisation TIGR carried out several bomb attacks in the city centre. In 1930 and 1941, two trials of Slovene activists were held in Trieste by the fascist Special Tribunal for the Security of the State. During the 1920s and 1930s, several monumental buildings were built in the Fascist architectural style, including the impressive University of Trieste and the almost 70 m (229.66 ft) tall Victory Lighthouse (Faro della Vittoria), which became a city landmark. The economy improved in the late 1930s, and several large infrastructure projects were carried out.[29]

Many people of Jewish origin in the city were killed as Italy was co-operating with Nazi Germany, and after the Germans seized northern Italy, Trieste was used as a hub to deport Jewish citizens [30]

World War II and aftermath edit

 
Yugoslav Army entering Trieste (the caption reads: "Tito's Army liberated Trieste")

Following the trisection of Slovenia, starting from the winter of 1941, the first Slovene Partisans appeared in Trieste province, although the resistance movement did not become active in the city itself until late 1943.[31]

After the Italian armistice in September 1943, the city was occupied by Wehrmacht troops. Trieste became nominally part of the newly constituted Italian Social Republic, but it was de facto ruled by Germany, who created the Operation Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (OZAK) out of former Italian north-eastern regions, with Trieste as the administrative centre. The new administrative entity was headed by Friedrich Rainer, Gauleiter of Carinthia, named supreme commissary of the AK zone. A semblance of indigenous Italian rule was kept in the form of Cesare Pagnini, mayor of Trieste, but every civil official was assigned a representative of the supreme commissar in the form of a Deutsche Berater (German Adviser).[32] Under German occupation, the only concentration camp with a crematorium on Italian soil was built in a suburb of Trieste, at the Risiera di San Sabba on 4 April 1944. From 20 October 1943, to the spring of 1944, around 25,000 Jews and partisans were interrogated and tortured in the Risiera. Three to four thousand of them were murdered here by shooting, beating or in gas vans. Most were imprisoned before being transferred to other concentration camps.[33]

The city saw intense Italian and Yugoslav partisan activity and suffered from Allied bombings, over 20 air raids in 1944–1945, targeting the oil refineries, port and marshalling yard but causing considerable collateral damage to the city and 651 deaths among the population.[34] The worst raid took place on 10 June 1944, when a hundred tons of bombs dropped by 40 USAAF bombers, targeting the oil refineries, resulted in the destruction of 250 buildings, damage to another 700 and 463 victims.[35][36][37]

Occupation by Yugoslav partisans edit

 
A postage stamp issued by the Italian Social Republic with a Yugoslav liberation overprint

On 30 April 1945, the Slovenian and Italian anti-Fascist Osvobodilna fronta (OF) and National Liberation Committee (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale, or CLN) of Edoardo Marzari and Antonio Fonda Savio, made up of approximately 3,500 volunteers, incited a riot against the Nazi occupiers. On 1 May Allied members of the Yugoslav Partisans' 8th Dalmatian Corps took over most of the city, except for the courts and the castle of San Giusto, where the German garrisons refused to surrender to anyone but the New Zealanders, due to the partisans' reputation for shooting German and Italian prisoners of war.[38] The 2nd New Zealand Division under General Freyberg continued to advance towards Trieste along Route 14 around the northern coast of the Adriatic sea and arrived in the city the following day (see official histories The Italian Campaign[39] and Through the Venetian Line).[40] The German forces surrendered on the evening of 2 May, but were then turned over to the Yugoslav forces.[41]

The Yugoslavs held full control of the city until 12 June, a period known in Italian historiography as the "forty days of Trieste".[42] During this period, hundreds of local Italians and anti-Communist Slovenes were arrested by the Yugoslav authorities, and many of them were never seen again.[43] Some were interned in Yugoslav internment camps (in particular at Borovnica, Slovenia), while others were murdered on the Karst Plateau.[44] British Field Marshal Harold Alexander condemned the Yugoslav military occupation, stating that "Marshal Tito's apparent intention to establish his claims by force of arms...[is] all too reminiscent of Hitler, Mussolini and Japan. It is to prevent such actions that we have been fighting this war."[45][46] In this most turbulent of periods, the city saw a thorough reorganisation of the political-administrative system: the Yugoslav Fourth Army, to which many figures of prominence were attached (including Edvard Kardelj, a sign of just how important the Isonzo front was in Yugoslav aims) established a provisional Military Command in the occupied areas. Fully understanding the precarious position it found itself in, the Yugoslav Command undertook great efforts to claim the success for itself, faced with the presence of the New Zealander Division in Trieste, which could undermine, as it did, postwar claims of sovereignty and control over the seaport.[47] To this effect, a Tanjug Agency communiqué stated: "The seaport of Trieste, Monfalcone and Gorizia could not be occupied by the above mentioned division [the New Zealand Division] as these cities had already been liberated...by the Yugoslav army...It is true that some Allied forces have without our permission entered into the above mentioned cities which might have undesirable consequences unless this misunderstanding is promptly settled by mutual agreement" [48]

A city in limbo (1945–1947) edit

After an agreement between the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito and Field Marshal Alexander, the Yugoslav forces withdrew from Trieste, which came under a joint British-U.S. military administration.[49] The Julian March was divided by the Morgan Line between Anglo-American and Yugoslav military administration until September 1947 when the Paris Peace Treaty established the Free Territory of Trieste. The effective turning point for Trieste's fortunes had already been established, though: President Truman's stipulations, later named the Truman Doctrine, in all but name had sealed the status quo, formalised only in the above-mentioned treaty, one that proved to be a careful balancing act between Yugoslav demands, Italian claims and international aims toward the Adriatic gulf and Eastern Europe in general. Questions arose on the structure of government as soon and even earlier than the signing of the treaty, with neither Italy nor Yugoslavia willing to recognise a joint governor.[50] Initially, the newly established Allied Military Government (AMG) found it difficult to exercise its authority over the newly administered territories (the Italian majority provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Pola), because of a rooted communist presence, especially in the countryside. This state of affairs did not change until a formal peace treaty with Italy had been signed, granting the AMG the full powers to administer justice and re-establish law and order in those areas under its administration. Replacing the People's Militia, the AMG recruited a civilian police force from the indigenous population along the Anglo-Saxon police model. This exercise of jurisdiction was thus articulated: pursuant to Proclamation No. 1, three tiers of tribunals were established: the Summary Military Courts, with jurisdiction over petty crime, the Superior Military Courts, which could impose punishments not exceeding 10 years imprisonment, and the General Military Court, which could impose the death penalty. Civil courts, as modelled on the Kingdom of Italy's code, were, pursuant to General Order No. 6, re-established July 12, 1945 but the slovene minority was given the right to be heard, and for proceedings to be, in their own language.[51]

Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste (1947–54) edit

Main article: Free Territory of Trieste
 
Trieste and Zone A/B

In 1947, Trieste was declared an independent city state under the protection of the United Nations as the Free Territory of Trieste. The territory was divided into two zones, A and B, along the Morgan Line established in 1945.[52]

From 1947 to 1954, Zone A was occupied and governed by the Allied Military Government, composed of the American Trieste United States Troops (TRUST), commanded by Major General Bryant E. Moore, the commanding general of the American 88th Infantry Division, and the "British Element Trieste Forces" (BETFOR),[53] commanded by Sir Terence Airey, who were the joint forces commander and also the military governors.

 
Cheering crowd for the return of Trieste to Italy on November 4, 1954

Zone A covered almost the same area of the current Italian Province of Trieste, except for four small villages south of Muggia (see below), which were given to Yugoslavia after the dissolution (see London Memorandum of 1954) of the Free Territory in 1954. Occupied Zone B, which was under the administration of Miloš Stamatović, then a colonel in the Yugoslav People's Army, was composed of the north-westernmost portion of the Istrian peninsula, between the Mirna River and the cape Debeli Rtič.

In 1954, in accordance with the Memorandum of London, the vast majority of Zone A—including the city of Trieste—joined Italy, whereas Zone B and four villages from Zone A (Plavje, Spodnje Škofije, Hrvatini, and Elerji) became part of Yugoslavia, divided between Slovenia and Croatia. The final border line with Yugoslavia and the status of the ethnic minorities in the areas was settled bilaterally in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo.[54] This line now constitutes the border between Italy and Slovenia.

Government edit

 
Government palace
 
Trieste City Hall

Mayors of Trieste since 1949:

Mayor Term start Term end   Party
Gianni Bartoli 1949 1957 DC
Mario Franzil 1957 1967 DC
Marcello Spaccini 1967 1978 DC
Manlio Cecovini 1978 1983 LpT
Arduino Agnelli 1983 1985 PSI
Franco Richetti 1985 1986 DC
Giulio Staffieri 1986 1988 LpT
Franco Richetti 1988 1992 DC
Giulio Staffieri 1992 1993 LpT
Riccardo Illy 5 December 1993 24 June 2001 Ind
Roberto Dipiazza 24 June 2001 30 May 2011 FI
Roberto Cosolini 30 May 2011 20 June 2016 PD
Roberto Dipiazza 20 June 2016 incumbent FI

Economy edit

During the Austro-Hungarian era, Trieste became a leading European city in economy, trade and commerce, and was the fourth-largest and most important centre in the empire, after Vienna, Budapest and Prague. The economy of Trieste, however, fell into decline after the city's annexation to Italy in 1922. The Fascist government promoted several development schemes in the 1930s, with new manufacturing activities dedicated to shipbuilding and defence production (such as the "Cantieri Aeronautici Navali Triestini (CANT)").[55] Allied bombings during World War II destroyed the industrial section of the city (mainly the shipyards). However, starting from the 1970s, Trieste has experienced steady economic growth.

 
Port of Trieste

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, the accession of Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the EU and the increasing importance of the maritime Silk Road to Asia and Africa across the Suez Canal, trade has seen an increase in Trieste.[56][57][58] The Port of Trieste is a major trade hub in the northern Mediterranean, with significant commercial shipping activity and busy container and oil terminals. The port has been included in the Silk Road scheme because of its ability to dock container ships with very large drafts.[59][60][61][62][63] Because of this natural advantage, the Port of Hamburg (HHLA) and the State of Hungary have holdings in the port area of Trieste and the associated facilities have been expanded by the Italian state in 2021 with an investment of €400 million.[64]

The oil terminal is a key infrastructure in the Transalpine Pipeline, which covers 40% of Germany's energy requirements (100% of the states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), 90% of Austria and 50% of the Czech Republic's.[65][66] The sea highway connecting the ports of Trieste and Istanbul is one of the busiest RO/RO [roll on roll-off] routes in the Mediterranean. The port is also Italy's and the Mediterranean's greatest coffee port, supplying more than 40% of Italy's coffee.[67] The city is part of the Corridor 5 project to establish closer transport connections between Western and Eastern Europe, through countries such as Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, Ukraine and Bosnia.[68]

 
One of many coffee sacks that are traded by a Trieste company

The thriving coffee industry in Trieste began under Austria-Hungary, with the Austro-Hungarian government even awarding tax-free status to the city in order to encourage more commerce. Some evidence of Austria-Hungary's coffee-driven economic growth stimulus remain, such as the Hausbrandt Trieste coffee company. As a result, present-day Trieste is characterised by its many cafes, and is still known to this day as "the coffee capital of Italy". Companies active in the coffee sector have given birth to the Trieste Coffee Cluster as their main umbrella organisation, but also as an economic actor in its own right.[69] A large part of Italian coffee imports (approx. 2–2.5 million sacks) are handled and processed in the city.[70]

Two Fortune Global 500 companies have their global or national headquarters in the city, respectively: Assicurazioni Generali and Allianz. Other corporations based in Trieste are Fincantieri, one of the world's leading shipbuilding companies, and the Italian operations of Wärtsilä. Prominent companies from Trieste include: AcegasApsAmga (Hera Group), Adriatic Assicurazioni SpA Autamarocchi SpA, Banca Generali SpA (BIT: BGN), Genertel, Genertellife, HERA Trading, Illy, Italia Marittima, Modiano, Nuovo Arsenale Cartubi Srl, Jindal Steel and Power Italia SpA; Pacorini SpA, Siderurgica Triestina (Arvedi Group), TBS Groug, U-blox, Telit, and polling and marketing company SWG.

The real estate market in Trieste has been growing in recent years. The relevant land register law comes from old Austrian legislation and was adopted by the Italian legal system after 1918 in Trieste, as well as in the provinces of Trento, Bolzano and Gorizia as well as in some municipalities of the provinces of Udine, Brescia, Belluno and Vicenza.[71][72][73]

Commercial fishing edit

 
Professional fisherman's boat in Barcola, a suburb of Trieste

Fishing boats anchor at Molo Veneziano near Piazza Venezia. In summer lampare (large lamps) are used for fishing and in autumn and winter redi di posta (smaller fishing nets) are used. In the Gulf of Trieste, because of the crystal-clear, nutrient-poor water with little plankton, fishing in itself is challenging. The fishing season lasts from May to July. In terms of fish reproduction, fishing is prohibited in August and restricted in winter. As of 2009, there are fewer than 200 professional fishermen in the city. There is also a small fishing port in the suburb Barcola. Some of the fish is sold directly from the boats or delivered to the town's shops and restaurants. The rare alici ([anchovies - in the local dialect: Sardoni barcolani) from the Gulf of Trieste near Barcola, which are only caught at Sirocco, are particularly sought after because of their white meat and special taste and fetch high prices for fishermen.[74][75]

Education and research edit

The University of Trieste, founded in 1924, is a medium-size state-supported institution with 12 faculties, and boasts a wide and almost complete range of courses. It currently has about 23,000 students enrolled and 1,000 professors. Trieste also hosts the Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), a leading graduate and postgraduate teaching and research institution in the study of mathematics, theoretical physics, and neuroscience, and the MIB School of Management Trieste, one of Italy's top-five business schools.

There are three international schools offering primary and secondary education programmes in English in the greater metropolitan area: the International School of Trieste, the European School of Trieste, and the United World College of the Adriatic located in the nearby village of Duino.

 
Research institutions such as the International Center for Theoretical Physics (logo), SISSA and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics are located in Trieste around Barcola.

The city also hosts numerous national and international scientific research organizations:

Trieste is also a hub for corporate training and skills development, hosting, among others, Generali's Generali Academy and Illy's Università del Caffé. This competence centre was created in 1999 to spread the culture of quality coffee through training all over the world and to carry out research and innovation.[76]

As a result of the combination of research, business and funding, there are a growing number of spin-off companies in Trieste (partnerships in the production world exist with companies such as Cimolai, Danieli, Eni, Fincantieri, Generali, Illy, Mitsubishi, Vodafone) and proportionally the highest number of start-ups in Italy, the city also being referred to as Italy's Silicon Valley.[77][78][79] Neurala, a company specialising in artificial intelligence, has chosen Trieste as its European research centre.[80] Trieste has the highest proportion of researchers in Europe in relation to the population. They also appreciate the high quality of life and leisure time, so, as is often said, you can ski and swim by the sea in one day from Trieste.[5]

Demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1921 239,558—    
1931 250,170+4.4%
1936 248,307−0.7%
1951 272,522+9.8%
1961 272,723+0.1%
1971 271,879−0.3%
1981 252,369−7.2%
1991 231,100−8.4%
2001 211,184−8.6%
2009 Est. 205,507−2.7%
2013 204,849−0.3%
2020 200,609−2.1%
Source: ISTAT
ISTAT 2020
Trieste, FVG Italy
Median age 49 years 45.7 years
Under 18 years old 13.25% 16.6%
Over 65 years old 28.3% 23.5%
Foreign Population 11.38% 8.78%
Births/1,000 people 6.0 b 6.8 b

As of 2020, there were 200,609 people residing in Trieste, located in the province of Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, of whom 48.1% were male and 51.9% were female.[citation needed] Trieste has lost roughly ⅓ of its population since the 1970s, due to economic decline in the historical industrial sectors of steel and shipbuilding, a dramatic drop in fertility rates and fast population ageing. Minors (children aged 18 and younger) totalled 13.25% of the population compared to pensioners, who make up 27.9% of the total. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners).[citation needed]

The average age of Trieste residents is 46, compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Trieste declined by 3.5%, and Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%.[citation needed] However, in recent times, the city has shown signs of stabilising thanks to growing immigration.[citation needed]

Since the annexation to Italy after World War I, there has been a steady decline in Trieste's demographic weight compared to other cities. In 1911, Trieste was the 4th largest city in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (3rd largest in the Austrian part of the Monarchy). In 1921, Trieste was the 8th largest city in the country,[81] in 1961 the 12th largest,[82] in 1981 the 14th largest,[83] while in 2011 it dropped to the 15th place.

At the end of 2020, ISTAT estimated that there were 22,839 foreign-born residents in Trieste, representing 11.38% of the total city population. The largest autochthonous minorities are Slovenes, Croats and Serbs,[84] but there is also a large immigrant group from Balkan nations (particularly Serbia, Romania and Croatia): 4.95%, Asia: 0.52%, and sub-saharan Africa: 0.2%. The Serbian community consists of both autochthonous[85] and immigrant groups.[86] Trieste is predominantly Roman Catholic.

Largest resident foreign-born groups (2018)[87]
Country of birth Population
  Serbia 5,685
  Romania 2,976
  Croatia 1,200
  China 1,021
  Afghanistan 705
  Pakistan 662
  Ukraine 646
  Albania 607
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 518

Language edit

A Triestine speaker

The particular dialect of Trieste, called tergestino, spoken until the beginning of the 19th century, was surpassed in relevance by the Triestine dialect of Venetian (a language deriving directly from Vulgar Latin) and other languages, including standard Italian, Slovene, and German. While Triestine and Italian were spoken by the largest part of the population, German was the language of the Austrian bureaucracy and Slovene was predominantly spoken in the surrounding villages. From the last decades of the 19th century, the number of speakers of Slovene grew steadily, reaching 25% of the overall population of Trieste in 1911.[88]

According to the 1911 census, the proportion of Slovene speakers grew to 12.6% in the city centre (15.9% counting only Austrian citizens), 47.6% in the suburbs (53% counting only Austrian citizens), and 90.5% in the surroundings.[89] They were the largest ethnic group in nine of the nineteen urban neighbourhoods of Trieste, and represented a majority in seven of them.[89] The Italian speakers, on the other hand, made up 60.1% of the population in the city centre, 38.1% in the suburbs, and 6.0% in the surroundings. They were the largest linguistic group in ten of the nineteen urban neighbourhoods, and represented the majority in seven of them (including all six in the city centre). German speakers amounted to 5% of the city's population, with the highest proportions in the city centre.

The city also had several other smaller ethnic communities, including Croats, Czechs, Istro-Romanians, Serbs and Greeks, who mostly assimilated either into the Italian or the Slovene-speaking communities. Altogether, in 1911, 51.83% of the population of the municipality of Trieste spoke Italian, 24.79% spoke Slovene, 5.2% spoke German, 1% spoke Croatian, 0.3% spoke "other languages", and 16.8% were foreigners, including a further 12.9% Italians (immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy and thus considered separately from Triestine Italians) and 1.6% Hungarians.[90]

By 1971, following the emigration of Slovenes to neighbouring Slovenia and the immigration of Italians from other regions (and from Yugoslav-annexed Istria) to Trieste, the percentage of Italian speakers had risen to 91.8%, and that of Slovenian speakers had dwindled to 5.7%.[91]

Today, the dominant local dialect of Trieste is "Triestine" (triestin, pronounced [tɾi.esˈtiŋ]), a form of Venetian. This dialect and official Italian are spoken in the city, while Slovene is spoken in some of the immediate suburbs.[88] There are also small numbers of Serbo-Croatian, German, Greek, and Hungarian speakers.[citation needed]

Main sights and vistas edit

 
Trieste seafront
 
Piazza Unità d'Italia
 
Piazza Unità d'Italia by night
 
From left to right: Barcolana near the Victory Lighthouse; a part of the harbour; and a street of the Old City

In 2012, Lonely Planet listed the city of Trieste as the world's most underrated travel destination.[92]

Castles edit

 
Miramare Castle
 
Trieste Cathedral dedicated to Justus of Trieste
 
Serbian Orthodox Saint Spyridon Church, mid-19th century
 
The city's old stock exchange
 
The Ponterosso Square

Castello Miramare (Miramare Castle) edit

The Castello Miramare, or Miramare Castle, on the waterfront 8 kilometres (5 miles) from Trieste, was built between 1856 and 1860 in a project by Carl Junker, commissioned by Archduke Maximilian. The castle gardens comprise a variety of trees, chosen by and planted on the orders of Maximilian.[93] Features of the gardens include two ponds, one noted for its swans and the other for lotus flowers, the castle dependance ("Castelletto"), a bronze statue of Maximilian, and a small chapel where a cross made from the remains of the "Novara" is kept, the flagship on which Maximilian, brother of Emperor Franz Josef, set sail to become Emperor of Mexico.

During the 1930s, the castle was also the home of Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, the last commander of Italian forces in East Africa during the Second World War. During the period of the application of the Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste, as established in the Treaty of Peace with Italy (Paris 10/02/1947), the castle served as headquarters for the United States Army's TRUST force.

Castel San Giusto edit

The Castel San Giusto, or Castle of San Giusto, was built upon the remains of previous castles on the site and took almost two centuries to build. The stages of the development of the castle's defensive structures are marked by the following periods: the central part built, under Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1470–1), the round Venetian bastion (1508–9), the Hoyos-Lalio bastion and the Pomis, or "Bastione fiorito" dated 1630.[citation needed]

Places of worship edit

Archaeological remains edit

  • The Arco di Riccardo (33 BC)[94] is a gate built in the Roman walls in 33 BC. It stands in Piazzetta Barbacan, in the narrow streets of the old town. Its current name is believed to be a corruption of Arco del Cardo, referring to the cardo, the main north-to-south Roman street; folk etymology credits it to Richard the Lionheart (Italian: Riccardo Cuor di Leone), a Crusader king of England.
  • Basilica Forense (2nd century)
  • Palaeochristian basilica (4th to 6th century)
  • Roman Age Temples: one dedicated to Athena, one to Zeus, both on the San Giusto hill.

The ruins of the temple dedicated to Zeus are next to the Forum, those of Athena's temple are under the basilica, visitors can see its basement.

Roman theatre edit

The Roman theatre lies at the foot of the San Giusto hill, facing the sea. The construction partially exploits the gentle slope of the hill, and much of the theatre is made of stone. The topmost portion of the steps and the stage were supposedly made of wood. The statues which adorned the theatre, brought to light in the 1930s, are now preserved in the town museum. Three inscriptions from the Trajanic period mention a certain Q. Petronius Modestus, someone closely connected to the development of the theatre, which was erected during the second half of the 1st century.[95]

Caves edit

In the entire Province of Trieste, there are 10 speleological groups out of 24 in the whole Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. The Trieste plateau (Altopiano Triestino), called Kras or the Carso and covering an area of about 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) within Italy has approximately 1,500 caves of various sizes (like that of Basovizza, now a monument to the Foibe massacres).[96]

Among the more famous are the Grotta Gigante, the largest tourist cave in the world, with a single cavity large enough to contain St Peter's in Rome, and the Cave of Trebiciano, 350 metres (1,150 ft) deep, at the bottom of which flows the Timavo River. This river dives underground at the Škocjan Caves in Slovenia (on the UNESCO list and only a few kilometres from Trieste) and flows about 30 kilometres (19 mi) before emerging about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) from the sea in a series of springs near Duino, reputed by the Romans to be an entrance to Hades ("the world of the dead").[citation needed]

Places of interest edit

  • The Austrian Quarter: Half of the city was built during the Austro-Hungarian period, giving the city some aspects of Vienna's architectural characteristics. The majority of buildings were built in Neoclassical, Art Nouveau, Eclectic and Liberty styles.
  • Città Vecchia (Old City): Trieste has an extensive old city: there are many narrow and crooked streets with typical medieval houses. Almost all of the area is closed to traffic.
  • Piazza Unità d'Italia, Trieste's central majestic square surrounded by 19th century architecture, and the largest seafront square in Europe.
  • Piazza Venezia, with a view over the Adriatic. Since 2009, the monument to Archduke Maximilian has been located in Piazza Venezia again, looking over the Gulf of Trieste to the Miramare Castle, the subject wearing a Vice Admiral's uniform. The more than 8 metre high bronze monument, with the allegories of the four continents, is intended to honour Maximilian's philanthropy and his interest in science and art. It was sculpted by sculptor Johannes Schilling at the request of and under the direction of Baron Pasquale Revoltella. It was inaugurated in 1875 in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph, later removed after 1918 and relocated to the Miramare Castle Park in 1961.[97][98] Museo Revoltella is located in Piazza Venezia in the style of the Italian Renaissance with its six allegorical statues of the Venetian Francesco Bosa on the roof balustrade.
     
    Piazza Venezia
  • The Stazione Rogers (gas station "Aquila" designed by Ernesto Nathan Rogers) is considered an important building of Italian rationalism and post-war modernism and is now a multi-purpose centre for culture and architecture.[99]
  • Molo Sartorio, where still today the sea level for the Republic of Austria, a landlocked nation, is measured as "metres above the Adriatic". The historic "Antico Magazzino Vini" next to the Piazza Venezia was built in 1902 to store wine from Dalmatia and Istria. It has now been revitalised and now houses an Eataly. The former fish market, now renovated, is now a place for exhibitions and art, and is also located directly by the sea.
  • Canal Grande, Trieste's grand canal, in the very centre of the city.
  • Caffè San Marco, a historical coffee house in the centre of the city. Cafès play an important role in the Triestine economy, as Trieste developed a thriving coffee industry under Austria-Hungary, and is still known to this day as "the coffee capital of Italy".
  • Barcola, a suburb of Trieste with a special microclimate[18] and a high quality of life since ancient times. On its kilometre-long sea promenade towards Miramare Castle there are cafes and restaurants. Many locals spend their free time on this urban beach area, sunbathing, swimming and playing sports.The northernmost lighthouse in the Mediterranean, the Vittoria Light, located above Barcola, dominates the skyline above.[100]
  • Val Rosandra, a national park on the border between the Province of Trieste and Slovenia.

Beaches edit

 
View of Barcola from the Vittoria Lighthouse

Much of Trieste lies directly on the sea. Some bathing establishments are located in the very centre, like the "El Pedocin - Bagno marino La Lanterna" and the "Ausonia". The "Bagno Marino Ferroviario" has been located in Viale Miramare 30 since 1925.[101] Many locals and students use their lunch break or free time to go to Barcola, which is an urban beach, to meet friends on the famous mile-long embankment.[citation needed] In the evening, many locals walk there between the bars with a view of the sea, the Alpine arc, Istria and the city.[citation needed]

Well-known are the 10 popular semi-circular units on the bank consisting of a viewing platform, sanitary facilities and changing rooms, which are popularly referred to as "Topolini".[102] In the area of the Excelsior bathing establishment, which is located on a historic sand bank, there were elegant Roman villas and their sports and bathing facilities in antiquity.[103] Already in the 19th century there were numerous restaurants and cafes with shady vine arbors. The sea around Miramare Castle is today a nature reserve.

The pine forest of Barcola is located directly on the sea and is a meeting place for the inhabitants in every season. One of the best running routes in Trieste leads from Barcola to Miramare Castle and back. The small bathing complex Bagno da Sticco is right next to Miramare Castle. Further towards Grignano and Duino there are numerous bays and natural beaches. Due to the currents in the Adriatic, the water in the area of Trieste is very pure and not polluted by suspended matter from rivers. The current is counterclockwise.[104][105][106]

Culture edit

 
Libreria Antiquaria Umberto Saba
 
Church of San Nicolò dei Greci
 
James Joyce, Umberto Saba and their friends were guests of the still-existing Caffè Stella Polare.[107]

The literary-intellectual centre of Trieste is mostly located in the downtown area: "Libreria Antiquaria Umberto Saba" located at the ground floor of Via San Nicolò No. 30, where James Joyce lived (where his son Giorgio was born and where Joyce wrote some of the short stories from Dubliners and Stephen Hero); the house in Via San Nicolò No. 31, where Umberto Saba spent his breaks at the cafe-milk shop "Walter" and the house in Via San Nicolò No. 32, in which the Berlitz School was located and where James Joyce came into contact with and subsequently taught Italo Svevo, are all of literary relevance. Around this area, at the end of Via San Nicolò, a life-size statue of Umberto Saba has been placed by the city government. Having Via San Nicolò become Trieste's high street, numerous cafes and restaurants that used to be located there, most notably the Berger beer hall at No. 17, which later became the Berger Grand Restaurant, have now ceased operations. Via San Nicolò No. 30 is also the symbolic centre of the homonymous novel by Roberto Curci.[108][109] One of the most important Art Nouveau buildings in Trieste, the "Casa Smolars", completed in 1905, stands in Via San Nicolò No. 36.[110] Eppinger Caffè has been located nearby since around 1946.[111] The former "Palazzo della RAS", located in Piazza della Repubblica, has been completely renovated and is now an hotel.[112]

The Greek Orthodox Church of San Nicolò dei Greci, which is dedicated to Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of seafarers and whose interior inspired James Joyce, is located by the sea in Piazza Tommaseo, next to the historic Caffè Tommaseo. This coffee house, also located at the beginning of Via San Nicolò, was opened in 1830. It is the oldest coffee house still in operation in Trieste and is still a meeting place for artists and intellectuals today.[113][114]

Caffe Stella Polare is located in Piazza Ponterosso. This cosmopolitan coffee house was also frequented by Saba, Joyce, Guido Voghera, Virgilio Giotti and in particular by the former German-speaking minority from Trieste. With the end of World War II and the arrival of the Anglo-Americans in the city, this café became a hangout place of many soldiers and a famous ballroom to meet local young women.[115]

Trieste has a lively cultural scene with various theatres. Among these figure Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi, Politeama Rossetti, the Teatro La Contrada, the Slovene theatre in Trieste (Slovensko stalno gledališče, since 1902), Teatro Miela, and several smaller ones.

There are also a number of museums. Among these are:

Two important national monuments:

The Slovenska gospodarsko-kulturna zveza—Unione Economica-Culturale Slovena is the umbrella organisation bringing together cultural and economic associations belonging to the Slovene minority.

Trieste hosts the annual ITS (International Talent Support Awards) young fashion designer competition.[116] The power metal band Rhapsody was founded in Trieste by the city's natives Luca Turilli and Alex Staropoli.

Media edit

Newspapers
Broadcasting
Television
  • RAI Friuli-Venezia Giulia
  • Tele Quattro
Radio
  • Radioattività Trieste
  • Radio Fragola
  • Radio Punto Zero
Publishing
  • Asterios Editore
  • Lint Editoriale

Sports edit

The local football club, Triestina, is one of the older clubs in Italy. Notably, it was runner-up in the 1947–1948 season of the Italian first division (Serie A), losing the championship to Torino.

Trieste is notable for having had two football clubs participating in the championships of two different nations at the same time during the period of the Free Territory of Trieste, due to the schism within the city and region created by the post-war demarcation. Triestina played in the Italian first division (Serie A). Although it faced relegation after the first season after the Second World War, the FIGC modified the rules, as it was deemed important to keep the club in the league. The following year the club played its best season with a 3rd-place finish. Meanwhile, Yugoslavia bought A.S.D. Ponziana, a small team in Trieste, which under the new name Amatori Ponziana Trst, played in the Yugoslavian league for three years.[117] Triestina went bankrupt in the 1990s, but after being re-founded, it regained a position in the Italian second division (Serie B) in 2002. Ponziana was renamed "Circolo Sportivo Ponziana 1912" and currently plays in Friuli-Venezia Giulia Group of Promozione, which is the 7th level of the Italian league.

Trieste also has a well-known basketball team, Pallacanestro Trieste, which reached its zenith in the 1990s under coach Bogdan Tanjević when, with large financial backing from sponsors Stefanel, it was able to sign players such as Dejan Bodiroga, Fernando Gentile and Gregor Fučka, stars of European basketball. At the end of the 2017–18 season, the team, now trained by coach Eugenio Dalmasson and sponsored by Alma, won promotion to the Lega Basket Serie A, Italy's highest basketball league, 14 years after its last tenure.

Many sailing clubs have roots in the city which contribute to Trieste's strong tradition in that sport.The Barcolana regatta, first held in 1969, is the world's largest sailing race by number of participants.[citation needed]

Local sporting facilities include the Stadio Nereo Rocco, a UEFA-certified stadium with seating capacity of 32,500; the Palatrieste, an indoor sporting arena sitting 7,000 people, and Piscina Bruno Bianchi, a large Olympic size swimming pool.

On 26 August 1985 American basketball player Michael Jordan dunked so hard that the backboard shattered during a Nike exhibition game played in Trieste. The signed jersey and shoes (including one of the tiny shards of glass in the sole of the left shoe) that the player wore during the famous shattered backboard game were later auctioned. The moment the glass broke was filmed and is often cited as a particularly important milestone in Jordan's rise.[118]

Film edit

Trieste has been portrayed on screen a number of times, with films often shot on location. In 1942 the early neorealist Alfa Tau! was filmed partly in the city.

Cinematic interest in Trieste peaked during the height of the "Free Territory" era from 1947 to 1954, with international films such as Sleeping Car to Trieste and Diplomatic Courier portraying it as a hotbed of espionage. These films, along with The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964), conveyed an image of the city as a cosmopolitan place of conflict between Great Powers, a portrayal which resembles Casablanca (1943). Italian filmmakers, by contrast, portrayed Trieste as unquestionably Italian in a series of patriotic films, including Trieste mia! and Ombre su Trieste.[119]

In 1963 the city hosted the first International Festival of Science Fiction Film (Festival internazionale del film di fantascienza), which ran until 1982. Under the name Science Plus Fiction (now Trieste Science+Fiction Festival), the festival was revived in 2000.[120][121]

An interest in the city has been sparked by movies such as The Invisible Boy (2014), its sequel The Invisible Boy—Second Generation, and the TV series La Porta Rossa.[122]

Triestine cuisine edit

 
Caffe degli Specchi was opened in 1839 in Trieste.

There are three types of eateries: the conventional restaurant; the buffet, where ham, meat loaf, goulash, roast meat, Kaiserfleisch, tongue and belly meat are served; and the osmiza, a characteristic eatery in the Karst, where locally farmed products are enjoyed paired with wine.

Local cuisine has been influenced by the various ethnic groups which have populated the city, mainly Central Europeans. Traditional main courses include jota, minestra de bisi spacai (pea stew), rotolo di spinaci in straza (spinach rolls), sardoni impanai (breaded anchovies, a sought-after delicacy), capuzi garbi (krauts), capuzi garbi in tecia (sautéed krauts), vienna sausages, goulash, ćevapi and frito misto (fried fish). Popular desserts are presnitz, fave triestine, titola, crostoli, struccolo de pomi, kugelhupf, rigo jancsi and the Triester torte.[123][124][125]

Capo Triestino (also capo in B or capo in bicchiere) is considered a local coffee speciality. This miniature cappuccino in a glass cup is usually consumed at the bar.[126]

Transport edit

 
The Porto Vecchio, also showing Trieste Centrale railway station
 
Trieste Centrale railway station
 
A car of the Opicina Tramway

Maritime transport edit

Trieste's maritime location and its former long-term status as part of the Austrian Empire—later the Austro-Hungarian Empire—made the Port of Trieste the major commercial port for much of the landlocked areas of central Europe. In the 19th century, a new port district known as the Porto Nuovo was built northeast of the city centre.[127]

Significant volumes of goods pass through the container, steel works and oil terminals, all located to the south of the city centre. After many years of stagnation, a change in the leadership placed the port on a steady growth path, recording a 40% increase in shipping traffic as of 2007.[127]

Today the port of Trieste is one of the largest Italian ports and next to Gioia Tauro the only deep water port in the central Mediterranean for seventh generation container ships.[128]

Rail transport edit

See also: Trieste Centrale railway station

Railways came early to Trieste, due to the importance of its port and the need to transport people and goods inland. The first railroad line to reach Trieste was the Südbahn, built by the Austrian government in 1857. This railway stretches for 1,400 km (870 mi) to Lviv, Ukraine, via Ljubljana, Slovenia; Sopron, Hungary; Vienna, Austria; and Kraków, Poland, crossing the backbone of the Alps mountains through the Semmering Pass near Graz. It approaches Trieste through the village of Villa Opicina, a few kilometres from the centre but over 300 metres (984 feet) higher in elevation. Due to this, the line takes a 32 kilometres (20 miles) detour to the north, gradually descending before terminating at the Trieste Centrale railway station.

In 1887, the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways (German: kaiserlich-königliche österreichische Staatsbahnen) opened a new railway line, the Trieste–Hrpelje railway (German: Hrpelje-Bahn), from the new port of Trieste to Hrpelje-Kozina, on the Istrian railway.[129] The intended function of the new line was to reduce the Austrian Empire's dependence on the Südbahn network.[130] Its opening gave Trieste a second station south of the original one, which was named Trieste Sant'Andrea (German: Triest Sankt Andrea). The two stations were connected by a railway line that in the initial plans was meant to be an interim solution: the Rive railway (German: Rive-Bahn), which survived until 1981, when it was replaced by the Galleria di Circonvallazione, a 5.7-kilometre (3.5 mi) railway tunnel route to the east of the city.

With the opening of the Transalpina Railway from Vienna, Austria via Jesenice and Nova Gorica in 1906, the St. Andrea station was replaced by a new, more capacious, facility, named Trieste stazione dello Stato (German: Triest Staatsbahnhof), later Trieste Campo Marzio, now a railway museum, and the original station came to be identified as Trieste stazione della Meridionale or Trieste Meridionale (German: Triest Südbahnhof). This railway also approached Trieste via Villa Opicina, but it took a rather shorter loop southwards towards the sea front. Freight lines from the dock area include container services to northern Italy and to Budapest, Hungary, together with rolling highway services to Salzburg, Austria and Frankfurt, Germany.

There are direct intercity and high-speed trains between Trieste and Venice, Verona, Turin, Milan, Rome, Florence, Naples and Bologna. Passenger trains also run between Villa Opicina and Ljubljana.

On special occasion, the historic ETR 252 "Arlecchino" runs the Venezia Santa Lucia-Trieste Centrale route, operated by Fondazionefs. This is one of four examples ever built.[131]

Air transport edit

Trieste is served by the Trieste Airport (IATA: TRS). The airport serves domestic and international destinations and is fully connected to the national railway and highway networks. The Trieste Airport railway station links the passenger terminal directly to the Venice–Trieste railway thanks to a 425-metre long skybridge. A 16 platform bus terminal, a multi-storey car park with 500 lots and a car park with 1,000 lots give public and private motor vehicles rapid access to the A4 Trieste-Turin highway. At the interchange near Palmanova, the A4 branches off to Autostrada A23 linking to Austria's Süd Autobahn (A2) via Udine and Tarvisio. In the southern direction, this highway also offers seamless interconnection to Slovenia's A1 Motorway, and through that to highway networks in Croatia, Hungary, and the Balkans.

Local transport edit

 
Scooters are used as personal transport in Trieste.

Local public transport is operated by Trieste Trasporti, a part of TPL FVG, which operates a network of around 60 bus routes and two ferry lines. Its also operates the Opicina Tramway, a hybrid between a tramway and funicular railway, providing a more direct link between the city centre and Opicina.[132]

Notable people edit

Main article: List of people from Trieste

International relations edit

Trieste hosts the Secretariat of the Central European Initiative, an inter-governmental organisation among Central and South-Eastern European states.

In recent years, Trieste has been chosen as host to a number of high level bilateral and multilateral meetings such as: the Western Balkans Summit in 2017; the Italo-Russian Bilateral Summit in 2013 (Letta-Putin) and the Italo-German Bilateral Summit in 2008 (Berlusconi-Merkel); the G8 meetings of Foreign Affairs and Environment Ministers, respectively in 2009 and 2001. In December 2020, Trieste hosted three-party talks between the foreign ministers of Italy, Croatia, and Slovenia on the delimitation of their respective exclusive economic zone. In 2020, Trieste was nominated the European Science Capital by EuroScience. In August 2021 it hosted the G20 Meeting of Ministers of Innovation and Research.

  •  
    Trieste
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    Remains of a Roman arch in the old town of Trieste
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    University of Trieste
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    Trieste Airport

Sister cities and twin towns edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Trieste is twinned with:

See also edit

Notes edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • Municipality of Trieste (in Italian)

January 08, 2024
trieste, tergeste, redirects, here, asteroid, tergeste, other, uses, disambiguation, tree, italian, triˈɛste, city, seaport, northeastern, italy, capital, largest, city, autonomous, region, friuli, venezia, giulia, well, regional, decentralization, entity, trs. Tergeste redirects here For the asteroid see 478 Tergeste For other uses see Trieste disambiguation Trieste t r i ˈ ɛ s t tree EST 3 Italian triˈɛste 4 is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia as well as of the regional decentralization entity of Trieste Trieste Trst Slovene ComuneComune di TriesteClockwise from top Piazza Unita d Italia Serbian Orthodox church Castello Miramare the city seafront seen from the Molo Audace a narrow street of the Old City and the Canal Grande Grand Canal FlagCoat of armsLocation of TriesteTriesteLocation of Trieste in ItalyShow map of ItalyTriesteTrieste Friuli Venezia Giulia Show map of Friuli Venezia GiuliaCoordinates 45 39 01 N 13 46 13 E 45 65028 N 13 77028 E 45 65028 13 77028CountryItalyRegionFriuli Venezia GiuliaProvinceTriesteFrazioniBanne Bani Barcola Barkovlje Basovizza Bazovica Borgo San Nazario Cattinara Katinara Conconello Ferlugi Contovello Kontovel Grignano Grljan Gropada Gropada Longera Lonjer Miramare Miramar Opicina Opcine Padriciano Padrice Prosecco Prosek Santa Croce Kriz Servola Skedenj Trebiciano Trebce Government MayorRoberto Dipiazza FI Area 1 Total84 49 km2 32 62 sq mi Elevation2 m 7 ft Population 2018 2 Total204 338 Comune 234 638 Urban 418 000 Metro Demonym s English Triestine or Triestino Italian triestino m triestina f Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code34100Dialing code040ISTAT code032006Patron saintSt Justus of TriesteSaint day3 NovemberWebsiteOfficial websiteTrieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste on a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia Slovenia lies close at approximately 8 km 5 mi east and 10 15 km 6 9 mi southeast of the city while Croatia is about 30 km 19 mi to the south of the city The city has a long coastline and is surrounded by grassland forest and karstic areas In 2022 it had a population of about 204 302 2 Trieste belonged to the Habsburg monarchy from 1382 until 1918 In the 19th century the monarchy was one of the Great Powers of Europe and Trieste was its most important seaport As a prosperous trading hub in the Mediterranean region Trieste became the fourth largest city of the Austro Hungarian Empire after Vienna Budapest and Prague In the fin de siecle it emerged as an important hub for literature and music Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s and the Free Territory of Trieste became a major site of the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War Trieste a deep water port is a maritime gateway for northern Italy Germany Austria and Central Europe It is considered the end point of the maritime Silk Road with its connections to the Suez Canal and Turkey Since the 1960s Trieste has emerged as a prominent research location in Europe because of its many international organisations and institutions The city lies at the intersection of Latin Slavic and Germanic cultures where Central Europe meets the Mediterranean Sea and is home to diverse ethnic groups and religious communities Trieste has the highest percentage of researchers in Europe in relation to population 5 Citta della Barcolana City of the Barcolana Citta della bora City of the bora Citta del vento City of Wind Vienna by the sea and City of Coffee are also idioms used to describe Trieste Contents 1 Names and etymology 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 City districts 4 History 4 1 Ancient history 4 2 Late antiquity 4 3 Middle Ages 4 4 Early modern period 4 5 19th century 4 6 20th century 4 7 World War I annexation to Italy and Fascist era 4 8 World War II and aftermath 4 8 1 Occupation by Yugoslav partisans 4 8 2 A city in limbo 1945 1947 4 9 Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste 1947 54 5 Government 6 Economy 6 1 Commercial fishing 7 Education and research 8 Demographics 9 Language 10 Main sights and vistas 10 1 Castles 10 1 1 Castello Miramare Miramare Castle 10 1 2 Castel San Giusto 10 2 Places of worship 10 3 Archaeological remains 10 3 1 Roman theatre 10 4 Caves 10 5 Places of interest 10 6 Beaches 11 Culture 11 1 Media 11 2 Sports 11 3 Film 12 Triestine cuisine 13 Transport 13 1 Maritime transport 13 2 Rail transport 13 3 Air transport 13 4 Local transport 14 Notable people 15 International relations 15 1 Sister cities and twin towns 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External linksNames and etymology editSee also Names of Trieste in different languages The most likely origin is a Celtic word Tergeste with the est suffix typical of Venetic and derived from the hypothetical Illyrian word terg market etymologically cognate to the Albanian term treg market marketplace 6 and reconstructed Proto Slavic trg 6 7 8 Roman authors also transliterated the name as Tergestum according to Strabo the name of the oppidum Tergestum originated from the three battles the Roman Army had to engage in with local tribes TER GESTUM BELLUM Modern names of the city include Italian Trieste Slovene Trst German Triest Hungarian Trieszt Serbo Croatian Trst Trst Polish Triest Greek Tergesth Tergesti and Czech Terst Geography edit nbsp Satellite view of TriesteTrieste lies in the northernmost part of the high Adriatic in northeastern Italy near the border with Slovenia The city lies on the Gulf of Trieste Built mostly on a hillside that becomes a mountain Trieste s urban territory lies at the foot of an imposing escarpment that comes down abruptly from the Karst Plateau towards the sea The karst hills delimiting the city reach an elevation of 458 metres 1 503 feet above sea level It lies at the junction point of the Italian geographical region the Balkan Peninsula and Mitteleuropan Area Climate edit nbsp View of TriesteThe territory of Trieste is composed of several different climate zones depending on the distance from the sea and elevation The average temperatures 1971 2000 are 5 7 C 42 F in January and 24 1 C 75 F in July 9 It has a humid subtropical climate according to the Koppen climate classification On average humidity levels are low 65 while only two months January and February receive slightly less than 60 mm 2 in of precipitation Trieste like the Istrian Peninsula has evenly distributed rainfall above 1 000 mm 39 in in total it is noteworthy that no true summer drought occurs Snow occurs on average 2 days per year 10 Temperatures are very mild lows below 0 are somewhat rare and highs above 30 C 86 F are not common citation needed Winter highs are lower than the average temperatures in the Mediterranean zone 5 11 C Two basic weather patterns alternate sunny windy and often very cold days frequently caused a northeastern wind called bora as well as rainy days with temperatures of about 6 to 11 C 43 to 52 F Summer is very warm with highs of about 28 C 82 F and lows above 20 C 68 F with hot nights being influenced by the warm sea water The highest temperature of the last 30 years is 40 1 C 104 F in 2020 whereas the absolute minimum was 7 9 C 18 F in 1996 citation needed The Trieste area is divided into 8a 10a zones according to USDA hardiness zoning Villa Opicina 320 to 420 MSL with 8a in upper suburban area down to 10a in especially shielded and windproof valleys close to the Adriatic sea The climate can be severely affected by the bora a very dry and usually cool north to northeast katabatic wind that can last for some days and reach speeds of up to 140 km h 87 mph on the piers of the port thus sometimes bringing subzero temperatures to the entire city 11 Climate data for Trieste BarcolaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 18 2 64 8 21 2 70 2 23 9 75 0 29 8 85 6 32 2 90 0 36 2 97 2 40 1 104 2 38 0 100 4 34 4 93 9 30 8 87 4 24 4 75 9 18 4 65 1 40 1 104 2 Mean daily maximum C F 7 6 45 7 9 0 48 2 12 2 54 0 16 5 61 7 21 6 70 9 25 0 77 0 27 9 82 2 27 7 81 9 23 3 73 9 17 8 64 0 12 3 54 1 8 8 47 8 17 5 63 5 Daily mean C F 5 7 42 3 6 6 43 9 9 4 48 9 13 2 55 8 18 1 64 6 21 4 70 5 24 1 75 4 24 1 75 4 20 1 68 2 15 2 59 4 10 2 50 4 6 9 44 4 14 6 58 3 Mean daily minimum C F 3 8 38 8 4 3 39 7 6 6 43 9 10 0 50 0 14 5 58 1 17 8 64 0 20 3 68 5 20 4 68 7 16 8 62 2 12 7 54 9 8 1 46 6 5 0 41 0 11 7 53 0 Record low C F 7 5 18 5 7 1 19 2 6 3 20 7 3 2 37 8 6 0 42 8 10 1 50 2 12 3 54 1 11 0 51 8 7 0 44 6 3 7 38 7 1 5 29 3 7 9 17 8 7 9 17 8 Average precipitation mm inches 58 0 2 28 56 9 2 24 63 4 2 50 82 8 3 26 84 2 3 31 100 4 3 95 62 1 2 44 84 5 3 33 103 4 4 07 111 4 4 39 107 4 4 23 88 5 3 48 1 003 39 48 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 7 8 6 2 7 8 8 5 8 7 9 3 6 5 7 3 7 1 7 9 9 1 8 4 94 6Average snowy days 0 7 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 2 0Average relative humidity 67 64 62 64 64 65 62 62 66 68 67 68 65Mean monthly sunshine hours 96 1 118 7 142 6 177 226 3 243 288 3 260 4 210 167 4 99 83 7 2 112 5Source 1 Atlante Climatico d Italia del Servizio Meteorologico dell Aeronautica Militare data 1971 2011 Source 2 Rivista Ligure La neve sulle coste del Maditerraneo 10 City districts edit nbsp Seven sections of TriesteTrieste is administratively divided in seven districts which in turn are further subdivided into parishes frazioni Altipiano Ovest Borgo San Nazario Contovello Kontovel Prosecco Prosek Santa Croce Kriz Altipiano Est Banne Bani Basovizza Bazovica Gropada Gropada Opicina Opcine Padriciano Padrice Trebiciano Trebce Barcola Slovene Barkovlje 12 Cologna Slovene Kolonja 12 Conconello Ferlugi Gretta Slovene Greta 12 Grignano Grljan Guardiella Slovene Verdelj 12 Miramare Roiano Slovene Rojan 12 Scorcola Skorklja Barriera Nuova Borgo Giuseppino Borgo Teresiano Citta Nuova Citta Vecchia San Vito San Giusto Campi Elisi Sant Andrea Cavana Barriera Vecchia Stara Mitnica San Giacomo Sveti Jakob Santa Maria Maddalena Superiore Sveta Marija Magdalena Zgornja Cattinara Katinara Chiadino Slovene Kadinj 12 San Luigi Guardiella Verdelj Longera Slovene Lonjer 12 San Giovanni Sveti Ivan Rozzol Slovene Rocol 12 Melara Chiarbola Slovene Carbola 12 Coloncovez Kolonkovec Santa Maria Maddalena Inferiore Slovene Spodnja Sveta Marija Magdalena 12 Raute Santa Maria Maddalena Superiore Slovene Zgornja Sveta Marija Magdalena 12 Servola Skedenj Poggi Paese Poggi Sant Anna Sveta Ana Valmaura Altura Borgo San SergioThe iconic city centre is Piazza Unita d Italia which is located in between the large 19th century avenues of Borgo Teresiano and the old medieval city characterised by many narrow streets History editMain article History of Trieste For a chronological guide see Timeline of Trieste Timeline of Trieste Historical affiliations Roman Empire pre 395 Western Roman Empire 395 476 Byzantine Empire 476 567 Lombards 567 788 Francia 788 843 Middle Francia 843 855 Patriarchate of Aquileia 855 952 March of Verona 952 1081 nbsp Patria del Friuli 1081 1368 nbsp Republic of Venice 1368 1369 Patriarchate of Aquileia 1378 1382 nbsp Holy Roman Empire 1382 1809 nbsp Austrian Empire 1804 1809 nbsp First French Empire 1809 1814 nbsp Austrian Empire 1814 1867 nbsp Austria Hungary 1867 1922 nbsp Kingdom of Italy 1922 1943 nbsp OZAK 1943 1945 nbsp Allied Military Government 1945 1947 nbsp Free Territory of Trieste 1947 1954 nbsp Italy 1954 present Ancient history edit nbsp Arco di Riccardo a Roman triumphal arch constructed from 33 32 BCSince the second millennium BC the location was an inhabited site Originally an Illyrian settlement the Veneti entered the region in the 10th 9th c BC and seem to have given the town its name Tergeste because terg is a Venetic word meaning market q v Oderzo whose ancient name was Opitergium Later the town was captured by the Carni a tribe of the Eastern Alps before becoming part of the Roman republic in 177 BC during the Second Istrian War 13 After being attacked by barbarians from the interior in 52 BC 14 until 46 BC it was granted the status of Roman colony under Julius Caesar who recorded its name as Tergeste in Commentarii de Bello Gallico 51 BC in which he recounts events of the Gallic Wars 15 In imperial times the border of Roman Italy moved from the Timavo River to Formione today Risano Roman Tergeste flourished due to its position on the road from Aquileia the main Roman city in the area to Istria and as a port some ruins of which are still visible Emperor Augustus built a line of walls around the city in 33 32 BC while Trajan built a theatre in the 2nd century At the same time the citizens of the town were enrolled in the tribe Pupinia In 27 BC Trieste was incorporated in Regio X of Augustan Italia 16 In the early Christian era Trieste continued to flourish Between 138 and 161 AD its territory was enlarged and nearby Carni and Catali were granted Roman citizenship by the Roman Senate and Emperor Antoninus Pius at the pleading of a leading Tergestine citizen the quaestor urbanus Fabius Severus 17 Already at the time of the Roman Empire there was a fishing village called Vallicula small valley in the Barcola area Remains of richly decorated Roman villas including wellness facilities piers and extensive gardens suggest that Barcola was already a place for relaxation among the Romans because of its favourable microclimate as it was located directly on the sea and protected from the bora At that time Pliny the Elder mentioned the vines of the wine Pulcino Vinum Pucinum probably today s Prosecco which were grown on the slopes 18 Late antiquity edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The city was witness to the Battle of the Frigidus in the Vipava Valley in AD 394 in which Theodosius I defeated Eugenius Despite the deposition of Romulus Augustulus at Ravenna in 476 and the ascension to power of Odoacer in Italy Trieste was retained by the Roman Emperor seated at Constantinople and thus became a Byzantine military outpost citation needed In 539 the Byzantines annexed it to the Exarchate of Ravenna despite Trieste s being briefly taken by the Lombards in 567 during its invasion of northern Italy it was held until the time of the coming of the Franks citation needed Middle Ages edit In 788 Trieste submitted to Charlemagne who placed it under the authority of the count bishop who in turn was under the Duke of Friuli From 1081 the city came loosely under the Patriarchate of Aquileia developing into a free commune by the end of the 12th century citation needed During the 13th and 14th centuries Trieste became a maritime trade rival to the Republic of Venice which briefly occupied it in 1283 87 before coming under the patronage of the Patriarchate of Aquileia After it committed a perceived offence against Venice the Venetian State declared war against Trieste in July 1368 and by November had occupied the city Venice intended to keep the city and began rebuilding its defences but was forced to leave in 1372 By the Peace of Turin in 1381 Venice renounced its claim to Trieste and the leading citizens of Trieste petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg Duke of Austria to make Trieste part of his domains The agreement of voluntary submission dedizione was signed at the castle of Graz on 30 September 1382 19 The city maintained a high degree of autonomy under the Habsburgs but was increasingly losing ground as a trade hub both to Venice and to Ragusa In 1463 a number of Istrian communities petitioned Venice to attack Trieste Trieste was saved from utter ruin by the intervention of Pope Pius II who had previously been bishop of Trieste However Venice limited Trieste s territory to three miles 4 8 kilometres outside the city Trieste would be assaulted again in 1468 1469 by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III His sack of the city is remembered as the Destruction of Trieste 20 He then restored the city walls for the fourth time 14 Trieste was fortunate to be spared another sack in 1470 by the Ottomans who burned the village of Prosecco only about 5 3 miles 8 5 kilometres from Trieste while on their way to attack Friuli 21 nbsp Trieste in the 17th century in a contemporary image by the Carniolan historian Johann Weikhard von ValvasorEarly modern period edit See also Imperial Free City of Trieste Following an unsuccessful Habsburg invasion of Venice in the prelude to the 1508 16 War of the League of Cambrai the Venetians occupied Trieste again in 1508 and were allowed to keep the city under the terms of the peace treaty citation needed However the Habsburg Empire recovered Trieste a little over one year later when the conflict resumed By the 18th century Trieste became an important port and commercial hub for the Austrians citation needed In 1719 it was granted status as a free port within the Habsburg Empire by Emperor Charles VI and remained a free port until 1 July 1791 The reign of his successor Maria Theresa of Austria marked the beginning of a very prosperous era for the city Serbs settled Trieste largely in the 18th and 19th centuries and they soon formed an influential and rich community within the city as a number of Serb traders owned important business and had built palaces across Trieste 22 19th century edit nbsp Palazzo Carciotti in Trieste c 1850In the following decades Trieste was briefly occupied by troops of the French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars on several occasions in 1797 1805 and 1809 From 1809 to 1813 Trieste was annexed into Illyrian Provinces interrupting its status of free port and losing its autonomy The municipal autonomy was not restored after the return of the city to the Austrian Empire in 1813 Following the Napoleonic Wars Trieste continued to prosper as the Free Imperial City of Trieste German Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest a status that granted economic freedom but limited its political self government The city s role as Austria s main trading port and shipbuilding centre was later emphasised with the foundation of the merchant shipping line Austrian Lloyd in 1836 whose headquarters stood at the corner of the Piazza Grande and Sanita today s Piazza Unita d Italia By 1913 Austrian Lloyd had a fleet of 62 ships comprising a total of 236 000 tonnes 23 With the introduction of the constitutionalism in the Austrian Empire in 1860 the municipal autonomy of the city was restored with Trieste becoming capital of the Austrian Littoral crown land German Osterreichisches Kustenland nbsp The Stock Exchange Square in 1854 nbsp Stock market in Trieste todayWith anti clericalism on the rise in the rest of the Italian peninsula due to the Kingdom of Piedmont Sardina s bellicose policies towards the church and its estates Pope Leo XIII at times considered moving his residence to Trieste or Salzburg However Emperor Franz Joseph rejected the idea 24 Trieste along with Fiume served as an important base for the Imperial Royal Navy which in the first decade of the XX century embarked on a major modernisation programme With the construction of the Austrian Southern Railway the first major railway in the Empire in 1857 Trieste acquired a significant role in the trade of coal nbsp A view of Trieste in 1885Trieste had long been home to Italian irredentist sentiment as seen in the activity at Caffe Tommaseo 25 In 1882 this fervour culminated in an attempted assassination of Emperor Franz Joseph at the hands of Wilhem Oberdank Guglielmo Oberdan while His Majesty was on visit in the city The perpetrator was arrested tried found guilty and ultimately sentenced to death His legacy has been regarded as worthy of martyrdom by fellow irredentists while monarchical elements regard his actions as ignominious The Emperor who went on to reign for thirty four more years did not visit Trieste 26 20th century edit At the beginning of the 20th century Trieste was a bustling cosmopolitan city frequented by artists and philosophers such as James Joyce Italo Svevo Sigmund Freud Zofka Kveder Dragotin Kette Ivan Cankar Scipio Slataper and Umberto Saba citation needed The city was the major port on the Austrian Riviera citation needed World War I annexation to Italy and Fascist era edit See also Battles of the Isonzo and Julian March Italy in return for entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers had been promised substantial territorial gains which included the former Austrian Littoral and western Inner Carniola 27 Italy therefore annexed the city of Trieste at the end of the war in accordance with the provisions of the 1915 Treaty of London and the Italian Yugoslav 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 28 In the late 1920s following Italian fascists burning down of the Slovene cultural centre in July 1920 the Slovene militant anti fascist organisation TIGR carried out several bomb attacks in the city centre In 1930 and 1941 two trials of Slovene activists were held in Trieste by the fascist Special Tribunal for the Security of the State During the 1920s and 1930s several monumental buildings were built in the Fascist architectural style including the impressive University of Trieste and the almost 70 m 229 66 ft tall Victory Lighthouse Faro della Vittoria which became a city landmark The economy improved in the late 1930s and several large infrastructure projects were carried out 29 Many people of Jewish origin in the city were killed as Italy was co operating with Nazi Germany and after the Germans seized northern Italy Trieste was used as a hub to deport Jewish citizens 30 World War II and aftermath edit nbsp Yugoslav Army entering Trieste the caption reads Tito s Army liberated Trieste Following the trisection of Slovenia starting from the winter of 1941 the first Slovene Partisans appeared in Trieste province although the resistance movement did not become active in the city itself until late 1943 31 After the Italian armistice in September 1943 the city was occupied by Wehrmacht troops Trieste became nominally part of the newly constituted Italian Social Republic but it was de facto ruled by Germany who created the Operation Zone of the Adriatic Littoral OZAK out of former Italian north eastern regions with Trieste as the administrative centre The new administrative entity was headed by Friedrich Rainer Gauleiter of Carinthia named supreme commissary of the AK zone A semblance of indigenous Italian rule was kept in the form of Cesare Pagnini mayor of Trieste but every civil official was assigned a representative of the supreme commissar in the form of a Deutsche Berater German Adviser 32 Under German occupation the only concentration camp with a crematorium on Italian soil was built in a suburb of Trieste at the Risiera di San Sabba on 4 April 1944 From 20 October 1943 to the spring of 1944 around 25 000 Jews and partisans were interrogated and tortured in the Risiera Three to four thousand of them were murdered here by shooting beating or in gas vans Most were imprisoned before being transferred to other concentration camps 33 The city saw intense Italian and Yugoslav partisan activity and suffered from Allied bombings over 20 air raids in 1944 1945 targeting the oil refineries port and marshalling yard but causing considerable collateral damage to the city and 651 deaths among the population 34 The worst raid took place on 10 June 1944 when a hundred tons of bombs dropped by 40 USAAF bombers targeting the oil refineries resulted in the destruction of 250 buildings damage to another 700 and 463 victims 35 36 37 Occupation by Yugoslav partisans edit nbsp A postage stamp issued by the Italian Social Republic with a Yugoslav liberation overprintOn 30 April 1945 the Slovenian and Italian anti Fascist Osvobodilna fronta OF and National Liberation Committee Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale or CLN of Edoardo Marzari and Antonio Fonda Savio made up of approximately 3 500 volunteers incited a riot against the Nazi occupiers On 1 May Allied members of the Yugoslav Partisans 8th Dalmatian Corps took over most of the city except for the courts and the castle of San Giusto where the German garrisons refused to surrender to anyone but the New Zealanders due to the partisans reputation for shooting German and Italian prisoners of war 38 The 2nd New Zealand Division under General Freyberg continued to advance towards Trieste along Route 14 around the northern coast of the Adriatic sea and arrived in the city the following day see official histories The Italian Campaign 39 and Through the Venetian Line 40 The German forces surrendered on the evening of 2 May but were then turned over to the Yugoslav forces 41 The Yugoslavs held full control of the city until 12 June a period known in Italian historiography as the forty days of Trieste 42 During this period hundreds of local Italians and anti Communist Slovenes were arrested by the Yugoslav authorities and many of them were never seen again 43 Some were interned in Yugoslav internment camps in particular at Borovnica Slovenia while others were murdered on the Karst Plateau 44 British Field Marshal Harold Alexander condemned the Yugoslav military occupation stating that Marshal Tito s apparent intention to establish his claims by force of arms is all too reminiscent of Hitler Mussolini and Japan It is to prevent such actions that we have been fighting this war 45 46 In this most turbulent of periods the city saw a thorough reorganisation of the political administrative system the Yugoslav Fourth Army to which many figures of prominence were attached including Edvard Kardelj a sign of just how important the Isonzo front was in Yugoslav aims established a provisional Military Command in the occupied areas Fully understanding the precarious position it found itself in the Yugoslav Command undertook great efforts to claim the success for itself faced with the presence of the New Zealander Division in Trieste which could undermine as it did postwar claims of sovereignty and control over the seaport 47 To this effect a Tanjug Agency communique stated The seaport of Trieste Monfalcone and Gorizia could not be occupied by the above mentioned division the New Zealand Division as these cities had already been liberated by the Yugoslav army It is true that some Allied forces have without our permission entered into the above mentioned cities which might have undesirable consequences unless this misunderstanding is promptly settled by mutual agreement 48 A city in limbo 1945 1947 edit After an agreement between the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito and Field Marshal Alexander the Yugoslav forces withdrew from Trieste which came under a joint British U S military administration 49 The Julian March was divided by the Morgan Line between Anglo American and Yugoslav military administration until September 1947 when the Paris Peace Treaty established the Free Territory of Trieste The effective turning point for Trieste s fortunes had already been established though President Truman s stipulations later named the Truman Doctrine in all but name had sealed the status quo formalised only in the above mentioned treaty one that proved to be a careful balancing act between Yugoslav demands Italian claims and international aims toward the Adriatic gulf and Eastern Europe in general Questions arose on the structure of government as soon and even earlier than the signing of the treaty with neither Italy nor Yugoslavia willing to recognise a joint governor 50 Initially the newly established Allied Military Government AMG found it difficult to exercise its authority over the newly administered territories the Italian majority provinces of Trieste Gorizia and Pola because of a rooted communist presence especially in the countryside This state of affairs did not change until a formal peace treaty with Italy had been signed granting the AMG the full powers to administer justice and re establish law and order in those areas under its administration Replacing the People s Militia the AMG recruited a civilian police force from the indigenous population along the Anglo Saxon police model This exercise of jurisdiction was thus articulated pursuant to Proclamation No 1 three tiers of tribunals were established the Summary Military Courts with jurisdiction over petty crime the Superior Military Courts which could impose punishments not exceeding 10 years imprisonment and the General Military Court which could impose the death penalty Civil courts as modelled on the Kingdom of Italy s code were pursuant to General Order No 6 re established July 12 1945 but the slovene minority was given the right to be heard and for proceedings to be in their own language 51 Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste 1947 54 edit Main article Free Territory of Trieste nbsp Trieste and Zone A BIn 1947 Trieste was declared an independent city state under the protection of the United Nations as the Free Territory of Trieste The territory was divided into two zones A and B along the Morgan Line established in 1945 52 From 1947 to 1954 Zone A was occupied and governed by the Allied Military Government composed of the American Trieste United States Troops TRUST commanded by Major General Bryant E Moore the commanding general of the American 88th Infantry Division and the British Element Trieste Forces BETFOR 53 commanded by Sir Terence Airey who were the joint forces commander and also the military governors nbsp Cheering crowd for the return of Trieste to Italy on November 4 1954Zone A covered almost the same area of the current Italian Province of Trieste except for four small villages south of Muggia see below which were given to Yugoslavia after the dissolution see London Memorandum of 1954 of the Free Territory in 1954 Occupied Zone B which was under the administration of Milos Stamatovic then a colonel in the Yugoslav People s Army was composed of the north westernmost portion of the Istrian peninsula between the Mirna River and the cape Debeli Rtic In 1954 in accordance with the Memorandum of London the vast majority of Zone A including the city of Trieste joined Italy whereas Zone B and four villages from Zone A Plavje Spodnje Skofije Hrvatini and Elerji became part of Yugoslavia divided between Slovenia and Croatia The final border line with Yugoslavia and the status of the ethnic minorities in the areas was settled bilaterally in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo 54 This line now constitutes the border between Italy and Slovenia Government edit nbsp Government palace nbsp Trieste City HallMayors of Trieste since 1949 Mayor Term start Term end PartyGianni Bartoli 1949 1957 DCMario Franzil 1957 1967 DCMarcello Spaccini 1967 1978 DCManlio Cecovini 1978 1983 LpTArduino Agnelli 1983 1985 PSIFranco Richetti 1985 1986 DCGiulio Staffieri 1986 1988 LpTFranco Richetti 1988 1992 DCGiulio Staffieri 1992 1993 LpTRiccardo Illy 5 December 1993 24 June 2001 IndRoberto Dipiazza 24 June 2001 30 May 2011 FIRoberto Cosolini 30 May 2011 20 June 2016 PDRoberto Dipiazza 20 June 2016 incumbent FIEconomy editDuring the Austro Hungarian era Trieste became a leading European city in economy trade and commerce and was the fourth largest and most important centre in the empire after Vienna Budapest and Prague The economy of Trieste however fell into decline after the city s annexation to Italy in 1922 The Fascist government promoted several development schemes in the 1930s with new manufacturing activities dedicated to shipbuilding and defence production such as the Cantieri Aeronautici Navali Triestini CANT 55 Allied bombings during World War II destroyed the industrial section of the city mainly the shipyards However starting from the 1970s Trieste has experienced steady economic growth nbsp Port of TriesteSince the fall of the Iron Curtain the accession of Slovenia Croatia Hungary the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the EU and the increasing importance of the maritime Silk Road to Asia and Africa across the Suez Canal trade has seen an increase in Trieste 56 57 58 The Port of Trieste is a major trade hub in the northern Mediterranean with significant commercial shipping activity and busy container and oil terminals The port has been included in the Silk Road scheme because of its ability to dock container ships with very large drafts 59 60 61 62 63 Because of this natural advantage the Port of Hamburg HHLA and the State of Hungary have holdings in the port area of Trieste and the associated facilities have been expanded by the Italian state in 2021 with an investment of 400 million 64 The oil terminal is a key infrastructure in the Transalpine Pipeline which covers 40 of Germany s energy requirements 100 of the states of Bavaria and Baden Wurttemberg 90 of Austria and 50 of the Czech Republic s 65 66 The sea highway connecting the ports of Trieste and Istanbul is one of the busiest RO RO roll on roll off routes in the Mediterranean The port is also Italy s and the Mediterranean s greatest coffee port supplying more than 40 of Italy s coffee 67 The city is part of the Corridor 5 project to establish closer transport connections between Western and Eastern Europe through countries such as Slovenia Croatia Hungary Ukraine and Bosnia 68 nbsp One of many coffee sacks that are traded by a Trieste companyThe thriving coffee industry in Trieste began under Austria Hungary with the Austro Hungarian government even awarding tax free status to the city in order to encourage more commerce Some evidence of Austria Hungary s coffee driven economic growth stimulus remain such as the Hausbrandt Trieste coffee company As a result present day Trieste is characterised by its many cafes and is still known to this day as the coffee capital of Italy Companies active in the coffee sector have given birth to the Trieste Coffee Cluster as their main umbrella organisation but also as an economic actor in its own right 69 A large part of Italian coffee imports approx 2 2 5 million sacks are handled and processed in the city 70 Two Fortune Global 500 companies have their global or national headquarters in the city respectively Assicurazioni Generali and Allianz Other corporations based in Trieste are Fincantieri one of the world s leading shipbuilding companies and the Italian operations of Wartsila Prominent companies from Trieste include AcegasApsAmga Hera Group Adriatic Assicurazioni SpA Autamarocchi SpA Banca Generali SpA BIT BGN Genertel Genertellife HERA Trading Illy Italia Marittima Modiano Nuovo Arsenale Cartubi Srl Jindal Steel and Power Italia SpA Pacorini SpA Siderurgica Triestina Arvedi Group TBS Groug U blox Telit and polling and marketing company SWG The real estate market in Trieste has been growing in recent years The relevant land register law comes from old Austrian legislation and was adopted by the Italian legal system after 1918 in Trieste as well as in the provinces of Trento Bolzano and Gorizia as well as in some municipalities of the provinces of Udine Brescia Belluno and Vicenza 71 72 73 Commercial fishing edit nbsp Professional fisherman s boat in Barcola a suburb of TriesteFishing boats anchor at Molo Veneziano near Piazza Venezia In summer lampare large lamps are used for fishing and in autumn and winter redi di posta smaller fishing nets are used In the Gulf of Trieste because of the crystal clear nutrient poor water with little plankton fishing in itself is challenging The fishing season lasts from May to July In terms of fish reproduction fishing is prohibited in August and restricted in winter As of 2009 there are fewer than 200 professional fishermen in the city There is also a small fishing port in the suburb Barcola Some of the fish is sold directly from the boats or delivered to the town s shops and restaurants The rare alici anchovies in the local dialect Sardoni barcolani from the Gulf of Trieste near Barcola which are only caught at Sirocco are particularly sought after because of their white meat and special taste and fetch high prices for fishermen 74 75 Education and research editThe University of Trieste founded in 1924 is a medium size state supported institution with 12 faculties and boasts a wide and almost complete range of courses It currently has about 23 000 students enrolled and 1 000 professors Trieste also hosts the Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati SISSA a leading graduate and postgraduate teaching and research institution in the study of mathematics theoretical physics and neuroscience and the MIB School of Management Trieste one of Italy s top five business schools There are three international schools offering primary and secondary education programmes in English in the greater metropolitan area the International School of Trieste the European School of Trieste and the United World College of the Adriatic located in the nearby village of Duino nbsp Research institutions such as the International Center for Theoretical Physics logo SISSA and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics are located in Trieste around Barcola The city also hosts numerous national and international scientific research organizations AREA Science Park ELETTRA a synchrotron particle accelerator with free electron laser capabilities for research and industrial applications International Centre for Theoretical Physics which operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government UNESCO and International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Trieste Astronomical Observatory Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale OGS which carries out research on oceans and geophysics International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology a United Nations centre of excellence for research and training in genetic engineering and biotechnology for the benefit of developing countries ICS UNIDO a UNIDO research centre in the areas of renewable energies biofuels medicinal plants food safety and sustainable development Carso Center for Advanced Research in Space Optics The World Academy of Sciences TWAS InterAcademy Panel The Global Network of Science Academies IAP International Union of Pure and Applied Physics IUPAP Laszlo Institute of New Paradigm Research LINPR Istituto nazionale di oceanografia e di geofisica sperimental a national public scientific research organisation carrying out multidisciplinary studies in the field of earth sciences Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics Laboratorio di Biologia Marina Laboratory TASC Technology and Nano Science Orto Botanico dell Universita di Trieste Civico Orto Botanico di Trieste Trieste is also a hub for corporate training and skills development hosting among others Generali s Generali Academy and Illy s Universita del Caffe This competence centre was created in 1999 to spread the culture of quality coffee through training all over the world and to carry out research and innovation 76 As a result of the combination of research business and funding there are a growing number of spin off companies in Trieste partnerships in the production world exist with companies such as Cimolai Danieli Eni Fincantieri Generali Illy Mitsubishi Vodafone and proportionally the highest number of start ups in Italy the city also being referred to as Italy s Silicon Valley 77 78 79 Neurala a company specialising in artificial intelligence has chosen Trieste as its European research centre 80 Trieste has the highest proportion of researchers in Europe in relation to the population They also appreciate the high quality of life and leisure time so as is often said you can ski and swim by the sea in one day from Trieste 5 Demographics editHistorical populationYearPop 1921239 558 1931250 170 4 4 1936248 307 0 7 1951272 522 9 8 1961272 723 0 1 1971271 879 0 3 1981252 369 7 2 1991231 100 8 4 2001211 184 8 6 2009 Est 205 507 2 7 2013204 849 0 3 2020200 609 2 1 Source ISTATISTAT 2020Trieste FVG ItalyMedian age 49 years 45 7 yearsUnder 18 years old 13 25 16 6 Over 65 years old 28 3 23 5 Foreign Population 11 38 8 78 Births 1 000 people 6 0 b 6 8 bAs of 2020 update there were 200 609 people residing in Trieste located in the province of Trieste Friuli Venezia Giulia of whom 48 1 were male and 51 9 were female citation needed Trieste has lost roughly of its population since the 1970s due to economic decline in the historical industrial sectors of steel and shipbuilding a dramatic drop in fertility rates and fast population ageing Minors children aged 18 and younger totalled 13 25 of the population compared to pensioners who make up 27 9 of the total This compares with the Italian average of 18 06 minors and 19 94 pensioners citation needed The average age of Trieste residents is 46 compared to the Italian average of 42 In the five years between 2002 and 2007 the population of Trieste declined by 3 5 and Italy as a whole grew by 3 85 citation needed However in recent times the city has shown signs of stabilising thanks to growing immigration citation needed Since the annexation to Italy after World War I there has been a steady decline in Trieste s demographic weight compared to other cities In 1911 Trieste was the 4th largest city in the Austro Hungarian Empire 3rd largest in the Austrian part of the Monarchy In 1921 Trieste was the 8th largest city in the country 81 in 1961 the 12th largest 82 in 1981 the 14th largest 83 while in 2011 it dropped to the 15th place At the end of 2020 ISTAT estimated that there were 22 839 foreign born residents in Trieste representing 11 38 of the total city population The largest autochthonous minorities are Slovenes Croats and Serbs 84 but there is also a large immigrant group from Balkan nations particularly Serbia Romania and Croatia 4 95 Asia 0 52 and sub saharan Africa 0 2 The Serbian community consists of both autochthonous 85 and immigrant groups 86 Trieste is predominantly Roman Catholic Largest resident foreign born groups 2018 87 Country of birth Population nbsp Serbia 5 685 nbsp Romania 2 976 nbsp Croatia 1 200 nbsp China 1 021 nbsp Afghanistan 705 nbsp Pakistan 662 nbsp Ukraine 646 nbsp Albania 607 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 518Language edit source source source source source source source source A Triestine speakerThe particular dialect of Trieste called tergestino spoken until the beginning of the 19th century was surpassed in relevance by the Triestine dialect of Venetian a language deriving directly from Vulgar Latin and other languages including standard Italian Slovene and German While Triestine and Italian were spoken by the largest part of the population German was the language of the Austrian bureaucracy and Slovene was predominantly spoken in the surrounding villages From the last decades of the 19th century the number of speakers of Slovene grew steadily reaching 25 of the overall population of Trieste in 1911 88 According to the 1911 census the proportion of Slovene speakers grew to 12 6 in the city centre 15 9 counting only Austrian citizens 47 6 in the suburbs 53 counting only Austrian citizens and 90 5 in the surroundings 89 They were the largest ethnic group in nine of the nineteen urban neighbourhoods of Trieste and represented a majority in seven of them 89 The Italian speakers on the other hand made up 60 1 of the population in the city centre 38 1 in the suburbs and 6 0 in the surroundings They were the largest linguistic group in ten of the nineteen urban neighbourhoods and represented the majority in seven of them including all six in the city centre German speakers amounted to 5 of the city s population with the highest proportions in the city centre The city also had several other smaller ethnic communities including Croats Czechs Istro Romanians Serbs and Greeks who mostly assimilated either into the Italian or the Slovene speaking communities Altogether in 1911 51 83 of the population of the municipality of Trieste spoke Italian 24 79 spoke Slovene 5 2 spoke German 1 spoke Croatian 0 3 spoke other languages and 16 8 were foreigners including a further 12 9 Italians immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy and thus considered separately from Triestine Italians and 1 6 Hungarians 90 By 1971 following the emigration of Slovenes to neighbouring Slovenia and the immigration of Italians from other regions and from Yugoslav annexed Istria to Trieste the percentage of Italian speakers had risen to 91 8 and that of Slovenian speakers had dwindled to 5 7 91 Today the dominant local dialect of Trieste is Triestine triestin pronounced tɾi esˈtiŋ a form of Venetian This dialect and official Italian are spoken in the city while Slovene is spoken in some of the immediate suburbs 88 There are also small numbers of Serbo Croatian German Greek and Hungarian speakers citation needed Main sights and vistas edit nbsp Trieste seafront nbsp Piazza Unita d Italia nbsp Piazza Unita d Italia by night nbsp From left to right Barcolana near the Victory Lighthouse a part of the harbour and a street of the Old CityIn 2012 Lonely Planet listed the city of Trieste as the world s most underrated travel destination 92 Castles edit nbsp Miramare Castle nbsp Trieste Cathedral dedicated to Justus of Trieste nbsp Serbian Orthodox Saint Spyridon Church mid 19th century nbsp The city s old stock exchange nbsp The Ponterosso SquareCastello Miramare Miramare Castle edit The Castello Miramare or Miramare Castle on the waterfront 8 kilometres 5 miles from Trieste was built between 1856 and 1860 in a project by Carl Junker commissioned by Archduke Maximilian The castle gardens comprise a variety of trees chosen by and planted on the orders of Maximilian 93 Features of the gardens include two ponds one noted for its swans and the other for lotus flowers the castle dependance Castelletto a bronze statue of Maximilian and a small chapel where a cross made from the remains of the Novara is kept the flagship on which Maximilian brother of Emperor Franz Josef set sail to become Emperor of Mexico During the 1930s the castle was also the home of Prince Amedeo Duke of Aosta the last commander of Italian forces in East Africa during the Second World War During the period of the application of the Instrument for the Provisional Regime of the Free Territory of Trieste as established in the Treaty of Peace with Italy Paris 10 02 1947 the castle served as headquarters for the United States Army s TRUST force Castel San Giusto edit The Castel San Giusto or Castle of San Giusto was built upon the remains of previous castles on the site and took almost two centuries to build The stages of the development of the castle s defensive structures are marked by the following periods the central part built under Frederick III Holy Roman Emperor 1470 1 the round Venetian bastion 1508 9 the Hoyos Lalio bastion and the Pomis or Bastione fiorito dated 1630 citation needed Places of worship edit The St Justus Cathedral 1320 Named after the city s Patron Justus of Trieste the church s interiors are decorated with Byzantine mosaics It became a symbol of Italian Trieste during the Risorgimento The Serbian Orthodox Church of St Spyridon 1869 The building adopts the Greek cross plan with five cupolas in the Byzantine tradition The parish forms part of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Austria and Switzerland The Anglican Chiesa di Cristo Christ Church 1829 Sant Antonio Taumaturgo 1842 The Mekhitarist Armenian Catholic Church 1859 The Waldensian and Helvetian Evangelical Basilica of St Silvester 11th century The Church of Santa Maria Maggiore 1682 The Augustan Evangelical Lutheran Church 1874 The Greek Orthodox Church of San Nicolo dei Greci 1787 This church by the architect Matteo Pertsch 1818 with bell towers on both sides of the facade follows the Austrian late baroque style The interiors are decorated by golden ornaments The Synagogue of Trieste 1912 The Temple of Monte Grisa 1960 a Roman Catholic church north of the cityArchaeological remains edit The Arco di Riccardo 33 BC 94 is a gate built in the Roman walls in 33 BC It stands in Piazzetta Barbacan in the narrow streets of the old town Its current name is believed to be a corruption of Arco del Cardo referring to the cardo the main north to south Roman street folk etymology credits it to Richard the Lionheart Italian Riccardo Cuor di Leone a Crusader king of England Basilica Forense 2nd century Palaeochristian basilica 4th to 6th century Roman Age Temples one dedicated to Athena one to Zeus both on the San Giusto hill The ruins of the temple dedicated to Zeus are next to the Forum those of Athena s temple are under the basilica visitors can see its basement Roman theatre edit The Roman theatre lies at the foot of the San Giusto hill facing the sea The construction partially exploits the gentle slope of the hill and much of the theatre is made of stone The topmost portion of the steps and the stage were supposedly made of wood The statues which adorned the theatre brought to light in the 1930s are now preserved in the town museum Three inscriptions from the Trajanic period mention a certain Q Petronius Modestus someone closely connected to the development of the theatre which was erected during the second half of the 1st century 95 Caves edit In the entire Province of Trieste there are 10 speleological groups out of 24 in the whole Friuli Venezia Giulia region The Trieste plateau Altopiano Triestino called Kras or the Carso and covering an area of about 200 square kilometres 77 sq mi within Italy has approximately 1 500 caves of various sizes like that of Basovizza now a monument to the Foibe massacres 96 Among the more famous are the Grotta Gigante the largest tourist cave in the world with a single cavity large enough to contain St Peter s in Rome and the Cave of Trebiciano 350 metres 1 150 ft deep at the bottom of which flows the Timavo River This river dives underground at the Skocjan Caves in Slovenia on the UNESCO list and only a few kilometres from Trieste and flows about 30 kilometres 19 mi before emerging about 1 kilometre 0 6 mi from the sea in a series of springs near Duino reputed by the Romans to be an entrance to Hades the world of the dead citation needed Places of interest edit The Austrian Quarter Half of the city was built during the Austro Hungarian period giving the city some aspects of Vienna s architectural characteristics The majority of buildings were built in Neoclassical Art Nouveau Eclectic and Liberty styles Citta Vecchia Old City Trieste has an extensive old city there are many narrow and crooked streets with typical medieval houses Almost all of the area is closed to traffic Piazza Unita d Italia Trieste s central majestic square surrounded by 19th century architecture and the largest seafront square in Europe Piazza Venezia with a view over the Adriatic Since 2009 the monument to Archduke Maximilian has been located in Piazza Venezia again looking over the Gulf of Trieste to the Miramare Castle the subject wearing a Vice Admiral s uniform The more than 8 metre high bronze monument with the allegories of the four continents is intended to honour Maximilian s philanthropy and his interest in science and art It was sculpted by sculptor Johannes Schilling at the request of and under the direction of Baron Pasquale Revoltella It was inaugurated in 1875 in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph later removed after 1918 and relocated to the Miramare Castle Park in 1961 97 98 Museo Revoltella is located in Piazza Venezia in the style of the Italian Renaissance with its six allegorical statues of the Venetian Francesco Bosa on the roof balustrade nbsp Piazza Venezia The Stazione Rogers gas station Aquila designed by Ernesto Nathan Rogers is considered an important building of Italian rationalism and post war modernism and is now a multi purpose centre for culture and architecture 99 Molo Sartorio where still today the sea level for the Republic of Austria a landlocked nation is measured as metres above the Adriatic The historic Antico Magazzino Vini next to the Piazza Venezia was built in 1902 to store wine from Dalmatia and Istria It has now been revitalised and now houses an Eataly The former fish market now renovated is now a place for exhibitions and art and is also located directly by the sea Canal Grande Trieste s grand canal in the very centre of the city Caffe San Marco a historical coffee house in the centre of the city Cafes play an important role in the Triestine economy as Trieste developed a thriving coffee industry under Austria Hungary and is still known to this day as the coffee capital of Italy Barcola a suburb of Trieste with a special microclimate 18 and a high quality of life since ancient times On its kilometre long sea promenade towards Miramare Castle there are cafes and restaurants Many locals spend their free time on this urban beach area sunbathing swimming and playing sports The northernmost lighthouse in the Mediterranean the Vittoria Light located above Barcola dominates the skyline above 100 Val Rosandra a national park on the border between the Province of Trieste and Slovenia Beaches edit nbsp View of Barcola from the Vittoria LighthouseMuch of Trieste lies directly on the sea Some bathing establishments are located in the very centre like the El Pedocin Bagno marino La Lanterna and the Ausonia The Bagno Marino Ferroviario has been located in Viale Miramare 30 since 1925 101 Many locals and students use their lunch break or free time to go to Barcola which is an urban beach to meet friends on the famous mile long embankment citation needed In the evening many locals walk there between the bars with a view of the sea the Alpine arc Istria and the city citation needed Well known are the 10 popular semi circular units on the bank consisting of a viewing platform sanitary facilities and changing rooms which are popularly referred to as Topolini 102 In the area of the Excelsior bathing establishment which is located on a historic sand bank there were elegant Roman villas and their sports and bathing facilities in antiquity 103 Already in the 19th century there were numerous restaurants and cafes with shady vine arbors The sea around Miramare Castle is today a nature reserve The pine forest of Barcola is located directly on the sea and is a meeting place for the inhabitants in every season One of the best running routes in Trieste leads from Barcola to Miramare Castle and back The small bathing complex Bagno da Sticco is right next to Miramare Castle Further towards Grignano and Duino there are numerous bays and natural beaches Due to the currents in the Adriatic the water in the area of Trieste is very pure and not polluted by suspended matter from rivers The current is counterclockwise 104 105 106 Culture edit nbsp Libreria Antiquaria Umberto Saba nbsp Church of San Nicolo dei Greci nbsp James Joyce Umberto Saba and their friends were guests of the still existing Caffe Stella Polare 107 The literary intellectual centre of Trieste is mostly located in the downtown area Libreria Antiquaria Umberto Saba located at the ground floor of Via San Nicolo No 30 where James Joyce lived where his son Giorgio was born and where Joyce wrote some of the short stories from Dubliners and Stephen Hero the house in Via San Nicolo No 31 where Umberto Saba spent his breaks at the cafe milk shop Walter and the house in Via San Nicolo No 32 in which the Berlitz School was located and where James Joyce came into contact with and subsequently taught Italo Svevo are all of literary relevance Around this area at the end of Via San Nicolo a life size statue of Umberto Saba has been placed by the city government Having Via San Nicolo become Trieste s high street numerous cafes and restaurants that used to be located there most notably the Berger beer hall at No 17 which later became the Berger Grand Restaurant have now ceased operations Via San Nicolo No 30 is also the symbolic centre of the homonymous novel by Roberto Curci 108 109 One of the most important Art Nouveau buildings in Trieste the Casa Smolars completed in 1905 stands in Via San Nicolo No 36 110 Eppinger Caffe has been located nearby since around 1946 111 The former Palazzo della RAS located in Piazza della Repubblica has been completely renovated and is now an hotel 112 The Greek Orthodox Church of San Nicolo dei Greci which is dedicated to Saint Nicholas the patron saint of seafarers and whose interior inspired James Joyce is located by the sea in Piazza Tommaseo next to the historic Caffe Tommaseo This coffee house also located at the beginning of Via San Nicolo was opened in 1830 It is the oldest coffee house still in operation in Trieste and is still a meeting place for artists and intellectuals today 113 114 Caffe Stella Polare is located in Piazza Ponterosso This cosmopolitan coffee house was also frequented by Saba Joyce Guido Voghera Virgilio Giotti and in particular by the former German speaking minority from Trieste With the end of World War II and the arrival of the Anglo Americans in the city this cafe became a hangout place of many soldiers and a famous ballroom to meet local young women 115 Trieste has a lively cultural scene with various theatres Among these figure Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi Politeama Rossetti the Teatro La Contrada the Slovene theatre in Trieste Slovensko stalno gledalisce since 1902 Teatro Miela and several smaller ones There are also a number of museums Among these are Diego de Henriquez war museum Museo Sartorio Revoltella Museum modern art gallery Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste natural history museum containing fossils of Hominids Civico Orto Botanico di Trieste the municipal botanical garden Orto Botanico dell Universita di Trieste the University of Trieste s botanical gardenTwo important national monuments The Risiera di San Sabba Risiera di San Sabba Museum a National monument commemorating the holocaust genocide It was the only Nazi concentration camp with a crematorium in Italy The Foiba di Basovizza a National monument It is a reminder of the killings of Italians by Yugoslav partisans after World War II The Slovenska gospodarsko kulturna zveza Unione Economica Culturale Slovena is the umbrella organisation bringing together cultural and economic associations belonging to the Slovene minority Trieste hosts the annual ITS International Talent Support Awards young fashion designer competition 116 The power metal band Rhapsody was founded in Trieste by the city s natives Luca Turilli and Alex Staropoli Media edit NewspapersIl Piccolo Primorski dnevnik La Gazzetta GiulianaBroadcasting TelevisionRAI Friuli Venezia Giulia Tele QuattroRadioRadioattivita Trieste Radio Fragola Radio Punto ZeroPublishingAsterios Editore Lint EditorialeSports edit The local football club Triestina is one of the older clubs in Italy Notably it was runner up in the 1947 1948 season of the Italian first division Serie A losing the championship to Torino Trieste is notable for having had two football clubs participating in the championships of two different nations at the same time during the period of the Free Territory of Trieste due to the schism within the city and region created by the post war demarcation Triestina played in the Italian first division Serie A Although it faced relegation after the first season after the Second World War the FIGC modified the rules as it was deemed important to keep the club in the league The following year the club played its best season with a 3rd place finish Meanwhile Yugoslavia bought A S D Ponziana a small team in Trieste which under the new name Amatori Ponziana Trst played in the Yugoslavian league for three years 117 Triestina went bankrupt in the 1990s but after being re founded it regained a position in the Italian second division Serie B in 2002 Ponziana was renamed Circolo Sportivo Ponziana 1912 and currently plays in Friuli Venezia Giulia Group of Promozione which is the 7th level of the Italian league Trieste also has a well known basketball team Pallacanestro Trieste which reached its zenith in the 1990s under coach Bogdan Tanjevic when with large financial backing from sponsors Stefanel it was able to sign players such as Dejan Bodiroga Fernando Gentile and Gregor Fucka stars of European basketball At the end of the 2017 18 season the team now trained by coach Eugenio Dalmasson and sponsored by Alma won promotion to the Lega Basket Serie A Italy s highest basketball league 14 years after its last tenure Many sailing clubs have roots in the city which contribute to Trieste s strong tradition in that sport The Barcolana regatta first held in 1969 is the world s largest sailing race by number of participants citation needed Local sporting facilities include the Stadio Nereo Rocco a UEFA certified stadium with seating capacity of 32 500 the Palatrieste an indoor sporting arena sitting 7 000 people and Piscina Bruno Bianchi a large Olympic size swimming pool On 26 August 1985 American basketball player Michael Jordan dunked so hard that the backboard shattered during a Nike exhibition game played in Trieste The signed jersey and shoes including one of the tiny shards of glass in the sole of the left shoe that the player wore during the famous shattered backboard game were later auctioned The moment the glass broke was filmed and is often cited as a particularly important milestone in Jordan s rise 118 Film edit Trieste has been portrayed on screen a number of times with films often shot on location In 1942 the early neorealist Alfa Tau was filmed partly in the city Cinematic interest in Trieste peaked during the height of the Free Territory era from 1947 to 1954 with international films such as Sleeping Car to Trieste and Diplomatic Courier portraying it as a hotbed of espionage These films along with The Yellow Rolls Royce 1964 conveyed an image of the city as a cosmopolitan place of conflict between Great Powers a portrayal which resembles Casablanca 1943 Italian filmmakers by contrast portrayed Trieste as unquestionably Italian in a series of patriotic films including Trieste mia and Ombre su Trieste 119 In 1963 the city hosted the first International Festival of Science Fiction Film Festival internazionale del film di fantascienza which ran until 1982 Under the name Science Plus Fiction now Trieste Science Fiction Festival the festival was revived in 2000 120 121 An interest in the city has been sparked by movies such as The Invisible Boy 2014 its sequel The Invisible Boy Second Generation and the TV series La Porta Rossa 122 Triestine cuisine edit nbsp Caffe degli Specchi was opened in 1839 in Trieste There are three types of eateries the conventional restaurant the buffet where ham meat loaf goulash roast meat Kaiserfleisch tongue and belly meat are served and the osmiza a characteristic eatery in the Karst where locally farmed products are enjoyed paired with wine Local cuisine has been influenced by the various ethnic groups which have populated the city mainly Central Europeans Traditional main courses include jota minestra de bisi spacai pea stew rotolo di spinaci in straza spinach rolls sardoni impanai breaded anchovies a sought after delicacy capuzi garbi krauts capuzi garbi in tecia sauteed krauts vienna sausages goulash cevapi and frito misto fried fish Popular desserts are presnitz fave triestine titola crostoli struccolo de pomi kugelhupf rigo jancsi and the Triester torte 123 124 125 Capo Triestino also capo in B or capo in bicchiere is considered a local coffee speciality This miniature cappuccino in a glass cup is usually consumed at the bar 126 Transport edit nbsp The Porto Vecchio also showing Trieste Centrale railway station nbsp Trieste Centrale railway station nbsp A car of the Opicina TramwayMaritime transport edit Trieste s maritime location and its former long term status as part of the Austrian Empire later the Austro Hungarian Empire made the Port of Trieste the major commercial port for much of the landlocked areas of central Europe In the 19th century a new port district known as the Porto Nuovo was built northeast of the city centre 127 Significant volumes of goods pass through the container steel works and oil terminals all located to the south of the city centre After many years of stagnation a change in the leadership placed the port on a steady growth path recording a 40 increase in shipping traffic as of 2007 update 127 Today the port of Trieste is one of the largest Italian ports and next to Gioia Tauro the only deep water port in the central Mediterranean for seventh generation container ships 128 Rail transport edit See also Trieste Centrale railway station Railways came early to Trieste due to the importance of its port and the need to transport people and goods inland The first railroad line to reach Trieste was the Sudbahn built by the Austrian government in 1857 This railway stretches for 1 400 km 870 mi to Lviv Ukraine via Ljubljana Slovenia Sopron Hungary Vienna Austria and Krakow Poland crossing the backbone of the Alps mountains through the Semmering Pass near Graz It approaches Trieste through the village of Villa Opicina a few kilometres from the centre but over 300 metres 984 feet higher in elevation Due to this the line takes a 32 kilometres 20 miles detour to the north gradually descending before terminating at the Trieste Centrale railway station In 1887 the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways German kaiserlich konigliche osterreichische Staatsbahnen opened a new railway line the Trieste Hrpelje railway German Hrpelje Bahn from the new port of Trieste to Hrpelje Kozina on the Istrian railway 129 The intended function of the new line was to reduce the Austrian Empire s dependence on the Sudbahn network 130 Its opening gave Trieste a second station south of the original one which was named Trieste Sant Andrea German Triest Sankt Andrea The two stations were connected by a railway line that in the initial plans was meant to be an interim solution the Rive railway German Rive Bahn which survived until 1981 when it was replaced by the Galleria di Circonvallazione a 5 7 kilometre 3 5 mi railway tunnel route to the east of the city With the opening of the Transalpina Railway from Vienna Austria via Jesenice and Nova Gorica in 1906 the St Andrea station was replaced by a new more capacious facility named Trieste stazione dello Stato German Triest Staatsbahnhof later Trieste Campo Marzio now a railway museum and the original station came to be identified as Trieste stazione della Meridionale or Trieste Meridionale German Triest Sudbahnhof This railway also approached Trieste via Villa Opicina but it took a rather shorter loop southwards towards the sea front Freight lines from the dock area include container services to northern Italy and to Budapest Hungary together with rolling highway services to Salzburg Austria and Frankfurt Germany There are direct intercity and high speed trains between Trieste and Venice Verona Turin Milan Rome Florence Naples and Bologna Passenger trains also run between Villa Opicina and Ljubljana On special occasion the historic ETR 252 Arlecchino runs the Venezia Santa Lucia Trieste Centrale route operated by Fondazionefs This is one of four examples ever built 131 Air transport edit Trieste is served by the Trieste Airport IATA TRS The airport serves domestic and international destinations and is fully connected to the national railway and highway networks The Trieste Airport railway station links the passenger terminal directly to the Venice Trieste railway thanks to a 425 metre long skybridge A 16 platform bus terminal a multi storey car park with 500 lots and a car park with 1 000 lots give public and private motor vehicles rapid access to the A4 Trieste Turin highway At the interchange near Palmanova the A4 branches off to Autostrada A23 linking to Austria s Sud Autobahn A2 via Udine and Tarvisio In the southern direction this highway also offers seamless interconnection to Slovenia s A1 Motorway and through that to highway networks in Croatia Hungary and the Balkans Local transport edit nbsp Scooters are used as personal transport in Trieste Local public transport is operated by Trieste Trasporti a part of TPL FVG which operates a network of around 60 bus routes and two ferry lines Its also operates the Opicina Tramway a hybrid between a tramway and funicular railway providing a more direct link between the city centre and Opicina 132 Notable people editMain article List of people from TriesteInternational relations editTrieste hosts the Secretariat of the Central European Initiative an inter governmental organisation among Central and South Eastern European states In recent years Trieste has been chosen as host to a number of high level bilateral and multilateral meetings such as the Western Balkans Summit in 2017 the Italo Russian Bilateral Summit in 2013 Letta Putin and the Italo German Bilateral Summit in 2008 Berlusconi Merkel the G8 meetings of Foreign Affairs and Environment Ministers respectively in 2009 and 2001 In December 2020 Trieste hosted three party talks between the foreign ministers of Italy Croatia and Slovenia on the delimitation of their respective exclusive economic zone In 2020 Trieste was nominated the European Science Capital by EuroScience In August 2021 it hosted the G20 Meeting of Ministers of Innovation and Research nbsp Trieste nbsp Remains of a Roman arch in the old town of Trieste nbsp University of Trieste nbsp Trieste AirportSister cities and twin towns edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Trieste is twinned with nbsp Beirut Lebanon since 1956 nbsp Douala Cameroon since 1971 nbsp Graz Austria 133 since 1973 nbsp Santos Brazil since 1977 nbsp Southampton England since 2002 nbsp Le Havre FranceSee also edit nbsp Italy portal nbsp European Union portal nbsp Cities portalAbdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP Bathyscaphe Trieste Swiss designed Italian built deep sea exploration vehicle History of the Jews in Trieste INFN National Institute of Nuclear Physics International School for Advanced Studies SISSA Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi Treaty of peace with Italy 1947 Notes editReferences edit Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011 Italian National Institute of Statistics Retrieved 16 March 2019 a b Population of Trieste 2022 AZ Nations World countries population 2022 Retrieved 1 May 2022 Trieste Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Retrieved 21 September 2012 Trieste Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 1 August 2019 Slovene Trst te ɾst te ɾst Austrian German Triest tʁiˈɛst Friulian Triest a b G Bar Trieste e record europeo di ricercatori 37 ogni mille abitanti Piu della Finlandia In il Fatto Quotidiano 26 April 2018 a b Vasmer Max 1971 Schriften zur slavischen Altertumskunde und Namenkunde In Kommission bei O Harrassowitz p 50 ISBN 978 3 447 00781 8 Retrieved 6 December 2010 Baldi Philip 1983 An introduction to the Indo European languages SIU Press p 168 ISBN 978 0 8093 1091 3 Retrieved 6 December 2010 Cary Joseph 15 November 1993 A ghost in Trieste University of Chicago Press p 48 ISBN 978 0 226 09528 8 Retrieved 6 December 2010 Climate in Trieste AmbiWeb GmbH Retrieved 11 December 2013 a b Roberto Pedemonte May 2012 La neve sulle coste del Maditerraneo seconda parte Rivista Ligure in Italian Genova 12 44 Retrieved 28 June 2014 Bora and Ice The Trieste Times Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 20 May 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k Spezialortsrepertorium der osterreichischen Lander Bearbeitet auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszahlung vom 31 Dezember 1910 vol 7 Osterreichisch Illyrisches Kustenland Vienna K k Hof und Staatsdruckerei 1918 pp 1 3 Bernardini F Vinci G Horvat J De Min A Forte E Furlani S Lenaz D Pipan M Zhao W Sgambati A Potleca M Micheli R Fragiacomo A amp Tuniz C 2015 Early Roman military fortifications and the origin of Trieste Italy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 13 E1520 E1529 JSTOR 26462435 a b Ashby Thomas 1911 Tergeste In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 26 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 641 Commentarii de bello Gallico Liber VIII Wikisource Giulipaola Ruaro Strolling Around Trieste Trieste Edizioni Fachin 1986 6 Sul ius adipiscendae c R nel decreto tergestino in onore di L Fabius Severus flore unifi it Retrieved 2 May 2023 a b Zeno Saracino Pompei in miniatura la storia di Vallicula o Barcola In Trieste All News 29 September 2018 Thaller Anja 2009 Graz 1382 Ein Wendepunkt der Triestiner Geschichte Historisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Graz in German 38 39 191 221 Retrieved 6 May 2016 Giulipaola Ruaro Strolling Around Trieste Trieste Edizioni Fachin 1986 11 Centro di ricerche storiche Centar za povijesna istrazivanja Sredisce za zgodovinska raziskovanja CRS in Italian Retrieved 12 August 2023 Perisic Miroslav Reljic Jelica 2016 Kultura Srba u Trstu Belgrade Arhiv Srbije Hubmann Franz amp Wheatcroft Andrew editor The Habsburg Empire 1840 1916 London 1972 ISBN 0 7100 7230 9 Josef Schmidlin Papstgeschichte der neueren Zeit Munchen 1934 p 414 Ruaro Giuliapaola 2005 Triest 3 City of Trieste Mahler Foundation 14 March 2015 Retrieved 7 May 2023 The Treaty of London was signed on April 26 1915 PDF Retrieved 22 December 2023 Federzoni Luigi IL TRATTATO DI RAPALLO CON UN APPENDICE DI DOCUMENTI in Italian Bologna Zanichelli pp 295 300 Angelo Ara Claudio Magris Trieste Un identita di frontiera p 56 The Nazi Occupation and the Extermination of the European Jews Methods sources and interpretations A focus on Italy and Lithuania 26 September 2017 Novak Bogdan 1970 Trieste 1941 1954 United States of America The University of Chicago Press pp 59 62 Novak Bogdan 1970 Trieste 1941 1954 United States of America The University of Chicago Press p 72 Risiera di San Sabba www deathcamps org Trieste sotto le bombe il 10 giugno 1944 Biografia di una bomba Il blog di Giovanni Lafirenze Cosi il 10 giugno 44 Trieste si sveglio sotto le bombe Il Piccolo 14 June 2014 Saracino Zeno 10 June 2019 Ricordo del bombardamento di San Giacomo 10 giugno 1944 2019 TRIESTE news Comunicarte Edizioni 10 giugno 1944 bombe su Trieste Prauser Steffen Rees Arfon eds December 2004 The Expulsion of the German Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War PDF Italy European University Institute Archived from the original PDF on 1 October 2009 Retrieved 22 December 2023 Faenza Trieste and home the Italian campaign NZHistory New Zealand history online Nzhistory net nz 20 December 2012 Retrieved 12 March 2013 Kay Robin IV Through the Venetian Line NZETC Retrieved 12 March 2013 Picamus Daniela 2018 Trieste 1945 Una citta ferita Anna Bramwell 1988 Refugees in the Age of Total War Unwin Hyman p 138 ISBN 978 0 04 445194 5 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Petacco Arrigo 2005 Tragedy Revealed The Story of Italians from Istria Dalmatia and Venezia Giulia 1943 1956 University of Toronto Press p 89 ISBN 978 0 8020 3921 7 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Petacco 2005 p 90 Feis Herbert 2015 Between War and Peace Princeton NJ Princeton University Press p 282 Cox Geoffrey 1977 The Race for Trieste London W Kimber p 250 Novak Bogdan 1970 Trieste 1941 1954 United States of America The University of Chicago Press p 161 Hrzenjak Juraj 1953 SLOVENSKO PRIMORJE IN ISTRA Rad p 509 Novak Bogdan 1970 Trieste 1941 1954 United States of America The University of Chicago Press pp 196 198 Novak Bogdan 1970 Trieste 1941 1954 United States of America The University of Chicago Press pp 279 280 Novak Bogdan 1970 Trieste 1941 1954 United States of America The University of Chicago Press p 214 The Current Situation in the Free Territory of Trieste PDF CIA 1948 Archived from the original PDF on 17 July 2013 Retrieved 21 June 2014 British Element Trieste Forces Order of Battle Retrieved 21 June 2014 Trattato tra la Repubblica Italiana e la Repubblica Socialista PDF inps it in Italian Retrieved 7 June 2023 La Cantieristica Triestina Trieste naval industries in Italian Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Harry de Wilt Is One Belt One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports In World Cargo News 17 December 2019 Wolf D Hartmann Wolfgang Maennig Run Wang Chinas neue Seidenstrasse 2017 pp 51 Jean Marc F Blanchard China s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia 2018 Linda Vierecke Elisabetta Galla Triest und die neue Seidenstrasse In Deutsche Welle 8 December 2020 Triest Ein Welthafen fur Bayern In Bayrische Staatszeitung 30 November 2018 Marcus Hernig Die Renaissance der Seidenstrasse 2018 p 112 Thomas Fromm Hanseatische Seidenstrasse In Suddeutsche Zeitung 5 October 2020 Hamburger Hafenkonzern investiert gross in Triest In Die Presse 29 September 2020 Diego D Amelio Cosi Trieste torna Porto della Mitteleuropa In Il Piccolo 02 06 2021 The company in figures Archived from the original on 11 April 2019 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Thomas Fromm Pipeline durch die Alpen Alles im Fluss In Suddeutsche Zeitung 26 December 2019 Geography and Economy ICTP Portal Infopoint ictp it Retrieved 19 April 2010 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Europe Infrastructure Networks Esteri it 7 July 2000 Archived from the original on 19 May 2010 Retrieved 19 April 2010 Trieste Coffee Cluster Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Helmut Luther Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist In Die Welt 16 February 2015 Alessandra Caparello Immobiliare prezzi delle case in calo anche nel 2019 a 2 8 Wall Street Italia 30 December 2019 Sigrun Davidsdottir Life could be a breeze buying a home in the Italian city Trieste Financial Times 10 July 2015 Micol Brusaferro Trieste ville in Costiera e attici in centro storico tornano a far gola agli acquirenti austriaci Il Piccolo 20 October 2020 Georges Desrues Eine Lange Nacht am Meer In Triest Servus Magazin 2020 p 73 Ute Mortl Das immer kargere Leben der Fischer im Golf von Triest In Der Standard 26 October 2009 Almut Siefert Zu Besuch in der Kaffee Universitat in Triest Eine Bohne kann alles verderben In Stuttgarter Zeitung 27 September 2019 Fabrizio Somma Trieste Dall Emporio al Futuro 2009 p 266 Filippo Santelli Start up sono Trento e Trieste le capitali dell innovazione In La Repubblica 25 April 2014 Lorenzo Degrassi Trieste e la capitale delle startup seconda in Italia dopo Trento In Il Piccolo 10 02 2021 Veneziani Italo 11 June 2021 Il colosso delle I A Neurala sceglie Trieste come sede europea TRIESTE news Il censimento del 1921 Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Il censimento del 1961 Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Il censimento del 1981 Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Kad je Trst bio nas Evo koje srpske porodice su zivele u ovom gradu i to u najlepsim vilama FOTO Telegraf rs in Serbian 31 July 2018 Retrieved 30 December 2019 Trieste In the wake of James Joyce Jason Cowley 25 June 2000 Retrieved 19 April 2010 Socio demographic Overview of Immigrants and Immigrant Children in Italy PDF Cittadini Stranieri Trieste 2018 tuttitalia it Retrieved 1 January 2019 a b Stranj Pavel Slovensko prebivalstvo Furlanije Julijske krajine v druzbeni in zgodovinski perspektivi Trst 1999 a b Spezialortsrepertorium der Oesterreichischen Laender VII Oesterreichisch Illyrisches Kuestenland Wien 1918 Verlag der K K Hof und Staatsdruckerei The 1911 census PDF Archived from the original PDF on 20 December 2013 Retrieved 28 August 2019 Pavel Stranj La comunita sommersa Zalozba trzaskega tiska Trieste Trst 1992 Lonely Planet 14 May 2012 10 of the world s unsung places Lonely Planet Retrieved 16 September 2015 Crozzoli Gabriele 2004 Miramare Il Parco ed di Massimilianoil Castello Vianello p 148 ISBN 88 7200 153 6 Frothingham A L 1904 A Revised List of Roman Memorial and Triumphal Arches American Journal of Archaeology 8 1 1 34 doi 10 2307 497017 JSTOR 497017 S2CID 245265389 Teatro Romano di Trieste 5 May 2022 Trieste History Population Port Map amp Facts Britannica www britannica com 15 May 2023 Retrieved 14 June 2023 Trieste Piazza Venezia Monumento a Massimiliano d Austria TRIESTE DI IERI E DI OGGI trieste di ieri e di oggi it Marco Barone La statua di Massimiliano d Asburgo ed i simboli della massoneria In Bora 16 April 2014 Stazione Rogers the building Nicolo Giraldi Un mare chiamato Trieste in IES 6 June 2019 p 2 Trieste Dopolavoro Ferroviario Bagno Marino Ferroviario TRIESTE DI IERI E DI OGGI trieste di ieri e di oggi it Saracino Zeno 25 August 2018 Bagno Pubblico Topolini storia di uno stabilimento americano TRIESTE news Saracino Zeno 29 September 2018 Pompei in miniatura la storia di Vallicula o Barcola TRIESTE news Mauro Covacich Triest verkehrt Funfzehn Spaziergange in der Stadt des Windes 2012 pp 93 Kofler Bettschart Triest 2015 Nicolo Giraldi Un mare chiamato Trieste In IES Nr 6 June 2019 pp 7 Zeno Saracino Il Bagno Excelsior primo stabilimento balneare della Riviera di Barcola In Triesteallnews 11 August 2018 Nero ein starkes Elixier mit Kultstatus www kleinezeitung at 20 September 2019 Roberto Curci Via San Nicolo 30 2015 ISBN 8815254102 Via San Nicolo 30 il passato di Trieste Casa Smolars TRIESTE DI IERI E DI OGGI trieste di ieri e di oggi it Eppinger storia di una passione 7 March 2019 Taglio del nastro all Hilton il nuovo hotel si svela alla citta Il Piccolo 3 December 2019 Giuliapaola Ruaro 2005 Triest p 65 Fahy Frances 17 May 2021 Joyce And Svevo Art Borrowing From Life Caffe Stella Polare Discover Trieste Get to Know the Young Winners of the 2020 International Talent Support Awards Vogue 28 October 2020 Calcio Harper Perennial ASIN 0007175744 When Michael Jordan Shattered More Than Just Minds Through His Performance in Italy Alex Green Michael Jordan s shattered backboard jersey to go under the hammer In Independent Ireland 18 November 2020 USA Today Michael Jordan shatters backboard in 1985 exhibition Barbara Kutscher Sportschuhe von Promis werden zu Luxusobjekten in einem wachsenden Markt In Handelsblatt 27 08 2020 Elliott Bretland From A 500 000 Classic To Eminem These Are The Rarest Air Jordans Around In The Sportsman 10 01 02021 Flavio Vanetti Michael Jordan e l Italia quella volta che gioco a Trieste nel 1985 e ruppe un tabellone con una schiacciata In Corriere della Sera 21 05 2020 Shlomo Sprung Christie s Unveils Auction Of Michael Jordan Game Worn Sneakers In Forbes 23 07 2020 C est le Picasso du sport les sneakers de Michael Jordan pourraient faire flamber les encheres In Le Parisien 30 07 2020 Maitreyee Joshi When Michael Jordan Shattered More Than Just Minds Through His Performance in Italy In Essentially Sports 25 03 2020 Ricky O Donnell The time Michael Jordan shattered a backboard during a game in Italy In SB Nation Vox Media 10 04 2020 La impresionante jugada de Jordan en la cara de un ex Olimpo In La Nueva 18 05 2020 Fabrice Auclert Souvenirs le jour ou Michael Jordan a explose un panier In Basket USA 19 10 2011 Pizzi Katia A City in Search of an Author Bloomsbury Publishing 2001 p 61 62 Trieste Science Fiction Festival della Fantascienza FIFF 1963 Archived from the original on 9 July 2015 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Trieste International Film Festival Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 Retrieved 16 September 2015 Set porta rossa a Trieste 4 March 2018 Giuliana Fabricio La cucina della tradizione triestina Gorizia Editrice Goriziana 2004 Maria Stelvio Cucina triestina III edizione Trieste Stab Tip Nazionale 1936 Iolanda de Vonderweid Cucina triestina cucina istriana cucina dalmata Trieste Lint Editoriale 2003 Kaffee Inspirationen Kaffeebuch mit exklusiven Rezepten 2013 Universita del Caffe di Trieste p 62 a b Ammann Christian Juvanec Maj May 2007 Discovering Trieste Today s Railways Platform 5 Publishing Ltd pp 29 31 Andreas Deutsch Verlagerungseffekte im containerbasierten Hinterlandverkehr University of Bamberg Press 2014 ISBN 978 3 86309 160 6 p 143 Alessandro Tuzza et al Prospetto cronologico dei tratti di ferrovia aperti all esercizio dal 1839 al 31 dicembre 1926 Chronological overview of the features of the railways opened between 1839 and 31 December 1926 www trenidicarta it in Italian Alessandro Tuzza Retrieved 17 December 2010 Oberegger Elmar Hrpelje Bahn Hrpelje Railway in German Part of this series Zur Eisenbahngeschichte des Alpen Donau Adria Raumes Oberegger Elmar Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 Retrieved 7 March 2011 Rapido Arlecchino www fondazionefs it in Italian Retrieved 20 October 2022 Trieste Trasporti S p A Trieste Trasporti S p A Retrieved 27 April 2007 Twin Towns Graz Online English Version www graz at Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 Retrieved 5 January 2010 External links editTrieste at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Data from Wikidata Municipality of Trieste in Italian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trieste amp 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