The revolt was caused by the prosecutions launched by Minh Mạng against southern factions which had opposed his rule and tended to be favourable to Christianity. In particular, Minh Mạng prosecuted Lê Văn Duyệt, a former faithful general of Emperor Gia Long, who had opposed his enthronement.[4] Since Lê Văn Duyệt had already died in July 1832, his tomb was profaned and inscribed with the words "This is the place where the infamous Lê Văn Duyệt was punished".[2]
Start of the revolt
The Lê Văn Khôi revolt sought the re-establishment of the line of Prince Cảnh (here during his 1787 visit in Paris).
Lê Văn Khôi, the adoptive son of general Lê Văn Duyệt, had also been imprisoned, but managed to escape on 10 May 1833.[2] Soon, numerous people joined the revolt, in the desire to avenge Lê Văn Duyệt and challenge the legitimacy of the Nguyễn dynasty.[5]
Catholic support
Lê Văn Khôi declared himself in favour of the restoration of the line of Prince Cảnh, the original heir to Gia Long according to the rule of primogeniture, in the person of his remaining son An-hoa.[6] This choice was designed to obtain the support of Catholic missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics, who had supported the line of Prince Cảnh with Lê Văn Duyệt.[6] Lê Văn Khôi further promised to protect Catholicism.[6]
On 18 May 1833, the rebels managed to take the Citadel of Saigon (Thanh Phien-an).[6] Lê Văn Khôi was able to conquer six provinces of Gia Dinh in the span of one month.[2] The main actors of the revolt were Vietnamese Christians and Chinese settlers who had been suffering from the rule of Minh Mạng.[5]
Siamese support
As Minh Mạng raised an army to quell the rebellion, Lê Văn Khôi fortified himself into the Saigon fortress and asked for the help of the Siamese.[2]Rama III, king of Siam, accepted the offer and sent troops to attack the Vietnamese provinces of Ha-tien and An-giang and Vietnamese imperial forces in Laos and Cambodia.[6] The Siamese troops were accompanied by 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops under the command of Father Nguyen Van Tam.[1] These Siamese and Vietnamese forces were repelled in summer 1834 by General Truong Minh Giang.[7] Lê Văn Khôi died in 1834, during the siege, and was succeeded by his 8-year-old son Le Van Cu.[2]
Defeat and repression
Torture and execution of Father Joseph Marchand, on 5 November 1835
It took three years for Minh Mạng to quell the rebellion and the Siamese offensive. When the fortress of Phien An was invaded in September 1835,[6] 1,831 people were executed and buried in mass graves (now situated in District 3, Saigon).[2] Only six survivors were temporarily spared,[3] among whom were Le Van Cu, but also the French missionary Father Joseph Marchand, of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. Marchand had apparently been supporting the cause of Lê Văn Khôi, and asked for the help of the Siamese army, through communications to his counterpart in Siam, Father Taberd. This revealed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt.[2] Father Marchand was tortured and executed on 5 November 1835, as was the child Le Van Cu.[2]
The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the Christian communities of Vietnam.[5] New waves of persecutions against Christians followed, and demands were made to find and execute remaining missionaries.[1] Anti-Catholic edicts to this effect were issued by Minh Mạng in 1836 and 1838. In 1836–1837 six missionaries were executed: Ignacio Delgado, Dominico Henares, Jean-Charles Cornay, José Fernández, François Jaccard, and Bishop Pierre Borie.[8][9]
^ abNghia M. Vo – Saigon: A History – Page 53 2011 "The six principal leaders were sent to Huế to be executed. Among them were the French missionary Marchand, accused of being the leader of the Catholic rebel group; Nguyễn Văn Trấm, the leader of the hồi lương who took the command of the revolt after Lê Văn Khôi's death in 1834; and Lưu Tín, the Chinese leader."
Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-29622-2.
McLeod, Mark W. (1991). The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874. Praeger. ISBN0-275-93562-0.
Choi Byung, Wook (2004). Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): central policies and local response. SEAP Publications. ISBN0-87727-138-0.
May 10, 2023
văn, khôi, revolt, vietnamese, cuộc, nổi, dậy, văn, khôi, 1833, 1835, important, revolt, 19th, century, vietnam, which, southern, vietnamese, vietnamese, catholics, french, catholic, missionaries, chinese, settlers, under, leadership, văn, khôi, opposed, imper. The Le Văn Khoi revolt Vietnamese Cuộc nổi dậy Le Văn Khoi 1833 1835 was an important revolt in 19th century Vietnam in which southern Vietnamese Vietnamese Catholics French Catholic missionaries and Chinese settlers under the leadership of Le Văn Khoi opposed the Imperial rule of Emperor Minh Mạng Le Văn Khoi revoltPart of Siamese Vietnamese WarsThe Citadel of Saigon was taken over by the rebels on 18 May 1833 and held more than two years until September 1835 Date1833 1835LocationSouthern VietnamResultNguyễn dynasty victoryBelligerentsLe Văn Khoi rebelsSupported by Rattanakosin Kingdom Siam Nguyễn dynastyCommanders and leadersLe Văn Khoi Thai Cong TriềuNguyễn Văn Tam Le Văn Cu Joseph Marchand Minh MạngTống Phuc LươngNguyễn XuanPhan Văn ThuyTrương Minh GiảngTrần Văn NăngStrengthSiamese troops and 2 000 Vietnamese Catholic troops 1 UnknownCasualties and losses1 831 people were executed 2 Only 6 survivors were temporarily spared 3 Unknown Contents 1 Origin 2 Start of the revolt 2 1 Catholic support 2 2 Siamese support 3 Defeat and repression 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesOrigin EditThe revolt was caused by the prosecutions launched by Minh Mạng against southern factions which had opposed his rule and tended to be favourable to Christianity In particular Minh Mạng prosecuted Le Văn Duyệt a former faithful general of Emperor Gia Long who had opposed his enthronement 4 Since Le Văn Duyệt had already died in July 1832 his tomb was profaned and inscribed with the words This is the place where the infamous Le Văn Duyệt was punished 2 Start of the revolt Edit The Le Văn Khoi revolt sought the re establishment of the line of Prince Cảnh here during his 1787 visit in Paris Le Văn Khoi the adoptive son of general Le Văn Duyệt had also been imprisoned but managed to escape on 10 May 1833 2 Soon numerous people joined the revolt in the desire to avenge Le Văn Duyệt and challenge the legitimacy of the Nguyễn dynasty 5 Catholic support Edit Le Văn Khoi declared himself in favour of the restoration of the line of Prince Cảnh the original heir to Gia Long according to the rule of primogeniture in the person of his remaining son An hoa 6 This choice was designed to obtain the support of Catholic missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics who had supported the line of Prince Cảnh with Le Văn Duyệt 6 Le Văn Khoi further promised to protect Catholicism 6 On 18 May 1833 the rebels managed to take the Citadel of Saigon Thanh Phien an 6 Le Văn Khoi was able to conquer six provinces of Gia Dinh in the span of one month 2 The main actors of the revolt were Vietnamese Christians and Chinese settlers who had been suffering from the rule of Minh Mạng 5 Siamese support Edit As Minh Mạng raised an army to quell the rebellion Le Văn Khoi fortified himself into the Saigon fortress and asked for the help of the Siamese 2 Rama III king of Siam accepted the offer and sent troops to attack the Vietnamese provinces of Ha tien and An giang and Vietnamese imperial forces in Laos and Cambodia 6 The Siamese troops were accompanied by 2 000 Vietnamese Catholic troops under the command of Father Nguyen Van Tam 1 These Siamese and Vietnamese forces were repelled in summer 1834 by General Truong Minh Giang 7 Le Văn Khoi died in 1834 during the siege and was succeeded by his 8 year old son Le Van Cu 2 Defeat and repression Edit Torture and execution of Father Joseph Marchand on 5 November 1835 Execution of Jean Charles Cornay 20 September 1837 It took three years for Minh Mạng to quell the rebellion and the Siamese offensive When the fortress of Phien An was invaded in September 1835 6 1 831 people were executed and buried in mass graves now situated in District 3 Saigon 2 Only six survivors were temporarily spared 3 among whom were Le Van Cu but also the French missionary Father Joseph Marchand of the Paris Foreign Missions Society Marchand had apparently been supporting the cause of Le Văn Khoi and asked for the help of the Siamese army through communications to his counterpart in Siam Father Taberd This revealed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt 2 Father Marchand was tortured and executed on 5 November 1835 as was the child Le Van Cu 2 The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the Christian communities of Vietnam 5 New waves of persecutions against Christians followed and demands were made to find and execute remaining missionaries 1 Anti Catholic edicts to this effect were issued by Minh Mạng in 1836 and 1838 In 1836 1837 six missionaries were executed Ignacio Delgado Dominico Henares Jean Charles Cornay Jose Fernandez Francois Jaccard and Bishop Pierre Borie 8 9 See also EditKatip Sumat uprising Ja Thak Wa uprising Nong Văn Van s Rebellion Siamese Vietnamese War 1831 34 Notes Edit a b c McLeod p 31 a b c d e f g h i Chapuis p 192 a b Nghia M Vo Saigon A History Page 53 2011 The six principal leaders were sent to Huế to be executed Among them were the French missionary Marchand accused of being the leader of the Catholic rebel group Nguyễn Văn Trấm the leader of the hồi lương who took the command of the revolt after Le Văn Khoi s death in 1834 and Lưu Tin the Chinese leader Chapuis p 191 a b c Wook p 95 a b c d e f McLeod p 30 McLeod pp 30 31 McLeod p 32 The Cambridge History of Christianity p 517References EditChapuis Oscar 1995 A History of Vietnam From Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 29622 2 McLeod Mark W 1991 The Vietnamese response to French intervention 1862 1874 Praeger ISBN 0 275 93562 0 Choi Byung Wook 2004 Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng 1820 1841 central policies and local response SEAP Publications ISBN 0 87727 138 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Le Văn Khoi revolt amp oldid 1154113340, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
