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North Vietnam

North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa), was a socialist country supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976 and the country was recognized in 1954. Both the North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese states ceased to exist when they unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (Vietnamese)
1945–1976
Motto: "Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc"
"Independence – Liberty – Happiness"
Anthem: "Tiến Quân Ca"
"Army March"
Administrative territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Southeast Asia according to 1954 Geneva Accord is in dark green; land claimed, but not controlled is in light green.
StatusUnrecognized state (1945–1954)
Sovereign state (1954–1976)
Capital
and largest city
Hanoi
21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E / 21.02833°N 105.85417°E / 21.02833; 105.85417Coordinates: 21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E / 21.02833°N 105.85417°E / 21.02833; 105.85417
Official languagesVietnamese
Official scriptVietnamese alphabet
Religion
State atheism
Demonym(s)
GovernmentUnitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
Party Chairman
First Secretary
 
• 1945–1956
Trường Chinh
• 1956–1960
Hồ Chí Minh
• 1960–1976
Lê Duẩn
President 
• 1945–1969
Hồ Chí Minh
• 1969–1976
Tôn Đức Thắng
Prime Minister 
• 1945–1955
Hồ Chí Minh
• 1955–1976
Phạm Văn Đồng
LegislatureNational Assembly
Historical eraAftermath of World War II/Cold War
19 August 1945
2 September 1945
6 January 1946
6 March 1946
• Start of the Indochina War
19 December 1946
21 July 1954
• Start of the Vietnam War
1 November 1955
2 July 1976
Area
1945331,212 km2 (127,882 sq mi)
1955157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
1968331,212 km2 (127,882 sq mi)
Population
• 1945
c. 20 million[note 1]
• 1955
16,100,000 [1]
• 1968
18,700,000 [2]
• 1974
23,800,000 [1]
GDP (PPP)1960 estimate
• Total
4,113 million USD[3]
• Per capita
$51[4]
Currencyđồng
cash (until 1948)[5]
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Vietnamese alphabetViệt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa
Hán-Nôm越南民主共和國

During the August Revolution following World War II, Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh, leader of the Việt Minh Front, declared independence on 2 September 1945, announcing the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The Việt Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam"), led by communists, was created in 1941 and designed to appeal to a wider population than the Indochinese Communist Party could command.[6]

From the very beginning, the DRV regime sought to consolidate power by purging other nationalist movements.[7][8][9][10][11] Meanwhile, France moved in to reassert its colonial dominance over Vietnam. After the communist-led Việt Minh severely eliminated non-communist nationalist organizations, the First Indochina War burst out between the Việt Minh and the French in December 1946. During this guerrilla war, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas in Vietnam which led to French defeat in 1954. The negotiations in the Geneva Conference that year ended the war and recognized Vietnamese independence. The Geneva Accords provisionally divided the country into a northern and a southern zone along the 17th parallel, stipulating general elections scheduled for July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam".[12] The northern zone was controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and became commonly called North Vietnam, while the southern zone, under control of the de jure non-communist State of Vietnam was commonly called South Vietnam.

Supervision of the implementation of the Geneva Accords was the responsibility of an international commission consisting of India, Canada, and Poland, respectively representing the non-aligned, the capitalist, and the communist blocs. The United States, however, did not sign the Geneva Accords and stated that it "shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly".[13] The State of Vietnam strongly opposed the partition of the country.[14] In July 1955, its prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, announced that South Vietnam would not participate in elections, claiming that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords and was therefore not bound by it,[15] and raising concerns that an unfree election would occur under the communist regime in North Vietnam.[14]

Failure to unify the country by referendum led to the Vietnam War in 1955. The North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam and the South Vietnam-based Việt Cộng guerrilla fought against the military of South Vietnam (by then the Republic of Vietnam) and were backed by their communist allies, mainly China and the Soviet Union.[16] To prevent other countries from becoming communist in Southeast Asia, the United States intervened in the conflict along with other capitalist forces from South Korea, Australia and Thailand, who heavily supported South Vietnam militarily. The conflict spread to neighboring countries and North Vietnam supported the Pathet Lao in Laos and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia against their respective US-backed governments. By 1973 the United States and its allies had been forced to withdraw from the war, and the unsupported South Vietnam was swiftly overrun by the superior Northern forces.

The Vietnam War ended on 30 April 1975 and saw South Vietnam come under the control of a Provisional Revolutionary Government, which led to the reunification of Vietnam on 2 July 1976, creating the Socialist Republic of Vietnam of today. The expanded Socialist Republic retained North Vietnam's political culture under Soviet influence and continued its existing memberships in international organisations such as COMECON.[17]

Etymology

The official name of the North Vietnamese state was the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa). The South was known as the "Republic of Vietnam".

Việt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation: [vjə̀tnam]) was the name adopted by Emperor Gia Long in 1804.[18] It is a variation of "Nam Việt" (南 越, Southern Việt), a name used in ancient times.[18] In 1839, Emperor Minh Mạng renamed the country Đại Nam ("Great South").[19] In 1945, the nation's official name was changed back to "Vietnam". The name is also sometimes rendered as "Viet Nam" in English.[20] The term "North Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non-communist parts.

History

Leadership under Hồ Chí Minh (1945–1969)

Proclamation of the republic

 
A propaganda drawing on Sự Thật, the Vietnamese Pravda.
 
The North Vietnamese government in 1946.
 
Ho Chi Minh declaring independence at Ba Dinh Square on September 2nd, 1945

After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II. Soon after Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945, the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on 2 September 1945 establishing a new government for the entire country replacing the Nguyễn dynasty.[21] Hồ Chí Minh became leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was opposed to a return to French rule in Indochina, and the U.S. was supportive of the Viet Minh at this time.[22]

Early republic

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh claimed dominion over all of Vietnam, but during this time Southern Vietnam was in profound political disorder. The successive collapse of French, then Japanese power, followed by the dissension among the political factions in Saigon had been accompanied by widespread violence in the countryside.[23][24] On 16 August 1945, Hồ Chí Minh organized the National Congress in Tân Trào. The Congress adopted 10 major policies of the Việt Minh, passing the General Uprising Order, selecting the national flag of Vietnam, choosing the national anthem and selecting the National Committee for the Liberation of Vietnam, which later became the Provisional Revolutionary Government led by Hồ Chí Minh. On 12 September 1945, the first British troops arrived in Saigon, and on 23 September 28 days after the people of Saigon seized political power, French troops occupied the police stations, the post office, and other public buildings. The salient political fact of life in Northern Vietnam was that the Chinese Nationalist Army occupied it, and the Chinese presence had forced Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese-backed Viet Nationalists. In June 1946, Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi, and on 15 June, the last detachments embarked at Haiphong. After the departure of the British in 1946, the French controlled a part of Cochinchina, South Central Coast, Central Highlands since the end to the Southern Resistance War. In January 1946, the Viet Minh held an nationwide election across all the provinces to establish a National Assembly. Public enthusiasm for this event suggests that the Viet Minh enjoyed a great deal of popularity at this time, although there were few competitive races and the party makeup of the Assembly was determined in advance of the vote.[note 2] Despite not joining the election, Việt Cách and Việt Quốc gained 70 seats in the National Assembly for establishing the unified government.[28]

In September 1945, the Việt Minh held secret meetings with Vietnamese Revolutionary League (Việt Cách) (18 September 1945) and Vietnamese Nationalist Party (Việt Quốc) (19 September 1945). In these two meetings, Nguyễn Hải Thần represented Việt Cách and Nguyễn Tường Tam represent Việt Quốc. Hồ Chí Minh agreed to unite the Việt Minh with Việt Cách and Việt Quốc. Thus, the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by the Việt Minh would receive the financial and political support of the Republic of China. For this proposal, within the Việt Minh there were many different opinions. Võ Nguyên Giáp disagreed with the suggestion that the proposals were not valid and not honest, as if replacing French colonialism with Chinese domination, but Hoàng Minh Giám thought that the unification of Vietnam with the Nationalist parties will reduce opposition and strengthen the power of the Việt Minh, as the Chinese are relieved and the French have to worry. Eventually the Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh refused to merge with the Pro-Chinese Việt Cách and the Việt Quốc League.[29]

On 6 January 1946, President Hồ Chí Minh held the nationwide General Election which voted for the first time and passed the Constitution. Many parties did not have the right to participate in General Elections seeking to undermine. These parties claimed to be the only Việt Minh communist, the government in the hands of the Việt Minh want anyone to win it. The two opposition parties in the government are the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (Việt Quốc) and the Vietnam Cách mệnh Đồng minh (Việt Cách) did not participate in the election although Hồ Chí Minh previously sent a letter to Nguyễn Hải Thần leader of Việt Cách and Vũ Hồng Khanh leader of Việt Quốc. Hồ Chí Minh invited Việt Quốc and Việt Cách to attend the General Election and urged the two sides not to attack each other with words or actions until the Congress opens. Former Prime Minister Trần Trọng Kim said there were places where people were forced to vote for the Việt Minh.[30] According to the Việt Minh, the election was fair.[30] Despite being campaigned by many parties to campaign for the people to boycott the election and block the election in some places, where there are self-nominated candidates, publicly run, free elections are taking place everywhere. After the election results are announced, the truth is not the same as the propaganda parties. Many prestigious delegates of classes, religions and ethnic groups were elected in the First National Assembly, most of them not party members.[31]

The presence of Chiang Kai-shek's army up to that time ensured the survival of Việt Quốc and Việt Cách. These two parties did not have a cohesive program to enlist the people like the Việt Minh.[32] The leaders of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party and the Việt Cách Revolutionary Party are far from having comparable qualities with Hồ Chí Minh, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and other responsible Việt Minh members. When the Chinese nationalist army withdrew from Vietnam on 15 June 1946, in one way or another, Võ Nguyễn Giáp decided that the Việt Minh had to completely control the government. Võ Nguyễn Giáp is in immediate action with the goal of spreading Việt Minh leadership: the Allied Powers are supported by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (according to Cecil B. Currey, this organization borrows the revolutionary name of Vietnamese Nationalist Party of 1930 was founded by Nguyễn Thái Học and, according to David G. Marr, the Vietnamese Communist Party under Hồ Chí Minh tried to ban the Vietnamese Nationalist Party[33] betraying the revolutionary cause of Nguyễn Thái Học in 1930. By the end of 1945, many people still did not believe in it[vague].) Võ Nguyễn Giáp gradually sought to phase out opposition such as the pro-Japan nationalist groups, the Trotskyists, the anti-French nationalists, and the Catholic group called "Catholic soldiers". On 19 June 1946, the Việt Minh Journal reportedly vehemently criticized "reactionaries sabotage the Franco-Vietnamese preliminary agreement on 6 March". Shortly thereafter, Võ Nguyễn Giáp began a campaign to pursue opposition parties by police and military forces controlled by the Việt Minh with the help of the French authorities.[citation needed] He also used soldiers, Japanese officers who had volunteered to stay in Vietnam and some of the supplies provided by France (in Hòn Gai French troops provided the Việt Minh with cannons to kill some of the positions commanded by the Great Occupation) in this campaign.[citation needed]

When France declared Cochinchina, the southern third of Vietnam, a separate state as the "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" in June 1946, Vietnamese nationalists reacted with fury. In November, the National Assembly adopted the first Constitution of the Republic.[34]

During the First Indochina War

 
Flag of the DRV during the Indochina War

In the wake of the Hai Phong incident and the deterioration of the Fontainebleau Agreements, the French reoccupied Hanoi and the First Indochina War (1946–54) followed, during which many urban areas fell under French control. Following the Chinese Communist Revolution (1946–50), Chinese communist forces arrived on the border in 1949. Chinese aid revived the fortunes of the Viet Minh and transformed it from a guerrilla militia into a standing army. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 transformed what had been an anti-colonial struggle into a Cold War battleground, with the U.S. providing financial support to the French.

Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam

Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954 at the end of the First Indochina War, more than one million North Vietnamese migrated to South Vietnam,[35] under the U.S.-led evacuation campaign named Operation Passage to Freedom,[36] with an estimated 60% of the north's one million Catholics fleeing south.[37][38] The Catholic migration is attributed to an expectation of persecution of Catholics by the North Vietnamese government, as well as publicity employed by the Saigon government of the President Ngo Dinh Diem.[39] The CIA ran a propaganda campaign to get Catholics to come to the south. However Colonel Edward Lansdale, the man credited with the campaign, rejected the notion that his campaign had much effect on popular sentiment.[40] The Viet Minh sought to detain or otherwise prevent would-be refugees from leaving, such as through intimidation through military presence, shutting down ferry services and water traffic, or prohibiting mass gatherings.[41] Concurrently, between 14,000 and 45,000 civilians and approximately 100,000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction.[37][42][43]

Presidency of Tôn Đức Thắng (1969–1976)

During the Vietnam War

Reunification

After the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, or Vietcong, alongside the North Vietnamese Army, governed South Vietnam for the next year. However it was seen as a vassal government of North Vietnam.[44][45][46] North and South Vietnam were officially reunited on 2 July 1976 as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The merged country's government was dominated by holdovers from North Vietnam, and adopted the North Vietnamese constitution, flag and anthem.

Land reform

Land reform was an integral part of the Viet Minh and communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam. A Viet Minh Land Reform Law of 4 December 1953 called for (1) confiscation of land belonging to landlords who were enemies of the regime; (2) requisition of land from landlords not judged to be enemies; and (3) purchase with payment in bonds. The land reform was carried out from 1953 to 1956. Some farming areas did not undergo land reform but only rent reduction and the highland areas occupied by minority peoples were not substantially impacted. Some land was retained by the government but most was distributed without payment with priority given to Viet Minh fighters and their families.[47] The total number of rural people impacted by the land reform program was more than 4 million. The rent reduction program impacted nearly 8 million people.[48]

Results

The land reform program was a success in terms of distributing much land to poor and landless peasants and reducing or eliminating the land holdings of landlords (địa chủ) and rich peasants. By 1960, there were 40,000 cooperatives spanning nearly nine-tenths of all farmland. The program, proceeded by a Three Year Plan (1957-1960), lifted agricultural production to 5.4 million tonnes or over double pre-Indochina War levels. [49]

However, it was carried out with violence and repression primarily directed against large landowners identified, sometimes incorrectly, as landlords.[50] On 18 August 1956, North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform program. Too many farmers, he said, had been incorrectly classified as "landlords" and executed or imprisoned and too many mistakes had been made in redistributing land. Severe rioting protesting the excesses of the land reform program broke out in November 1956 in one largely Catholic rural district. About 1,000 people were killed or injured and several thousand imprisoned. Democratic Republic of Vietnam initiated a "correction campaign" which by 1958 had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform.[51] As part of the correction campaign as many as 23,748 political prisoners were released by North Vietnam by September 1957.[52]

Executions

Executions and imprisonment of persons classified as "landlords" or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program. A Politburo document dated 4 May 1953 said that executions were "fixed in principle at the ratio of one per one thousand people of the total population."[53] The number of persons actually executed by communist cadre carrying out the land reform program has been variously estimated. Some estimates of those killed range up to 200,000.[54] Other scholarship has concluded that the higher estimates were based on political propaganda emanating from South Vietnam and that the actual total of those executed was probably much lower. Scholar Edwin E. Moise estimated the total number of executions at between 3,000 and 15,000 and later came up with a more precise figure of 13,500.[55] Moise's conclusions were supported by documents of diplomats from Hungary (occupied by the Soviet Union), living in Democratic Republic of Vietnam at the time of the land reform.[56] Author Michael Lind in a 2013 book gives a similar estimate of "at least ten or fifteen thousand" executed.[57]

Collective farming

The ultimate objective of the land reform program of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government was not to achieve equitable distribution of farmland but rather the organization of all farmers into co-operatives in which land and other factors of agricultural production would be owned and used collectively.[58] The first steps after the 1953–1956 land reform were the encouragement by the government of labor exchanges in which farmers would unite to exchange labor; secondly in 1958 and 1959 was the formation of "low level cooperatives" in which farmers cooperated in production. By 1961, 86 percent of farmers were members of low-level cooperatives. The third step beginning in 1961 was to organize "high level cooperatives", true collective farming in which land and resources were utilized collectively without individual ownership of land.[59] By 1971, the great majority of farmers in North Vietnam were organized into high-level cooperatives. After the reunification of Vietnam, collective farms were abandoned gradually in the 1980s and 1990s.[60]

Administrative divisions

"The administrative units in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam are as follows:

  • The country is divided into provinces (tỉnh), autonomous regions (khu tự trị), and centrally run cities (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương);
  • The province is divided into districts (huyện), cities (thành phố), and towns (thị xã);
  • The district is divided into communes (xã) and townships (thị trấn).
  • Administrative units in the autonomous region are statutory."

— Article 78, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam – 1959 (Điều 78, Hiến pháp Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa – 1959).

Autonomous regions

 
The autonomous regions of North Vietnam on a map of its provinces created by the government of the United States.

North Vietnam established a system of autonomous regions (Vietnamese: Khu tự trị) similar to (and based on) the autonomous regions of China.[61][62][63] In recognising the traditional separatism of tribal minorities, this policy of accommodationism gave them self-government in exchange for acceptance of Hanoi’s control. [64]These regions existed from 1955 but following the merger of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of South Vietnam the system of autonomous regions wasn't continued and were fully abolished by 1978.[61]

List of North Vietnamese autonomous regions and their subsidiary provinces:[61]

Foreign relations

South Vietnam

From 1960, the North Vietnamese government went to war with the Republic of Vietnam via its proxy the Viet Cong, in an attempt to annex South Vietnam and reunify Vietnam under a communist party.[65] North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces and supplies were sent along the Ho Chi Minh trail. In 1964 the United States sent combat troops to South Vietnam to support the South Vietnamese government, but the U.S. had advisors there since 1950. Other nations, including Australia, the Republic of Korea, Thailand and New Zealand also contributed troops and military aid to South Vietnam's war effort. China, DPRK and the Soviet Union provided aid to and troops in support of North Vietnamese military activities. This was known as the Vietnam War, or the American War in Vietnam itself (1955–75). In addition to the Viet Cong in South Vietnam, other communist insurgencies also operated within neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Khmer Republic, both formerly part of the French colonial territory of Indochina. These were the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Rouge, respectively. These insurgencies were aided by the North Vietnamese government, which sent troops to fight alongside them.

Communist and capitalist states

 
Ho Chi Minh with East German Young Pioneers near East Berlin, 1957

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was diplomatically isolated by many capitalist states, and many other anti-communist states worldwide throughout most of the North's history, as these states extended recognition only to the anti-communist government of South Vietnam. North Vietnam however, was recognized by almost all Communist countries, such as the Soviet Union and other Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, China, North Korea, and Cuba, and received aid from these nations. North Vietnam refused to establish diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia from 1950 to 1957, perhaps reflecting Hanoi's deference to the Soviet line on the Yugoslav government of Josip Broz Tito, and North Vietnamese officials continued to be critical of Tito after relations were established.[66]

Several non-aligned countries also recognized North Vietnam. Similar to India, most accorded North Vietnam de facto rather than de jure (formal) recognition.[67] In the case of Algeria however, relations between the DRV and Algeria were much closer as a result of clandestine weapon transfers from the former to the latter during the Algerian War, with Algeria placing a draft resolution in the 1973 summit of the Non-Aligned Movement calling on its members to support the DRV and PRG.[68]

In 1969, Sweden became the first Western country to extend full diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam.[69] Many other Western countries followed suit in the 1970s, such as the government of Australia under Gough Whitlam. By December 1972, 49 countries had established diplomatic relations with North Vietnam,[70] and in 1973 more countries such as France established or reestablished their relations with the DRV.[70]

International Relations of
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Region Nation/State
Asia (5) Maoist China, India, Iraq, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Syria, South Yemen
Americas (1) Cuba
Europe (13) Albania, Bulgaria, Byelorussian S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, France, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union, Sweden, Ukrainian S.S.R., Yugoslavia
Africa (3) Algeria, Congo, Libya
Oceania (1) Australia

Japan

 
The document establishing official bilateral relations between Japan and North Vietnam signed in Paris, France on 21 September 1973.

Despite there not being any official diplomatic ties between Japan and North Vietnam between 1954 and 1973, private exchanges were gradually being rebuilt. In March 1955 the Japanese Japan–Vietnam Friendship Association was created and in August of that year the Japan–Vietnam Trade Association was established.[71] Meanwhile, in 1965 North Vietnamese Vietnam–Japan Friendship Association would be established to help maintain unofficial relations between the two countries.[71]

During the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 1970s, Japan consistently encouraged a negotiated settlement at the earliest possible date. Even before the hostilities ended, it had made contact with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) government and had reached an agreement to establish diplomatic relations in September 1973. On 21 September 1973, Japan and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) signed the "Exchange of Notes Concerning the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Japan and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam" in Paris, this document was in the French language and restored the diplomatic relations between Japan and North Vietnam.[71] On the Japanese side the document was signed by Yoshihiro Nakayama, the Japanese Ambassador to France, while for the North Vietnamese side the document was signed by the Charge d'Affaires ad interim of North Vietnam to France Võ Văn Sung.[71] Implementation, however, was delayed by North Vietnamese demands that Japan pay the equivalent of US$45 million in World War II reparations in two yearly installments, in the form of "economic cooperation" grants. Giving in to the Vietnamese demands, Japan paid the money and opened an embassy in Hanoi on 11 October 1975, following the unification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[72]

Earlier, the Japanese already gave similar funding to the South Vietnamese, which also re-established official diplomatic relations with Japan during the same period.[71]

With the re-establishment of relations between Japan and North Vietnam the Japanese agreed to resolve what are termed "unsolved problems", which after earlier negotiations in Vientiane, Kingdom of Laos, these "unsolved problems" revolved around grants given by the Japanese State to North Vietnam.[71] Between 1973 and 1975 the Japanese and North Vietnamese governments held over 20 both official and unofficial meetings, on 6 October 1975 both sides finally reached and agreement and the Japanese would provide the North Vietnamese with an endowment worth 13.5 billion yen.[71] Of this money, 8.5 billion yen would be used to purchase heavy farmland cultivation machinery as well as public works provided by Japanese-owned corporations.[71]

After diplomatic relations were re-established, in 1975, Japan would open an embassy in Hanoi and North Vietnam would open an embassy in Tokyo.[71]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ No clear number due to internal turmoil in 1945, circa 20 million population based on last reliable estimate of 22.6 million people in 1943 (Barbieri, p.625) and her estimate of 400,000 to 2 million dying from 1944–45 famine.
  2. ^ Although former emperor Bao Dai was also popular at this time and won a seat in the Assembly, the election did not allow voters to express a preference between Bao Dai and Ho Chi Minh. It was held publicly in northern and central Vietnam, but secretly in Cochinchina, the southern third of Vietnam. There was minimal campaigning and most voters had no idea who the candidates were.[25] In many districts, a single candidate ran unopposed.[26] Party representation in the Assembly was publicly announced before the election was held.[27]

References

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  2. ^ "The Manpower Situation in North Vietnam" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. January 1968.
  3. ^ A G Vinogradov (2015). Economic growth around the world from ancient times to the present day: Statistical Tables. Part 1. pp. 88–89.
  4. ^ Vuong, Quan Hoang (2004). "Fledgling Financial Markets in Vietnam's Transition Economy, 1986–2003". Retrieved 3 November 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)". Howard A. Daniel III (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue). 20 April 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  6. ^ ' Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Movement in Indochina, A Study in the Exploitation of Nationalism 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine (1953), Folder 11, Box 02, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 13 – The Early History of Vietnam, The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University.'
  7. ^ Marr (2013), pp. 383–441.
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  9. ^ McHale, Shawn (2004). "Freedom, Violence, and the Struggle over the Public Arena in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1958". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 81–99. ISBN 9782846540643.
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  15. ^ Ang Cheng Guan (1997). Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-0404-9. from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  16. ^ Julia Lovell, Maoism: A Global History (2019) pp 223–265.
  17. ^ "Author Tim O'Brien, voice of the Vietnam War experience".[permanent dead link].
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Further reading

  • Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. (2012). Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807882696.
  • Marr, David G. (2013). Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520954977.
  • Asselin, Pierre (2013). Hanoi's Road to the Vietnam War, 1954–1965. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520956551.
  • Asselin, Pierre (2018). Vietnam's American War: A History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316222591.
  • Holcombe, Alec (2020). Mass Mobilization in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1960. University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 9780824884475. JSTOR j.ctv105bb0z.

External links

  •   Media related to North Vietnam at Wikimedia Commons
  • Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 11 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Preceded by Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1945–1976
Succeeded by

north, vietnam, region, vietnam, northern, vietnam, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, democratic, republic, vietnam, redirects, here, other, uses, vietnam, disambiguation, officially, democratic, republic, vietnam, vietnamese, việt, dân, chủ, cộng,. For the region of Vietnam see Northern Vietnam NVN redirects here For other uses see NVN disambiguation Democratic Republic of Vietnam redirects here For other uses see Vietnam disambiguation North Vietnam officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam DRV Vietnamese Việt Nam Dan chủ Cộng hoa was a socialist country supported by the Soviet Union USSR and the People s Republic of China PRC in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976 and the country was recognized in 1954 Both the North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese states ceased to exist when they unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Democratic Republic of VietnamViệt Nam Dan chủ Cộng hoa Vietnamese 1945 1976Flag 1955 1976 Emblem 1955 1976 Motto Độc lập Tự do Hạnh phuc Independence Liberty Happiness Anthem Tiến Quan Ca Army March source source track track track track track track track track Administrative territory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Southeast Asia according to 1954 Geneva Accord is in dark green land claimed but not controlled is in light green StatusUnrecognized state 1945 1954 Sovereign state 1954 1976 Capitaland largest cityHanoi21 01 42 N 105 51 15 E 21 02833 N 105 85417 E 21 02833 105 85417 Coordinates 21 01 42 N 105 51 15 E 21 02833 N 105 85417 E 21 02833 105 85417Official languagesVietnameseOfficial scriptVietnamese alphabetReligionState atheismDemonym s North VietnameseVietnameseGovernmentUnitary Marxist Leninist one party socialist republicParty Chairman First Secretary 1945 1956Trường Chinh 1956 1960Hồ Chi Minh 1960 1976Le DuẩnPresident 1945 1969Hồ Chi Minh 1969 1976Ton Đức ThắngPrime Minister 1945 1955Hồ Chi Minh 1955 1976Phạm Văn ĐồngLegislatureNational AssemblyHistorical eraAftermath of World War II Cold War August Revolution19 August 1945 Declaration of Independence2 September 1945 Legislative election6 January 1946 Ho Sainteny agreement6 March 1946 Start of the Indochina War19 December 1946 Geneva Accords21 July 1954 Start of the Vietnam War1 November 1955 Reunification2 July 1976Area1945331 212 km2 127 882 sq mi 1955157 880 km2 60 960 sq mi 1968331 212 km2 127 882 sq mi Population 1945c 20 million note 1 195516 100 000 1 196818 700 000 2 197423 800 000 1 GDP PPP 1960 estimate Total4 113 million USD 3 Per capita 51 4 Currencyđồngcash until 1948 5 Preceded by Succeeded by1945 Empire of Vietnam1954 French Indochina VietnamDemocratic Republic of VietnamVietnamese alphabetViệt Nam Dan chủ Cộng hoaHan Nom越南民主共和國During the August Revolution following World War II Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ Chi Minh leader of the Việt Minh Front declared independence on 2 September 1945 announcing the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam The Việt Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam led by communists was created in 1941 and designed to appeal to a wider population than the Indochinese Communist Party could command 6 From the very beginning the DRV regime sought to consolidate power by purging other nationalist movements 7 8 9 10 11 Meanwhile France moved in to reassert its colonial dominance over Vietnam After the communist led Việt Minh severely eliminated non communist nationalist organizations the First Indochina War burst out between the Việt Minh and the French in December 1946 During this guerrilla war the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas in Vietnam which led to French defeat in 1954 The negotiations in the Geneva Conference that year ended the war and recognized Vietnamese independence The Geneva Accords provisionally divided the country into a northern and a southern zone along the 17th parallel stipulating general elections scheduled for July 1956 to bring about the unification of Viet Nam 12 The northern zone was controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and became commonly called North Vietnam while the southern zone under control of the de jure non communist State of Vietnam was commonly called South Vietnam Supervision of the implementation of the Geneva Accords was the responsibility of an international commission consisting of India Canada and Poland respectively representing the non aligned the capitalist and the communist blocs The United States however did not sign the Geneva Accords and stated that it shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly 13 The State of Vietnam strongly opposed the partition of the country 14 In July 1955 its prime minister Ngo Đinh Diệm announced that South Vietnam would not participate in elections claiming that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords and was therefore not bound by it 15 and raising concerns that an unfree election would occur under the communist regime in North Vietnam 14 Failure to unify the country by referendum led to the Vietnam War in 1955 The North Vietnamese People s Army of Vietnam and the South Vietnam based Việt Cộng guerrilla fought against the military of South Vietnam by then the Republic of Vietnam and were backed by their communist allies mainly China and the Soviet Union 16 To prevent other countries from becoming communist in Southeast Asia the United States intervened in the conflict along with other capitalist forces from South Korea Australia and Thailand who heavily supported South Vietnam militarily The conflict spread to neighboring countries and North Vietnam supported the Pathet Lao in Laos and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia against their respective US backed governments By 1973 the United States and its allies had been forced to withdraw from the war and the unsupported South Vietnam was swiftly overrun by the superior Northern forces The Vietnam War ended on 30 April 1975 and saw South Vietnam come under the control of a Provisional Revolutionary Government which led to the reunification of Vietnam on 2 July 1976 creating the Socialist Republic of Vietnam of today The expanded Socialist Republic retained North Vietnam s political culture under Soviet influence and continued its existing memberships in international organisations such as COMECON 17 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Leadership under Hồ Chi Minh 1945 1969 2 1 1 Proclamation of the republic 2 1 2 Early republic 2 1 3 During the First Indochina War 2 1 4 Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam 2 2 Presidency of Ton Đức Thắng 1969 1976 2 2 1 During the Vietnam War 2 2 2 Reunification 3 Land reform 3 1 Results 3 2 Executions 3 3 Collective farming 4 Administrative divisions 4 1 Autonomous regions 5 Foreign relations 5 1 South Vietnam 5 2 Communist and capitalist states 5 3 Japan 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEtymology EditMain article Names of Vietnam The official name of the North Vietnamese state was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Vietnamese Việt Nam Dan chủ Cộng hoa The South was known as the Republic of Vietnam Việt Nam Vietnamese pronunciation vje tnam was the name adopted by Emperor Gia Long in 1804 18 It is a variation of Nam Việt 南 越 Southern Việt a name used in ancient times 18 In 1839 Emperor Minh Mạng renamed the country Đại Nam Great South 19 In 1945 the nation s official name was changed back to Vietnam The name is also sometimes rendered as Viet Nam in English 20 The term North Vietnam became common usage in 1954 when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non communist parts History EditLeadership under Hồ Chi Minh 1945 1969 Edit Further information Ho Chi Minh Proclamation of the republic Edit A propaganda drawing on Sự Thật the Vietnamese Pravda The North Vietnamese government in 1946 Ho Chi Minh declaring independence at Ba Dinh Square on September 2nd 1945 After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II Soon after Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945 the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on 2 September 1945 establishing a new government for the entire country replacing the Nguyễn dynasty 21 Hồ Chi Minh became leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam U S President Franklin D Roosevelt was opposed to a return to French rule in Indochina and the U S was supportive of the Viet Minh at this time 22 Early republic Edit The Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh claimed dominion over all of Vietnam but during this time Southern Vietnam was in profound political disorder The successive collapse of French then Japanese power followed by the dissension among the political factions in Saigon had been accompanied by widespread violence in the countryside 23 24 On 16 August 1945 Hồ Chi Minh organized the National Congress in Tan Trao The Congress adopted 10 major policies of the Việt Minh passing the General Uprising Order selecting the national flag of Vietnam choosing the national anthem and selecting the National Committee for the Liberation of Vietnam which later became the Provisional Revolutionary Government led by Hồ Chi Minh On 12 September 1945 the first British troops arrived in Saigon and on 23 September 28 days after the people of Saigon seized political power French troops occupied the police stations the post office and other public buildings The salient political fact of life in Northern Vietnam was that the Chinese Nationalist Army occupied it and the Chinese presence had forced Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese backed Viet Nationalists In June 1946 Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi and on 15 June the last detachments embarked at Haiphong After the departure of the British in 1946 the French controlled a part of Cochinchina South Central Coast Central Highlands since the end to the Southern Resistance War In January 1946 the Viet Minh held an nationwide election across all the provinces to establish a National Assembly Public enthusiasm for this event suggests that the Viet Minh enjoyed a great deal of popularity at this time although there were few competitive races and the party makeup of the Assembly was determined in advance of the vote note 2 Despite not joining the election Việt Cach and Việt Quốc gained 70 seats in the National Assembly for establishing the unified government 28 In September 1945 the Việt Minh held secret meetings with Vietnamese Revolutionary League Việt Cach 18 September 1945 and Vietnamese Nationalist Party Việt Quốc 19 September 1945 In these two meetings Nguyễn Hải Thần represented Việt Cach and Nguyễn Tường Tam represent Việt Quốc Hồ Chi Minh agreed to unite the Việt Minh with Việt Cach and Việt Quốc Thus the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by the Việt Minh would receive the financial and political support of the Republic of China For this proposal within the Việt Minh there were many different opinions Vo Nguyen Giap disagreed with the suggestion that the proposals were not valid and not honest as if replacing French colonialism with Chinese domination but Hoang Minh Giam thought that the unification of Vietnam with the Nationalist parties will reduce opposition and strengthen the power of the Việt Minh as the Chinese are relieved and the French have to worry Eventually the Việt Minh under Hồ Chi Minh refused to merge with the Pro Chinese Việt Cach and the Việt Quốc League 29 On 6 January 1946 President Hồ Chi Minh held the nationwide General Election which voted for the first time and passed the Constitution Many parties did not have the right to participate in General Elections seeking to undermine These parties claimed to be the only Việt Minh communist the government in the hands of the Việt Minh want anyone to win it The two opposition parties in the government are the Vietnamese Nationalist Party Việt Quốc and the Vietnam Cach mệnh Đồng minh Việt Cach did not participate in the election although Hồ Chi Minh previously sent a letter to Nguyễn Hải Thần leader of Việt Cach and Vũ Hồng Khanh leader of Việt Quốc Hồ Chi Minh invited Việt Quốc and Việt Cach to attend the General Election and urged the two sides not to attack each other with words or actions until the Congress opens Former Prime Minister Trần Trọng Kim said there were places where people were forced to vote for the Việt Minh 30 According to the Việt Minh the election was fair 30 Despite being campaigned by many parties to campaign for the people to boycott the election and block the election in some places where there are self nominated candidates publicly run free elections are taking place everywhere After the election results are announced the truth is not the same as the propaganda parties Many prestigious delegates of classes religions and ethnic groups were elected in the First National Assembly most of them not party members 31 The presence of Chiang Kai shek s army up to that time ensured the survival of Việt Quốc and Việt Cach These two parties did not have a cohesive program to enlist the people like the Việt Minh 32 The leaders of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party and the Việt Cach Revolutionary Party are far from having comparable qualities with Hồ Chi Minh Vo Nguyen Giap and other responsible Việt Minh members When the Chinese nationalist army withdrew from Vietnam on 15 June 1946 in one way or another Vo Nguyễn Giap decided that the Việt Minh had to completely control the government Vo Nguyễn Giap is in immediate action with the goal of spreading Việt Minh leadership the Allied Powers are supported by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party according to Cecil B Currey this organization borrows the revolutionary name of Vietnamese Nationalist Party of 1930 was founded by Nguyễn Thai Học and according to David G Marr the Vietnamese Communist Party under Hồ Chi Minh tried to ban the Vietnamese Nationalist Party 33 betraying the revolutionary cause of Nguyễn Thai Học in 1930 By the end of 1945 many people still did not believe in it vague Vo Nguyễn Giap gradually sought to phase out opposition such as the pro Japan nationalist groups the Trotskyists the anti French nationalists and the Catholic group called Catholic soldiers On 19 June 1946 the Việt Minh Journal reportedly vehemently criticized reactionaries sabotage the Franco Vietnamese preliminary agreement on 6 March Shortly thereafter Vo Nguyễn Giap began a campaign to pursue opposition parties by police and military forces controlled by the Việt Minh with the help of the French authorities citation needed He also used soldiers Japanese officers who had volunteered to stay in Vietnam and some of the supplies provided by France in Hon Gai French troops provided the Việt Minh with cannons to kill some of the positions commanded by the Great Occupation in this campaign citation needed When France declared Cochinchina the southern third of Vietnam a separate state as the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina in June 1946 Vietnamese nationalists reacted with fury In November the National Assembly adopted the first Constitution of the Republic 34 During the First Indochina War Edit Further information First Indochina War Flag of the DRV during the Indochina War In the wake of the Hai Phong incident and the deterioration of the Fontainebleau Agreements the French reoccupied Hanoi and the First Indochina War 1946 54 followed during which many urban areas fell under French control Following the Chinese Communist Revolution 1946 50 Chinese communist forces arrived on the border in 1949 Chinese aid revived the fortunes of the Viet Minh and transformed it from a guerrilla militia into a standing army The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 transformed what had been an anti colonial struggle into a Cold War battleground with the U S providing financial support to the French Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam Edit Further information Operation Passage to Freedom and Geneva Conference 1954 Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954 at the end of the First Indochina War more than one million North Vietnamese migrated to South Vietnam 35 under the U S led evacuation campaign named Operation Passage to Freedom 36 with an estimated 60 of the north s one million Catholics fleeing south 37 38 The Catholic migration is attributed to an expectation of persecution of Catholics by the North Vietnamese government as well as publicity employed by the Saigon government of the President Ngo Dinh Diem 39 The CIA ran a propaganda campaign to get Catholics to come to the south However Colonel Edward Lansdale the man credited with the campaign rejected the notion that his campaign had much effect on popular sentiment 40 The Viet Minh sought to detain or otherwise prevent would be refugees from leaving such as through intimidation through military presence shutting down ferry services and water traffic or prohibiting mass gatherings 41 Concurrently between 14 000 and 45 000 civilians and approximately 100 000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction 37 42 43 Presidency of Ton Đức Thắng 1969 1976 Edit Further information Ton Đức Thắng During the Vietnam War Edit Further information Vietnam War Reunification Edit After the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam or Vietcong alongside the North Vietnamese Army governed South Vietnam for the next year However it was seen as a vassal government of North Vietnam 44 45 46 North and South Vietnam were officially reunited on 2 July 1976 as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam The merged country s government was dominated by holdovers from North Vietnam and adopted the North Vietnamese constitution flag and anthem Land reform EditMain articles Land reform in Vietnam and Land reform in North Vietnam Land reform was an integral part of the Viet Minh and communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam A Viet Minh Land Reform Law of 4 December 1953 called for 1 confiscation of land belonging to landlords who were enemies of the regime 2 requisition of land from landlords not judged to be enemies and 3 purchase with payment in bonds The land reform was carried out from 1953 to 1956 Some farming areas did not undergo land reform but only rent reduction and the highland areas occupied by minority peoples were not substantially impacted Some land was retained by the government but most was distributed without payment with priority given to Viet Minh fighters and their families 47 The total number of rural people impacted by the land reform program was more than 4 million The rent reduction program impacted nearly 8 million people 48 Results Edit The land reform program was a success in terms of distributing much land to poor and landless peasants and reducing or eliminating the land holdings of landlords địa chủ and rich peasants By 1960 there were 40 000 cooperatives spanning nearly nine tenths of all farmland The program proceeded by a Three Year Plan 1957 1960 lifted agricultural production to 5 4 million tonnes or over double pre Indochina War levels 49 However it was carried out with violence and repression primarily directed against large landowners identified sometimes incorrectly as landlords 50 On 18 August 1956 North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform program Too many farmers he said had been incorrectly classified as landlords and executed or imprisoned and too many mistakes had been made in redistributing land Severe rioting protesting the excesses of the land reform program broke out in November 1956 in one largely Catholic rural district About 1 000 people were killed or injured and several thousand imprisoned Democratic Republic of Vietnam initiated a correction campaign which by 1958 had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform 51 As part of the correction campaign as many as 23 748 political prisoners were released by North Vietnam by September 1957 52 Executions Edit Executions and imprisonment of persons classified as landlords or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program A Politburo document dated 4 May 1953 said that executions were fixed in principle at the ratio of one per one thousand people of the total population 53 The number of persons actually executed by communist cadre carrying out the land reform program has been variously estimated Some estimates of those killed range up to 200 000 54 Other scholarship has concluded that the higher estimates were based on political propaganda emanating from South Vietnam and that the actual total of those executed was probably much lower Scholar Edwin E Moise estimated the total number of executions at between 3 000 and 15 000 and later came up with a more precise figure of 13 500 55 Moise s conclusions were supported by documents of diplomats from Hungary occupied by the Soviet Union living in Democratic Republic of Vietnam at the time of the land reform 56 Author Michael Lind in a 2013 book gives a similar estimate of at least ten or fifteen thousand executed 57 Collective farming Edit The ultimate objective of the land reform program of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government was not to achieve equitable distribution of farmland but rather the organization of all farmers into co operatives in which land and other factors of agricultural production would be owned and used collectively 58 The first steps after the 1953 1956 land reform were the encouragement by the government of labor exchanges in which farmers would unite to exchange labor secondly in 1958 and 1959 was the formation of low level cooperatives in which farmers cooperated in production By 1961 86 percent of farmers were members of low level cooperatives The third step beginning in 1961 was to organize high level cooperatives true collective farming in which land and resources were utilized collectively without individual ownership of land 59 By 1971 the great majority of farmers in North Vietnam were organized into high level cooperatives After the reunification of Vietnam collective farms were abandoned gradually in the 1980s and 1990s 60 Administrative divisions EditMain article Provinces of Vietnam The administrative units in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam are as follows The country is divided into provinces tỉnh autonomous regions khu tự trị and centrally run cities thanh phố trực thuộc trung ương The province is divided into districts huyện cities thanh phố and towns thị xa The district is divided into communes xa and townships thị trấn Administrative units in the autonomous region are statutory Article 78 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1959 Điều 78 Hiến phap Việt Nam Dan chủ Cộng hoa 1959 Autonomous regions Edit The autonomous regions of North Vietnam on a map of its provinces created by the government of the United States North Vietnam established a system of autonomous regions Vietnamese Khu tự trị similar to and based on the autonomous regions of China 61 62 63 In recognising the traditional separatism of tribal minorities this policy of accommodationism gave them self government in exchange for acceptance of Hanoi s control 64 These regions existed from 1955 but following the merger of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of South Vietnam the system of autonomous regions wasn t continued and were fully abolished by 1978 61 List of North Vietnamese autonomous regions and their subsidiary provinces 61 Thai Meo Autonomous Region Khu tự trị Thai Meo 1955 1962 later renamed Northwestern Autonomous Region Khu tự trị Tay Bắc 1962 1975 Lai Chau Sơn La Nghĩa Lộ Việt Bắc Autonomous Region Khu tự trị Việt Bắc established in 1956 Cao Bằng Lạng Sơn Thai Nguyen Bắc Cạn Ha Giang Tuyen Quang Lao Ha Yen Autonomous Region Khu tự trị Lao Ha Yen established in 1957 Foreign relations EditSouth Vietnam Edit Further information Vietnam War and Viet Cong From 1960 the North Vietnamese government went to war with the Republic of Vietnam via its proxy the Viet Cong in an attempt to annex South Vietnam and reunify Vietnam under a communist party 65 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces and supplies were sent along the Ho Chi Minh trail In 1964 the United States sent combat troops to South Vietnam to support the South Vietnamese government but the U S had advisors there since 1950 Other nations including Australia the Republic of Korea Thailand and New Zealand also contributed troops and military aid to South Vietnam s war effort China DPRK and the Soviet Union provided aid to and troops in support of North Vietnamese military activities This was known as the Vietnam War or the American War in Vietnam itself 1955 75 In addition to the Viet Cong in South Vietnam other communist insurgencies also operated within neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Khmer Republic both formerly part of the French colonial territory of Indochina These were the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Rouge respectively These insurgencies were aided by the North Vietnamese government which sent troops to fight alongside them Communist and capitalist states Edit Ho Chi Minh with East German Young Pioneers near East Berlin 1957 The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was diplomatically isolated by many capitalist states and many other anti communist states worldwide throughout most of the North s history as these states extended recognition only to the anti communist government of South Vietnam North Vietnam however was recognized by almost all Communist countries such as the Soviet Union and other Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia China North Korea and Cuba and received aid from these nations North Vietnam refused to establish diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia from 1950 to 1957 perhaps reflecting Hanoi s deference to the Soviet line on the Yugoslav government of Josip Broz Tito and North Vietnamese officials continued to be critical of Tito after relations were established 66 Several non aligned countries also recognized North Vietnam Similar to India most accorded North Vietnam de facto rather than de jure formal recognition 67 In the case of Algeria however relations between the DRV and Algeria were much closer as a result of clandestine weapon transfers from the former to the latter during the Algerian War with Algeria placing a draft resolution in the 1973 summit of the Non Aligned Movement calling on its members to support the DRV and PRG 68 In 1969 Sweden became the first Western country to extend full diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam 69 Many other Western countries followed suit in the 1970s such as the government of Australia under Gough Whitlam By December 1972 49 countries had established diplomatic relations with North Vietnam 70 and in 1973 more countries such as France established or reestablished their relations with the DRV 70 International Relations of the Democratic Republic of VietnamRegion Nation StateAsia 5 Maoist China India Iraq Democratic People s Republic of Korea Mongolia Syria South YemenAmericas 1 CubaEurope 13 Albania Bulgaria Byelorussian S S R Czechoslovakia France East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Sweden Ukrainian S S R YugoslaviaAfrica 3 Algeria Congo LibyaOceania 1 Australia Japan Edit Main article Japan Vietnam relations 1946 1976 The document establishing official bilateral relations between Japan and North Vietnam signed in Paris France on 21 September 1973 Despite there not being any official diplomatic ties between Japan and North Vietnam between 1954 and 1973 private exchanges were gradually being rebuilt In March 1955 the Japanese Japan Vietnam Friendship Association was created and in August of that year the Japan Vietnam Trade Association was established 71 Meanwhile in 1965 North Vietnamese Vietnam Japan Friendship Association would be established to help maintain unofficial relations between the two countries 71 During the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 1970s Japan consistently encouraged a negotiated settlement at the earliest possible date Even before the hostilities ended it had made contact with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam North Vietnam government and had reached an agreement to establish diplomatic relations in September 1973 On 21 September 1973 Japan and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam North Vietnam signed the Exchange of Notes Concerning the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Japan and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Paris this document was in the French language and restored the diplomatic relations between Japan and North Vietnam 71 On the Japanese side the document was signed by Yoshihiro Nakayama the Japanese Ambassador to France while for the North Vietnamese side the document was signed by the Charge d Affaires ad interim of North Vietnam to France Vo Văn Sung 71 Implementation however was delayed by North Vietnamese demands that Japan pay the equivalent of US 45 million in World War II reparations in two yearly installments in the form of economic cooperation grants Giving in to the Vietnamese demands Japan paid the money and opened an embassy in Hanoi on 11 October 1975 following the unification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 72 Earlier the Japanese already gave similar funding to the South Vietnamese which also re established official diplomatic relations with Japan during the same period 71 With the re establishment of relations between Japan and North Vietnam the Japanese agreed to resolve what are termed unsolved problems which after earlier negotiations in Vientiane Kingdom of Laos these unsolved problems revolved around grants given by the Japanese State to North Vietnam 71 Between 1973 and 1975 the Japanese and North Vietnamese governments held over 20 both official and unofficial meetings on 6 October 1975 both sides finally reached and agreement and the Japanese would provide the North Vietnamese with an endowment worth 13 5 billion yen 71 Of this money 8 5 billion yen would be used to purchase heavy farmland cultivation machinery as well as public works provided by Japanese owned corporations 71 After diplomatic relations were re established in 1975 Japan would open an embassy in Hanoi and North Vietnam would open an embassy in Tokyo 71 See also EditCaptive NationsNotes Edit No clear number due to internal turmoil in 1945 circa 20 million population based on last reliable estimate of 22 6 million people in 1943 Barbieri p 625 and her estimate of 400 000 to 2 million dying from 1944 45 famine Although former emperor Bao Dai was also popular at this time and won a seat in the Assembly the election did not allow voters to express a preference between Bao Dai and Ho Chi Minh It was held publicly in northern and central Vietnam but secretly in Cochinchina the southern third of Vietnam There was minimal campaigning and most voters had no idea who the candidates were 25 In many districts a single candidate ran unopposed 26 Party representation in the Assembly was publicly announced before the election was held 27 References Edit a b Barbieri Magali 1995 La situation demographique du Viet Nam Magali Barbieri 50 3 625 doi 10 2307 1534398 JSTOR 1534398 Retrieved 10 November 2021 The Manpower Situation in North Vietnam PDF Central Intelligence Agency January 1968 A G Vinogradov 2015 Economic growth around the world from ancient times to the present day Statistical Tables Part 1 pp 88 89 Vuong Quan Hoang 2004 Fledgling Financial Markets in Vietnam s Transition Economy 1986 2003 Retrieved 3 November 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Sapeque and Sapeque Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina 交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣 Howard A Daniel III The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Second issue 20 April 2016 Retrieved 10 December 2017 Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Movement in Indochina A Study in the Exploitation of Nationalism Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine 1953 Folder 11 Box 02 Douglas Pike Collection Unit 13 The Early History of Vietnam The Vietnam Center and Archive Texas Tech University Marr 2013 pp 383 441 Guillemot Francois 2004 Au coeur de la fracture vietnamienne l elimination de l opposition nationaliste et anticolonialiste dans le Nord du Vietnam 1945 1946 In Goscha Christopher E de Treglode Benoit eds Naissance d un Etat Parti Le Viet Nam depuis 1945 Paris Les Indes savantes pp 175 216 ISBN 9782846540643 McHale Shawn 2004 Freedom Violence and the Struggle over the Public Arena in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945 1958 In Goscha Christopher E de Treglode Benoit eds Naissance d un Etat Parti Le Viet Nam depuis 1945 Paris Les Indes savantes pp 81 99 ISBN 9782846540643 Kort Michael G 2017 The Vietnam War Reexamined Cambridge University Press pp 62 63 81 85 ISBN 9781107110199 Tran Nu Anh 2022 Disunion Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam University of Hawaiʻi Press pp 24 30 ISBN 9780824887865 Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam 20 July 1954 Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine accessed 15 October 2015 Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam July 20 1954 Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine accessed 15 October 2015 Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference of the Problem of Restoring Peace in Indo China 21 July 1954 Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine accessed 15 October 2015 a b Lời tuyen bố truyền thanh của Thủ tướng Chanh phủ ngay 16 7 1955 về hiệp định Geneve va vấn đề thống nhất đất nước Tuyen ngon của Chanh phủ Quốc gia Việt Nam ngay 9 8 1954 về vấn đề thống nhất lanh thổ In Con đường Chinh nghĩa Độc lập Dan chủ Quyển II Sở Bao chi Thong tin Phủ Tổng thống Saigon 1956 pp 11 13 Ang Cheng Guan 1997 Vietnamese Communists Relations with China and the Second Indochina War 1956 62 Jefferson North Carolina McFarland p 11 ISBN 978 0 7864 0404 9 Archived from the original on 13 July 2017 Retrieved 5 August 2016 Julia Lovell Maoism A Global History 2019 pp 223 265 Author Tim O Brien voice of the Vietnam War experience permanent dead link a b Woods L Shelton 2002 Vietnam A Global Studies Handbook ABC CLIO p 38 ISBN 978 1576074169 Moses A Dirk 2008 Empire Colony Genocide Conquest Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History Berghahn Books p 213 ISBN 978 1845454524 Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 Country Codes English Country Names and Code Elements ISO 6 April 2010 Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 Retrieved 28 April 2010 Bao Nhan Dan Phien bản tiếng Việt Trang chủ Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 Retrieved 17 May 2009 Hess Gary R 1 September 1972 Franklin Roosevelt and Indochina Journal of American History 59 2 353 368 doi 10 2307 1890195 ISSN 0021 8723 JSTOR 1890195 via JSTOR Pentagon Papers Vietnam Relations 1945 1967 A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense 1969 Retrieved 28 09 12 Pentagon Papers Pentagon Papers Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine 1969 Retrieved 28 09 12 Fall Bernard The Viet Minh Regime Archived 27 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1956 p 9 Fall p 10 Springhal John Decolonization since 1945 1955 p 44 Quốc hội khoa 1 va những giay phut khong thể nao quen 5 January 2016 Why Vietnam Archimedes L A Patti Nha xuất bản Đa Nẵng 2008 trang 544 545 a b Sexton Michael War for the Asking 1981 Stanley Karnow Vietnam A History New York NY Penguin 1991 p 163 s Page Pentagon Papers Part I djvu 30 Marr 2013 p 415 Political Overview Archived 2009 05 11 at the Wayback Machine United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees The State of The World s Refugees 2000 Chapter 4 Flight from Indochina PDF Archived PDF from the original on 14 June 2007 Retrieved 6 April 2007 Lindholm Richard 1959 Viet nam the first five years an international symposium Michigan State University Press p 49 a b Tran Thi Lien November 2005 The Catholic Question in North Vietnam Cold War History London Routledge 5 4 427 49 doi 10 1080 14682740500284747 Jacobs Seth 2006 Cold War Mandarin Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America s War in Vietnam 1950 1963 Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 0 7425 4447 8 p 45 Truong Nhu Tang 1986 A Viet Cong Memoir Vintage Hansen Peter 2009 Bắc Di Cư Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam and Their Role in the Southern Republic 1954 1959 Journal of Vietnamese Studies Berkeley California University of California Press 4 3 182 183 doi 10 1525 vs 2009 4 3 173 Frankum Ronald 2007 Operation Passage to Freedom The United States Navy in Vietnam 1954 55 Lubbock Texas Texas Tech University Press ISBN 978 0 89672 608 6 p 159 160 190 Frankum Ronald 2007 Operation Passage to Freedom The United States Navy in Vietnam 1954 55 Lubbock Texas Texas Tech University Press ISBN 978 0 89672 608 6 Ruane Kevin 1998 War and Revolution in Vietnam London Routledge ISBN 978 1 85728 323 5 Senauth Frank 1 Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback 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Minh s Land Reform Mistake or Crime Archived 18 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine accessed 4 October 2015 None Archived from the original on 20 April 2011 Balazs p 401 Lind Michael 2003 Vietnam The Necessary War New York Simon and Schuster p 155 Moise pp 155 159 Kerkvliet Bendedict J Tria 1998 Wobbly Foundations building co operatives in rural Vietnam 1955 61 South East Research Vol 6 No 3 pp 193 197 Downloaded from JSTOR Pingali and Vo TungPrabhu and Vo Tong Xuan 1992 Vietnam Decollectivization and Rice Productive Growth Economic Development and Cultural Change Vol 40 No 4 p 702 706 707 Downloaded from JSTOR a b c Yukti Mukdawijitra 2007 Ethnicity and multilingualism The case of ethnic Tai in the Vietnamese state pp 240 459 ISBN 978 0549383758 Bruce M Lockhart William J Duiker 2006 Tay Bắc The A to Z of Vietnam Scarecrow Press pp 355 356 Jean Michaud 2006 Tay Bac Autonomous Region Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif Scarecrow Press pp 232 233 Cima R J 1987 Vietnam A Country Study Federal Research Division Library of Congress p 99 The History Place Vietnam War 1945 1960 Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 Retrieved 11 June 2008 Morris Stephen J 1999 Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia Political Culture and the Causes of War Stanford University Press p 128 ISBN 9780804730495 SarDesai D R 1968 Indian Foreign Policy in Cambodia Laos and Vietnam 1947 1964 Berkeley University of California Press p 194 Huynh Ngoc H The Time Honored Friendship A History of Vietnamese Algerian Relations 1946 2015 1 May 2016 CUREJ College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal University of Pennsylvania https repository upenn edu curej 214 Gardner Lloyd C and Gittinger Ted Eds 2004 The Search for Peace in Vietnam 1964 1968 Bryan TX Texas A amp M University Press p 194 a b Buhler Konrad G State succession and membership in international organizations The Hague Kluwer Law International 2001 pp 68 92 a b c d e f g h i Japan and Vietnam Archival Records on Our History Joint Project Celebrating the 45th Anniversary of Japan Viet Nam Diplomatic Relations 2018 Japan and Vietnam IV Vietnam and Japan Old Partners New Partnership National Archives of Japan Retrieved 19 October 2022 Masaya Shiraishi Japanese Relations with Vietnam 1951 1987 SEAP Publications 1990 ISBN 0877271224 pp 43 44 Further reading EditNguyen Lien Hang T 2012 Hanoi s War An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam University of North Carolina Press ISBN 9780807882696 Marr David G 2013 Vietnam State War and Revolution 1945 1946 University of California Press ISBN 9780520954977 Asselin Pierre 2013 Hanoi s Road to the Vietnam War 1954 1965 University of California Press ISBN 9780520956551 Asselin Pierre 2018 Vietnam s American War A History Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781316222591 Holcombe Alec 2020 Mass Mobilization in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945 1960 University of Hawaiʻi Press ISBN 9780824884475 JSTOR j ctv105bb0z External links Edit Media related to North Vietnam at Wikimedia Commons Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Archived 11 February 2006 at the Wayback MachinePreceded byEmpire of Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam1945 1976 Succeeded bySocialist Republic of Vietnam Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North Vietnam amp oldid 1143474881, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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