The mustard plant is any one of several plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family). Mustard seed is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants; domestication may have begun 6,000 years ago.
Mustard Plant and Butterflies, early or middle Ming dynasty c. 1368–1550
Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in Hellenistic and Roman times, Zohary and Hopf note, "There are almost no archeological records available for any of these crops." Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the radish and turnip, can be found over West Asia and Europe, suggesting their domestication took place somewhere in that area. However, Zohary and Hopf conclude: "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on linguistic considerations."[1] The Encyclopædia Britannica states that mustard was grown by the Indus Civilization of 2500–1700 BC.[2] According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to Sumerian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".[3]
A wide-ranging genetic study of B. rapa announced in 2021 concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in Central Asia, and that turnips or oilseeds may have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.[4]
Speciesedit
Wild white mustard (Sinapis alba)
White mustard (Sinapis alba) grows wild in North Africa, West Asia, and Mediterranean Europe, and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown mustard (Brassica juncea), originally from the foothills of the Himalayas, is grown commercially in India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Bangladesh[5] and the United States; black mustard (Brassica nigra) is grown in Argentina, Chile, the US, and some European countries. Canada and Nepal are the world's major producers of mustard seed, between them accounting for around 57% of world production in 2010.[6] White mustard is commonly used as a cover crop in Europe (between UK and Ukraine). Many varieties exist, e.g., in Germany[7] and the Netherlands,[8] mainly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Farmers prefer late-flowering varieties, which do not produce seeds; they may become weeds in the subsequent year. Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly and suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with sugar beets, suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70–90%.[citation needed]
Recent research has studied varieties of mustards with high oil contents for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.[9]
A genetic relationship between many species of mustard, along with turnips, cabbage, horseradish, wasabi and their respective derivatives, has been observed and is described as the triangle of U.
Galleryedit
Mustard field
Flower
Flower close-up
Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter)
^Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 139.
^"What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-03-16.>.
^ Alex C McAlvay, Aaron P Ragsdale, Makenzie E Mabry, Xinshuai Qi, Kevin A Bird, Pablo Velasco, Hong An, J Chris Pires, Eve Emshwiller, Brassica rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, msab108, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab108, 30 April 2021.
^"Excellent mustard production likely in Rangpur region". Dhaka Tribune. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
^"FAOSTAT Countries by Commodity". UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
^(PDF). 17 November 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2004.
External linksedit
Media related to Mustard plant at Wikimedia Commons
November 13, 2023
mustard, plant, prepared, condiment, mustard, condiment, other, uses, term, mustard, mustard, disambiguation, mustard, plant, several, plant, species, genera, brassica, sinapis, family, brassicaceae, mustard, family, mustard, seed, used, spice, grinding, mixin. For the prepared condiment see Mustard condiment For other uses of the term mustard see Mustard disambiguation The mustard plant is any one of several plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae the mustard family Mustard seed is used as a spice Grinding and mixing the seeds with water vinegar or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants domestication may have begun 6 000 years ago Flower of mustard plant Contents 1 History 2 Species 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp Mustard Plant and Butterflies early or middle Ming dynasty c 1368 1550Although some varieties of mustard plants were well established crops in Hellenistic and Roman times Zohary and Hopf note There are almost no archeological records available for any of these crops Wild forms of mustard and its relatives the radish and turnip can be found over West Asia and Europe suggesting their domestication took place somewhere in that area However Zohary and Hopf conclude Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on linguistic considerations 1 The Encyclopaedia Britannica states that mustard was grown by the Indus Civilization of 2500 1700 BC 2 According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard s use dates back to Sumerian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC 3 A wide ranging genetic study of B rapa announced in 2021 concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6 000 years ago in Central Asia and that turnips or oilseeds may have been the first product The results also suggested that a taxonomic re evaluation of the species might be needed 4 Species edit nbsp Wild white mustard Sinapis alba White mustard Sinapis alba grows wild in North Africa West Asia and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation brown mustard Brassica juncea originally from the foothills of the Himalayas is grown commercially in India Canada the United Kingdom Denmark Bangladesh 5 and the United States black mustard Brassica nigra is grown in Argentina Chile the US and some European countries Canada and Nepal are the world s major producers of mustard seed between them accounting for around 57 of world production in 2010 6 White mustard is commonly used as a cover crop in Europe between UK and Ukraine Many varieties exist e g in Germany 7 and the Netherlands 8 mainly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Farmers prefer late flowering varieties which do not produce seeds they may become weeds in the subsequent year Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly and suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion In rotations with sugar beets suppression of the white beet cyst nematode is an important trait Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70 90 citation needed Recent research has studied varieties of mustards with high oil contents for use in the production of biodiesel a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good flow properties and cetane ratings The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide 9 A genetic relationship between many species of mustard along with turnips cabbage horseradish wasabi and their respective derivatives has been observed and is described as the triangle of U Gallery edit nbsp Mustard field nbsp Flower nbsp Flower close up nbsp Close up of black mustard seeds each about 2 3 mm in diameter nbsp Bangladeshi mustard plantsSee also editGreen manure List of mustard brandsReferences edit Zohary Daniel Hopf Maria Weiss Ehud 2012 Domestication of Plants in the Old World The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia Europe and the Mediterranean Basin Fourth ed Oxford University Press p 139 Indus civilization Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2016 Web 16 March 2016 lt https www britannica com topic Indus civilization gt What is Mustard Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission Mustard Consumer Website SMDC 2011 Web 16 March 2016 lt The Mustard Site What is Mustard Archived from the original on 2016 03 25 Retrieved 2016 03 16 gt Alex C McAlvay Aaron P Ragsdale Makenzie E Mabry Xinshuai Qi Kevin A Bird Pablo Velasco Hong An J Chris Pires Eve Emshwiller Brassica rapa Domestication Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes Molecular Biology and Evolution msab108 https doi org 10 1093 molbev msab108 30 April 2021 Excellent mustard production likely in Rangpur region Dhaka Tribune 2021 01 21 Retrieved 2023 02 07 FAOSTAT Countries by Commodity UN Food and Agriculture Organization Retrieved 2012 05 08 BSL Getreide 2015 getreide 2015 pdf www bundessortenamt de bsa media Files BSL bsl getreide 2015 pdf Brancheorganisatie Akkerbouw PDF www kennisakker nl Retrieved 2023 02 07 Industrial mustard crops for biodiesel and biopesticides PDF 17 November 2004 Archived from the original PDF on 17 November 2004 External links edit nbsp Media related to Mustard plant at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mustard plant amp oldid 1182186206, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
