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Demographics of Filipino Americans

May 04, 2024

The demographics of Filipino Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to the Philippines. As of the 2020 Census, there were 4.4 million Filipino Americans, including Multiracial Americans who were part Filipino living in the US. Filipino Americans constitute the third-largest population of Asian Americans, and the largest population of Overseas Filipinos.

Map depicting Filipinos in the United States, according to the Census 2000

The first recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates to October 1587, with the first permanent settlement of Filipinos in present-day Louisiana in 1763. Migration of significant numbers of Filipinos to the United States did not occur until the early 20th century, when the Philippines was an overseas territory of the United States. After World War II, and until 1965, migration of Filipinos to the United States was reduced limited to primarily military and medically connected immigration. Since 1965, due to changes in immigration policy, the population of Filipino Americans has expanded significantly.

Filipino Americans can be found throughout the United States, especially in the Western United States and metropolitan areas. In California, Filipinos were initially concentrated in its Central Valley, especially in Stockton, but later shifted to Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area. Other states with significant populations of Filipinos include: Hawaii, Texas, Washington, Nevada, Florida, and Illinois. New Jersey and the New York Metropolitan area also has a significant population of Filipinos. There are smaller populations of Filipino Americans elsewhere.

As a population, Filipino Americans are multilingual, with Tagalog being the largest non-English language being spoken. A majority of Filipino Americans are Christian, with smaller populations having other religious views. On average, Filipino Americans earn a higher average household income and achieve a higher level of education than the national average.

National population demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1910160—    
19205,603+3401.9%
193045,208+706.9%
194045,563+0.8%
195061,636+35.3%
1960176,310+186.1%
1970343,060+94.6%
1980774,652+125.8%
19901,406,770+81.6%
20002,364,815+68.1%
20103,416,840+44.5%
20204,436,992+29.9%
2000, 2010, & 2020 figures include Multiracial Filipino Americans
Source:

Due to the significant increase of Indian Americans, Filipino Americans became the third-largest Asian American ethnicity in the United States.[5] Filipino Americans who only listed Filipino alone, increased their population by 20.4% to 3,076,108, being the third largest Asian alone ethnicities behind Indian Americans, and Chinese Americans. When including multiracial Asian Americans, the total population of Filipino Americans increased by 29.9% to 4,436,992 persons, behind Chinese Americans, and Indian Americans.[4]

The Filipino American community was the second-largest Asian American group in the United States with a population of over 3.4 million as of the 2010 US Census,[6][7] making up 19.7% of Asian Americans.[8] Only Chinese Americans have a larger population among Asian Americans.[9] Not including multiracial Filipino Americans, the population of those responding as Filipino alone in the 2010 Census was 2,555,923, an increase of 38% in population from the 2000 Census.[10][11] 69% of Filipino Americans were born outside of the United States. 77% of all Filipino Americans are United States citizens.[8][12] Filipino Americans are the largest subgroup of Overseas Filipinos;[13] as of 2011, there are 1,813,597 Philippines-born immigrants living in the United States (4.5% of all immigrants in the United States), of which 65% have become naturalized U.S. citizens.[14] In 2014, there was an estimated 1.23 million second generation Filipino Americans, who had a median age of 20, yet three percent were over the age of 64.[15] Life expectancy for Filipino Americans is higher than the general population of the United States; however, survival rates of Filipino Americans diagnosed with cancer are lower than European Americans and African Americans.[16] In 2015, the United States Census Bureau American Community Survey estimated that there were over 3.8 million Filipinos in the United States.[17] In 2018, the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be over 4 million.[18][19] In 2019, the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be about 4.2 Million.[20]

The U.S. Census Bureau reported that the 2007 American Community Survey, identified approximately 3.1 million persons as "Filipino alone or in any combination". The census also found that about 80% of the Filipino American community are United States citizens.[21] According to a study published in 2007, 11% of single-heritage Filipinos did not mark "Asian" as their race; this number was greater among multiracial Filipinos.[22] Also in 2011, the U.S. State Department estimated the size of the Filipino American community at four million,[23] or 1.5% of the United States population. There are no official records of Filipinos who hold dual citizenship; however, during the 2000 Census data indicated that Filipino Americans had the lowest percentage of non-citizens amongst Asian Americans, at 26%.[24] Additionally, although historically there had been a larger number of Filipino American men than women, women represented 54% of the Filipino American adult population in the 2000 Census.[25]

Filipino Americans are the largest group of Overseas Filipinos, and the majority were born outside of the United States; at the same time, more than 73% are United States Citizens.[24] Among Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are the most integrated in American society, and are described by University of California, Santa Barbara Professor Pei-te Lien as being "acculturated and economically incorporated".[26] One in five is a multiracial American. Multiple languages are spoken by Filipino Americans, and the majority are Roman Catholic. A U.S. Census Bureau survey done in 2004 found that Filipino Americans had the second highest median family income amongst Asian Americans, and had a high level of educational achievement.[28]

Interracial marriage among Filipinos is common.[29] They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups in California—[30] only Japanese Americans have a higher rate nationally.[31] Compared to other Asian Americans, Filipino Americans are more likely to have a Hispanic spouse.[32] Statistically, Filipino American women are more likely to marry outside of their ethnicity (38.9%) than Filipino American men (17.6%); other Asian American populations have lower rates of marrying outside of their race than both Filipino American men and women.[33] Between 2008 and 2010, 48% of Filipino American marriages were with non-Asians.[34] It is also noted that 21.8% of Filipino Americans are multiracial, second among Asian Americans.[33][35] Depending on their parentage, multiracial Filipino Americans may refer to themselves as Mestizo, Tsinoy, Blackapino, and Mexipino.[36]

Historical settlement edit

See also: Immigration history

Early immigration edit

The earliest recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States is October 1587 when mariners under Spanish command landed in Morro Bay, California.[37][38] The earliest permanent Filipino American residents arrived in the Americans in 1763,[38] settling in Louisiana's bayou country.[39] They later created settlements in the Mississippi River Delta such as Saint Malo, Manila Village in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, and four others in present-day Plaquemines and Jefferson Parishes.[38][40] These early settlements were composed of sailors compelled to serve in press gangs who had escaped from duty aboard Spanish galleons. They were documented by Harper's Weekly journalist Lafcadio Hearn in 1883.[38] These settlements were the first longstanding Asian American settlements in the United States.[41] The last of these, Manila Village, survived until 1965 when it was destroyed by Hurricane Betsy.[42] An additional 2,000 were documented in New Orleans with their roots dating back to about 1806— the first being Augustin Feliciano from the Philippines's Bicol Region.[43] Others came later from: Manila, Cavite, Ilocos, Camarines, Zamboanga, Zambales, Leyte, Samar, Antique, Bulacan, Bohol, Cagayan, and Surigao.[44]

American period edit

 
Headquarters of the government in exile and temporary capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

Significant immigration to the United States began in the 1900s[45] after the Spanish–American War when the Philippines became an overseas territory of the United States, and the population became United States nationals.[46] Unlike other Asians who were unable to immigrate to the United States because of the immigration laws of the time, Filipinos, as U.S. nationals, were exempt.[47] In December 1915, it was ruled that Filipinos were eligible for naturalization and could become citizens.[48] Naturalization remained difficult, however, with documented cases of denied naturalization and de-naturalization occurring in the early 20th century.[49] Filipinos, many agricultural laborers, settled primarily in the then Territory of Hawaii and California.[50] Of the one hundred thirteen thousand Filipinos who immigrated during the early American period, about a third returned to the Philippines.[51]

A smaller group of immigrants were sent on a scholarship program established by the Philippine Commission,[52] and were collectively known as "pensionados";[53] the first batch of pensionados was sent in 1903 and the scholarship program continued until World War II.[54] The students were chosen initially from wealthy and elite Filipino families, but were later from a more diverse background. Other Filipino students, outside the program, came to the United States for education; many did not return to the Philippines.[55]

During this wave of migration to the United States from the Philippines, men outnumbered women by a ratio of about 15:1.[56] Nuclear families were rare, therefore, and an indication of privilege.[57] This migration, known as the "manong generation",[58] was reduced to 50 persons a year after passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act) which classified Filipinos as aliens.[6][59] This was offset by the United States Navy's recruitment of Filipinos,[6] that began in 1898 and authorized by President William McKinley in 1901.[6][60] They were exempt from this quota.[6] Additionally, those Filipino sailors were eligible for naturalization after three years of service.[61] By 1922, Filipinos made up 5.7% of the United States Navy's enlisted personnel.[59] In 1930, there were twenty-five thousand Filipino Americans in the United States Navy, primarily rated as stewards,[62] having largely displaced African-Americans in that rating.[63]

Post independence edit

The War Brides Act of 1945, and subsequent Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act of 1946,[64][65] allowed veterans to return to the Philippines to bring back fiancées, wives, and children.[66][67] In the years following the war, some sixteen thousand Filipinas entered the United States as war brides.[68] That is not to say only women and children were beneficiaries of the acts, for it was recorded that a lone Filipino groom immigrated during this period.[69] These new immigrants formed a second generation of Filipino Americans that grew Filipino American communities,[65] providing nuclear families.[70] Immigration levels were impacted by the independence of the Philippines from the United States,[71] that occurred on 4 July 1946. The quota of non-naval immigration increased slightly to 100 because of the passage of the Luce–Celler Act of 1946.[71] Thus, Filipino American communities developed around United States Navy bases, whose impact can still be seen today.[70][72] Filipino American communities were also settled near Army and Air Force bases.[70] After World War II, until 1965, half of all Filipino immigrants to the United States were wives of U.S. servicemembers.[15] In 1946, the Filipino Naturalization Act allowed for naturalization,[73] and citizenship for Filipinos who had arrived before March 1943.[74] Beginning in 1948, due to the U.S. Education Exchange Act, Filipino nurses began to immigrate to the United States; 7,000 arrived that year.[75]

Post 1965 edit

Following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, until at least the 1990s, the Philippines became the largest source of Asian immigration, providing one-fourth of Asian immigrants to the United States.[6][76] Filipinos were the largest number of Asians immigrants to the U.S. and the second-largest immigrant population after Mexicans.[77] Into the 1990s, Filipino immigrants included many highly educated and higher skilled immigrants.[58][78] A significant portion of them worked in the medical field filling medical personnel shortages in the U.S. in areas like nursing. As a result of the shortage of nurses, the Philippines become the largest source of healthcare professionals who immigrated to the U.S.[79] In the 1960s, nurses from the Philippines became the largest group of nurses immigrating to the U.S. surpassing those immigrating from Canada.[80] By the 1970s, 9,158 Filipino nurses had immigrated to the U.S., making up 60% of its immigrant nurses.[81] By 2000, one in ten Filipino Americans, or an estimated 100,000 immigrants, were employed as nurses.[75] in 2020, the estimate of Filipino American nurses increased to over 150,000, or 4% of the all nurses in the United States.[82] In 2020, 7% of those employed in the medical field were Filipino American.[83] Another result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was that family reunification based immigration added to the total number of Filipino immigrants resulting in two distinct economic groups within the Filipino American community.[79][84]

Like other immigrant groups, Filipino immigrants clustered together both out of a sense of community and in response to prejudice against them. This created the first Little Manilas in urban areas.[85] As time passed, immigration policies changed, and prejudice diminished, leading to a decline in the presence of Little Manilas.[86] Between 1965 and 1985, more than 400,000 Filipinos immigrated to the United States.[87] In 1970, immigrants made up more than half (53%) of all Filipino Americans.[88] In 1980, Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in the entire US.[89] Half a million of the Filipino American population were immigrants, making up 3.6% of all immigrants in the U.S.[15] outnumbering United States-born Filipino Americans two to one.[90] In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s more than half a million Filipinos obtained legal permanent resident status in the U.S. during each decade.[91] In 1992, the U.S. Navy ended the Philippines Enlistment Program because of the end of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement. It had allowed about thirty-five thousand Filipinos to join the U.S. Navy, many of whom immigrated to the U.S.[92] Filipino Americans tended to settle in major metropolitan areas,[93] and in the West[94] in a more dispersed fashion. They also intermarried more than other Asian Americans.[90]

Population concentrations edit

 
2020 Census largest Asian American ethnicities by State

As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in 11 states: Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, West Virginia, and Wyoming.[95] As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in 15 states: Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, and Washington.[96] As of the 2020 Census, the ten states with the largest populations of Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, were California (1,741,613), Hawaii (383,200), Texas (234,091), Washington (194,682), Nevada (181,595), Florida (178,026), Illinois (167,748), New York (164,383), New Jersey (151,167), and Virginia (122,185).[97]

The following is a list of states with significant Filipino American populations of over 70,000 in 2017.[18]

States Filipino alone or in any combination
  California 1,651,933[18]
  Hawaii 367,364[18]
  Texas 194,427[18]
  Washington 178,300[18]
  Nevada 169,462[18]
  Illinois 159,385[18]
  New York 144,436[18]
  Florida 143,481[18]
  New Jersey 129,514[18]
  Virginia 108,128[18]
  Maryland 71,858[18]
  Arizona 70,333[18]
  United States 4,037,564[18]

In 2010, Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in 10 of the 13 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Washington, Wyoming; Filipino Americans are also the largest group of Asian Americans in South Dakota.[3] Filipino immigrants have dispersed across the United States, gravitating toward economic and professional opportunities, independent of geographic location.[14][98] Among the 1,814,000 Philippines-born Filipino Americans, the states with the largest concentrations are California (44.8%), Hawaii (6.2%), New Jersey (4.8%), Texas (4.8%), and Illinois (4.7%).[99]Table 4. In 2008, 35% of Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City metropolitan areas;[100] by 2011, the percentage of the total Filipino immigrant population in the U.S. in those metropolitan areas was 33%.[14] In 2010, Filipino Americans constituted the largest Asian American group within five of the nation's twenty largest metropolitan areas: San Diego, Riverside, Las Vegas, Sacramento, and Houston.[101]

California edit

See also: Demographics of California § Asian Americans

Although Filipinos first arrived in California in the 16th century,[102] the first documentation of a Filipino residing in California did not occur until 1781, when Antonio Miranda Rodriguez was counted in the census as a "chino".[103][104] Initially part of the expedition that would establish Pueblo de Los Ángeles, Rodriguez was not present when Pueblo de Los Ángeles was founded.[103] Delayed in Baja California due to illness in his family, he arrived in Alta California later.[103][105] In 1910, there were only five Filipinos in California;[106] ten years later, in 1920, 2,674 Filipinos lived there.[107] In 1930, there were about 35,000 Filipino agricultural laborers in California's Central Valley[108] where the majority of Filipinos in the United States resided.[109] Filipino laborers tended to have better working conditions and earn more than their Mexican or Japanese counterparts;[110] in addition, they were described as "dandies and sharp dressers".[111]

 
Marshall Tuason, a Filipino immigrant to California, in 1941

Before World War II, Stockton had the largest population of Filipinos outside of the Philippine Islands, and during the harvest season, its Filipino population would swell to over 10,000.[112] During the Great Depression Filipinos in California were the target of race riots, including the Watsonville riots.[113] By the end of World War II, the Filipino population in Stockton increased to over 15,000.[114] In the late 1950s, Filipino Americans in California were concentrated around Stockton, the Bay Area, and Los Angeles with migrant laborers being a significant part of the population.[115] By 1970, the Filipino population in Stockton was less than 5,000,[116] and the once vibrant Filipino community of "Little Manila" had been largely demolished except for a few blocks by 1999, mostly due to construction of the "Crosstown Freeway".[117] A population of Filipinos remains in the Central Valley region in the 21st century, however it is no longer a significant concentration.[118][119] In 2019, it was estimated that Filipino Americans are the largest populations of Asian Americans in Stockton, and are about 28,000 people.[120]

In 1940, the Filipino population grew to 31,408 and continued to grow to 67,134 by 1960. It had nearly doubled to 135,248 by 1970, and by 1990 had grown to almost three quarters of a million people (733,941).[121] Since at least 1990, Filipino Americans have been the largest group of Asian Pacific Americans in the state.[122][123] In 1990, more than half (52%) of all Filipino Americans lived in California.[90] In 2000, almost half of all Filipino Americans in the United States lived in California (49.4%), with Los Angeles County and San Diego County having the highest concentrations;[124] additionally in 2000, California was home to nearly half (49%) of Filipino immigrants.[125] In 2008, one out of every four Filipino Americans lived in Southern California, numbering over one million.[126][127]

The 2010 Census, confirmed that Filipino Americans had grown to become the largest Asian American population in the state[118][128] totaling 1,474,707 persons;[129] 43% of all Filipino Americans live in California.[130] Of these persons, 1,195,580 were not multiracial Filipino Americans.[11][131] As of 2011, California is home to 45% of all Filipino immigrants to the United States.[14] In 2013, 22,797 Filipino immigrants seeking lawful permanent residence within the United States sought residence in the state of California,[132] a change from 22,484 in 2012,[133] 20,261 in 2011,[134] and 24,082 in 2010.[135] 20% of California's registered nurses were Filipino in 2013;[136] according to the California Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles County has the largest concentration of Filipino American nurses, who are 27% of nurses in the county.[137] By 2021, the percentage of nurses in California who are Filipino American dropped down to 18%.[138]

By the 2020 Census, the share of Filipino Americans who lived in California decreased to 39.3% of all Filipino Americans living in the United States.[4] Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, were the second largest population of Asian Americans in California, with 1,741,613 Filipino Americans living in the state.[139]

Greater Los Angeles edit

 
Historic Filipinotown sign.

Filipino pensionados began arriving to the region in 1903, including Ventura County;[140] others attended schools in Los Angeles County, including the University of Southern California, and University of California, Los Angeles.[141] In the 1920s, the area now known as Little Tokyo was known as Little Manila, where the first concentration of Filipino immigrants in Los Angeles lived.[142] In 1930, one in five Filipinos in the United States called Los Angeles County home. The number of Filipinos in the area expanded in the winter season to work temporary jobs.[143] In 1937, the first Filipina American graduated from UCLA.[144][145] In 1940, there were 4,503 Filipinos living in the City of Los Angeles.[88] Little Manila extended to the Bunker Hill and Civic Center areas of Los Angeles, but was forced to relocate to the Temple-Beverly Corridor in the 1950s and 1960s;[146][147] it has since been largely forgotten.[148] In the 20th century, Filipino sailors with the United States Navy began to be stationed in Oxnard and Long Beach, developing military related Filipino enclaves;[124][149] Long Beach community began in the 1940s,[150] the Oxnard community saw significant growth after the 1960s.[151] According to the 1970 United States Census, the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area had the third largest Filipino American population in the United States at that time (32,018).[152] In the 1980s, there were 219,653 Filipinos in Los Angeles County.[153] In 1985, Helen Agcaoili Summers Brown opened the Filipino American Reading Room and Library.[144][145][154][155] In 1990, there were more Filipinos living in suburban Los Angeles (160,778), than in urban Los Angeles (135,336).[156] In 1996 one in four of Asian Americans in Los Angeles was Filipino.[154] In the last two decades of the 20th century Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in the region, however one writer described the population as having a "residential invisibility", with other Asian American populations being more visible.[157]

Greater Los Angeles is the metropolitan area home to the most Filipino Americans, with the population numbered around 606,657 in 2010;[158] Los Angeles County alone accounted for over 374,285 Filipinos,[159] the most of any single county in the U.S.[122] The Los Angeles region has the second-largest concentrated population of Filipinos in the world, surpassed only by Manila.[160] Greater Los Angeles is also home to the largest number of Filipino immigrants (16% of the total Filipino immigrant population of the United States), as of 2011.[14] Filipinos are the second-largest group of Asian Americans in the region;[161] however, in 2010, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans within the city of Los Angeles.[162] In 2016, among those surveyed for a report entitled The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles, Filipino Americans had the second-largest proportion of college graduates, with 76.2% having at least a bachelor's degree.[163]

The city of Los Angeles designated a section of Westlake as Historic Filipinotown in 2002. It is now largely populated by Hispanic and Latino Americans. Most Filipinos who resided in the area and the city in general have moved to the suburbs,[146][148][164] particularly cities in the San Gabriel Valley, including West Covina and Rowland Heights.[165][166][167] Due to West Covina's significant concentration of Filipino Americans, it was proposed a business district be designated a "Little Manila".[168] In 2014, about a quarter of Historic Filipinotown's population was Filipino, however the population did not have a significant "visible cultural impact";[169] in 2007, Filipinos were 15% of the area's population.[170] Within the city of Los Angeles, Eagle Rock has over 6,000 Filipinos calling the neighborhood home;[171] additionally, as of 2000 the largest source of foreign-born individuals was the Philippines.[172] Panorama City is another Los Angeles neighborhood with a noticeable Filipino population.[173] In 2010, 32.4% of Asians in La Puente were foreign-born Filipino.[174] Other significant concentrations of Filipino Americans in Los Angeles County are in Carson,[175][176] where "Larry Itliong Day" was dedicated,[177] Cerritos,[166][167][178] and Glendale.[179] Orange County also has a sizable and growing Filipino population,[180] whose population grew by 178% in the 1980s;[181] by 2018 the population was estimated to be 89,000.[182] The Inland Empire also has a population of Filipinos, with an estimated 59,000 living in the region in 2003, a hundred years after the first Filipinos arrived in the area to attend Riverside High School;[183] of those about 2,400 lived in Coachella Valley.[184] By the early 2010s estimates were there were around 90,000 Filipinos living in the region—the largest group with Asian ancestry in the area.[185]

As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans, after Chinese Americans, whose 419,187 persons made up 24.7% of all Asian Americans in Los Angeles County.[186]

San Francisco Bay Area edit

 
Elderly tenants who were evicted from the International Hotel in San Francisco during the dawn hours of 4 August 1977

One of the earliest records of a Filipino settling in the San Francisco Bay Area occurred in the mid-19th century, when a Filipino immigrant and his Miwok wife settled in Lairds Landing on the Marin County coast;[187][188] many Coast Miwok trace their lineage to this couple.[187][189] Significant migration began in the early 20th century, including upper-class mestizo businessmen, mariners, and students (known as pensionados).[190] Another group of Filipinos who immigrated to the Bay Area was war brides, many of whom married African-American "buffalo soldiers".[191] Additionally, other immigrants came through the U.S. Military, some through the Presidio of San Francisco, and others as migrant workers on their way to points inland; many of these Filipinos would settle down permanently in the Bay Area, establishing "Manilatown" on Kearny Street (next to Chinatown).[190] At its largest size, "Manilatown" was home to at least 10,000,[192][193] the last of whom were evicted in August 1977 from the International Hotel.[192][194][195] After 1965, Filipinos from the Philippines began immigrating to San Francisco, concentrating in the South of Market neighbourhood.[194] In 1970, the San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan area had the largest population of Filipinos of any metropolitan area in the continental United States—44,326.[152] Two other nearby metropolitan areas also had a population of Filipinos greater than 5,000 in 1970, San Jose (6,768), and Salinas-Monterey (6,147).[152] Due to a change in the ethnic make up of the Yerba Buena neighborhood, and with the construction of the Dimasalang House in 1979, four street names were changed to honor notable Filipinos.[194][196] By 1990, 30% of the population in South of Market was Filipino American.[194]

The 2000 Census showed that the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to approximately 320,000 residents of Filipino descent,[197] with the largest concentration living in Santa Clara County.[198] In the mid-2000s Filipino Americans were between one fifth and one fourth of the total population of Vallejo, having been drawn there by agriculture and Mare Island Naval Shipyard.[199] In 2007, there were about a hundred thousand Filipino Americans living in the East Bay alone.[191] By the time of the 2010 Census the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to 463,458 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans;[200] Santa Clara county continued to have the largest concentration in the area.[201] In 2011, 9% of all Filipino immigrants to the United States reside in the San Francisco metropolitan area, and an additional 3% resided in the San Jose metropolitan area.[14] Daly City, in the San Francisco Bay Area, has the highest concentration of Filipino Americans of any municipality in the U.S.; Filipino Americans comprise 35% of the city's population.[202] In 2016, although the number of Filipinos living within the City of San Francisco has been reduced, a heritage district was designated "SoMa Pilipinas".[203]

San Diego County edit

 
Filipino American U.S. Navy officers and warrant officers aboard the USS Comstock (LSD-45) at Naval Base San Diego.

San Diego has historically been a destination for Filipino immigrants and has contributed to the growth of its population.[79][204][205] One of the earliest instances of a Filipino being in San Diego, occurred during the Portolá expedition in 1769, while California was still part of New Spain.[206] The first documentation of Filipinos arriving in San Diego, as part of the United States, occurred in 1903 when Filipino students arrived at State Normal School;[121][207] they were followed as early as 1908 by Filipino sailors serving in the United States Navy.[208] Due to discriminatory housing policies of the time, the majority of Filipinos in San Diego lived downtown around Market Street,[121][209] then known as "Skid Row".[210] Prior to World War II, due to anti-miscegenation laws, multi-racial marriages with Hispanic and Latino women were common, particularly with Mexicans.[211] In the 1940s and 1950s, Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asians within the City of San Diego, with a population around 500.[209] After World War II, the majority of Filipino Americans in San Diego were associated with the U.S. Navy in one form or another. Even in the late 1970s and early 1980s more than half of Filipino babies born in the greater San Diego area were born at Balboa Naval Hospital.[121] In the 1970s, the typical Filipino family consisted of a husband whose employment was connected to the military, and a wife who was a nurse.[212] Many Filipino American veterans, after completing active duty, would move out of San Diego, to the suburbs of Chula Vista and National City.[167] In 1995, it was estimated that Filipinos made up between 35% and 45% of the population of National City.[213]

From a population of 799 in 1940,[121] to 15,069 in 1970,[121][152] by 1990 the Filipino American population in San Diego County increased to 95,945.[121] In 2000, San Diego County had the second-largest Filipino American population of any county in the nation, with over 145,000 Filipinos, alone or in combination;[214] by the 2010 Census the population had grown to 182,248.[215] In 1990 and 2000, San Diego was the only metropolitan area in the U.S. where, at more than fifty percent, Filipinos constituted the largest Asian American nationality.[214][216][217] As of 2011, 5% of all Filipino immigrants in the United States call San Diego County home;[14] by 2012, there was an estimated 94,000 Filipino immigrants living in San Diego.[15] Filipinos concentrated in the South Bay,[218] where they had been historically concentrated.[121] In 2015, there were over 31,000 Filipino Americans in Chula Vista alone.[219] Also, in 2015, it was documented that the county had the third largest concentration of Filipino Americans in the entire United States.[220] By late 2016, the population in the county increased to almost 200 thousand.[221] More affluent Filipino Americans moved into the suburbs of North County,[218] particularly Mira Mesa (sometimes referred to as "Manila Mesa").[222] A portion of California State Route 54 in San Diego is officially named the "Filipino-American Highway", in recognition of the Filipino American community.[223]

As of the 2020 Census, Filipino Americans were the plurality of all Asian Americans living in San Diego County, with their 215,168 people making up 41.6% of all Asian Americans within the county.[224]

Hawaii edit

Main article: Filipinos in Hawaii
 
Filipino Americans welcoming the commanding officer of the Philippine Navy's Gregorio del Pilar at Pearl Harbor.

From 1909 to 1934, Hawaiian sugar plantations recruited Filipinos, later known as sakadas; by 1932 Filipinos made up the majority of laborers on Hawaiian sugar plantations.[59] In 1920, Filipinos were the fifth largest population by race in Hawaii, with 21,031 people.[225] By 1930, the population of Filipinos in Hawaii had nearly tripled to 63,052.[226] As late as 1940, the population of Filipinos in the Territory of Hawaii outnumbered Filipinos in the continental United States.[59] In 1970, the Honolulu metropolitan area alone had a population of 66,653 Filipinos, the largest Filipino population in any metropolitan area in the United States.[152]

According to the 2000 Census, the state of Hawaii had a Filipino population of over 275,000,[227][228] with over 191,000 living on the island of Oahu;[228] of those, 102,000 were immigrants.[125] Furthermore, Filipinos made up the third largest ethnicity among Asian Pacific Americans,[229] while making up the majority of the populations of Kauai and Maui counties.[230] In June 2002, representatives from the Arroyo Administration and local leaders presided over the grand opening and dedication of the Filipino Community Center in Waipahu.[231] In the 2010 census, Filipino Americans became the largest Asian ethnicity in Hawaii, partially due to the declining population of the state's Japanese Americans.[232] In 2011, four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the U.S. resided in the Honolulu metro area, and were 43% of all immigrants in the Honolulu metro area as well. Filipino immigrants in Hawaii made up six per cent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[14]

In 2020, there were 383,200 Filipino Americans in Hawaii.[233] A quarter of the population of Hawaii are Filipino Americans.[234][235] Filipino Americans are the second largest ethnicity in Hawaii, after European Americans.[236] Filipino Americans in Hawaii have the second highest median family income of any ethnic group, after Japanese Americans in Hawaii, yet they are not one of the dominate ethnicities within the socioeconomic hierarchy in Hawaii.[236] The majority of Filipino Americans in Hawaii live in multigenerational households; and nearly a third work in the service industry.[236] During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Filipino Americans were about a fifth of all COVID-19 cases in Hawaii.[237] 2023 Hawaii wildfires on Maui significantly impacted the Filipino American community in Lahaina, where 40% of the community's population before the wildfires were Filipino Americans.[235][238]

Texas edit

 
Tinikling dancers at the 2007 Texas State Fair

The first Filipino known by name in Texas was Francisco Flores, who came to Texas by way of Cuba in the nineteenth century.[239][240] Flores lived initially in Port Isabel later moving to Rockport.[239] Following the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, Filipinos began migrating to Texas.[239] Filipino employees of American officers who served in the Philippines, would move with those officers when they returned to the Continental United States, with many settling around San Antonio.[239] Other Filipinos resettled in Texas after initially residing elsewhere in the United States.[239] In 1910, there were six Filipinos living in Texas, by 1920 this number had increased to 30, and by 1930, the population had grown to 288.[106] With the disbandment of the Philippine Scouts, many who remained in the military came to call Fort Sam Houston home, along with Filipina war brides.[241] After World War II, many Filipino professionals began immigrating to Texas; 2,000 Filipino nurses called Houston home.[239] In 1950, about 4,000 Filipino Americans were in Texas;[242] their number had increased to 75,226 by 2000.[25]

As more Filipino Americans came to Texas, the center of their population shifted to Houston, which today has one of the largest Filipino populations in the South.[242] Fort Bend County near Houston has the highest percentage of Filipinos in Texas.[243] With Texas being part of the Bible Belt, it is often a popular destination for emigrating Filipino Protestants.[242] In 2000, Texas was home to the seventh-largest population of Filipino immigrants.[125] According to the 2010 Census, there were 137,713 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans in Texas.[244] In 2011, five percent (86,400) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Texas.[14]

Washington edit

 
The Filipino Student Association at the University of Washington, 1952

The first documented Filipino in Washington state was a lumber mill employee at Port Blakely in 1888, but there were some earlier instances of Filipino seamen settling in the Puget Sound region.[245] In 1910, the population of Filipinos in Washington was twelve times greater than in California.[246] In 1920, there were almost a thousand (958) Filipinos in Washington.[106] Pre-World War II, Washington had the second-largest population of Filipino Americans in the mainland United States—3,480 in 1930;[247] this population had declined to 2,200 by 1940.[248] A significant population of these early Filipinos were migratory workers, working in the canneries in Puget Sound, and harvesting crops in Yakima Valley.[249]

In 1970, Filipino Americans were the fifth-largest minority population, with 11,462 persons, after African-Americans, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Native Americans, and Japanese Americans; they were 0.3% of the total population of Washington at the time; 87.2% lived in urban areas,[250] and 7,668 Filipinos lived in the Seattle–Tacoma–Everett metropolitan area.[152] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Washington.[122] As of the 2010 Census, the state was home to the fifth largest Filipino American population in the nation.[130] 60% of Filipino Americans living in Washington have arrived since 1965.[251]

Nevada edit

 
Tinikling dancers of the Asian Pacific American Association dance team, at Nellis Air Force Base, in 2015

Five Filipinos were documented in Nevada in 1920; the population increased to 47 in 1930.[106] According to the Center of Immigration Studies, the Filipino population in Nevada grew 77.8% from 7,339 in 1990, to 33,046 in 2000.[252] In 2000, Nevada was home to two percent (31,000) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[125] Nevada's Filipino American population grew substantially from 2000 to 2010, with a 142% increase for a 3.6% share of the state's total population by 2010.[253] More than half of Asian Americans in Nevada in 2010 were Filipino,[254] and are Nevada's largest group of Asian Americans.[255] In 2005, outside of Las Vegas Valley, the only other area in Nevada with a significant population of Filipinos was Washoe County.[256] In 2012, about 124,000 Filipinos lived in Nevada, mostly in Las Vegas Valley;[257] by 2015, it had risen to more than 138,000.[258] In 2021, there were more than 200,000 Filipinos in Las Vegas.[259]

The first known Filipinos to arrive in Clark County arrived from California during the Great Depression.[260] Filipinos arriving in the mid-20th century settled primarily around Fifth and Sixth Streets, and an enclave remains in this area.[256] Beginning in 1995, five to six thousand Filipinos from Hawaii began to migrate to Las Vegas.[256] In 2005, Filipinos were the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans in Las Vegas.[261] In 2013, according to the American Community Survey, 2011–2013, there were an estimated 114,989 Filipinos (+/-5,293), including multiracial Filipinos, in Clark County;[262] according to other sources, there were about 140,000 Filipinos living in Las Vegas.[263] According to The Star-Ledger in 2014, more than 90,000 Filipino nationals resided in the Las Vegas area.[264] By 2015, Filipino Americans are more than half of the population of Asian Americans in Las Vegas.[265]

Florida edit

 
Filipino World War II veterans who fought at the Battle of Bataan in Jacksonville

In 1910, there was a single Filipino living in Florida, this population increased to 11 in 1920, and 46 in 1930.[106] 1990 United States Census, the 31,945 Filipinos were the state's largest population of Asian Pacific Americans.[122][266] Florida is home to 122,691 Filipino Americans, according to the 2010 Census.[267] As of 2013, Filipinos are the largest group of Asian Americans in Duval County.[268] The 2000 Census reported there were around 15,000 Filipino Americans living in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, though community leaders estimated the true number was closer to 25,000.[269] Indeed, the 2010 Census found the community numbered at 25,033, about 20% of the state's Filipino Americans.[270] Many of Jacksonville's Filipinos served in or otherwise had ties to, the United States Navy, which has two bases in Jacksonville.[269][271] Two of Florida's other metropolitan areas also have substantial Filipino American communities: the Miami metropolitan area has 21,535,[272] and the Tampa Bay Area has 18,724.[273]

Illinois edit

 
Filipino American musicians in Chicago, 2010

Filipino migration to the Chicago area began in 1906 with the immigration of pensionados,[274] consisting predominantly of men. A significant number of them married non-Filipinos, mainly Eastern or Southern European women.[275] At one point, 300 of these early Chicago Filipinos worked for the Pullman Company, and overall tended to be more educated than most men of their age.[275] During the 1930s, they were predominantly in the Near South Side until the 1965 immigration reforms.[276] In 1930, there were 1,796 Filipinos living in Chicago. The population decreased to 1,740 in 1940 with men outnumbering women 25:1.[275] In the 1960s, there were 3,587 Filipinos in Illinois, the population increased to 12,654 in 1970 and 43,889 in 1980, growing at a pace greater than the national average, and made up largely of professionals and their families.[277] By the 1970s, Filipinas outnumbered Filipinos, with a total of 9,497 Filipinos in the Chicago Area;[278] the total population of Filipinos in Illinois was 12,654, of which 57% were college graduates.[250] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois, with a population of 64,224.[122][279] Outside the Chicago metropolitan area, there were fewer Filipinos.[280] For instance in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, there were only 171 in 2000.[280]

In 2000, 100,338 Filipino Americans lived in Illinois—[25] 95,928 in the Chicago metropolitan area.[281] In that same year, among ethnic groups in the Chicago metropolitan area, Filipinos had the highest proportion of foreign- born.[281] By the 2010 Census, 139,090 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in Illinois,[282] 131,388 lived within the Chicago metropolitan area.[283] As of 2010, Filipinos were the second-largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois after Indian Americans.[284] In 2011, five percent (84,800) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Illinois, the majority of whom (78,400) lived in the Chicago metropolitan area.[14] Although not as concentrated as other Asian American groups, they are the fourth-largest ethnicity currently immigrating to the Chicago metro area.[276] In 2011, the Chicago metropolitan area was home to four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States.[14] A large concentration of Filipino Americans resides in the North and Northwest sides,[278] often near hospitals.[276]

New York edit

In 1970, there were 14,279 Filipinos in New York State.[250] In 2004, 84% of Filipinos in New York had obtained a college education, compared to 43% of all Filipino Americans in the United States.[175] In 2010, there were 104,287 single-race Filipino Americans living in New York State.[285] In 2011, five percent (84,400) of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in New York.[14] By 2013, an estimated over 120,000+ single- and multi-racial Filipino Americans lived in New York State.[286]

New York City metropolitan area edit

Main article: Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area

In the 1970s and 1980s, Filipinos in New York and New Jersey had a higher socioeconomic status than Filipinos elsewhere; more than half of Filipino immigrants to the metropolitan area were healthcare or other highly trained professionals, in contrast to established working-class Filipino American populations elsewhere.[287] The high percentage of healthcare professionals continues; in 2013, 30% of Filipinos were nurses or other professionals in the healthcare industry.[288] In 1970, the New York metropolitan area had the largest concentration of Filipinos (12,455) east of the Rocky Mountains, and the fifth largest population of Filipinos of all metropolitan areas in the United States.[152] In 1990, more Filipinos lived in urban New York (60,376), than in suburban New York (44,203).[156]Table 1a In 2008, the New York tri-state metropolitan area was home to 215,000 Filipinos.[289] In 2010, according to the 2010 United States Census, there were 217,349 Filipino Americans, including multiracial Filipino Americans, living in the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, (NY-NJ-PA) metropolitan area.[290] In 2011, eight percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the New York City metropolitan region,[14] and it had become a new destination for Filipino immigrants.[205] In 2012, a Census-estimated 235,222 single-race and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in the broader New York-Newark-Bridgeport, New York-New Jersey-Connecticut-Pennsylvania Combined Statistical Area.[291] By 2013 Census estimates, the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania MSA was estimated to be home to 224,266 Filipino Americans, 88.5% (about 200,000) of them single-race Filipinos.[292] In 2013, 4,098 Filipinos legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;[293] in 2012, this number was 4,879;[294] 4,177 in 2011;[295] 4,047 in 2010,[296] 4,400 in 2009,[297] and 5,985 in 2005.[298] Little Manilas have emerged in the New York City metropolitan area, in Woodside, Queens;[299] Jersey City, New Jersey;[300] and Bergenfield, New Jersey.[301] In 2017, one quarter of Filipino American adults in the metropolitan area work in the medical field.[83]

New York City edit
 
Young Filipino Americans dressed as Katipuneros at the Philippine Independence Day Parade in Midtown Manhattan.

Filipinos have resided in New York City since the 1920s.[302] In 1960, there were only 2,744 Filipinos in New York City.[303] In 1990, there were 43,229 Filipinos increasing to around 54,993 in 2000.[302] A profile of New York City's Filipino American population, based on an analysis of 1990 and 2000 U.S. census data, showed that Filipino New Yorkers surpassed non-Filipino New Yorkers as a whole in terms of income.[304] New York City was home to an estimated 82,313 Filipinos in 2011, representing a 7.7% increase from the estimated 77,191 in 2008.[305] Median household income of Filipinos in New York City was $81,929 in 2013; 68% held a bachelor's degree or higher.[305] The 2010 census reported the borough of Queens was home to the largest concentration of Filipinos within New York City—[302] about 38,000 individuals.[306] In 2011, an estimated 56% of New York City's Filipino population, or about 46,000, lived in Queens.[305] In 2014, Filipinos remained the fourth-largest population of Asian Americans in New York City, behind Chinese, Indians, and Koreans.[307] The annual Philippine Independence Day Parade is traditionally held on the first Sunday of June on Madison Avenue in Manhattan.[302]

In the 1920s, Filipinos settled near Brooklyn Navy Yard.[308] Woodside, Queens, is known for its concentration of Filipinos.[309] Of Woodside's 85,000 residents, about 13,000 (or 15%) are of Filipino background.[309] Due to a significant concentration of Filipino businesses, the area has become known as Little Manila.[309][310] Along the IRT Flushing Line (7 train), known colloquially as the Orient Express,[311] the 69th Street station serves as the gateway to Queens' largest Little Manila, whose core spans Roosevelt Avenue between 63rd and 71st Streets.[309] Filipinos are also concentrated in Jackson Heights and Elmhurst in Queens.[302] There are also smaller Filipino communities in Jamaica, Queens, and parts of Brooklyn.[312] The Benigno Aquino Triangle is located on Hillside Avenue in Hollis, Queens, to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area;[313] it was dedicated in 1987.[314] In 2022, a street sign was placed on Roosevelt Avenue to co-name the street at its intersection with 70th Street as "Little Manila Avenue".[315]

New Jersey edit

 
Filipino musicians in New Jersey in 2006

Filipinos are the third largest group of Asian Americans in New Jersey after Indian and Chinese Americans.[316] In 2010, there were 110,650 single-race Filipino Americans living in New Jersey.[317] In 2011, New Jersey was home to five percent (86,600) of the United States' Filipino immigrants.[14] By 2013, an estimated 134,647 single- and multi-racial Filipino Americans lived in New Jersey.[318] Bergen County, Hudson County, Middlesex County,[319] and Passaic County (all in Northern and Central New Jersey) have the state's largest Filipino populations, and are home to over half the Filipinos residing in New Jersey.[316] In Bergen County in particular, Bergenfield, along with Paramus, Hackensack,[320] New Milford, Dumont,[321] Fair Lawn, and Teaneck[322] have become growing hubs for Filipino Americans. Taken as a whole, these municipalities are home to a significant proportion of Bergen County's Philippine population.[323] A census-estimated 20,859 single-race Filipino Americans resided in Bergen County as of 2013,[324] an increase from the 19,155 counted in 2010.[325] Bergenfield has become known as Bergen County's Little Manila and hosts its annual Filipino American Festival.[301][326] Within Bergen County, there are Filipino American organizations based in Paramus,[327] Fair Lawn,[321][328] and Bergenfield.[329] In Hudson County, Jersey City is home to the largest Filipino population in New Jersey, with over 16,000 Filipinos in 2010,[300][330] accounting for seven percent the city's population.[331] This is an increase from 11,677 in 1990.[332] In the 1970s, to acknowledge the Filipinos immigrating to Jersey City, the city named a street Manila Avenue.[331][288]

Virginia edit

The first year that Filipinos were documented in Virginia by the United States Census Bureau was in 1920, when 97 Filipinos were counted; by 1930, that population increased to 126.[106] In 1970, there were 7,128 Filipinos living in Virginia, 5,449 of whom lived in the Norfolk-Portsmouth metropolitan area.[333] By 1980, there were 18,901 Filipinos in Virginia, with significant concentrations in Norfolk, and Virginia Beach.[334] In the following decade, by 1990, the Filipino population in the Hampton Roads area increased by 116.8%, increasing to 19,977 in the area alone.[335] In 1990, Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Virginia, followed by Korean Americans.[122]

 
2015 Richmond Filipino Festival

In 2000, Virginia's Filipino population was 59,318.[25] There were 90,493 Filipino Americans in Virginia as of 2010,[336] 39,720 of whom lived in the Virginia part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area.[337] Many Filipinos settled around the Hampton Roads region near the Oceana Naval Air Station because the U.S. Navy had recruited them in the Philippines.[338] In 2007, Filipino Americans made up one-quarter of all foreign-born residents of the area.[271] In 2011, there were between 17,000 and 22,000 Filipino Americans living in Virginia Beach.[339][340] Filipino immigrants in that population represent one-fifth of all immigrants living in Virginia Beach.[14] A larger population of Filipino Americans, 40,292, reside in the Virginia part of the Washington metropolitan area.[341] In the Greater Richmond Region, they are the largest population of Asian Americans in Prince George County.[342]

Elsewhere edit

U.S. metropolitan areas with large Filipino American populations (2010) edit

Rank City Filipino American Population Size
Alone or in Combination (2010 Census)[386] 		Total population[387] Percentage Filipino American
1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Metro Area 463,626[388] 12,828,837 3.61
2 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Metro Area 287,879[389] 4,335,391 6.64
3 Honolulu, HI Metro Area 234,894[390] 953,207 24.64
4 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area 217,349[391] 18,897,109 1.15
5 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, California Metro Area 182,248[392] 3,095,313 5.88
6 Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Metro Area 130,781[393] 9,461,105 1.38
7 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area 117,928[394] 4,224,851 2.79
8 Las Vegas-Paradise, Nevada Metro Area 108,141[395] 1,951,269 5.54
9 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area 105,403[396] 1,836,911 5.73
10 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area 97,867[397] 3,439,809 2.84
11 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area 75,444 5,582,170 1.35
12 Sacramento—Arden-Arcade—Roseville, CA Metro Area 73,866 2,149,127 3.43
13 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA Metro Area 52,641 413,344 12.73
14 Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Metro Area 47,926 5,946,800 0.80
15 Stockton, CA Metro Area 46,447 685,306 6.77
16 Kahului-Wailuku, HI Micro Area 44,892 154,834 28.99
17 Hilo, HI Micro Area 40,878 185,079 22.08
18 Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ Metro Area 39,913 4,192,887 0.95
19 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metro Area 39,871 1,671,683 2.38
20 Dallas–Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area 33,206 6,371,773 0.52
21 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metro Area 31,200 5,965,343 0.52
22 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA Metro Area 25,103 823,318 3.04
23 Jacksonville, FL Metro Area 25,033 1,345,596 1.86
24 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metro Area 23,864 2,226,009 1.07
25 Baltimore-Towson, MD Metro Area 22,418 2,710,489 0.82
26 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Metro Area 21,535 5,564,635 0.38
27 Kapaa, HI Micro Area 21,423 67,091 31.93
28 Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Metro Area 20,825 4,296,250 0.48
29 Bakersfield-Delano, CA Metro Area 20,296 839,631 2.41
30 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metro Area 18,724 2,783,243 0.67

Little Manilas edit

In areas with sparse Filipino populations, they often form loose-knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a "sense of family", which is a key feature of Filipino culture. These organizations generally arrange social events, especially of a charitable nature, and keep members up-to-date with local events.[398] They are often organized into regional associations,[399] which are a small part of Filipino American life. Filipino Americans formed close-knit neighborhoods, notably in California and Hawaii.[400] A few communities have "Little Manilas", civic and business districts tailored to the Filipino American community.[401]

Language edit

Filipino Americans form a multilingual community but the two most spoken languages are English and Tagalog.[402] In 2009, Tagalog was the fourth largest language spoken in the United States with around 1.5 million speakers.[403]

Religion edit

According to a Pew Research Center survey published in July 2012, the majority of Filipino American respondents are Roman Catholic (65%), followed by Protestant (21%), unaffiliated (8%), and Buddhist (1%).[404] There are also smaller populations of Filipino American Muslims—particularly those who originate from the Southern Philippines.[175]

Socioeconomic status edit

Economics edit

The Filipino-American community is largely middle and upper middle class;[216][405] in 2014, 18% of Filipino American households were in the top tenth of U.S. households in terms of income.[15] The representation of Filipino Americans employed in health care is high.[75][406][407] Other sectors of the economy where Filipino Americans have significant representation are in the public sector,[408] and in the service sector.[127][409] Compared to Asian American women of other ethnicities, and women in the United States in general, Filipina Americans are more likely to be part of the work force;[410] a large population, nearly one fifth (18%), of Filipina Americans worked as registered nurses.[15]

Median Household Income
Ethnicity Household Income
per 2004 survey data[28]fig.13 per 2009 survey data[411]
Indian $68,771 $86,660
Filipino $65,700 $76,455
Chinese $57,433 $68,613
Japanese $53,763 $65,767
Vietnamese $45,980 $54,799
Korean $43,195 $53,934
Total US Population $44,684 $51,369

Among Overseas Filipinos, Filipino Americans are the largest remitters of U.S. dollars to the Philippines. In 2005, their combined dollar remittances reached a record-high of almost $6.5 billion. In 2006, Filipino Americans sent more than $8 billion, which represents 57% of the total foreign remittances received by the Philippines.[412] By 2012, this amount had reached $10.6 billion, but made up only 43% of total remittances.[12] In 2021, the United States was the largest source of remittances to the Philippines, making up 40.5% of the $31.4 billion remittances received by the Philippines.[413]

Filipino Americans own a variety of businesses, making up 10.5% of all Asian owned businesses in the United States in 2007.[414] In 2002, according to the Survey of Business Owners, there were over 125,000 Filipino-owned businesses; this increased by 30.4% to over 163,000 in 2007.[415] By then, 25.4% of these businesses were in the retail industry, 23% were in the health care and social assistance industries,[416] and they employed more than 142,000 people and generated almost $15.8 billion in revenue.[414] Of those, just under three thousand (1.8% of all Filipino-owned businesses) were million dollar or more businesses.[414][416] California had the largest number of Filipino-owned businesses, with the Los Angeles metropolitan area having the largest number of any metropolitan area in the United States.[414]

In 2010, Filipino Americans' employment rate was 61.5%; the unemployment rate was 8.5%.[417] In 1990 and 2000, the decennial censuses found that, while lower than the national average, foreign-born Filipinos had a lower poverty rate than those born in the United States;[418] by 2007, the situation had reversed.[419] In 2012, a smaller percentage of Filipino American adults lived in poverty than the national average (6.2% verse 12.8%).[12] At the point of retirement, a notable percentage of Filipino Americans return to the Philippines.[420] In 1990, the elderly Filipino American poverty rate was eight percent.[406] In 1999 among elderly Filipino Americans, the poverty rate had dropped to 6.3%—lower than that of the total geriatric population (9.9%), and lowest among Asian Americans.[421]

Education edit

The 1990 Census reports that Filipino Americans had the highest percentage of college educated individuals of any Asian American population.[26] Filipino Americans have some of the highest educational attainment rates in the United States with 47.9% of all Filipino Americans over the age of 25 having a bachelor's degree in 2004, which correlates with rates observed in other Asian American subgroups.[28]fig.11
 In 2011, 61% of United States-born Filipino Americans had achieved an education level greater than a high school diploma.[14] The post-1965 wave of Filipino professionals immigrating to the U.S. to make up the education, healthcare, and information technology employee shortages also accounts for the high educational attainment rates.[11][78][100] Second generation Filipino Americans have trended to have a lower educational achievement than their first generation parents.[422]

Educational Attainment: 2004 (Percent of Population 25 and Older)[28]fig.11
Ethnicity High School Graduation Rate Bachelor's Degree or More
Asian Indians 90.2% 67.9%
Filipino 90.8% 47.9%
Chinese 80.8% 50.2%
Japanese 93.4% 43.7%
Korean 90.2% 50.8%
Total US Population 83.9% 27.0%

Due to the strong American influence in the Philippine education system, first generation Filipino immigrants are also at advantage in gaining professional licensure in the United States. According to a study conducted by the American Medical Association, Philippine-trained physicians comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained physicians in the United States (20,861 or 8.7% of all practicing international medical graduates in the U.S.).[423] Other physicians, in order to immigrate from the Philippines, re-licensed as nurses.[80] In addition, Filipino American dentists trained in the Philippines comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained dentists in the United States. An article from the Journal of the American Dental Association asserts that 11% of all foreign-trained dentists licensed in the U.S. are from the Philippines; India is ranked first with 25.8% of all foreign dentists.[424]

The significant drop in the percentage of Filipino nurses from the 1980s to 2000 is because of the increase in the number of countries recruiting Filipino nurses (European Union, the Middle East, Japan), as well as the increase in the number of other countries sending nurses to the United States.[425] Even with the significant drop, in 2005 Filipino American nurses made up 3.7% of the total United States nursing population, and were 40% of all foreign-trained nurses in the United States.[80]

American schools have also hired and sponsored the immigration of Filipino teachers and instructors.[426] Some of these teachers were forced into labor outside the field of education, and mistreated by their recruiters.[427]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Filipinos were 2.6% of the islands total population in 1940.[352]
  2. ^ The population of Filipinos in the Virgin Islands was also 7 in 1917.[372]

References edit

  1. ^ Campbell Gibson; Kay Jung (September 2002). (PDF). Population Division. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  2. ^ Jessica S. Barnes; Claudette E. Bennett (February 2002). "The Asian Population: 2000" (PDF). Census 2000 Bief. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  3. ^ a b Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Sonya Rastogi; Myoung Ouk Kim; Hasan Shahid (March 2012). "The Asian Population: 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Brittany Rico; Joyce Key Hahn; Cody Spence (21 September 2023). "Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  5. ^ Alli Coritz; Jessica E. Peña; Paul Jacobs; Brittany Rico; Joyce Key Hahn; Ricardo Henrique Lowe, Jr. (21 September 2023). "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f (PDF). Filipino American Lives. Temple University Press. March 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  7. ^ . Green & Gold News. University of Alaska Anchorage. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2014. Filipinos in America also number over 3 million, making them the second largest Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) ethnic group in the country, and they are projected to be the largest AAPI groups when the results of the 2010 census come out.
    (PDF). Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program. Smithsonian Institution. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
    Tiongson, Antonio T.; Edgardo Valencia Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez (2006). Positively no Filipinos allowed: building communities and discourse. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-59213-122-8.
    Nadal, Kevin L.; Pituc, Stephanie T.; Marc P. Johnston; Theresa Esparrago (2010). "Overcoming the Model Minority Myth: Experiences of Filipino American Graduate Students". Journal of College Student Development. 51 (6). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 694–7006. doi:10.1353/csd.2010.0023. S2CID 144640507. Filipino Americans are the second largest Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States.
    Javier, Joyce R.; Chamberlain, Lisa J.; Kahealani K. Rivera; Sarah E. Gonzalez; Fernando S. Mendoza; Lynne C. Huffman (2010). "Lessons Learned From a Community-Academic Partnership Addressing Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention in Filipino American Families". Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action. 4 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 305–313. doi:10.1353/cpr.2010.a406086. PMC 4189834. PMID 21169708. Filipinos are the second largest API subpopulation in the United States but are underrepresented in medical research.
    Nadal, Kevin (2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. p. x. ISBN 978-0-470-95136-1. Filipino Americans are now the second largest Asian American group in the United States and may become the majority in 2010.
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May 04, 2024
demographics, filipino, americans, demographics, filipino, americans, describe, heterogeneous, group, people, united, states, trace, their, ancestry, philippines, 2020, census, there, were, million, filipino, americans, including, multiracial, americans, were,. The demographics of Filipino Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to the Philippines As of the 2020 Census there were 4 4 million Filipino Americans including Multiracial Americans who were part Filipino living in the US Filipino Americans constitute the third largest population of Asian Americans and the largest population of Overseas Filipinos Map depicting Filipinos in the United States according to the Census 2000 The first recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates to October 1587 with the first permanent settlement of Filipinos in present day Louisiana in 1763 Migration of significant numbers of Filipinos to the United States did not occur until the early 20th century when the Philippines was an overseas territory of the United States After World War II and until 1965 migration of Filipinos to the United States was reduced limited to primarily military and medically connected immigration Since 1965 due to changes in immigration policy the population of Filipino Americans has expanded significantly Filipino Americans can be found throughout the United States especially in the Western United States and metropolitan areas In California Filipinos were initially concentrated in its Central Valley especially in Stockton but later shifted to Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area Other states with significant populations of Filipinos include Hawaii Texas Washington Nevada Florida and Illinois New Jersey and the New York Metropolitan area also has a significant population of Filipinos There are smaller populations of Filipino Americans elsewhere As a population Filipino Americans are multilingual with Tagalog being the largest non English language being spoken A majority of Filipino Americans are Christian with smaller populations having other religious views On average Filipino Americans earn a higher average household income and achieve a higher level of education than the national average Contents 1 National population demographics 2 Historical settlement 2 1 Early immigration 2 2 American period 2 3 Post independence 2 4 Post 1965 3 Population concentrations 3 1 California 3 1 1 Greater Los Angeles 3 1 2 San Francisco Bay Area 3 1 3 San Diego County 3 2 Hawaii 3 3 Texas 3 4 Washington 3 5 Nevada 3 6 Florida 3 7 Illinois 3 8 New York 3 8 1 New York City metropolitan area 3 8 1 1 New York City 3 9 New Jersey 3 10 Virginia 3 11 Elsewhere 3 11 1 Guam 3 11 2 Alaska 3 11 3 Utah 3 11 4 Other Insular areas and unincorporated territories 3 12 U S metropolitan areas with large Filipino American populations 2010 3 13 Little Manilas 4 Language 5 Religion 6 Socioeconomic status 6 1 Economics 6 2 Education 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksNational population demographics editHistorical populationYearPop 1910160 19205 603 3401 9 193045 208 706 9 194045 563 0 8 195061 636 35 3 1960176 310 186 1 1970343 060 94 6 1980774 652 125 8 19901 406 770 81 6 20002 364 815 68 1 20103 416 840 44 5 20204 436 992 29 9 2000 2010 amp 2020 figures include Multiracial Filipino AmericansSource 1 2 Table 4 3 4 Due to the significant increase of Indian Americans Filipino Americans became the third largest Asian American ethnicity in the United States 5 Filipino Americans who only listed Filipino alone increased their population by 20 4 to 3 076 108 being the third largest Asian alone ethnicities behind Indian Americans and Chinese Americans When including multiracial Asian Americans the total population of Filipino Americans increased by 29 9 to 4 436 992 persons behind Chinese Americans and Indian Americans 4 The Filipino American community was the second largest Asian American group in the United States with a population of over 3 4 million as of the 2010 US Census 6 7 making up 19 7 of Asian Americans 8 Only Chinese Americans have a larger population among Asian Americans 9 Not including multiracial Filipino Americans the population of those responding as Filipino alone in the 2010 Census was 2 555 923 an increase of 38 in population from the 2000 Census 10 11 69 of Filipino Americans were born outside of the United States 77 of all Filipino Americans are United States citizens 8 12 Filipino Americans are the largest subgroup of Overseas Filipinos 13 as of 2011 there are 1 813 597 Philippines born immigrants living in the United States 4 5 of all immigrants in the United States of which 65 have become naturalized U S citizens 14 In 2014 there was an estimated 1 23 million second generation Filipino Americans who had a median age of 20 yet three percent were over the age of 64 15 Life expectancy for Filipino Americans is higher than the general population of the United States however survival rates of Filipino Americans diagnosed with cancer are lower than European Americans and African Americans 16 In 2015 the United States Census Bureau American Community Survey estimated that there were over 3 8 million Filipinos in the United States 17 In 2018 the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be over 4 million 18 19 In 2019 the American Community Survey estimated the population of Filipinos in the United States to be about 4 2 Million 20 The U S Census Bureau reported that the 2007 American Community Survey identified approximately 3 1 million persons as Filipino alone or in any combination The census also found that about 80 of the Filipino American community are United States citizens 21 According to a study published in 2007 11 of single heritage Filipinos did not mark Asian as their race this number was greater among multiracial Filipinos 22 Also in 2011 the U S State Department estimated the size of the Filipino American community at four million 23 or 1 5 of the United States population There are no official records of Filipinos who hold dual citizenship however during the 2000 Census data indicated that Filipino Americans had the lowest percentage of non citizens amongst Asian Americans at 26 24 Additionally although historically there had been a larger number of Filipino American men than women women represented 54 of the Filipino American adult population in the 2000 Census 25 Filipino Americans are the largest group of Overseas Filipinos and the majority were born outside of the United States at the same time more than 73 are United States Citizens 24 Among Asian Americans Filipino Americans are the most integrated in American society and are described by University of California Santa Barbara Professor Pei te Lien as being acculturated and economically incorporated 26 One in five is a multiracial American Multiple languages are spoken by Filipino Americans and the majority are Roman Catholic A U S Census Bureau survey done in 2004 found that update Filipino Americans had the second highest median family income amongst Asian Americans and had a high level of educational achievement 28 Interracial marriage among Filipinos is common 29 They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups in California 30 only Japanese Americans have a higher rate nationally 31 Compared to other Asian Americans Filipino Americans are more likely to have a Hispanic spouse 32 Statistically Filipino American women are more likely to marry outside of their ethnicity 38 9 than Filipino American men 17 6 other Asian American populations have lower rates of marrying outside of their race than both Filipino American men and women 33 Between 2008 and 2010 48 of Filipino American marriages were with non Asians 34 It is also noted that 21 8 of Filipino Americans are multiracial second among Asian Americans 33 35 Depending on their parentage multiracial Filipino Americans may refer to themselves as Mestizo Tsinoy Blackapino and Mexipino 36 Historical settlement editSee also Immigration history Early immigration edit The earliest recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States is October 1587 when mariners under Spanish command landed in Morro Bay California 37 38 The earliest permanent Filipino American residents arrived in the Americans in 1763 38 settling in Louisiana s bayou country 39 They later created settlements in the Mississippi River Delta such as Saint Malo Manila Village in Barataria Bay Louisiana and four others in present day Plaquemines and Jefferson Parishes 38 40 These early settlements were composed of sailors compelled to serve in press gangs who had escaped from duty aboard Spanish galleons They were documented by Harper s Weekly journalist Lafcadio Hearn in 1883 38 These settlements were the first longstanding Asian American settlements in the United States 41 The last of these Manila Village survived until 1965 when it was destroyed by Hurricane Betsy 42 An additional 2 000 were documented in New Orleans with their roots dating back to about 1806 the first being Augustin Feliciano from the Philippines s Bicol Region 43 Others came later from Manila Cavite Ilocos Camarines Zamboanga Zambales Leyte Samar Antique Bulacan Bohol Cagayan and Surigao 44 American period edit nbsp Headquarters of the government in exile and temporary capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines Significant immigration to the United States began in the 1900s 45 after the Spanish American War when the Philippines became an overseas territory of the United States and the population became United States nationals 46 Unlike other Asians who were unable to immigrate to the United States because of the immigration laws of the time Filipinos as U S nationals were exempt 47 In December 1915 it was ruled that Filipinos were eligible for naturalization and could become citizens 48 Naturalization remained difficult however with documented cases of denied naturalization and de naturalization occurring in the early 20th century 49 Filipinos many agricultural laborers settled primarily in the then Territory of Hawaii and California 50 Of the one hundred thirteen thousand Filipinos who immigrated during the early American period about a third returned to the Philippines 51 A smaller group of immigrants were sent on a scholarship program established by the Philippine Commission 52 and were collectively known as pensionados 53 the first batch of pensionados was sent in 1903 and the scholarship program continued until World War II 54 The students were chosen initially from wealthy and elite Filipino families but were later from a more diverse background Other Filipino students outside the program came to the United States for education many did not return to the Philippines 55 During this wave of migration to the United States from the Philippines men outnumbered women by a ratio of about 15 1 56 Nuclear families were rare therefore and an indication of privilege 57 This migration known as the manong generation 58 was reduced to 50 persons a year after passage of the Tydings McDuffie Act officially the Philippine Independence Act which classified Filipinos as aliens 6 59 This was offset by the United States Navy s recruitment of Filipinos 6 that began in 1898 and authorized by President William McKinley in 1901 6 60 They were exempt from this quota 6 Additionally those Filipino sailors were eligible for naturalization after three years of service 61 By 1922 Filipinos made up 5 7 of the United States Navy s enlisted personnel 59 In 1930 there were twenty five thousand Filipino Americans in the United States Navy primarily rated as stewards 62 having largely displaced African Americans in that rating 63 Post independence edit The War Brides Act of 1945 and subsequent Alien Fiancees and Fiances Act of 1946 64 65 allowed veterans to return to the Philippines to bring back fiancees wives and children 66 67 In the years following the war some sixteen thousand Filipinas entered the United States as war brides 68 That is not to say only women and children were beneficiaries of the acts for it was recorded that a lone Filipino groom immigrated during this period 69 These new immigrants formed a second generation of Filipino Americans that grew Filipino American communities 65 providing nuclear families 70 Immigration levels were impacted by the independence of the Philippines from the United States 71 that occurred on 4 July 1946 The quota of non naval immigration increased slightly to 100 because of the passage of the Luce Celler Act of 1946 71 Thus Filipino American communities developed around United States Navy bases whose impact can still be seen today 70 72 Filipino American communities were also settled near Army and Air Force bases 70 After World War II until 1965 half of all Filipino immigrants to the United States were wives of U S servicemembers 15 In 1946 the Filipino Naturalization Act allowed for naturalization 73 and citizenship for Filipinos who had arrived before March 1943 74 Beginning in 1948 due to the U S Education Exchange Act Filipino nurses began to immigrate to the United States 7 000 arrived that year 75 Post 1965 edit Following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 until at least the 1990s the Philippines became the largest source of Asian immigration providing one fourth of Asian immigrants to the United States 6 76 Filipinos were the largest number of Asians immigrants to the U S and the second largest immigrant population after Mexicans 77 Into the 1990s Filipino immigrants included many highly educated and higher skilled immigrants 58 78 A significant portion of them worked in the medical field filling medical personnel shortages in the U S in areas like nursing As a result of the shortage of nurses the Philippines become the largest source of healthcare professionals who immigrated to the U S 79 In the 1960s nurses from the Philippines became the largest group of nurses immigrating to the U S surpassing those immigrating from Canada 80 By the 1970s 9 158 Filipino nurses had immigrated to the U S making up 60 of its immigrant nurses 81 By 2000 one in ten Filipino Americans or an estimated 100 000 immigrants were employed as nurses 75 in 2020 the estimate of Filipino American nurses increased to over 150 000 or 4 of the all nurses in the United States 82 In 2020 7 of those employed in the medical field were Filipino American 83 Another result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was that family reunification based immigration added to the total number of Filipino immigrants resulting in two distinct economic groups within the Filipino American community 79 84 Like other immigrant groups Filipino immigrants clustered together both out of a sense of community and in response to prejudice against them This created the first Little Manilas in urban areas 85 As time passed immigration policies changed and prejudice diminished leading to a decline in the presence of Little Manilas 86 Between 1965 and 1985 more than 400 000 Filipinos immigrated to the United States 87 In 1970 immigrants made up more than half 53 of all Filipino Americans 88 In 1980 Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in the entire US 89 Half a million of the Filipino American population were immigrants making up 3 6 of all immigrants in the U S 15 outnumbering United States born Filipino Americans two to one 90 In the 1980s 1990s and 2000s more than half a million Filipinos obtained legal permanent resident status in the U S during each decade 91 In 1992 the U S Navy ended the Philippines Enlistment Program because of the end of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement It had allowed about thirty five thousand Filipinos to join the U S Navy many of whom immigrated to the U S 92 Filipino Americans tended to settle in major metropolitan areas 93 and in the West 94 in a more dispersed fashion They also intermarried more than other Asian Americans 90 Population concentrations edit nbsp 2020 Census largest Asian American ethnicities by State As of the 2020 Census Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in 11 states Alaska Arizona Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico North Dakota South Dakota West Virginia and Wyoming 95 As of the 2020 Census Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in 15 states Arkansas California Colorado Florida Illinois Kentucky Louisiana Maine Mississippi Oklahoma Oregon South Carolina Utah Virginia and Washington 96 As of the 2020 Census the ten states with the largest populations of Filipino Americans including multiracial Filipino Americans were California 1 741 613 Hawaii 383 200 Texas 234 091 Washington 194 682 Nevada 181 595 Florida 178 026 Illinois 167 748 New York 164 383 New Jersey 151 167 and Virginia 122 185 97 The following is a list of states with significant Filipino American populations of over 70 000 in 2017 18 States Filipino alone or in any combination nbsp California 1 651 933 18 nbsp Hawaii 367 364 18 nbsp Texas 194 427 18 nbsp Washington 178 300 18 nbsp Nevada 169 462 18 nbsp Illinois 159 385 18 nbsp New York 144 436 18 nbsp Florida 143 481 18 nbsp New Jersey 129 514 18 nbsp Virginia 108 128 18 nbsp Maryland 71 858 18 nbsp Arizona 70 333 18 nbsp United States 4 037 564 18 In 2010 Filipino Americans were the largest group of Asian Americans in 10 of the 13 western states Alaska Arizona California Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Washington Wyoming Filipino Americans are also the largest group of Asian Americans in South Dakota 3 Filipino immigrants have dispersed across the United States gravitating toward economic and professional opportunities independent of geographic location 14 98 Among the 1 814 000 Philippines born Filipino Americans the states with the largest concentrations are California 44 8 Hawaii 6 2 New Jersey 4 8 Texas 4 8 and Illinois 4 7 99 Table 4 In 2008 35 of Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the Los Angeles San Francisco and New York City metropolitan areas 100 by 2011 the percentage of the total Filipino immigrant population in the U S in those metropolitan areas was 33 14 In 2010 Filipino Americans constituted the largest Asian American group within five of the nation s twenty largest metropolitan areas San Diego Riverside Las Vegas Sacramento and Houston 101 California edit See also Demographics of California Asian Americans Although Filipinos first arrived in California in the 16th century 102 the first documentation of a Filipino residing in California did not occur until 1781 when Antonio Miranda Rodriguez was counted in the census as a chino 103 104 Initially part of the expedition that would establish Pueblo de Los Angeles Rodriguez was not present when Pueblo de Los Angeles was founded 103 Delayed in Baja California due to illness in his family he arrived in Alta California later 103 105 In 1910 there were only five Filipinos in California 106 ten years later in 1920 2 674 Filipinos lived there 107 In 1930 there were about 35 000 Filipino agricultural laborers in California s Central Valley 108 where the majority of Filipinos in the United States resided 109 Filipino laborers tended to have better working conditions and earn more than their Mexican or Japanese counterparts 110 in addition they were described as dandies and sharp dressers 111 nbsp Marshall Tuason a Filipino immigrant to California in 1941 Before World War II Stockton had the largest population of Filipinos outside of the Philippine Islands and during the harvest season its Filipino population would swell to over 10 000 112 During the Great Depression Filipinos in California were the target of race riots including the Watsonville riots 113 By the end of World War II the Filipino population in Stockton increased to over 15 000 114 In the late 1950s Filipino Americans in California were concentrated around Stockton the Bay Area and Los Angeles with migrant laborers being a significant part of the population 115 By 1970 the Filipino population in Stockton was less than 5 000 116 and the once vibrant Filipino community of Little Manila had been largely demolished except for a few blocks by 1999 mostly due to construction of the Crosstown Freeway 117 A population of Filipinos remains in the Central Valley region in the 21st century however it is no longer a significant concentration 118 119 In 2019 it was estimated that Filipino Americans are the largest populations of Asian Americans in Stockton and are about 28 000 people 120 In 1940 the Filipino population grew to 31 408 and continued to grow to 67 134 by 1960 It had nearly doubled to 135 248 by 1970 and by 1990 had grown to almost three quarters of a million people 733 941 121 Since at least 1990 Filipino Americans have been the largest group of Asian Pacific Americans in the state 122 123 In 1990 more than half 52 of all Filipino Americans lived in California 90 In 2000 almost half of all Filipino Americans in the United States lived in California 49 4 with Los Angeles County and San Diego County having the highest concentrations 124 additionally in 2000 California was home to nearly half 49 of Filipino immigrants 125 In 2008 one out of every four Filipino Americans lived in Southern California numbering over one million 126 127 The 2010 Census confirmed that Filipino Americans had grown to become the largest Asian American population in the state 118 128 totaling 1 474 707 persons 129 43 of all Filipino Americans live in California 130 Of these persons 1 195 580 were not multiracial Filipino Americans 11 131 As of 2011 California is home to 45 of all Filipino immigrants to the United States 14 In 2013 22 797 Filipino immigrants seeking lawful permanent residence within the United States sought residence in the state of California 132 a change from 22 484 in 2012 133 20 261 in 2011 134 and 24 082 in 2010 135 20 of California s registered nurses were Filipino in 2013 136 according to the California Healthcare Foundation Los Angeles County has the largest concentration of Filipino American nurses who are 27 of nurses in the county 137 By 2021 the percentage of nurses in California who are Filipino American dropped down to 18 138 By the 2020 Census the share of Filipino Americans who lived in California decreased to 39 3 of all Filipino Americans living in the United States 4 Filipino Americans including multiracial Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in California with 1 741 613 Filipino Americans living in the state 139 Greater Los Angeles edit nbsp Historic Filipinotown sign Filipino pensionados began arriving to the region in 1903 including Ventura County 140 others attended schools in Los Angeles County including the University of Southern California and University of California Los Angeles 141 In the 1920s the area now known as Little Tokyo was known as Little Manila where the first concentration of Filipino immigrants in Los Angeles lived 142 In 1930 one in five Filipinos in the United States called Los Angeles County home The number of Filipinos in the area expanded in the winter season to work temporary jobs 143 In 1937 the first Filipina American graduated from UCLA 144 145 In 1940 there were 4 503 Filipinos living in the City of Los Angeles 88 Little Manila extended to the Bunker Hill and Civic Center areas of Los Angeles but was forced to relocate to the Temple Beverly Corridor in the 1950s and 1960s 146 147 it has since been largely forgotten 148 In the 20th century Filipino sailors with the United States Navy began to be stationed in Oxnard and Long Beach developing military related Filipino enclaves 124 149 Long Beach community began in the 1940s 150 the Oxnard community saw significant growth after the 1960s 151 According to the 1970 United States Census the Los Angeles Long Beach metropolitan area had the third largest Filipino American population in the United States at that time 32 018 152 In the 1980s there were 219 653 Filipinos in Los Angeles County 153 In 1985 Helen Agcaoili Summers Brown opened the Filipino American Reading Room and Library 144 145 154 155 In 1990 there were more Filipinos living in suburban Los Angeles 160 778 than in urban Los Angeles 135 336 156 In 1996 one in four of Asian Americans in Los Angeles was Filipino 154 In the last two decades of the 20th century Filipinos were the second largest population of Asian Americans in the region however one writer described the population as having a residential invisibility with other Asian American populations being more visible 157 Greater Los Angeles is the metropolitan area home to the most Filipino Americans with the population numbered around 606 657 in 2010 158 Los Angeles County alone accounted for over 374 285 Filipinos 159 the most of any single county in the U S 122 The Los Angeles region has the second largest concentrated population of Filipinos in the world surpassed only by Manila 160 Greater Los Angeles is also home to the largest number of Filipino immigrants 16 of the total Filipino immigrant population of the United States as of 2011 14 Filipinos are the second largest group of Asian Americans in the region 161 however in 2010 Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans within the city of Los Angeles 162 In 2016 among those surveyed for a report entitled The Color of Wealth in Los Angeles Filipino Americans had the second largest proportion of college graduates with 76 2 having at least a bachelor s degree 163 The city of Los Angeles designated a section of Westlake as Historic Filipinotown in 2002 It is now largely populated by Hispanic and Latino Americans Most Filipinos who resided in the area and the city in general have moved to the suburbs 146 148 164 particularly cities in the San Gabriel Valley including West Covina and Rowland Heights 165 166 167 Due to West Covina s significant concentration of Filipino Americans it was proposed a business district be designated a Little Manila 168 In 2014 about a quarter of Historic Filipinotown s population was Filipino however the population did not have a significant visible cultural impact 169 in 2007 Filipinos were 15 of the area s population 170 Within the city of Los Angeles Eagle Rock has over 6 000 Filipinos calling the neighborhood home 171 additionally as of 2000 the largest source of foreign born individuals was the Philippines 172 Panorama City is another Los Angeles neighborhood with a noticeable Filipino population 173 In 2010 32 4 of Asians in La Puente were foreign born Filipino 174 Other significant concentrations of Filipino Americans in Los Angeles County are in Carson 175 176 where Larry Itliong Day was dedicated 177 Cerritos 166 167 178 and Glendale 179 Orange County also has a sizable and growing Filipino population 180 whose population grew by 178 in the 1980s 181 by 2018 the population was estimated to be 89 000 182 The Inland Empire also has a population of Filipinos with an estimated 59 000 living in the region in 2003 a hundred years after the first Filipinos arrived in the area to attend Riverside High School 183 of those about 2 400 lived in Coachella Valley 184 By the early 2010s estimates were there were around 90 000 Filipinos living in the region the largest group with Asian ancestry in the area 185 As of the 2020 Census Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans after Chinese Americans whose 419 187 persons made up 24 7 of all Asian Americans in Los Angeles County 186 San Francisco Bay Area edit nbsp Elderly tenants who were evicted from the International Hotel in San Francisco during the dawn hours of 4 August 1977One of the earliest records of a Filipino settling in the San Francisco Bay Area occurred in the mid 19th century when a Filipino immigrant and his Miwok wife settled in Lairds Landing on the Marin County coast 187 188 many Coast Miwok trace their lineage to this couple 187 189 Significant migration began in the early 20th century including upper class mestizo businessmen mariners and students known as pensionados 190 Another group of Filipinos who immigrated to the Bay Area was war brides many of whom married African American buffalo soldiers 191 Additionally other immigrants came through the U S Military some through the Presidio of San Francisco and others as migrant workers on their way to points inland many of these Filipinos would settle down permanently in the Bay Area establishing Manilatown on Kearny Street next to Chinatown 190 At its largest size Manilatown was home to at least 10 000 192 193 the last of whom were evicted in August 1977 from the International Hotel 192 194 195 After 1965 Filipinos from the Philippines began immigrating to San Francisco concentrating in the South of Market neighbourhood 194 In 1970 the San Francisco Oakland metropolitan area had the largest population of Filipinos of any metropolitan area in the continental United States 44 326 152 Two other nearby metropolitan areas also had a population of Filipinos greater than 5 000 in 1970 San Jose 6 768 and Salinas Monterey 6 147 152 Due to a change in the ethnic make up of the Yerba Buena neighborhood and with the construction of the Dimasalang House in 1979 four street names were changed to honor notable Filipinos 194 196 By 1990 30 of the population in South of Market was Filipino American 194 The 2000 Census showed that the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to approximately 320 000 residents of Filipino descent 197 with the largest concentration living in Santa Clara County 198 In the mid 2000s Filipino Americans were between one fifth and one fourth of the total population of Vallejo having been drawn there by agriculture and Mare Island Naval Shipyard 199 In 2007 there were about a hundred thousand Filipino Americans living in the East Bay alone 191 By the time of the 2010 Census the greater San Francisco Bay Area was home to 463 458 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans 200 Santa Clara county continued to have the largest concentration in the area 201 In 2011 9 of all Filipino immigrants to the United States reside in the San Francisco metropolitan area and an additional 3 resided in the San Jose metropolitan area 14 Daly City in the San Francisco Bay Area has the highest concentration of Filipino Americans of any municipality in the U S Filipino Americans comprise 35 of the city s population 202 In 2016 although the number of Filipinos living within the City of San Francisco has been reduced a heritage district was designated SoMa Pilipinas 203 San Diego County edit nbsp Filipino American U S Navy officers and warrant officers aboard the USS Comstock LSD 45 at Naval Base San Diego San Diego has historically been a destination for Filipino immigrants and has contributed to the growth of its population 79 204 205 One of the earliest instances of a Filipino being in San Diego occurred during the Portola expedition in 1769 while California was still part of New Spain 206 The first documentation of Filipinos arriving in San Diego as part of the United States occurred in 1903 when Filipino students arrived at State Normal School 121 207 they were followed as early as 1908 by Filipino sailors serving in the United States Navy 208 Due to discriminatory housing policies of the time the majority of Filipinos in San Diego lived downtown around Market Street 121 209 then known as Skid Row 210 Prior to World War II due to anti miscegenation laws multi racial marriages with Hispanic and Latino women were common particularly with Mexicans 211 In the 1940s and 1950s Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asians within the City of San Diego with a population around 500 209 After World War II the majority of Filipino Americans in San Diego were associated with the U S Navy in one form or another Even in the late 1970s and early 1980s more than half of Filipino babies born in the greater San Diego area were born at Balboa Naval Hospital 121 In the 1970s the typical Filipino family consisted of a husband whose employment was connected to the military and a wife who was a nurse 212 Many Filipino American veterans after completing active duty would move out of San Diego to the suburbs of Chula Vista and National City 167 In 1995 it was estimated that Filipinos made up between 35 and 45 of the population of National City 213 From a population of 799 in 1940 121 to 15 069 in 1970 121 152 by 1990 the Filipino American population in San Diego County increased to 95 945 121 In 2000 San Diego County had the second largest Filipino American population of any county in the nation with over 145 000 Filipinos alone or in combination 214 by the 2010 Census the population had grown to 182 248 215 In 1990 and 2000 San Diego was the only metropolitan area in the U S where at more than fifty percent Filipinos constituted the largest Asian American nationality 214 216 217 As of 2011 5 of all Filipino immigrants in the United States call San Diego County home 14 by 2012 there was an estimated 94 000 Filipino immigrants living in San Diego 15 Filipinos concentrated in the South Bay 218 where they had been historically concentrated 121 In 2015 there were over 31 000 Filipino Americans in Chula Vista alone 219 Also in 2015 it was documented that the county had the third largest concentration of Filipino Americans in the entire United States 220 By late 2016 the population in the county increased to almost 200 thousand 221 More affluent Filipino Americans moved into the suburbs of North County 218 particularly Mira Mesa sometimes referred to as Manila Mesa 222 A portion of California State Route 54 in San Diego is officially named the Filipino American Highway in recognition of the Filipino American community 223 As of the 2020 Census Filipino Americans were the plurality of all Asian Americans living in San Diego County with their 215 168 people making up 41 6 of all Asian Americans within the county 224 Hawaii edit Main article Filipinos in Hawaii nbsp Filipino Americans welcoming the commanding officer of the Philippine Navy s Gregorio del Pilar at Pearl Harbor From 1909 to 1934 Hawaiian sugar plantations recruited Filipinos later known as sakadas by 1932 Filipinos made up the majority of laborers on Hawaiian sugar plantations 59 In 1920 Filipinos were the fifth largest population by race in Hawaii with 21 031 people 225 By 1930 the population of Filipinos in Hawaii had nearly tripled to 63 052 226 As late as 1940 the population of Filipinos in the Territory of Hawaii outnumbered Filipinos in the continental United States 59 In 1970 the Honolulu metropolitan area alone had a population of 66 653 Filipinos the largest Filipino population in any metropolitan area in the United States 152 According to the 2000 Census the state of Hawaii had a Filipino population of over 275 000 227 228 with over 191 000 living on the island of Oahu 228 of those 102 000 were immigrants 125 Furthermore Filipinos made up the third largest ethnicity among Asian Pacific Americans 229 while making up the majority of the populations of Kauai and Maui counties 230 In June 2002 representatives from the Arroyo Administration and local leaders presided over the grand opening and dedication of the Filipino Community Center in Waipahu 231 In the 2010 census Filipino Americans became the largest Asian ethnicity in Hawaii partially due to the declining population of the state s Japanese Americans 232 In 2011 four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the U S resided in the Honolulu metro area and were 43 of all immigrants in the Honolulu metro area as well Filipino immigrants in Hawaii made up six per cent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States 14 In 2020 there were 383 200 Filipino Americans in Hawaii 233 A quarter of the population of Hawaii are Filipino Americans 234 235 Filipino Americans are the second largest ethnicity in Hawaii after European Americans 236 Filipino Americans in Hawaii have the second highest median family income of any ethnic group after Japanese Americans in Hawaii yet they are not one of the dominate ethnicities within the socioeconomic hierarchy in Hawaii 236 The majority of Filipino Americans in Hawaii live in multigenerational households and nearly a third work in the service industry 236 During the first year of the COVID 19 pandemic Filipino Americans were about a fifth of all COVID 19 cases in Hawaii 237 2023 Hawaii wildfires on Maui significantly impacted the Filipino American community in Lahaina where 40 of the community s population before the wildfires were Filipino Americans 235 238 Texas edit nbsp Tinikling dancers at the 2007 Texas State Fair The first Filipino known by name in Texas was Francisco Flores who came to Texas by way of Cuba in the nineteenth century 239 240 Flores lived initially in Port Isabel later moving to Rockport 239 Following the annexation of the Philippines by the United States Filipinos began migrating to Texas 239 Filipino employees of American officers who served in the Philippines would move with those officers when they returned to the Continental United States with many settling around San Antonio 239 Other Filipinos resettled in Texas after initially residing elsewhere in the United States 239 In 1910 there were six Filipinos living in Texas by 1920 this number had increased to 30 and by 1930 the population had grown to 288 106 With the disbandment of the Philippine Scouts many who remained in the military came to call Fort Sam Houston home along with Filipina war brides 241 After World War II many Filipino professionals began immigrating to Texas 2 000 Filipino nurses called Houston home 239 In 1950 about 4 000 Filipino Americans were in Texas 242 their number had increased to 75 226 by 2000 25 As more Filipino Americans came to Texas the center of their population shifted to Houston which today has one of the largest Filipino populations in the South 242 Fort Bend County near Houston has the highest percentage of Filipinos in Texas 243 With Texas being part of the Bible Belt it is often a popular destination for emigrating Filipino Protestants 242 In 2000 Texas was home to the seventh largest population of Filipino immigrants 125 According to the 2010 Census there were 137 713 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans in Texas 244 In 2011 five percent 86 400 of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Texas 14 Washington edit nbsp The Filipino Student Association at the University of Washington 1952 The first documented Filipino in Washington state was a lumber mill employee at Port Blakely in 1888 but there were some earlier instances of Filipino seamen settling in the Puget Sound region 245 In 1910 the population of Filipinos in Washington was twelve times greater than in California 246 In 1920 there were almost a thousand 958 Filipinos in Washington 106 Pre World War II Washington had the second largest population of Filipino Americans in the mainland United States 3 480 in 1930 247 this population had declined to 2 200 by 1940 248 A significant population of these early Filipinos were migratory workers working in the canneries in Puget Sound and harvesting crops in Yakima Valley 249 In 1970 Filipino Americans were the fifth largest minority population with 11 462 persons after African Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans Native Americans and Japanese Americans they were 0 3 of the total population of Washington at the time 87 2 lived in urban areas 250 and 7 668 Filipinos lived in the Seattle Tacoma Everett metropolitan area 152 In 1990 Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Washington 122 As of the 2010 Census the state was home to the fifth largest Filipino American population in the nation 130 60 of Filipino Americans living in Washington have arrived since 1965 251 Nevada edit nbsp Tinikling dancers of the Asian Pacific American Association dance team at Nellis Air Force Base in 2015 Five Filipinos were documented in Nevada in 1920 the population increased to 47 in 1930 106 According to the Center of Immigration Studies the Filipino population in Nevada grew 77 8 from 7 339 in 1990 to 33 046 in 2000 252 In 2000 Nevada was home to two percent 31 000 of all Filipino immigrants in the United States 125 Nevada s Filipino American population grew substantially from 2000 to 2010 with a 142 increase for a 3 6 share of the state s total population by 2010 253 More than half of Asian Americans in Nevada in 2010 were Filipino 254 and are Nevada s largest group of Asian Americans 255 In 2005 outside of Las Vegas Valley the only other area in Nevada with a significant population of Filipinos was Washoe County 256 In 2012 about 124 000 Filipinos lived in Nevada mostly in Las Vegas Valley 257 by 2015 it had risen to more than 138 000 258 In 2021 there were more than 200 000 Filipinos in Las Vegas 259 The first known Filipinos to arrive in Clark County arrived from California during the Great Depression 260 Filipinos arriving in the mid 20th century settled primarily around Fifth and Sixth Streets and an enclave remains in this area 256 Beginning in 1995 five to six thousand Filipinos from Hawaii began to migrate to Las Vegas 256 In 2005 Filipinos were the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans in Las Vegas 261 In 2013 according to the American Community Survey 2011 2013 there were an estimated 114 989 Filipinos 5 293 including multiracial Filipinos in Clark County 262 according to other sources there were about 140 000 Filipinos living in Las Vegas 263 According to The Star Ledger in 2014 more than 90 000 Filipino nationals resided in the Las Vegas area 264 By 2015 Filipino Americans are more than half of the population of Asian Americans in Las Vegas 265 Florida edit nbsp Filipino World War II veterans who fought at the Battle of Bataan in Jacksonville In 1910 there was a single Filipino living in Florida this population increased to 11 in 1920 and 46 in 1930 106 1990 United States Census the 31 945 Filipinos were the state s largest population of Asian Pacific Americans 122 266 Florida is home to 122 691 Filipino Americans according to the 2010 Census 267 As of 2013 Filipinos are the largest group of Asian Americans in Duval County 268 The 2000 Census reported there were around 15 000 Filipino Americans living in the Jacksonville metropolitan area though community leaders estimated the true number was closer to 25 000 269 Indeed the 2010 Census found the community numbered at 25 033 about 20 of the state s Filipino Americans 270 Many of Jacksonville s Filipinos served in or otherwise had ties to the United States Navy which has two bases in Jacksonville 269 271 Two of Florida s other metropolitan areas also have substantial Filipino American communities the Miami metropolitan area has 21 535 272 and the Tampa Bay Area has 18 724 273 Illinois edit nbsp Filipino American musicians in Chicago 2010 Filipino migration to the Chicago area began in 1906 with the immigration of pensionados 274 consisting predominantly of men A significant number of them married non Filipinos mainly Eastern or Southern European women 275 At one point 300 of these early Chicago Filipinos worked for the Pullman Company and overall tended to be more educated than most men of their age 275 During the 1930s they were predominantly in the Near South Side until the 1965 immigration reforms 276 In 1930 there were 1 796 Filipinos living in Chicago The population decreased to 1 740 in 1940 with men outnumbering women 25 1 275 In the 1960s there were 3 587 Filipinos in Illinois the population increased to 12 654 in 1970 and 43 889 in 1980 growing at a pace greater than the national average and made up largely of professionals and their families 277 By the 1970s Filipinas outnumbered Filipinos with a total of 9 497 Filipinos in the Chicago Area 278 the total population of Filipinos in Illinois was 12 654 of which 57 were college graduates 250 In 1990 Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois with a population of 64 224 122 279 Outside the Chicago metropolitan area there were fewer Filipinos 280 For instance in the state capital of Springfield Illinois there were only 171 in 2000 280 In 2000 100 338 Filipino Americans lived in Illinois 25 95 928 in the Chicago metropolitan area 281 In that same year among ethnic groups in the Chicago metropolitan area Filipinos had the highest proportion of foreign born 281 By the 2010 Census 139 090 Filipino Americans and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in Illinois 282 131 388 lived within the Chicago metropolitan area 283 As of 2010 Filipinos were the second largest population of Asian Americans in Illinois after Indian Americans 284 In 2011 five percent 84 800 of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in Illinois the majority of whom 78 400 lived in the Chicago metropolitan area 14 Although not as concentrated as other Asian American groups they are the fourth largest ethnicity currently immigrating to the Chicago metro area 276 In 2011 the Chicago metropolitan area was home to four percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States 14 A large concentration of Filipino Americans resides in the North and Northwest sides 278 often near hospitals 276 New York edit In 1970 there were 14 279 Filipinos in New York State 250 In 2004 84 of Filipinos in New York had obtained a college education compared to 43 of all Filipino Americans in the United States 175 In 2010 there were 104 287 single race Filipino Americans living in New York State 285 In 2011 five percent 84 400 of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in New York 14 By 2013 an estimated over 120 000 single and multi racial Filipino Americans lived in New York State 286 New York City metropolitan area edit Main article Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area In the 1970s and 1980s Filipinos in New York and New Jersey had a higher socioeconomic status than Filipinos elsewhere more than half of Filipino immigrants to the metropolitan area were healthcare or other highly trained professionals in contrast to established working class Filipino American populations elsewhere 287 The high percentage of healthcare professionals continues in 2013 30 of Filipinos were nurses or other professionals in the healthcare industry 288 In 1970 the New York metropolitan area had the largest concentration of Filipinos 12 455 east of the Rocky Mountains and the fifth largest population of Filipinos of all metropolitan areas in the United States 152 In 1990 more Filipinos lived in urban New York 60 376 than in suburban New York 44 203 156 Table 1a In 2008 the New York tri state metropolitan area was home to 215 000 Filipinos 289 In 2010 according to the 2010 United States Census there were 217 349 Filipino Americans including multiracial Filipino Americans living in the New York Northern New Jersey Long Island NY NJ PA metropolitan area 290 In 2011 eight percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States lived in the New York City metropolitan region 14 and it had become a new destination for Filipino immigrants 205 In 2012 a Census estimated 235 222 single race and multiracial Filipino Americans lived in the broader New York Newark Bridgeport New York New Jersey Connecticut Pennsylvania Combined Statistical Area 291 By 2013 Census estimates the New York Northern New Jersey Long Island New York New Jersey Pennsylvania MSA was estimated to be home to 224 266 Filipino Americans 88 5 about 200 000 of them single race Filipinos 292 In 2013 4 098 Filipinos legally immigrated to the New York Northern New Jersey Long Island NY NJ PA core based statistical area 293 in 2012 this number was 4 879 294 4 177 in 2011 295 4 047 in 2010 296 4 400 in 2009 297 and 5 985 in 2005 298 Little Manilas have emerged in the New York City metropolitan area in Woodside Queens 299 Jersey City New Jersey 300 and Bergenfield New Jersey 301 In 2017 one quarter of Filipino American adults in the metropolitan area work in the medical field 83 New York City edit nbsp Young Filipino Americans dressed as Katipuneros at the Philippine Independence Day Parade in Midtown Manhattan Filipinos have resided in New York City since the 1920s 302 In 1960 there were only 2 744 Filipinos in New York City 303 In 1990 there were 43 229 Filipinos increasing to around 54 993 in 2000 302 A profile of New York City s Filipino American population based on an analysis of 1990 and 2000 U S census data showed that Filipino New Yorkers surpassed non Filipino New Yorkers as a whole in terms of income 304 New York City was home to an estimated 82 313 Filipinos in 2011 representing a 7 7 increase from the estimated 77 191 in 2008 305 Median household income of Filipinos in New York City was 81 929 in 2013 68 held a bachelor s degree or higher 305 The 2010 census reported the borough of Queens was home to the largest concentration of Filipinos within New York City 302 about 38 000 individuals 306 In 2011 an estimated 56 of New York City s Filipino population or about 46 000 lived in Queens 305 In 2014 Filipinos remained the fourth largest population of Asian Americans in New York City behind Chinese Indians and Koreans 307 The annual Philippine Independence Day Parade is traditionally held on the first Sunday of June on Madison Avenue in Manhattan 302 In the 1920s Filipinos settled near Brooklyn Navy Yard 308 Woodside Queens is known for its concentration of Filipinos 309 Of Woodside s 85 000 residents about 13 000 or 15 are of Filipino background 309 Due to a significant concentration of Filipino businesses the area has become known as Little Manila 309 310 Along the IRT Flushing Line 7 train known colloquially as the Orient Express 311 the 69th Street station serves as the gateway to Queens largest Little Manila whose core spans Roosevelt Avenue between 63rd and 71st Streets 309 Filipinos are also concentrated in Jackson Heights and Elmhurst in Queens 302 There are also smaller Filipino communities in Jamaica Queens and parts of Brooklyn 312 The Benigno Aquino Triangle is located on Hillside Avenue in Hollis Queens to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area 313 it was dedicated in 1987 314 In 2022 a street sign was placed on Roosevelt Avenue to co name the street at its intersection with 70th Street as Little Manila Avenue 315 New Jersey edit nbsp Filipino musicians in New Jersey in 2006 Filipinos are the third largest group of Asian Americans in New Jersey after Indian and Chinese Americans 316 In 2010 there were 110 650 single race Filipino Americans living in New Jersey 317 In 2011 New Jersey was home to five percent 86 600 of the United States Filipino immigrants 14 By 2013 an estimated 134 647 single and multi racial Filipino Americans lived in New Jersey 318 Bergen County Hudson County Middlesex County 319 and Passaic County all in Northern and Central New Jersey have the state s largest Filipino populations and are home to over half the Filipinos residing in New Jersey 316 In Bergen County in particular Bergenfield along with Paramus Hackensack 320 New Milford Dumont 321 Fair Lawn and Teaneck 322 have become growing hubs for Filipino Americans Taken as a whole these municipalities are home to a significant proportion of Bergen County s Philippine population 323 A census estimated 20 859 single race Filipino Americans resided in Bergen County as of 2013 324 an increase from the 19 155 counted in 2010 325 Bergenfield has become known as Bergen County s Little Manila and hosts its annual Filipino American Festival 301 326 Within Bergen County there are Filipino American organizations based in Paramus 327 Fair Lawn 321 328 and Bergenfield 329 In Hudson County Jersey City is home to the largest Filipino population in New Jersey with over 16 000 Filipinos in 2010 300 330 accounting for seven percent the city s population 331 This is an increase from 11 677 in 1990 332 In the 1970s to acknowledge the Filipinos immigrating to Jersey City the city named a street Manila Avenue 331 288 Virginia edit The first year that Filipinos were documented in Virginia by the United States Census Bureau was in 1920 when 97 Filipinos were counted by 1930 that population increased to 126 106 In 1970 there were 7 128 Filipinos living in Virginia 5 449 of whom lived in the Norfolk Portsmouth metropolitan area 333 By 1980 there were 18 901 Filipinos in Virginia with significant concentrations in Norfolk and Virginia Beach 334 In the following decade by 1990 the Filipino population in the Hampton Roads area increased by 116 8 increasing to 19 977 in the area alone 335 In 1990 Filipinos were the largest population of Asian Pacific Americans in Virginia followed by Korean Americans 122 nbsp 2015 Richmond Filipino Festival In 2000 Virginia s Filipino population was 59 318 25 There were 90 493 Filipino Americans in Virginia as of 2010 336 39 720 of whom lived in the Virginia part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area 337 Many Filipinos settled around the Hampton Roads region near the Oceana Naval Air Station because the U S Navy had recruited them in the Philippines 338 In 2007 Filipino Americans made up one quarter of all foreign born residents of the area 271 In 2011 there were between 17 000 and 22 000 Filipino Americans living in Virginia Beach 339 340 Filipino immigrants in that population represent one fifth of all immigrants living in Virginia Beach 14 A larger population of Filipino Americans 40 292 reside in the Virginia part of the Washington metropolitan area 341 In the Greater Richmond Region they are the largest population of Asian Americans in Prince George County 342 Elsewhere edit The first Filipino immigrated to Annapolis after the Spanish American War when Filipinos served at the United States Naval Academy 343 They dealt with institutional racism 344 and later established organizations to support their community including the Filipino American Friendly Association 345 According to the 2010 Census there were 56 909 Filipino Americans living in Maryland 346 Filipino Americans were the largest population of Asian Americans in Charles County 342 In 2020 there were 75 056 Filipino Americans in Maryland 347 In the neighboring District of Columbia there were 3 670 Filipino Americans in 2010 348 12 78 of the District s Asian American population 349 In 2020 the population of Filipino Americans in the District of Columbia increased to 5 325 350 Guam edit Filipinos on Guam pre date Guam becoming a territory of the United States going back to the late 17th Century 351 In 1830 there were 2 596 Filipinos on Guam who were 40 of the islands population 352 Following reduction of the Chamorro population by the late 18th century many of the descendent Chamorro would later on have a mixed heritage to include most of whom have partial Filipino heritage 352 81 353 354 In 1920 there were 396 Filipinos on Guam 225 the Filipinos were 3 of the islands total population 352 In 1930 there were 364 Filipinos on Guam 355 this increased to 569 in 1940 352 a From 1941 until 1962 civilian travel to Guam was restricted by presidential order however Filipinos were allowed to travel to Guam as contractors for the United States Department of the Navy following an agreement with the government of the Philippines 352 By 1950 Filipinos became 12 2 of the islands population totaling 7 258 individuals 352 In 1990 nearly two third of foreign born individuals on Guam were born in the Philippines 65 5 of whom more than half were naturalized citizens 56 8 356 In 2010 of the 159 358 people on Guam slightly more than one in four 26 3 were Filipino 357 at the time Filipinos were the second largest population by ethnicity on Guam 352 In 2020 there were 54 242 Filipinos on Guam 358 Alaska edit See also Alaskeros and Filipinos in Alaska Filipinos have been in Alaska since the 1700s and were the largest Asian American ethnicity in the state in 2000 359 360 In 2014 Filipinos made up 52 of Alaska s Asian American population During the early 20th century Alaska was the third leading population center of Filipinos in the United States after Hawaii and California many worked seasonally in salmon canneries 361 The first efforts to recruit Filipinos to work in the canneries began in the 1910s 362 By 1920 there were 82 Filipinos in Alaska only one of whom was a Filipina 225 In 1930 Filipinos who were called Alaskeros made up 15 of the workers in the Alaskan fisheries 363 Filipinos were two thirds of all Asians in Alaska in the 1930s 59 In many of the canneries Filipinos were treated as second class workers 364 According to the 2000 U S Census there were 12 712 Filipino Americans in Alaska 359 By the 2010 U S Census that number had increased to 25 424 alone or in combination constituting 49 of Asian Americans in Alaska 365 In 2011 more than one in four 26 immigrants in Alaska was Filipino 14 As of 2014 Filipino Americans are Anchorage s largest minority group 366 In 2020 there was 32 401 Filipino Americans in Alaska 367 Utah edit The first census that counted Filipinos in Utah was the 1930 decennial census with a reduction of the Filipino population in Utah by 1940 by 1950 there were no longer any Filipinos documented in the state with the population re establishing itself by 1960 368 The population of Filipino Americans doubled between 2000 and 2010 to 6 467 having the third highest rate of growth by state of Filipinos in the nation behind Texas and Florida 369 Filipinos primary concentrated within the Salt Lake City metropolitan area 370 In 2020 Filipino Americans were the second largest population of Asian Americans in Utah with 20 132 individuals identifying themselves as Filipinos 371 Other Insular areas and unincorporated territories edit See also Census in the Philippines In the United States insular areas in 1920 other than Guam the Philippine Islands had the largest Filipino population of 10 207 696 the Panama Canal Zone 10 the Virgin Islands seven b there was a single Filipino in Puerto Rico 225 In 1930 the Filipino population of Puerto Rico increased to six in the Virgin Islands it decreased to four 355 The population in the Panama Canal Zone increased to 37 355 In 1939 the Commonwealth of the Philippines conducted a census which found there to be 16 000 303 people in the islands 373 not all counted were Filipinos as there were tens of thousands of individuals with other nationalities including people from Japan China the United States Spain and elsewhere 374 In 2000 there were 394 Filipinos in Puerto Rico 375 Filipinos are the largest demographic in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands making up 35 of its 53 833 people in 2010 and 2015 376 In 2020 Filipinos were the plurality of the population in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands with 17 719 of the commonwealths 47 329 people being Filipino 377 In American Samoa there were 50 Filipinos in 1980 415 in 1990 and 792 resident in 2000 378 In 2010 the population increased to 1 217 or 2 2 of the total population 379 In 2020 there were 1 699 Filipinos in American Samoa and were the largest Asian population 380 In 2013 there remains a Filipino American population in the Virgin Islands 381 these Filipinos make up a few of the 6 648 persons counted as Other races in the 2010 Census 382 In 2023 there were around 500 Filipinos in the United States Virgin Islands 383 many of these Filipinos were employed as educators 384 List of states and other areas by population below 75 000 in 2010 346 379 385 State Filipino alone or in any combination nbsp Maryland 56 909 nbsp Arizona 53 067 nbsp Guam 48 647 nbsp Pennsylvania 33 021 nbsp Michigan 32 324 nbsp North Carolina 29 314 nbsp Oregon 29 101 nbsp Georgia U S state 28 528 nbsp Ohio 27 661 nbsp Colorado 26 242 nbsp Alaska 25 424 nbsp Northern Mariana Islands 21 339 nbsp Massachusetts 18 673 nbsp Missouri 17 706 nbsp Indiana 16 988 nbsp Connecticut 16 402 nbsp Minnesota 15 660 nbsp South Carolina 15 228 nbsp Tennessee 14 409 nbsp Wisconsin 13 158 nbsp Oklahoma 10 850 nbsp Utah 10 657 nbsp Louisiana 10 243 nbsp Kansas 9 399 nbsp New Mexico 8 535 nbsp Kentucky 8 402 nbsp Alabama 8 224 nbsp Arkansas 6 396 nbsp Idaho 6 211 nbsp Iowa 6 026 nbsp Mississippi 5 638 nbsp Nebraska 4 900 nbsp Delaware 4 637 nbsp Rhode Island 4 117 nbsp District of Columbia 3 670 nbsp New Hampshire 3 069 nbsp West Virginia 3 059 nbsp Maine 2 918 nbsp Montana 2 829 nbsp South Dakota 1 864 nbsp North Dakota 1 704 nbsp Wyoming 1 657 nbsp American Samoa 1 217 nbsp Vermont 1 035 nbsp Puerto Rico 445 U S metropolitan areas with large Filipino American populations 2010 edit Rank City Filipino American Population SizeAlone or in Combination 2010 Census 386 Total population 387 Percentage Filipino American 1 Los Angeles Long Beach Santa Ana CA Metro Area 463 626 388 12 828 837 3 61 2 San Francisco Oakland Fremont CA Metro Area 287 879 389 4 335 391 6 64 3 Honolulu HI Metro Area 234 894 390 953 207 24 64 4 New York Northern New Jersey Long Island NY NJ PA Metro Area 217 349 391 18 897 109 1 15 5 San Diego Carlsbad San Marcos California Metro Area 182 248 392 3 095 313 5 88 6 Chicago Joliet Naperville IL IN WI Metro Area 130 781 393 9 461 105 1 38 7 Riverside San Bernardino Ontario CA Metro Area 117 928 394 4 224 851 2 79 8 Las Vegas Paradise Nevada Metro Area 108 141 395 1 951 269 5 54 9 San Jose Sunnyvale Santa Clara CA Metro Area 105 403 396 1 836 911 5 73 10 Seattle Tacoma Bellevue WA Metro Area 97 867 397 3 439 809 2 84 11 Washington Arlington Alexandria DC VA MD WV Metro Area 75 444 5 582 170 1 35 12 Sacramento Arden Arcade Roseville CA Metro Area 73 866 2 149 127 3 43 13 Vallejo Fairfield CA Metro Area 52 641 413 344 12 73 14 Houston Sugar Land Baytown TX Metro Area 47 926 5 946 800 0 80 15 Stockton CA Metro Area 46 447 685 306 6 77 16 Kahului Wailuku HI Micro Area 44 892 154 834 28 99 17 Hilo HI Micro Area 40 878 185 079 22 08 18 Phoenix Mesa Glendale AZ Metro Area 39 913 4 192 887 0 95 19 Virginia Beach Norfolk Newport News VA NC Metro Area 39 871 1 671 683 2 38 20 Dallas Fort Worth Arlington TX Metro Area 33 206 6 371 773 0 52 21 Philadelphia Camden Wilmington PA NJ DE MD Metro Area 31 200 5 965 343 0 52 22 Oxnard Thousand Oaks Ventura CA Metro Area 25 103 823 318 3 04 23 Jacksonville FL Metro Area 25 033 1 345 596 1 86 24 Portland Vancouver Hillsboro OR WA Metro Area 23 864 2 226 009 1 07 25 Baltimore Towson MD Metro Area 22 418 2 710 489 0 82 26 Miami Fort Lauderdale Pompano Beach FL Metro Area 21 535 5 564 635 0 38 27 Kapaa HI Micro Area 21 423 67 091 31 93 28 Detroit Warren Livonia MI Metro Area 20 825 4 296 250 0 48 29 Bakersfield Delano CA Metro Area 20 296 839 631 2 41 30 Tampa St Petersburg Clearwater FL Metro Area 18 724 2 783 243 0 67 Little Manilas edit In areas with sparse Filipino populations they often form loose knit social organizations aimed at maintaining a sense of family which is a key feature of Filipino culture These organizations generally arrange social events especially of a charitable nature and keep members up to date with local events 398 They are often organized into regional associations 399 which are a small part of Filipino American life Filipino Americans formed close knit neighborhoods notably in California and Hawaii 400 A few communities have Little Manilas civic and business districts tailored to the Filipino American community 401 Language editFilipino Americans form a multilingual community but the two most spoken languages are English and Tagalog 402 In 2009 Tagalog was the fourth largest language spoken in the United States with around 1 5 million speakers 403 Religion editAccording to a Pew Research Center survey published in July 2012 the majority of Filipino American respondents are Roman Catholic 65 followed by Protestant 21 unaffiliated 8 and Buddhist 1 404 There are also smaller populations of Filipino American Muslims particularly those who originate from the Southern Philippines 175 Socioeconomic status editEconomics edit The Filipino American community is largely middle and upper middle class 216 405 in 2014 18 of Filipino American households were in the top tenth of U S households in terms of income 15 The representation of Filipino Americans employed in health care is high 75 406 407 Other sectors of the economy where Filipino Americans have significant representation are in the public sector 408 and in the service sector 127 409 Compared to Asian American women of other ethnicities and women in the United States in general Filipina Americans are more likely to be part of the work force 410 a large population nearly one fifth 18 of Filipina Americans worked as registered nurses 15 Median Household Income Ethnicity Household Income per 2004 survey data 28 fig 13 per 2009 survey data 411 Indian 68 771 86 660 Filipino 65 700 76 455 Chinese 57 433 68 613 Japanese 53 763 65 767 Vietnamese 45 980 54 799 Korean 43 195 53 934 Total US Population 44 684 51 369 Among Overseas Filipinos Filipino Americans are the largest remitters of U S dollars to the Philippines In 2005 their combined dollar remittances reached a record high of almost 6 5 billion In 2006 Filipino Americans sent more than 8 billion which represents 57 of the total foreign remittances received by the Philippines 412 By 2012 this amount had reached 10 6 billion but made up only 43 of total remittances 12 In 2021 the United States was the largest source of remittances to the Philippines making up 40 5 of the 31 4 billion remittances received by the Philippines 413 Filipino Americans own a variety of businesses making up 10 5 of all Asian owned businesses in the United States in 2007 414 In 2002 according to the Survey of Business Owners there were over 125 000 Filipino owned businesses this increased by 30 4 to over 163 000 in 2007 415 By then 25 4 of these businesses were in the retail industry 23 were in the health care and social assistance industries 416 and they employed more than 142 000 people and generated almost 15 8 billion in revenue 414 Of those just under three thousand 1 8 of all Filipino owned businesses were million dollar or more businesses 414 416 California had the largest number of Filipino owned businesses with the Los Angeles metropolitan area having the largest number of any metropolitan area in the United States 414 In 2010 Filipino Americans employment rate was 61 5 the unemployment rate was 8 5 417 In 1990 and 2000 the decennial censuses found that while lower than the national average foreign born Filipinos had a lower poverty rate than those born in the United States 418 by 2007 the situation had reversed 419 In 2012 a smaller percentage of Filipino American adults lived in poverty than the national average 6 2 verse 12 8 12 At the point of retirement a notable percentage of Filipino Americans return to the Philippines 420 In 1990 the elderly Filipino American poverty rate was eight percent 406 In 1999 among elderly Filipino Americans the poverty rate had dropped to 6 3 lower than that of the total geriatric population 9 9 and lowest among Asian Americans 421 Education edit The 1990 Census reports that Filipino Americans had the highest percentage of college educated individuals of any Asian American population 26 Filipino Americans have some of the highest educational attainment rates in the United States with 47 9 of all Filipino Americans over the age of 25 having a bachelor s degree in 2004 which correlates with rates observed in other Asian American subgroups 28 fig 11 In 2011 61 of United States born Filipino Americans had achieved an education level greater than a high school diploma 14 The post 1965 wave of Filipino professionals immigrating to the U S to make up the education healthcare and information technology employee shortages also accounts for the high educational attainment rates 11 78 100 Second generation Filipino Americans have trended to have a lower educational achievement than their first generation parents 422 Educational Attainment 2004 Percent of Population 25 and Older 28 fig 11 Ethnicity High School Graduation Rate Bachelor s Degree or More Asian Indians 90 2 67 9 Filipino 90 8 47 9 Chinese 80 8 50 2 Japanese 93 4 43 7 Korean 90 2 50 8 Total US Population 83 9 27 0 Due to the strong American influence in the Philippine education system first generation Filipino immigrants are also at advantage in gaining professional licensure in the United States According to a study conducted by the American Medical Association Philippine trained physicians comprise the second largest group of foreign trained physicians in the United States 20 861 or 8 7 of all practicing international medical graduates in the U S 423 Other physicians in order to immigrate from the Philippines re licensed as nurses 80 In addition Filipino American dentists trained in the Philippines comprise the second largest group of foreign trained dentists in the United States An article from the Journal of the American Dental Association asserts that 11 of all foreign trained dentists licensed in the U S are from the Philippines India is ranked first with 25 8 of all foreign dentists 424 The significant drop in the percentage of Filipino nurses from the 1980s to 2000 is because of the increase in the number of countries recruiting Filipino nurses European Union the Middle East Japan as well as the increase in the number of other countries sending nurses to the United States 425 Even with the significant drop in 2005 Filipino American nurses made up 3 7 of the total United States nursing population and were 40 of all foreign trained nurses in the United States 80 American schools have also hired and sponsored the immigration of Filipino teachers and instructors 426 Some of these teachers were forced into labor outside the field of education and mistreated by their recruiters 427 See also editDemographics of Asian Americans History of Filipino Americans List of Filipino Americans Portals nbsp United States nbsp Philippines nbsp SocietyNotes edit Filipinos were 2 6 of the islands total population in 1940 352 The population of Filipinos in the Virgin Islands was also 7 in 1917 372 References edit Campbell Gibson Kay Jung September 2002 Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race 1790 to 1990 and By Hispanic Origin 1970 to 1990 For The United States Regions Divisions and States PDF Population Division United States Census Bureau Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2010 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Jessica S Barnes Claudette E Bennett February 2002 The Asian Population 2000 PDF Census 2000 Bief United States Census Bureau Retrieved 29 December 2014 a b Elizabeth M Hoeffel Sonya Rastogi Myoung Ouk Kim Hasan Shahid March 2012 The Asian Population 2010 PDF 2010 Census Briefs United States Census Bureau Retrieved 22 December 2014 a b c Brittany Rico Joyce Key Hahn Cody Spence 21 September 2023 Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020 United States Census Bureau Retrieved 6 October 2023 Alli Coritz Jessica E Pena Paul Jacobs Brittany Rico Joyce Key Hahn Ricardo Henrique Lowe Jr 21 September 2023 Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups United States Census Bureau Retrieved 6 October 2023 a b c d e f Introduction Filipino Settlements in the United States PDF Filipino American Lives Temple University Press March 1995 Archived from the original PDF on 28 November 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2014 UAA psychology professor E J David explores Filipino American colonial mentality in his new book Green amp Gold News University of Alaska Anchorage 2 March 2011 Archived from the original on 21 March 2012 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Filipinos in America also number over 3 million making them the second largest Asian American Pacific Islander AAPI ethnic group in the country and they are projected to be the largest AAPI groups when the results of the 2010 census come out Curriculum Guide PDF Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program Smithsonian Institution December 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 1 May 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Tiongson Antonio T Edgardo Valencia Gutierrez Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez 2006 Positively no Filipinos allowed building communities and discourse Philadelphia Pennsylvania Temple University Press p 173 ISBN 978 1 59213 122 8 Nadal Kevin L Pituc Stephanie T Marc P Johnston Theresa Esparrago 2010 Overcoming the Model Minority Myth Experiences of Filipino American Graduate Students Journal of College Student Development 51 6 The Johns Hopkins University Press 694 7006 doi 10 1353 csd 2010 0023 S2CID 144640507 Filipino Americans are the second largest Asian American Pacific Islander population in the United States Javier Joyce R Chamberlain Lisa J Kahealani K Rivera Sarah E Gonzalez Fernando S Mendoza Lynne C Huffman 2010 Lessons Learned From a Community Academic Partnership Addressing Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention in Filipino American Families Progress in Community Health Partnerships Research Education and Action 4 4 The Johns Hopkins University Press 305 313 doi 10 1353 cpr 2010 a406086 PMC 4189834 PMID 21169708 Filipinos are the second largest API subpopulation in the United States but are underrepresented in medical research Nadal Kevin 2011 Filipino American Psychology A Handbook of Theory Research and Clinical Practice Hoboken New Jersey John Wiley and Sons p x ISBN 978 0 470 95136 1 Filipino Americans are now the second largest Asian American group in the United States and may become the majority in 2010 a b Fil Ams are 2nd largest Asian group in US Philippine Daily Inquirer 21 June 2012 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Facts for Features Asian Pacific American Heritage Month May 2014 United States Census Bureau United States Department of Commerce 23 April 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Rodney Jaleco 20 September 2011 PNoy to pitch for Save Act but are Fil Ams on board ABS CBN North America News Bureau Retrieved 22 December 2014 Growth of Pinoy headcount in Nevada highest among US states GMA News 8 July 2011 Retrieved 22 December 2014 a b c Mary Yu Danico 3 September 2014 Asian American Society An Encyclopedia SAGE Publications p 661 ISBN 978 1 4833 6560 2 a b c More than 3 4M Americans trace their ancestry to the Philippines Fact Tank Pew Research Center 13 November 2013 Retrieved 19 December 2014 Jonathan Y Okamura 11 January 2013 Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora Transnational Relations Identities and Communities Routledge p 101 ISBN 978 1 136 53071 5 Franklin Ng 1995 The Asian American encyclopedia Marshall Cavendish p 435 ISBN 978 1 85435 679 6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Stoney Sierra Batalova Jeanne 5 June 2013 Filipino Immigrants in the United States Migration Information Source Migration Policy Institute ISSN 1946 4037 Retrieved 20 December 2014 a b c d e f The Filipino Diaspora in the United States PDF Rockefeller Aspen Diaspora Program Migration Policy Institute February 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 26 December 2014 Retrieved 25 December 2014 The Filipino Diaspora in the United States 21 October 2014 Archived from the original on 26 December 2014 Alt URL Goyan Kittler Pamela Sucher Kathryn 2007 Food and Culture Cengage Learning p 384 ISBN 9780495115410 Retrieved 18 July 2012 Lopez Gustavo Cilluffo Anthony Patten Eileen 8 September 2017 Filipinos in the U S Fact Sheet Social amp Demographic Trends Pew Research Center Retrieved 20 April 2018 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o New Census data More than 4 million Filipinos in the US Philippine Daily Inquirer Philippines 17 September 2018 Retrieved 8 August 2019 New Census data shows more than four million Filipinos in the US Asian Journal Press 15 September 2018 Retrieved 8 August 2019 Melegrito Jon 21 September 2018 More than 4 million Pinoys staying in US Census Bureau ABS CBN News Philippines Manila Mail Retrieved 8 August 2019 Budiman Abby 29 April 2021 Filipinos in the U S Fact Sheet Pew Research Center Retrieved 26 November 2021 Mendiola Ritchel 5 May 2021 Pew Research Over 4 2M Filipino Americans in the US Asian Journal Retrieved 26 November 2021 Selected Population Profile in the United States 2007 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates United States Census Bureau 2007 Archived from the original on 21 December 2014 Retrieved 21 December 2014 The U S Census Bureau 2007 American Community Survey counted 3 053 179 Filipinos 2 445 126 native and naturalized citizens 608 053 of whom were not U S citizens Holup Joan L Press Nancy Vollmer William M Harris Emily L Vogt Thomas M Chen Chuhe September 2007 Performance of the U S Office of Management and Budget s Revised Race and Ethnicity Categories in Asian Populations International Journal of Intercultural Relations 13 5 Elsevier 561 573 doi 10 1016 j ijintrel 2007 02 001 PMC 2084211 PMID 18037976 Background Note Philippines Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs United States Department of State 31 January 2011 Retrieved 22 December 2014 There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States and more than 300 000 American citizens in the Philippines a b We the People Asians in the United States PDF U S Census Bureau United States Department of Commerce December 2004 Retrieved 22 December 2014 a b c d Ronald H Bayor 31 July 2011 Multicultural America An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans ABC CLIO p 717 ISBN 978 0 313 35786 2 a b Pei te Lien 2003 Ethnicity and Adaption Comparing Filipino Koreans and Vietnamese in Southern California In Don T Nakanishi James S Lai eds Asian American Politics Law Participation and Policy Rowman amp Littlefield p 198 ISBN 978 0 7425 1850 6 American Community Survey Reports U S Census Bureau a b c d The American Community Asians 2004 PDF Report United States Census Bureau February 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 26 September 2007 Retrieved 22 December 2014 part of the American Community Survey ACS report series based on responses to the 2004 ACS question on race which asked all respondents to report one or more races 27 Root Maria P P 1997 Contemporary Mixed Heritage Filipino Americans Fighting Colonized Identities Filipino Americans transformation and identity Thousand Oaks California SAGE pp 80 94 ISBN 978 0 7619 0579 0 C N Le Interracial Dating amp Marriage asian nation org Retrieved 22 December 2014 Reimers David M 2005 Other Immigrants The Global Origins of the American People NYU Press p 173 ISBN 9780814775356 Larry Hajime Shinagawa Michael Jang 1998 Atlas of American Diversity Rowman Altamira p 53 ISBN 978 0 7619 9128 1 Japanese American wives and Filipino American wives had the highest proportions of intermarriages 51 9 and 40 2 respectively Xiaojian Zhao Edward J W Park PhD 26 November 2013 Asian Americans An Encyclopedia of Social Cultural Economic and Political History 3 volumes An Encyclopedia of Social Cultural Economic and Political History ABC CLIO p 848 ISBN 978 1 59884 240 1 a b Kevin Nadal 23 March 2011 Filipino American Psychology A Handbook of Theory Research and Clinical Practice John Wiley amp Sons pp 144 145 ISBN 978 1 118 01977 1 Filipino Americans Pewsocialtrends org Pew Research Center 2014 Retrieved 8 November 2014 C N Le Multiracial Hapa Asian Americans asian nation org Retrieved 22 December 2014 Lee Jonathan H X Nadeau Kathleen M 2011 Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife Volume 1 ABC CLIO p 390 ISBN 9780313350665 Retrieved 24 July 2012 Rudy P Guevarra Jr 9 May 2012 Becoming Mexipino Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 8135 5326 9 Kevin Nadal 23 March 2011 Filipino American Psychology A Handbook of Theory Research and Clinical Practice John Wiley amp Sons pp 76 77 ISBN 978 1 118 01977 1 Frederick Luis Aldama 15 September 2010 Multicultural Comics From Zap to Blue Beetle University of Texas Press pp 77 80 ISBN 978 0 292 73953 6 Maria P P Root 20 May 1997 Contemporary Mixed Heritage Filipino Americans Fighting Colonized Identities In Maria P P Root ed Filipino Americans Transformation and Identity SAGE Publishing pp 80 94 ISBN 978 0 7619 0579 0 Mercene Floro L 2007 Manila Men in the New World Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century The University of the Philippines Press p 161 ISBN 978 971 542 529 2 a b c d Rodel Rodis 25 October 2006 A century of Filipinos in America Inquirer Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Filipinos in Louisiana Ancestors in the Americas PBS 2001 Retrieved 24 November 2014 There are the Louisiana Manila men with a presence recorded as early as 1763 Valerie Ooka Pang Li Rong Lilly Cheng 1998 Struggling To Be Heard The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children SUNY Press p 287 ISBN 978 0 7914 3839 8 Mary Yu Danico 3 September 2014 Asian American Society An Encyclopedia SAGE Publishing p 48 ISBN 978 1 4833 6560 2 Xiaojian Zhao 2009 Asian American Chronology Chronologies of the American Mosaic ABC CLIO p 3 ISBN 978 0 313 34875 4 Robin Cohen 2 November 1995 The Cambridge Survey of World Migration Cambridge University Press p 253 ISBN 978 0 521 44405 7 Dirk Hoerder 31 October 2002 Cultures in Contact World Migrations in the Second Millennium Duke University Press p 200 ISBN 0 8223 8407 8 Thomas Bender 14 April 2002 Rethinking American History in a Global Age University of California Press p 202 ISBN 978 0 520 93603 4 History and Culture of the Lower Mississippi Delta Draft Heritage Study and Environmental Assessment National Park Service 10 March 2014 Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 Retrieved 7 January 2015 Linda C Tillman James Joseph Scheurich 21 August 2013 The Handbook of Research on Educational Leadership for Equity and Diversity Routledge p 202 ISBN 978 1 135 12843 2 Laura Westbrook Mabuhay Pilipino Long Life Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana Louisiana Division of the Arts Department of Culture Recreation amp Tourism Retrieved 22 December 2014 The children who lived on the mainland would be released from school during harvest times to help the family during their busiest season and those who recall Manila Village and other such communities recall it as an intensely exciting time On 9 September 1965 Hurricane Betsy s 18 foot swells brought an end to the last of the Filipino stilt villages The men who lived in the stilt villages during the fishing season joined their families on the mainland and assimilated into other professions Montero de Pedro Jose Marques de Casa Mena 2000 The Spanish in New Orleans and Louisiana Gretna Louisiana Pelican Publishing p 177 ISBN 978 1 56554 685 1 The most important of these villages Manila Village which came to have a population of more than three hundred Filipinos together with some Mexicans Chinese and Spaniards finally disappeared in 1965 destroyed by the dashing waves of Hurricane Betsy Silva Eliseo Art Arambulo Peralt Victorina Alvarez 2012 Filipinos of Greater Philadelphia Arcadia Publishing p 9 ISBN 9780738592695 The March 1906 article The Largest Colony of Filipinos in American describes receiving a subscription from a Filipino living in New Orleans The Filipino who we addressed was Mr Eulogio Yatar and he sent us some astonishing news in fact we feel almost as the ethnologist does who discovers a new race of people for we find that there is a colony of 2 000 Filipinos in that Queen City in the South This community has been established for about a hundred years the first who landed there being a native of Bicol by the name of Augustin Feliciano who later served in the American navy in the war of 1812 The Filipino Washington D C Filipino Company 1906 p 19 Labor Migration in Hawaii UH Office of Multicultural Student Services University of Hawaiʻi Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Interpretation 308 1 United states non citizen nationality Service Law books United States Citizenship and Immigration Services Archived from the original on 21 March 2011 Retrieved 25 March 2011 M Licudine v D Winter JR 1086 p 5 U S District Court for D C 2008 f rom the time the United States obtained dominion over the Philippines in 1899 until it granted independence to the islands in 1946 the United States Congress classified natives of the Philippines as Philippine citizens as non citizen United States nationals and as aliens but never as United States citizens Keely Charles 1973 Philippine Migration Internal Movements and Emigration to the United States International Migration Review 7 2 Wiley Blackwell 177 187 doi 10 2307 3002427 JSTOR 3002427 McGovney Dudley O September 1934 Our Non Citizen Nationals Who Are They California Law Review 22 6 University of California Berkeley 593 635 doi 10 2307 3476939 JSTOR 3476939 Retrieved 22 December 2014 7 FAM 1120 PDF Consular Affairs United States Department of State 3 January 2013 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Holmquist June D 2003 They Chose Minnesota A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups Saint Paul Minnesota Minnesota Historical Society Press p 546 ISBN 978 0 87351 231 2 Angelo N Ancheta 1998 Race Rights and the Asian American Experience Rutgers University Press pp 26 27 ISBN 978 0 8135 2464 1 Judge Advocate General Navy 1916 Naval digest containing digests of selected decisions of the Secretary of the Navy and opinions of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy pp 237 38 The Federal Reporter Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States West Publishing Company 1918 pp 769 773 Status of Filipinos for Purposes of Immigration and Naturalization Harvard Law Review 42 6 Harvard Law Review Association 809 812 April 1929 doi 10 2307 1330851 JSTOR 1330851 E Nathaniel Gates Stanford M Lyman 1997 The Race Question and Liberalism Racial Classification and History Taylor amp Francis pp 318 321 ISBN 978 0 8153 2602 1 Filipino Migrant Works in California The Office of Multicultural Student Services University of Hawaiʻi Archived from the original on 4 December 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Jan Harold Brunvand 24 May 2006 American Folklore An Encyclopedia Routledge p 545 ISBN 978 1 135 57878 7 Robert M Jiobu 8 July 1988 Ethnicity and Assimilation Blacks Chinese Filipinos Koreans Japanese Mexicans Vietnamese and Whites SUNY Press p 49 ISBN 978 0 88706 648 1 Of the 113 000 Filipinos who immigrated between 1909 and 1913 and estimated 55 000 settled in Hawaii 39 000 returned home and 18 600 reimmigrated to the mainland primarily California Morris Greta N 1998 The American contribution to Philippine education 1898 1998 United States Information Service p 39 Filipinos in the Americas Ancestors in the Americas PBS Retrieved 22 December 2014 McFerson Hazel M 2002 Mixed Blessing The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines Greenwood Publishing Group pp 92 93 ISBN 9780313307911 The pensionado program continued until the outbreak of World War II Grace Mateo 2001 Filipino Migration to the United States Office of Multicultural Student Services University of Hawaiʻi Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Laguerre Michel S 2000 The global ethnopolis Chinatown Japantown and Manilatown in American society New York Palgrave Macmillan p 79 ISBN 978 0 312 22612 1 Dorothy B Fujita Rony 2003 American Workers Colonial Power Philippine Seattle and the Transpacific West 1919 1941 University of California Press p 135 ISBN 9780520230958 a b Lott Juanita Tamayo 2006 Common Destiny Filipino American Generations Oxford Rowman amp Littlefield p 14 ISBN 9780742546516 a b c d e Elliott Robert Barkan Roland L Guyotte Barbara M Posadas November 2012 Filipinos and Filipino Americans 1870 1940 Immigrants in American History Arrival Adaptation and Integration ABC CLIO pp 347 356 ISBN 978 1 59884 219 7 Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States Navy PDF Naval History amp Heritage Command United States Navy 12 April 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 5 May 2011 Retrieved 4 January 2015 Rudy P Guevarra Jr 9 May 2012 Becoming Mexipino Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego Rutgers University Press p 25 ISBN 978 0 8135 5326 9 Bureau of Naval Personnel October 1976 Filipinos in the United States Navy Navy Department Library United States Navy Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 Retrieved 6 January 2015 Teri Weaver 2 August 2007 Filipino tapped as Navy s top enlisted member in 7th Fleet Stars and Stripes Retrieved 6 January 2015 The Navy first recruited Filipinos in 1898 according to Yen Le Espiritu a professor of ethnic studies at the University of California San Diego who specializes in Philippine history Rick Baldoz 28 February 2011 The Third Asiatic Invasion Migration and Empire in Filipino America 1898 1946 NYU Press p 46 ISBN 978 0 8147 0921 4 Robert M Jiobu 8 July 1988 Ethnicity and Assimilation Blacks Chinese Filipinos Koreans Japanese Mexicans Vietnamese and Whites SUNY Press p 51 ISBN 978 0 88706 648 1 A year later Congress also stipulated that Filipinos as well as Puerto Ricans who served three years in the Navy or Marines could petition for citizenship James A Tyner 3 November 2008 Local Contexts Distant Horizons The Philippines Mobilities Identities Globalization Routledge pp 26 27 ISBN 978 1 135 90547 7 Terrence G Wiley Joy Kreeft Peyton Donna Christian Sarah Catherine K Moore Na Liu eds 3 January 2014 Handbook of Heritage and Community Languages in the United States Research Policy and Educational Practice Taylor amp Francis pp 542 543 ISBN 978 1 136 33248 7 Ines M Miyares Christopher A Airriess James A Tyner 19 October 2006 Filipinos The Invisible Ethnic Community Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 254 ISBN 978 0 7425 6850 1 Valerie Ooka Pang Li Rong Lilly Cheng 3 September 1998 Struggling To Be Heard The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children SUNY Press p 172 ISBN 978 0 7914 3840 4 Solliday Scott Vince Murray 2007 The Filipino American Community PDF Report City of Phoenix Retrieved 10 March 2011 The Crisis Publishing Company Inc July 1940 The Crisis The New Crisis The Crisis Publishing Company Inc 200 ISSN 0011 1422 Segal David R Segal Mandy Wechsler December 2004 America s Military Population PDF Population Bulletin 59 4 Population Reference Bureau ISSN 0032 468X Archived from the original PDF on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 18 December 2014 Media Projects Incorporated 2004 Smith Carter ed Student Almanac of Asian American History From the exclusion era to today 1925 present Westport Connecticut Greenwood Publishing Group p 18 ISBN 978 0 313 32604 2 Retrieved 11 June 2011 a b Andrew R L Cayton Richard Sisson Chris Zacher Catherine Ceniza Choy 8 November 2006 Filipinos The American Midwest An Interpretive Encyclopedia Indiana University Press pp 256 257 ISBN 0 253 00349 0 Chen Edith Wen Chu Glenn Omatsu Emily Porcincula Lawsin Joseph A Galura 2006 Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans effective activities strategies and assignments for classrooms and communities Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield pp 29 30 ISBN 978 0 7425 5338 5 Alex S Fabros California s Filipino Infantry The California State Military Museum California State Military Department Retrieved 10 May 2011 Baldoz Rick 2011 The Third Asiatic Invasion Migration and Empire in Filipino America 1898 1946 New York NYU Press pp 227 228 ISBN 978 0 8147 9109 7 Daniels Roger 2010 Immigration and the legacy of Harry S Truman Kirksville Missouri Truman State University Press p 103 ISBN 978 1 931112 99 4 a b c Habal Estella 2007 San Francisco s International Hotel mobilizing the Filipino American Philadelphia Temple University Press pp 25 26 ISBN 978 1 59213 445 8 Retrieved 10 March 2011 Wenying Xu 2012 Historical Dictionary of Asian American Literature and Theater Scarecrow Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 8108 5577 9 a b Reimers David 2005 Other Immigrants The Global Origins of the American People NYU Press p 168 ISBN 9780814775356 Tamayo Lott Juanita 2006 Common Destiny Filipino American Generations Rowman amp Littlefield p 24 ISBN 9780742546509 Elliott Robert Barkan 1 January 1999 A Nation of Peoples A Sourcebook on America s Multicultural Heritage Greenwood Publishing Group p 211 ISBN 978 0 313 29961 2 Since the mid 1970s as a result of navy enlistment Filipino American communities have taken hold in cities with naval stations including San Diego California Bremerton Washington Jacksonville Florida and Charleston South Carolina Bonus Rick 2000 Locating Filipino Americans ethnicity and the cultural politics of space Philadelphia Temple University Press p 42 ISBN 978 1 56639 779 7 20th Century Post WWII Asian American Studies Dartmouth College Retrieved 22 December 2014 Filipino Naturalization Act grants US citizenship to Filipinos who had arrived before 24 March 1943 a b c Eric Arnesen 2007 Encyclopedia of U S Labor and Working class History G N Index Taylor amp Francis p 1300 ISBN 978 0 415 96826 3 Filipino Migrants as a Result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 The Office of Multicultural Student Services University of Hawaiʻi Archived from the original on 4 December 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2014 Rick Bonus 2000 Locating Filipino Americans Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space Temple University Press p 45 ISBN 978 1 56639 779 7 a b Brain Drain Filipino American Heritage website Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program 2006 Archived from the original on 20 November 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2014 a b c Yen Le Espiritu Diane L Wolf 1999 The Paradox of Assimilation Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego Migration Dialogue University of California Davis Retrieved 22 December 2014 a b c Mary Yu Danico Catherine Ceniza Choy 3 September 2014 Filipino Nurse Migration Asian American Society An Encyclopedia SAGE Publications pp 368 370 ISBN 978 1 4522 8189 6 Catherine Ceniza Choy 31 January 2003 Empire of Care Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History Duke University Press p 168 ISBN 0 8223 3089 X McFarling Usha Lee 28 April 2020 Nursing ranks are filled with Filipino Americans The pandemic is taking an outsized toll on them Stat Boston Retrieved 13 June 2020 How COVID 19 has taken a toll on Filipino American healthcare workers WNYW New York City 21 May 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 a b Martin Nina Yeung Bernice Chou Sophie 3 May 2020 Similar to Times of War The Staggering Toll of COVID 19 on Filipino Health Care Workers ProPublica New York City Retrieved 10 June 2020 Healey Joseph F 2011 Diversity and Society Race Ethnicity and Gender 2011 2012 Update Pine Forge Press p 354 ISBN 9781412994330 Thus the Filipino American community includes some members in the high wage primary labor market and others who are competing for work in the low wage secondary sector Sterngass Jon 2006 Filipino Americans New York Infobase Publishing p 69 ISBN 978 0 7910 8791 6 Perry Elisabeth Israels Karen Manners Smith 2006 The Gilded Age and Progressive Era a student companion New York Oxford University Press US p 151 ISBN 978 0 19 515670 6 They established Filipino American communities called Little Manilas after their country s capital in a number of American cities Laguerre Michel S 2000 The global ethnopolis Chinatown Japantown and Manilatown in American society New York Palgrave Macmillan p 84 ISBN 978 0 312 22612 1 Jon Sterngass 1 January 2009 Filipino Americans Infobase Publishing p 128 ISBN 978 1 4381 0711 0 a b Franklin Ng Elena S H Yu 23 June 2014 Filipino Migration and Community Organizations in the United States Asian American Family Life and Community Routledge pp 110 112 ISBN 978 1 136 80123 5 Yen Espiritu 19 January 2011 Asian American Panethnicity Bridging Institutions and Identities Temple University Press p 104 ISBN 978 1 4399 0556 2 a b c Gaw Albert 1993 Culture ethnicity and mental illness Washington D C American Psychiatric Press p 381 ISBN 978 0 88048 359 9 2010 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics PDF Yearbook of Immigration Statistics United States Department of Homeland Security August 2011 pp 8 11 Retrieved 8 December 2014 Maligat Luisto G June 2000 Study of the U S Navy s Philippines Enlistment Program 1981 1991 PDF Thesis Naval Postgraduate School Retrieved 24 December 2014 gt H G Reza 27 February 1993 Navy to Stop Recruiting Filipino Nationals Defense The end of the military base agreement with the Philippines will terminate the nearly century old program Los Angeles Times Retrieved 24 December 2014 Min Pyong Gap 2006 Asian Americans contemporary trends and issues Pine Forge Press p 39 ISBN 978 1 4129 0556 5 Pyong Gap Min 2006 Asian Americans Contemporary Trends and Issues SAGE Publications pp 32 33 ISBN 978 1 4129 0556 5 Although less than half of Asian Americans as a whole were concentrated in the West in 2000 some Asian groups had much higher levels of concentration there For example 73 of Japanese Americans and 68 of Filipino Americans lived in the West Largest Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Group by State Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico 2020 Census United States Census Bureau 21 September 2023 Retrieved 6 October 2023 Second Largest Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Group by State Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico 2020 Census United States Census Bureau 21 September 2023 Retrieved 6 October 2023 State Rankings Filipino Alone or in Any Combination Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico 2020 Census United States Census Bureau 21 September 2023 Retrieved 6 October 2023 Xianne Arcangel 1 August 2013 Fil Am editor traces 250 year old history of Pinoy migration to the US GMA Network Inc Retrieved 3 January 2015 Thomas Gryn Christine Cambino October 2012 The Foreign Born From Asia 2011 PDF American Community Survey Briefs United States Census Bureau Archived from the original PDF on 6 March 2015 Retrieved 9 December 2014 a b Aaron Terrazes Jeanne Batalova 7 April 2010 Filipino Immigrants in the United States Migration Policy Source Migration Policy Institute Retrieved 22 December 2014 2010 Census Shows Asians are Fastest Growing Race Group United States Census Bureau United States Department of Commerce 21 March 2012 Retrieved 1 November 2014 Filipinos were the largest in five of the 20 metro areas San Diego Riverside Las Vegas Sacramento and Phoenix followed by Japanese Hmong and Vietnamese in one metro area each Honolulu Minneapolis St Paul and Houston respectively Rick Bonus 2000 Locating Filipino Americans Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space Temple University Press p 191 ISBN 978 1 56639 779 7 However the first recorded Filipino arrival on the continent is dated in 1587 in Morro Bay California by San Louis Obispo E San Juan Jr 2 July 2010 Toward Filipino Self Determination Beyond Transnational Globalization SUNY Press p 101 ISBN 978 1 4384 2737 9 a b c William David Estrada 17 February 2009 The Los Angeles Plaza Sacred and Contested Space University of Texas Press p 281 ISBN 978 0 292 78209 9 Jon Sterngass 1 January 2009 Filipino Americans Infobase Publishing p 40 ISBN 978 1 4381 0711 0 Larry L Naylor 1 January 1997 Cultural Diversity in the United States Greenwood Publishing Group p 181 ISBN 978 0 89789 479 1 Jonathan Y Okamura 11 January 2013 Imagining the Filipino American Diaspora Transnational Relations Identities and Communities Routledge p 36 ISBN 978 1 136 53071 5 David J Weber 2003 Foreigners in Their Native Land Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans UNM Press p 35 ISBN 978 0 8263 3510 4 Kababayan Weekly Eloisa Borah 1 October 2018 Antonio Miranda Rodriguez Filipino Pioneer in Los Angeles YouTube video Los Angeles KSCI Retrieved 22 April 2018 William Deverell Greg Hise 23 November 2010 A Companion to Los Angeles John Wiley amp Sons p 36 ISBN 978 1 4443 9095 7 Art exhibit on arrival of first Filipino in Los Angeles opens Inquirer 10 May 2014 a b c d e f United States Bureau of the Census Leon Edgar Truesdell 1931 Table 20 Population of the Minor Races Other Than Mexican By Nativity By States 1930 1920 and 1910 Continued Fifteenth census of the United States 1930 Population U S Govt Print Off p 59 Thomas J Osborne 22 January 2013 Pacific Eldorado A History of Greater California John Wiley amp Sons p 315 ISBN 978 1 118 29216 7 James David Hart January 1987 A Companion to California University of California Press p 430 ISBN 978 0 520 05544 5 Rose Cuison Villazor Kevin Noble Maillard Leti Volpp 25 June 2012 American Mestizo Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California Loving V Virginia in a Post Racial World Rethinking Race Sex and Marriage Cambridge University Press pp 59 72 ISBN 978 0 521 19858 5 Anmarie Medin 2013 A Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Work Camp Properties in California PDF California Department of Transportation State of California Retrieved 7 April 2015 Nicholson Geoff 11 October 2018 Marlowe Would Be Proud On The Annotated Big Sleep Los Angeles Review of Books Retrieved 23 March 2019 Rachael Myrow 2 September 2013 Stockton s Little Manila the Heart of Filipino California KQED San Francisco Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 Retrieved 1 January 2015 Little Manila Filipinos in California s Heartland KVIE Archived from the original on 1 January 2015 Retrieved 1 January 2015 New on SF State bookshelf SF State News San Francisco State University 11 April 2008 Retrieved 1 January 2015 Deborah Kong 26 December 2002 Filipino Americans work to preserve heritage Star Bulletin Honolulu Associated Press Retrieved 1 January 2015 Steven Winn 8 October 2008 Romance of Magno Rubio Filipino homecoming San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 1 January 2014 The Secrets of Giron Arnis Escrima Tuttle Publishing 15 March 1998 p 11 ISBN 978 0 8048 3139 0 Angeles Monrayo Raymundo 2003 Tomorrow s Memories A Diary 1924 1928 University of Hawaiʻi Press p 263 ISBN 978 0 8248 2688 8 Austin Leonard 1959 Around the World in San Francisco San Francisco Fearon Publishers pp 26 28 LCCN 59065441 Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 Retrieved 1 January 2015 Jon Sterngass 1 January 2009 Filipino Americans Infobase Publishing p 71 ISBN 978 1 4381 0711 0 Volpp Leti 1 January 1999 American Mestizo Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California UC Davis Law Review 33 795 835 Retrieved 3 January 2018 Showalter Michael P Winter 1989 The Watsonville Anti Filipino Riot of 1930 A Reconsideration of Fermin Tobera s Murder Southern California Quarterly 71 4 341 348 doi 10 2307 41171455 JSTOR 41171455 Jones Donna 4 September 2011 Riots in 1930 revealed Watsonville racism California apologizes to Filipino Americans Santa Cruz Sentinel Retrieved 3 January 2018 Dawn Bohulano Mabalon 29 May 2013 Little Manila Is in the Heart The Making of the Filipina o American Community in Stockton California Duke University Press p 210 ISBN 978 0 8223 9574 4 Kevin Starr 9 June 2009 Golden Dreams California in an Age of Abundance 1950 1963 Oxford University Press p 510 ISBN 978 0 19 992430 1 Franklin Ng 23 June 2014 Asian American Family Life and Community Routledge p 116 ISBN 978 1 136 80123 5 Antonio T Tiongson Edgardo V Gutierrez Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez Dawn Bohulano Mabalon 2006 Losing Little Manila Race and Redevelopment in Filipina o Stockton California Positively No Filipinos Allowed Building Communities and Discourse Temple University Press pp 73 89 ISBN 978 1 59213 123 5 Ned Kaufman 11 September 2009 Place Race and Story Essays on the Past and Future of Historic Preservation Routledge p 104 ISBN 978 1 135 88972 2 Dawn Bohulano Mabalon 29 May 2013 Little Manila Is in the Heart The Making of the Filipina o American Community in Stockton California Duke University Press p 19 ISBN 978 0 8223 9574 4 The Crosstown Freeway cut through the heart of Little Manila and by 1972 only two struggling blocks remained Reyes Javier Padilla 17 August 2017 What has Changed From Segregation to Discrimination Placeholder Magazine Stockton California Fractured Atlas Retrieved 22 April 2018 a b Rachael Myrow 2 September 2013 Stockton s Little Manila the Heart of Filipino California KQED Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 Retrieved 23 December 2014 Morehouse Lisa 19 September 2015 Grapes of Wrath The Forgotten Filipinos Who Led A Farmworker Revolution Weekend Edition Saturday NPR Retrieved 3 January 2018 Marcum Diana 14 November 2013 Facing crisis in homeland Filipinos in Central Valley take action Los Angeles Times Retrieved 14 November 2021 Jardine Jeff 30 January 2016 Jardine A trunk aided version of Filipino history in California s Central Valley The Modesto Bee Retrieved 3 January 2018 Magagnini Stephen 20 October 2013 Q amp A California history shaped by Stockton s Little Manila Sacramento Bee Retrieved 3 January 2018 Rochita Ananda 3 June 2021 A look into the rich history of Filipino Americans in Stockton and Little Manila KXTV Sacramento Retrieved 9 November 2021 a b c d e f g h Yen Espiritu 17 June 2010 Filipino American Lives Temple University Press pp 23 26 ISBN 978 1 4399 0557 9 a b c d e f Larry Hajime Shinagawa Michael Jang 1998 Atlas of American Diversity Rowman Altamira p 46 ISBN 978 0 7619 9128 1 Huping Ling 2008 Emerging Voices Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans Rutgers University Press p 93 ISBN 978 0 8135 4342 0 California Asian Americans Native Hawaiians amp Pacific Islanders PDF Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations August 2004 Retrieved 1 January 2015 a b Ines M Miyares Christopher A Airriess James A Taylor 19 October 2006 Filipinos The Invisible Ethnic Community Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers pp 258 259 ISBN 978 0 7425 6850 1 a b c d Jon Sterngass 1 January 2009 Filipino Americans Infobase Publishing p 65 ISBN 978 1 4381 0711 0 Rene Villaroman 10 July 2007 LA Consul General Throws Ceremonial First Pitch at Dodgers Padres Pre Game Event Asian Journal Online Retrieved 13 July 2009 Pyong Gap Min 2006 Asian Americans Contemporary Trends and Issues SAGE Publications p 186 ISBN 978 1 4129 0556 5 The largest of these is in Southern California in the Los Angeles San Diego region where nearly 480 000 Filipinos more than one out of every four Filipino Americans made their homes in 2000 a b Mary Yu Danico 3 September 2014 Asian American Society An Encyclopedia SAGE Publications pp 872 874 ISBN 978 1 4522 8189 6 Jun Nucum 23 December 2014 SF consulate toasts Fil Am winners in the last elections Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved 23 December 2014 Filipinos are biggest Asian group in California new study Philippine Daily Inquirer 7 February 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2014 Steve Angeles 11 February 2013 Pinoys now largest Asian population in California ABS CBN News Retrieved 23 December 2014 California Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics 2010 United States Census Bureau 2010 Archived from the original on 12 February 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2014 a b Jones Nicholas A 2 May 2012 The Asian Population in the United States Results from the 2010 Census PDF Asian Americans And Pacific Islanders Social Security Administration Archived from the original PDF on 22 December 2014 Retrieved 13 November 2014 California s 800 new laws From hands free texting to drivers licenses for undocumented immigrants GMA News 17 January 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2014 Table DP 1 Profile of General Demographic Characteristics 2010 PDF California Department of Finance State of California 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 30 June 2014 Retrieved 23 December 2014 Supplemental Table 1 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 8 December 2014 Supplemental Table 1 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2012 Legal Permanent Residents U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 8 December 2014 Supplemental Table 1 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2011 Legal Permanent Residents U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 8 December 2014 Supplemental Table 1 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2010 U S Department of Homeland Security Retrieved 8 December 2014 Rodel Rodis 14 May 2013 Telltale Signs Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the US AsianWeek Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 Retrieved 19 May 2013 Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the United States Inquirer 12 May 2013 Retrieved 24 November 2014 California Health Care Almanac PDF chcf org California Health Care Foundation November 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 8 March 2015 Retrieved 24 November 2014 Alvarado Kitty Lizarondo Roland 21 October 2021 Local ICU nurse hopes report on Filipino Americans and pandemic related mental health issues brings change KPBS San Diego Retrieved 9 November 2021 That s because 18 percent of nurses in California are Filipino and one in three are front line workers Detailed Asian Alone or in Any Combination Groups in California Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico 2020 Census United States Census Bureau 21 September 2023 Retrieved 6 October 2023 Elnora Kelly Tayag 2011 Filipinos in Ventura County Arcadia Publishing p 8 ISBN 978 0 7385 7473 8 To Educate Filipinos Los Angeles Herald XXXI 26 2 27 October 1903 Retrieved 24 December 2014 Filipino Youths Who Are to Study America Arrive in Los Angeles Los Angeles Herald XXXI 43 3 13 November 1903 Retrieved 24 December 2014 M Rosalind Sagara Joseph Bernardo Ph D Jean Paul R deGuzman Ph D Lorna Ignacio Dumapias Gerald Gubatan Carlene Sobrino Bonnivier Florante Ibanez Dulce Capadocia April 2018 Los Angeles Citywide Historic Context Statement Context Filipino Americans in Los Angeles 1903 1980 PDF Report City of Los Angeles Retrieved 15 July 2018 Mae Respicio Koerner 2007 Filipinos in Los Angeles Arcadia Publishing p 9 a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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