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Wikipedia

Exclusive economic zone

March 20, 2023

Not to be confused with Special economic zone.

An exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.[1] It stretches from the outer limit of the territorial sea (12 nautical miles from the baseline) out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from the coast of the state in question. It is also referred to as a maritime continental margin and, in colloquial usage, may include the continental shelf. The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters are international waters.[2]

The world's exclusive economic zones, shown in dark blue (distinguished from international waters in light blue)

Definition

 
Sea areas in international rights (top down view)

Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than 200 nmi (370 km) out from its coastal baseline.[3] The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi (740 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.[4] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.[5]

A state's exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nmi (370 km) from the baseline. The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at 12 nmi (22 km) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).[6] Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nmi (650 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.

Origin and history

The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.

Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi or 5.6 km (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi (22 km) beyond the shore. One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945. However, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf of 23 June 1947 (El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 29 June 1947) and Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947 (El Peruano: Diario Oficial. Vol. 107, No. 1983, 11 August 1947).[7]

It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.

Disputes

 
De facto territories in the Spratly Islands

The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.

  • The South China Sea is the setting for several ongoing disputes between regional powers including China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
  • Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, and caused problems during the accession of Croatia to the European Union.
  • A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada and the United States, as the area reportedly contains substantial oil reserves.
  • Mauritius claims an EEZ for Tromelin Island from France and an EEZ in respect of the British Indian Ocean Territory from the UK. An Exclusive Economic Zone covering 2.3 million square kilometres is claimed by Mauritius.
  • Turkey claims a portion of Cyprus's claimed EEZ based on Turkey's definition that no islands, including Cyprus, can have a full EEZ[8][9] and should only be entitled to 12 nautical miles. Furthermore, the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) also claims portions of Cyprus's claimed EEZ. Cyprus, intergovernmental organizations and other territories, such as the European Union, United States, Russia, Israel, Switzerland, Egypt, Saudi Arabia do not acknowledge the Turkish claims[10][11][12][13][14] on Cyprus's land and claimed sea, and urge Turkey to restrain itself from "illegal" drilling for gas in the island's claimed EEZ.[a] The EU has threatened Turkey with economic and political sanctions for violating Cyprus's claimed EEZ.[26][27]
  • Greece claims a continental shelf and EEZ for all of its islands in the Aegean Sea (including Kastellorizo that has 11.98 km2 surface area) but Turkey refuses to recognize this, arguing that this claim is in violation of the principle of fairness of international law.
  • Greece claims that the maritime deal between internationally recognized GNA government of Libya and Turkey is illegal and it signed a counter agreement with Egypt.[28]
  • Lebanon claims that the agreement between Cyprus and Israel overlapped its own EEZ.
  • Japan claims an EEZ around Okinotorishima, but this is disputed by China, Taiwan, and South Korea, who claim it is an islet which is incapable of generating an EEZ.

Potential disputes

Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.[29]

Resolved disputes

  • The Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades, until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976.
  • In 1992, the Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case, which centred on the EEZ around the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, was decided by an arbitral tribunal which concurred on the whole with the arguments put forth by Canada. France was awarded 18% of the area it had originally claimed.
  • In 1999, following the Hanish Islands conflict, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between the mainlands of the two nations, without taking account of sovereignty over the islands.[30][31]
  • In 2009, in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine over Snake Island, the UN International Court of Justice decided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land.[32]
  • In 2010 the Norway and Russia dispute of both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status was resolved. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently officially ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute.[33] The agreement was signed in Murmansk on 15 September 2010.[34]
  • In 2014, the Netherlands and Germany resolved an old border dispute regarding the exact location of the border in the Dollart Bay.[35][36]

Transboundary stocks

See also: Highly migratory species

Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.[37] Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.[38]

By country

Various island countries

 
EEZs in the Caribbean Sea
 
EEZs in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
 
EEZs in the Pacific Ocean

Algeria

Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018.[39][40] The permanent mission of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones,[41] The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018.[42] The two countries indicated that the Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them.

On 25 November 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest, explaining that the Algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n° 18–96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the coast of Algeria. The Algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration, the specific characteristics and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face, as well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution.[43]

On 20 June 2019 a communication from Algeria was sent. It was addressed to the Italian embassy[44] and the Spanish embassy in Algiers[45] to show their eligibility in Algeria's exclusive economic zone.

Argentina

 
Argentina's exclusive economic zones, including its territorial claims (the Falklands and South Georgia etc. plus its Antarctic claim)

Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of Argentina reaches 3,849,756 km2. The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1,159,063 km2.

Australia

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Australia
 
Australia's exclusive economic zones, including its Antarctic claim

Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles (22 to 370 kilometres) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.[46][47] To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters. Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with the total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.

The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.[48][49] Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory,[50] but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.[49]

Region EEZ Area (km2)[49]
Mainland Australia (5 States and 3 Territories of the Australian Federation), Tasmania, and other minor islands 6,048,681
Macquarie Island 471,837
  Christmas Island 463,371
  Norfolk Island 428,618
Heard Island and McDonald Islands 410,722
  Cocos Islands 325,021
Australian Antarctic Territory 2,000,000[note 1]
Total 8,148,250

Brazil

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Brazil
 
Brazil's exclusive economic zones

Brazil's EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands. It is called the Blue Amazon.

Region EEZ Area (km2)[51]
  Mainland Brazil (9 States of the Brazilian Federation) 2,570,917
  Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands 468,599
  Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago 413,636
  Fernando de Noronha Islands 363,362
Total 3,830,955

In 2004, Brazil submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.[52]

Canada

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Canada
 
Canada's exclusive economic zone and territorial waters

Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 km2 (2,161,816 sq mi), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.[53] The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic Archipelago.

Chile

 
Chile's exclusive economic zones, including its Antarctic claim

Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands.

Region EEZ Area (km2)[54] Land Area (km2) Total
Mainland Chile 1,987,371 755,757 2,743,128
Easter Island 720,412 164 720,576
Juan Fernández Islands 502,524 100 502,624
Desventuradas Islands 449,836 5 449,841
Total 3,660,143 756,102.4 4,416,245.4

In 2020 and 2022, Chile submitted its partial claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.

China

 
Exclusive economic zone claimed by the People's Republic of China:
  China's undisputed EEZ –
960,556 km2[55]
  EEZ claimed by China, disputed by Taiwan – 1,148,485 km2[56]
  EEZ claimed by China, disputed by other countries – 210,926 km2
Total: 2,236,430 km2[57]

The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account adjacent powers' claims.

Croatia

 
Croatia's exclusive economic zone(dark blue) and Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone

Croatia proclaimed Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone in 2003, but it was not enforced toward other European Union states especially Italy and Slovenia. The zone was upgraded to EEZ in 2021 together with Italy and Slovenia.[58][59] Territorial waters has 18,981 km2, while internal waters located within the baseline cover an additional 12,498 km2, and EEZ covers 24,482km2 for a total of 55,961km2.

Cyprus

Cyprus EEZ covers 98,707 square km (38,100 square miles). Cyprus' EEZ borders those of Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Egypt.

Denmark

 
The exclusive economic zones and territorial waters of the Kingdom of Denmark

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) of Greenland and the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of the Faroe Islands.

Region EEZ & TW Area (km2)[60] Land area Total
  Denmark 105 989 42 506 149 083
  Faroe Islands 260 995 1 399 262 394
  Greenland 2,184,254 2,166,086 4,350,340
Total 2,551,238 2,210,579 4,761,817

Ecuador

 
Ecuador's exclusive economic zone

Area: 1,077,231 km2

France

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of France
 
Exclusive economic zones of France, including its Antarctic territorial claim

Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering 11.7 million km2.[61] The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of Earth.

Germany

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany declared the entry into force of the convention with effect from 1 January 1995, the establishment of a German Exclusive Economic Zone in the North and Baltic Seas.[62] The relevant German legal provisions that are applicable within the exclusive economic zone include the Maritime Task Act (Seeaufgabengesetz) from 1965, the Maritime Facilities Act (Seeanlagengesetz) from 2017, before that the Sea Facilities Ordinance (Seeanlagenverordnung) since 1997, the Federal Mining Act (Bundesberggesetz) and the Regional Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz).

The German EEZ has an area of 32,982 km². 70% of the EEZ is the entire German North Sea area and about 29% is the entire German Baltic Sea area.[63]

Greece

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Greece
 
Exclusive Economic Zone of Greece

Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It includes many small islands which vary between 1,200 and 6,000 in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea.[64] The largest islands are Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios.

Greece's EEZ is bordered to the west by Albania and Italy, to the south by Libya and Egypt, and to the east by Cyprus and Turkey.

EEZ Area of Greece[65]
Territory km2 sq mi Notes
Total 505,572 195,202

India

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of India
 
India's exclusive economic zones
EEZ Area (km2)
Mainland India (9 States and 2 Union Territories of the Indian Federation) and Lakshadweep 1,641,514 km2
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 663,629 km2
Total 2,305,143 km2

India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.[66]

Indonesia

 
Indonesia's exclusive economic zone
Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Indonesia

Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. The total size is 6,159,032 km2 (2,378,016 sq mi). It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores. This is due to the 13,466 islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.[67] It has the 2nd largest coastline of 54,720 km (34,000 mi). The five main islands are: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Western New Guinea. There are two major island groups (Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands) and sixty smaller island groups.

Ireland

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Ireland

The Irish Exclusive Economic Zone was announced to be the location of a Russian military exercise in January 2022.[68] The exercise was then moved outside the economic zone.[69]

Israel

In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross border resources discovered, and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.

Italy

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Italy
 
Italy's EEZ in the Mediterranean Sea

Italy has the world's 48th largest EEZ, with an area of 541,915 km2 (209,235 sq mi).[65] It claims an EEZ of 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) from its shores, which has long coastlines with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Its EEZ is limited by maritime boundaries with neighboring countries to the north-west, east and southeast.

Italy's western sea territory stretches from the west coast of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea including the island Sardinia. The island Sicily is in the southernmost area. Lampedusa is Italy's southernmost point. It shares treaty-defined maritime boundaries with France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Malta, Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia.

Japan

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Japan
 
Japan's exclusive economic zones:
  Japan's EEZ
  Joint regime with the Republic of Korea
  EEZ claimed by Japan, disputed by others

Japan has the 8th largest exclusive economic zone of 4,479,674 km2 (1,729,612 sq mi).[70] It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores.

EEZ Areas of Japan
Region EEZ Area (km2) EEZ Area (sq mi)
Ryukyu Islands 1,394,676 538,487
Pacific Ocean (Japan) 1,162,334 448,780
Nanpō Islands 862,782 333,122
Sea of Japan 630,721 243,523
Minami-Tori-shima 428,875 165,590
Sea of Okhotsk 235 91
Daitō Islands 44 17
Senkaku Islands 7 2.7
Total[71] 4,479,674 1,729,612

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (China, Russia, South Korea, and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project[72][73][74] both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account the claims of adjacent jurisdictions.

Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.

Malaysia

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia

Mexico

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Mexico
 
Exclusive economic zone of Mexico

Mexico's exclusive economic zones cover a total surface area of 3,144,295 km2, and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.[75] This puts Mexico's total territory as 5,153,735 km2.

New Zealand

 
Exclusive economic zones of the Realm of New Zealand, including the Ross Dependency (shaded)
Main article: Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand

New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km2 (1,576,742 sq mi),[76][77] which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2.[78] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency).

North Korea

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of North Korea
 
The exclusive economic zone of North Korea

The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Sea of Japan.[79] The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders.[80] The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.[81]

In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korea Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area.[82] The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.[83]

In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal-shaped.[84] The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia.[85] Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.[84]

Norway

 
Norway's exclusive economic zones, including the dependency of Bouvet Island

Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819,620 km2 around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2, including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen.[86]

In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea.[87]

Region EEZ and Territorial
Waters Area (km2) 		Land Area (km2) Total (km2)
Mainland Norway 1,273,482 323,802 1,597,284
Svalbard 402,574 61,002 463,576
Jan Mayen 273,118 373 273,491
Bouvet Island 436,004 49 436,053
Total 2,385,178 385,226 2,770,404

Pakistan

Area: 290,000 km2

Pakistan coast is a 1046 km long coast, extending from sir creek in the east to Gwadar bay in the west ane the EEZ extends up to 290,000sqkm whick is more than 30% of its land area and ranks sixty sixth in the world by area.

Pakistan had an EEZ of 240,000 sqkm before their case was accepted by UNCLCS. Pakistan Navy with the help of National Oceanographic Organization(NIO) initiated the continental shelf case at ministerial level in 1995.

On 26 Aug 2013, a seven-member sub commission with members from Japan, China, Mozambique, Kenya, Demark, Georgia and Argentina was formulated at UNCLCS to evaluate technical details of Pakistan case and after a year accepted Pakistan's claim.

On 13 March 2015, UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (UNCLCS) accepted recommendations for extension of the outer limits of the continental shelf on Pakistan's case so far 80 countries had submitted claims to UNCLCS out of which recommendations of 22 countries including Pakistan had been finalised.

It was a historic event in the country's history when Pakistan became the first country in the region to have its continental shelf extended to 350 nm.

Some of the claimed territory overlapped Omani claim. It is believed that the verdict in favour of Pakistan was announced after successful negotiation with Oman.

Peru

 
Peru's exclusive economic zone

Area: 906,454 km2

Philippines

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines
 
The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines shown in the lighter blue shade, with Archepelagic Waters in the darkest blue

The Philippines' EEZ covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[88]

Poland

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Poland

The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km2 (11,789 sq mi) within the Baltic Sea.[89]

Portugal

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Portugal
 
Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zones plus submitted Extended Continental Shelf to the UN[90]

Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:

Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over an additional 2.15 million square kilometres of the adjacent continental shelf in May 2009,[91] resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km2. The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.

Spain formerly objected to the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain no longer disputes the Portuguese claim since 2015.[92][93]

Romania

Area: 23,627 km2

Russia

 
Russia's exclusive economic zone
Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Russia

4th largest

  • Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km2
  • Saint Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km2
  • Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km2
  • Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km2
  • Pacific – 3,419,202 km2
  • Siberia – 3,277,292 km2
  • Total – 8,095,881 km2[94]

Senegal

 
Senegal's exclusive economic zone

Area: 158,861 km2

Somalia

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Somalia
 
Somalia's exclusive economic zone

Area: 825,052 km2

South Africa

 
South Africa's maritime zones, including the exclusive economic zone

South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km2.[65]

  • Mainland – 1,068,659 km2
  • Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km2

South Korea

See also: Syngman Rhee Line
 
South Korean exclusive economic zone:
  Korean EEZ
  EEZ claimed by Republic of Korea and Japan
  Joint regime with Japan

Area: 300,851 (225,214) km2

Spain

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Spain
 
Spain's exclusive economic zone. (Labels in Spanish)

Area: 1,039,233 km2

Thailand

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Thailand

Turkey

Turkey's EEZ is bordered by Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria in the Black Sea to the north, Greece in the Aegean Sea to the west, and Cyprus and Syria in the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey is one of the few countries to not have signed UNCLOS and disputes Greece's and Cyprus' EEZ.

United Kingdom

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom
 
The exclusive economic zones of the United Kingdom in blue, including the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. The British claim in Antarctica is shown in shaded blue.[95]
 
UK, Ireland, Iceland & Faroes EEZ

The United Kingdom has the fifth largest exclusive economic zone of 6,805,586 km2 (2,627,651 sq mi) square km. It comprises the EEZs surrounding the United Kingdom,[96] the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory.

The EEZ associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos Archipelago, also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory, is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the archipelago as a part of its territory.

The EEZ areas of the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories (in decreasing size)[65]
Territory EEZ Area (km2) EEZ Area (sq mi) Notes
  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1,449,532 559,667 Disputed with   Argentina.
  Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands 836,108 322,823
  United Kingdom 773,676 298,718 Including the   Isle of Man.
  Tristan da Cunha† 754,720 291,400 Including   Gough Island.
  British Indian Ocean Territory 638,568 246,552 Disputed with   Mauritius.
  Falkland Islands 550,872 212,693 Disputed with   Argentina.
  Bermuda 450,370 173,890
  Saint Helena† 444,916 171,783
  Ascension Island† 441,658 170,525
  Turks and Caicos Islands 154,068 59,486
  Cayman Islands 119,137 45,999
  Anguilla 92,178 35,590
  British Virgin Islands 80,117 30,933
  Channel Islands 11,658 4,501 Including   Guernsey and   Jersey.
  Montserrat 7,582 2,927
  Gibraltar 426 164 Disputed with   Spain.
  Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 0 0 No EEZ area. The relevant EEZ areas around Cyprus Island are claimed by the   Republic of Cyprus[97] and   Northern Cyprus.[98]
Total 6,805,586 2,627,651

† A part of the overseas territory of   Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.

United States

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of the United States
 
The USA's Exclusive Economic Zones

The United States' exclusive economic zone is the second largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km2. Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.

The EEZ (including territorial sea) areas of the territories of the U.S. (in decreasing size)[99]
Territory EEZ Area (km2) EEZ Area (sq mi) Notes
  Alaska 3,770,021 1,455,613 A non-contiguous state in the northwest extremity of the North American continent.
  Hawaii – Northwestern Islands 1,579,538 609,863 Including Midway Atoll, these islands form the Leeward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
  U.S. East Coast 915,763 353,578 The mainland coastal states of the Eastern United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and the Atlantic Coast of Florida.
  Hawaii – Southeastern Islands 895,346 345,695 These islands form the Windward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
  U.S. West Coast 825,549 318,746 The mainland coastal states of the Western United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of California, Oregon, Washington.
  Northern Mariana Islands 749,268 289,294 An organized unincorporated Commonwealth of the United States.
  U.S. Gulf Coast 707,832 273,295 The mainland coastal states of the Southern United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Gulf Coast of Florida
  Johnston Atoll 442,635 170,902 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
  Howland and Baker Islands 434,921 167,924 Including Howland Island and Baker Island, both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
  Wake Island 407,241 157,237 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
  American Samoa 404,391 156,136 The only inhabited unorganized unincorporated territory of the United States.
Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef 352,300 136,000 Both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Jarvis Island 316,665 122,265 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
  Guam 221,504 85,523 An organized unincorporated territory of the United States.
  Puerto Rico 177,685 68,605 An organized unincorporated Commonwealth of the United States.
  U.S. Virgin Islands 33,744 13,029 An organized unincorporated territory of the United States.
Navassa Island N/A[note 2] N/A[note 2] A National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. A joint Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement signed at Havana in 1977 bilaterally divides the waters between both local nations and Cuba's maritime boundary places the island within Haitian waters and doesn't recognize any local U.S. claim in the area.
Total 11,351,000 4,383,000

Note, the totals in the table actually add up to 12,234,403 square km and 4,723,705 square miles.

Vietnam

Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Vietnam
Main article: Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
 
Territorial claims in the South China Sea. Vietnam's EEZ has a blue line.

Vietnam claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 1,395,096 km2 (538,650 sq mi) with 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) from its shores.[103][104]

Excluding all disputed waters, Vietnam has an undisputed exclusive economic zone of 417,663 km2 (161,261 sq mi).[citation needed] This figure does not include the claimed EEZ areas of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. Vietnam has disputes mainly with the People's Republic of China due to the nine-dash line.

Rankings by area

 
Countries with the most distant EEZs

This list includes dependent territories (including uninhabited territories) within their sovereign states, but does not include various claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes territorial land and internal waters.

Rank Country EEZ km2[65] Shelf km2 EEZ+TIA km2
1   France[note 3] 11,691,000 730,745 12,366,417
2   United States[note 4] 11,351,000 2,193,526 21,814,306
3   Australia[note 5] 8,505,348 2,194,008 16,197,464
4   Russia 7,566,673 3,817,843 24,664,915
5   United Kingdom[note 6] 6,805,586 872,891 7,048,486
6   Indonesia 6,159,032 2,039,381 8,063,601
7   Canada 5,599,077 2,644,795 15,607,077
8   Japan 4,479,388 214,976 4,857,318
9   New Zealand[note 7] 4,420,565[76][77][105] 272,898[76][77][105] 4,688,285[106][107]
10   Brazil 3,830,955 774,563 12,345,832
11   Chile 3,681,989 252,947 4,431,381
12   Kiribati 3,441,810 7,523 3,442,536
13   Mexico 3,269,386 419,102 5,141,968
14   Federated States of Micronesia 2,996,419 19,403 2,997,121
15   Denmark[note 8] 2,551,238 495,657 4,761,811
16   Papua New Guinea 2,402,288 191,256 2,865,128
17   Norway[note 9] 2,385,178 434,020 2,770,404
18   India 2,305,143 402,996 5,592,406
19   Marshall Islands 1,990,530 18,411 1,990,711
–   Cook Islands[note 10] 1,960,027 1,213 1,960,267
20   Portugal[note 11] 1,727,408 28,000 1,819,498
21   Philippines 1,590,780 272,921 1,890,780
22   Solomon Islands 1,589,477 36,282 1,618,373
23   South Africa 1,535,538 156,337 2,756,575
24   Seychelles 1,336,559 39,063 1,337,014
25   Mauritius 1,284,997 29,061 1,287,037
26   Fiji 1,282,978 47,705 1,301,250
27   Madagascar 1,225,259 101,505 1,812,300
28   Argentina 1,159,063 856,346 3,939,463[108]
29   Ecuador 1,077,231 41,034 1,333,600
30   Spain 1,039,233 77,920 1,545,225
31   Maldives 923,322 34,538 923,622
32   Peru 906,454 82,000 2,191,670
33   China 877,019 231,340 10,473,980
34   Somalia 825,052 55,895 1,462,709
35   Colombia 808,158 53,691 1,949,906
36   Cape Verde 800,561 5,591 804,594
37   Iceland 751,345 108,015 854,345
38   Tuvalu 749,790 3,575 749,816
39   Vanuatu 663,251 11,483 675,440
40   Tonga 659,558 8,517 660,305
41   Bahamas 654,715 106,323 668,658
42   Palau 603,978 2,837 604,437
43   Mozambique 578,986 94,212 1,380,576
44   Morocco 575,230 115,157 1,287,780
45   Costa Rica 574,725 19,585 625,825
46   Namibia 564,748 86,698 1,388,864
47   Yemen 552,669 59,229 1,080,637
48   Italy 541,915 116,834 843,251
49   Oman 533,180 59,071 842,680
50   Myanmar 532,775 220,332 1,209,353
51   Sri Lanka 532,619 32,453 598,229
52   Angola 518,433 48,092 1,765,133
53   Greece 505,572 81,451 637,529
54   South Korea 475,469 342,522 575,469
55   Venezuela 471,507 98,500 1,387,950
56   Vietnam 417,663 365,198 748,875
57   Ireland 410,310 139,935 480,583
58   Libya 351,589 64,763 2,111,129
59   Cuba 350,751 61,525 460,637
60   Panama 335,646 53,404 411,163
61   Malaysia 334,671 323,412 665,474
–   Niue[note 10] 316,584 284 316,844
62   Nauru 308,480 41 308,501
63   Equatorial Guinea 303,509 7,820 331,560
64   Thailand 299,397 230,063 812,517
65   Pakistan 290,000 51,383 1,117,911
66   Egypt 263,451 61,591 1,265,451
67   Turkey 261,654 56,093 1,045,216
68   Jamaica 258,137 9,802 269,128
69   Dominican Republic 255,898 10,738 304,569
70   Liberia 249,734 17,715 361,103
71   Honduras 249,542 68,718 362,034
72   Tanzania 241,888 25,611 1,186,975
73   Ghana 235,349 22,502 473,888
74   Saudi Arabia 228,633 107,249 2,378,323
75   Nigeria 217,313 42,285 1,141,081
76   Sierra Leone 215,611 28,625 287,351
77   Gabon 202,790 35,020 470,458
78   Barbados 186,898 426 187,328
79   Côte d'Ivoire 176,254 10,175 498,717
80   Iran 168,718 118,693 1,797,468
81   Mauritania 165,338 31,662 1,190,858
82   Comoros 163,752 1,526 165,987
83   Sweden 160,885 154,604 602,255
84   Senegal 158,861 23,092 355,583
85   Netherlands[note 12] 154,011 77,246 192,345
86   Ukraine 147,318 79,142 750,818
87   Uruguay 142,166 75,327 318,381
88   Guyana 137,765 50,578 352,734
89   São Tomé and Príncipe 131,397 1,902 132,361
90   Samoa 127,950 2,087 130,781
91   Suriname 127,772 53,631 291,592
92   Haiti 126,760 6,683 154,510
93   Algeria 126,353 9,985 2,508,094
94   Nicaragua 123,881 70,874 254,254
95   Guinea-Bissau 123,725 39,339 159,850
96   Bangladesh 118,813 66,438 230,390
97   Kenya 116,942 11,073 697,309
98   Guatemala 114,170 14,422 223,059
99   North Korea 113,888[109][110] 50,337[109][110] 234,428[111]
100   Antigua and Barbuda 110,089 4,128 110,531
101   Tunisia 101,857 67,126 265,467
102   Cyprus 98,707 4,042 107,958
103   El Salvador 90,962 16,852 112,003
104   Finland[note 13] 87,171 85,109 425,590
105   Republic of China (Taiwan) 83,231 43,016 119,419
106   Eritrea 77,728 61,817 195,328
107   Trinidad and Tobago 74,199 25,284 79,329
108   East Timor 70,326 25,648 85,200
109   Sudan 68,148 19,827 1,954,216
110   Cambodia 62,515 62,515 243,550
111   Guinea 59,426 44,755 305,283
112   Croatia 59,032 50,277 115,626
113   United Arab Emirates 58,218 57,474 141,818
114   Germany 57,485 57,485 414,599
115   Malta 54,823 5,301 55,139
116   Estonia 36,992 36,992 82,219
117   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 36,302 1,561 36,691
118   Belize 35,351 13,178 58,317
119   Bulgaria 34,307 10,426 145,186
120   Benin 33,221 2,721 145,843
121   Qatar 31,590 31,590 43,176
122   Republic of the Congo 31,017 7,982 373,017
123   Poland 29,797 29,797 342,482
124   Dominica 28,985 659 29,736
125   Latvia 28,452 27,772 93,011
126   Grenada 27,426 2,237 27,770
127   Israel 26,352 3,745 48,424
128   Romania 23,627 19,303 262,018
129   Gambia 23,112 5,581 34,407
130   Georgia 21,946 3,243 91,646
131   Lebanon 19,516 1,067 29,968
132   Cameroon 16,547 11,420 491,989
133   Saint Lucia 15,617 544 16,156
134   Albania 13,691 6,979 42,439
135   Togo 12,045 1,265 68,830
136   Kuwait 11,026 11,026 28,844
137   Syria 10,503 1,085 195,683
138   Bahrain 10,225 10,225 10,975
139   Brunei 10,090 8,509 15,855
140   Saint Kitts and Nevis 9,974 653 10,235
141   Montenegro 7,745 3,896 21,557
142   Djibouti 7,459 3,187 30,659
143   Lithuania 7,031 7,031 72,331
144   Belgium 3,447 3,447 33,975
145   Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,606 1,593 2,346,464
146   Singapore 1,067 1,067 1,772
147   Iraq 771 771 439,088
148   Monaco 288 2 290
149   Palestine 256 256 6,276
150   Slovenia 220 220 20,493
151   Jordan 166 59 89,508
152   Bosnia and Herzegovina 50 50 51,259
–   Kazakhstan 2,724,900
–   Mongolia 1,564,100
–   Chad 1,284,000
–   Niger 1,267,000
–   Mali 1,240,192
–   Ethiopia 1,104,300
–   Bolivia 1,098,581
–   Zambia 752,612
–   Afghanistan 652,090
–   Central African Republic 622,984
–   South Sudan 619,745
–   Botswana 582,000
–   Turkmenistan 488,100
–   Uzbekistan 447,400
–   Paraguay 406,752
–   Zimbabwe 390,757
–   Burkina Faso 274,222
–   Uganda 241,038
–   Laos 236,800
–   Belarus 207,600
–   Kyrgyzstan 199,951
–     Nepal 147,181
–   Tajikistan 143,100
–   Malawi 118,484
–   Hungary 93,028
–   Azerbaijan 86,600
–   Austria 83,871
–   Czech Republic 78,867
–   Serbia 77,474
–   Slovakia 49,035
–   Switzerland 41,284
–   Bhutan 38,394
–   Moldova 33,846
–   Lesotho 30,355
–   Armenia 29,743
–   Burundi 27,834
–   Rwanda 26,338
–   North Macedonia 25,713
–   Eswatini 17,364
–   Kosovo[a] 10,887
–   Luxembourg 2,586
–   Andorra 468
–   Liechtenstein 160
–   San Marino 61
–    Vatican City 0.44
Total   United Nations 137,926,515 25,149,113 274,891,722

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The reference gives an approximate figure of 2 million square kilometres for the EEZ claimed by Australia as part of its Antarctic Territory. This is in addition to the 8 million square kilometre total given in the reference. This EEZ is also distinct from the 2.56 million square kilometres of additional continental shelf mentioned in the reference.
  2. ^ a b The source does not provide any data for Navassa Island[100][101] even though the U.S. federal government did claim an EEZ area for this disputed territory.[102]
  3. ^ Comprising Metropolitan France and Overseas France.
  4. ^ Including Palmyra Atoll and 12 unincorporated territories of the United States. The source does not provide any data for Navassa Island.
  5. ^ Including 6 Australian external territories.
  6. ^ Comprising the United Kingdom, 3 Crown dependencies and 12 British Overseas Territories. The source does not provide any data for the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
  7. ^ Comprising New Zealand proper and Tokelau. The Cook Islands and Niue are listed separately due to their full treaty-making capacities within the United Nations System.
  8. ^ Comprising Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland.
  9. ^ Including Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard.
  10. ^ a b A part of the Realm of New Zealand, listed separately due to its full treaty-making capacity within the United Nations System.
  11. ^ Comprising Continental Portugal, the Azores, and Madeira.
  12. ^ Comprising the European Netherlands and the Dutch Caribbean.
  13. ^ Including Åland.
a. ^ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 (52.3%) UN member states (with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition), while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory.

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  98. ^ EEZ and shelf areas of Northern Cyprus – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
  99. ^ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Seaaroundus.org. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  100. ^ "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". www.seaaroundus.org.
  101. ^ "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". www.seaaroundus.org.
  102. ^ . www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019.
  103. ^ EEZ and shelf areas of Vietnam – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
  104. ^ "Marine Regions". www.marineregions.org.
  105. ^ a b EEZ and shelf areas of Tokelau – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
  106. ^ "FAO Country Profiles:New Zealand". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  107. ^ "FAO Country Profiles:Tokelau". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  108. ^ If the claimed Argentine Antarctica and its associated EEZ area are included, the total internal area of Argentina plus its EEZ area reaches 6,581,500 km2.
  109. ^ a b EEZ and shelf areas of North Korea (Yellow Sea) – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
  110. ^ a b EEZ and shelf areas of North Korea (Sea of Japan) – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
  111. ^ "FAO Country Profiles:Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Works cited:

  • Suk Kyoon Kim (2017). Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia: Regional Challenges and Cooperation. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34422-8.
  • Kotch, John Barry; Abbey, Michael (2003). (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 27 (2): 175–204. doi:10.1353/apr.2003.0024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011.
  • Prescott, John Robert Victor; Schofield, Clive H. (2001). Furness, Shelagh (ed.). "Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean". Maritime Briefing. Durham: International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham. 3 (1). ISBN 978-1-897643-43-3.
  • Van Dyke, Jon M. (2009). "Disputes Over Islands and Maritime Boundaries in East Asia". In Seoung Yong Hong, Jon M.; Van Dyke (eds.). Maritime Boundary Disputes, Settlement Processes, and the Law of the Sea. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 39–76. ISBN 978-90-04-17343-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exclusive economic zones.
  • Interactive map at MarineRegions.org, showing boundaries and disputes
  • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – Part V
  • Sea Around Us Project – View the EEZ of all countries (note that this website does not distinguish between the territorial seas and the EEZs, therefore it tends to overstate the EEZ areas. See: EEZ AREA MEASURE)
  • GIS data: VLIZ.be
  • Foreign Military Activities in Asian EEZs: Conflict Ahead? by Mark J. Valencia (May 2011)
  • EEZ Management

March 20, 2023
exclusive, economic, zone, confused, with, special, economic, zone, exclusive, economic, zone, prescribed, 1982, united, nations, convention, area, which, sovereign, state, special, rights, regarding, exploration, marine, resources, including, energy, producti. Not to be confused with Special economic zone An exclusive economic zone EEZ as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources including energy production from water and wind 1 It stretches from the outer limit of the territorial sea 12 nautical miles from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles nmi from the coast of the state in question It is also referred to as a maritime continental margin and in colloquial usage may include the continental shelf The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters whereas the second is merely a sovereign right which refers to the coastal state s rights below the surface of the sea The surface waters are international waters 2 The world s exclusive economic zones shown in dark blue distinguished from international waters in light blue Contents 1 Definition 2 Origin and history 3 Disputes 3 1 Potential disputes 3 2 Resolved disputes 4 Transboundary stocks 5 By country 5 1 Various island countries 5 2 Algeria 5 3 Argentina 5 4 Australia 5 5 Brazil 5 6 Canada 5 7 Chile 5 8 China 5 9 Croatia 5 10 Cyprus 5 11 Denmark 5 12 Ecuador 5 13 France 5 14 Germany 5 15 Greece 5 16 India 5 17 Indonesia 5 18 Ireland 5 19 Israel 5 20 Italy 5 21 Japan 5 22 Malaysia 5 23 Mexico 5 24 New Zealand 5 25 North Korea 5 26 Norway 5 27 Pakistan 5 28 Peru 5 29 Philippines 5 30 Poland 5 31 Portugal 5 32 Romania 5 33 Russia 5 34 Senegal 5 35 Somalia 5 36 South Africa 5 37 South Korea 5 38 Spain 5 39 Thailand 5 40 Turkey 5 41 United Kingdom 5 42 United States 5 43 Vietnam 6 Rankings by area 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksDefinition Edit Sea areas in international rights top down view Generally a state s exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea extending seaward to a distance of no more than 200 nmi 370 km out from its coastal baseline 3 The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap that is state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi 740 km apart When an overlap occurs it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary 4 Generally any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state 5 A state s exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nmi 370 km from the baseline The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters which end at 12 nmi 22 km from the coastal baseline if following the rules set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 6 Thus the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nmi 650 km from the coastal baseline beyond the exclusive economic zones but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term as it also includes the continental rise and slope and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone Origin and history EditThe idea of allotting nations EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century Initially a country s sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi or 5 6 km range of cannon shot beyond the shore In modern times a country s sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi 22 km beyond the shore One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945 However it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf of 23 June 1947 El Mercurio Santiago de Chile 29 June 1947 and Presidential Decree No 781 of 1 August 1947 El Peruano Diario Oficial Vol 107 No 1983 11 August 1947 7 It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted Disputes EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information June 2020 De facto territories in the Spratly Islands The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters The South China Sea is the setting for several ongoing disputes between regional powers including China Taiwan Vietnam the Philippines Indonesia and Malaysia Croatia s ZERP Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia and caused problems during the accession of Croatia to the European Union A wedge shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada and the United States as the area reportedly contains substantial oil reserves Mauritius claims an EEZ for Tromelin Island from France and an EEZ in respect of the British Indian Ocean Territory from the UK An Exclusive Economic Zone covering 2 3 million square kilometres is claimed by Mauritius Turkey claims a portion of Cyprus s claimed EEZ based on Turkey s definition that no islands including Cyprus can have a full EEZ 8 9 and should only be entitled to 12 nautical miles Furthermore the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TRNC also claims portions of Cyprus s claimed EEZ Cyprus intergovernmental organizations and other territories such as the European Union United States Russia Israel Switzerland Egypt Saudi Arabia do not acknowledge the Turkish claims 10 11 12 13 14 on Cyprus s land and claimed sea and urge Turkey to restrain itself from illegal drilling for gas in the island s claimed EEZ a The EU has threatened Turkey with economic and political sanctions for violating Cyprus s claimed EEZ 26 27 Greece claims a continental shelf and EEZ for all of its islands in the Aegean Sea including Kastellorizo that has 11 98 km2 surface area but Turkey refuses to recognize this arguing that this claim is in violation of the principle of fairness of international law Greece claims that the maritime deal between internationally recognized GNA government of Libya and Turkey is illegal and it signed a counter agreement with Egypt 28 Lebanon claims that the agreement between Cyprus and Israel overlapped its own EEZ Japan claims an EEZ around Okinotorishima but this is disputed by China Taiwan and South Korea who claim it is an islet which is incapable of generating an EEZ Potential disputes Edit Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute 29 Resolved disputes Edit The Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976 In 1992 the Canada France Maritime Boundary Case which centred on the EEZ around the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon was decided by an arbitral tribunal which concurred on the whole with the arguments put forth by Canada France was awarded 18 of the area it had originally claimed In 1999 following the Hanish Islands conflict the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between the mainlands of the two nations without taking account of sovereignty over the islands 30 31 In 2009 in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine over Snake Island the UN International Court of Justice decided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land 32 In 2010 the Norway and Russia dispute of both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia s EEZ due to its unique treaty status was resolved A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently officially ratified resolving this demarcation dispute 33 The agreement was signed in Murmansk on 15 September 2010 34 In 2014 the Netherlands and Germany resolved an old border dispute regarding the exact location of the border in the Dollart Bay 35 36 Transboundary stocks EditSee also Highly migratory species Fisheries management usually adhering to guidelines set by the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control 37 Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries Straddling stocks on the other hand range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas outside any EEZ A stock can be both transboundary and straddling 38 By country EditVarious island countries Edit EEZs in the Caribbean Sea EEZs in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans EEZs in the Pacific Ocean Algeria Edit Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone EEZ off its coasts by Presidential Decree No 18 96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018 39 40 The permanent mission of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones 41 The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018 42 The two countries indicated that the Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them On 25 November 2018 the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest explaining that the Algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236 2013 which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n 18 96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the coast of Algeria The Algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration the specific characteristics and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face as well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution 43 On 20 June 2019 a communication from Algeria was sent It was addressed to the Italian embassy 44 and the Spanish embassy in Algiers 45 to show their eligibility in Algeria s exclusive economic zone Argentina Edit Argentina s exclusive economic zones including its territorial claims the Falklands and South Georgia etc plus its Antarctic claim Considering the maritime areas claimed the total area of Argentina reaches 3 849 756 km2 The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1 159 063 km2 Australia Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Australia Australia s exclusive economic zones including its Antarctic claim Australia s Exclusive Economic Zone was declared on 1 August 1994 and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles 22 to 370 kilometres from the coastline of Australia and its external territories except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state 46 47 To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia s territorial waters Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone behind France and the United States but ahead of Russia with the total area of 8 148 250 square kilometres which actually exceeds its land territory The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CLCS confirmed in April 2008 Australia s rights over an additional 2 5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia s EEZ 48 49 Australia also claimed in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory 50 but these claims were deferred on Australia s request However Australia s EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres 49 Region EEZ Area km2 49 Mainland Australia 5 States and 3 Territories of the Australian Federation Tasmania and other minor islands 6 048 681Macquarie Island 471 837 Christmas Island 463 371 Norfolk Island 428 618Heard Island and McDonald Islands 410 722 Cocos Islands 325 021Australian Antarctic Territory 2 000 000 note 1 Total 8 148 250Brazil Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Brazil Brazil s exclusive economic zones Brazil s EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands It is called the Blue Amazon Region EEZ Area km2 51 Mainland Brazil 9 States of the Brazilian Federation 2 570 917 Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands 468 599 Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago 413 636 Fernando de Noronha Islands 363 362Total 3 830 955In 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CLCS to extend its maritime continental margin 52 Canada Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Canada Canada s exclusive economic zone and territorial waters Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone covering 5 599 077 km2 2 161 816 sq mi is slightly smaller than its territorial waters 53 The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay about 300 nautical miles 560 km 350 mi across the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic Archipelago Chile Edit Chile s exclusive economic zones including its Antarctic claim Chile s EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands Easter Island and the Juan Fernandez Islands Region EEZ Area km2 54 Land Area km2 TotalMainland Chile 1 987 371 755 757 2 743 128Easter Island 720 412 164 720 576Juan Fernandez Islands 502 524 100 502 624Desventuradas Islands 449 836 5 449 841Total 3 660 143 756 102 4 4 416 245 4In 2020 and 2022 Chile submitted its partial claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CLCS to extend its maritime continental margin China Edit Exclusive economic zone claimed by the People s Republic of China China s undisputed EEZ 960 556 km2 55 EEZ claimed by China disputed by Taiwan 1 148 485 km2 56 EEZ claimed by China disputed by other countries 210 926 km2 Total 2 236 430 km2 57 The first figure excludes all disputed waters while the last figure indicates China s claimed boundaries and does not take into account adjacent powers claims Croatia Edit Croatia s exclusive economic zone dark blue and Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone Croatia proclaimed Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone in 2003 but it was not enforced toward other European Union states especially Italy and Slovenia The zone was upgraded to EEZ in 2021 together with Italy and Slovenia 58 59 Territorial waters has 18 981 km2 while internal waters located within the baseline cover an additional 12 498 km2 and EEZ covers 24 482km2 for a total of 55 961km2 Cyprus Edit Cyprus EEZ covers 98 707 square km 38 100 square miles Cyprus EEZ borders those of Greece Turkey Syria Lebanon Israel and Egypt Denmark Edit The exclusive economic zones and territorial waters of the Kingdom of Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country selvstyre of Greenland and the constituent country hjemmestyre of the Faroe Islands Region EEZ amp TW Area km2 60 Land area Total Denmark 105 989 42 506 149 083 Faroe Islands 260 995 1 399 262 394 Greenland 2 184 254 2 166 086 4 350 340Total 2 551 238 2 210 579 4 761 817Ecuador Edit Ecuador s exclusive economic zone Area 1 077 231 km2 France Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of France Exclusive economic zones of France including its Antarctic territorial claim Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet France possesses the largest EEZ in the world covering 11 7 million km2 61 The EEZ of France covers approximately 8 of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0 45 of the total land area of Earth Germany Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Germany The Federal Republic of Germany declared the entry into force of the convention with effect from 1 January 1995 the establishment of a German Exclusive Economic Zone in the North and Baltic Seas 62 The relevant German legal provisions that are applicable within the exclusive economic zone include the Maritime Task Act Seeaufgabengesetz from 1965 the Maritime Facilities Act Seeanlagengesetz from 2017 before that the Sea Facilities Ordinance Seeanlagenverordnung since 1997 the Federal Mining Act Bundesberggesetz and the Regional Planning Act Raumordnungsgesetz The German EEZ has an area of 32 982 km 70 of the EEZ is the entire German North Sea area and about 29 is the entire German Baltic Sea area 63 Greece Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Greece Exclusive Economic Zone of Greece Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea It includes many small islands which vary between 1 200 and 6 000 in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea 64 The largest islands are Crete Euboea Lesbos Rhodes and Chios Greece s EEZ is bordered to the west by Albania and Italy to the south by Libya and Egypt and to the east by Cyprus and Turkey EEZ Area of Greece 65 Territory km2 sq mi NotesTotal 505 572 195 202India Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of India India s exclusive economic zones EEZ Area km2 Mainland India 9 States and 2 Union Territories of the Indian Federation and Lakshadweep 1 641 514 km2Andaman and Nicobar Islands 663 629 km2Total 2 305 143 km2India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles 66 Indonesia Edit Indonesia s exclusive economic zone Main article Exclusive economic zone of Indonesia Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world The total size is 6 159 032 km2 2 378 016 sq mi It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles 370 km from its shores This is due to the 13 466 islands of the Indonesian Archipelago 67 It has the 2nd largest coastline of 54 720 km 34 000 mi The five main islands are Sumatra Java Borneo Sulawesi and Western New Guinea There are two major island groups Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands and sixty smaller island groups Ireland Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Ireland The Irish Exclusive Economic Zone was announced to be the location of a Russian military exercise in January 2022 68 The exercise was then moved outside the economic zone 69 Israel Edit In 2010 an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel s rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross border resources discovered and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources Italy Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Italy Italy s EEZ in the Mediterranean Sea Italy has the world s 48th largest EEZ with an area of 541 915 km2 209 235 sq mi 65 It claims an EEZ of 200 nmi 370 4 km 230 2 mi from its shores which has long coastlines with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west the Ionian Sea to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east Its EEZ is limited by maritime boundaries with neighboring countries to the north west east and southeast Italy s western sea territory stretches from the west coast of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea including the island Sardinia The island Sicily is in the southernmost area Lampedusa is Italy s southernmost point It shares treaty defined maritime boundaries with France Spain Algeria Tunisia Libya Malta Greece Albania Montenegro Croatia and Slovenia Japan Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Japan Japan s exclusive economic zones Japan s EEZ Joint regime with the Republic of Korea EEZ claimed by Japan disputed by others Japan has the 8th largest exclusive economic zone of 4 479 674 km2 1 729 612 sq mi 70 It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles 370 km from its shores EEZ Areas of Japan Region EEZ Area km2 EEZ Area sq mi Ryukyu Islands 1 394 676 538 487Pacific Ocean Japan 1 162 334 448 780Nanpō Islands 862 782 333 122Sea of Japan 630 721 243 523Minami Tori shima 428 875 165 590Sea of Okhotsk 235 91Daitō Islands 44 17Senkaku Islands 7 2 7Total 71 4 479 674 1 729 612Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors China Russia South Korea and Taiwan The above and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project 72 73 74 both indicate Japan s claimed boundaries and do not take into account the claims of adjacent jurisdictions Japan also refers to various categories of shipping area Smooth Water Area Coasting Area Major or Greater Coasting Area Ocean Going Area but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications Malaysia Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia Mexico Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Mexico Exclusive economic zone of Mexico Mexico s exclusive economic zones cover a total surface area of 3 144 295 km2 and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world 75 This puts Mexico s total territory as 5 153 735 km2 New Zealand Edit Exclusive economic zones of the Realm of New Zealand including the Ross Dependency shaded Main article Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand New Zealand s EEZ covers 4 083 744 km2 1 576 742 sq mi 76 77 which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand s EEZ for example a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4 300 000 km2 78 These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand the Cook Islands Niue Tokelau and the Ross Dependency North Korea Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of North Korea The exclusive economic zone of North Korea The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan 79 The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines NLL set up after the Korean War as maritime borders 80 The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates making it difficult to determine its specific scope 81 In the West Sea the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korea Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area 82 The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands 83 In the Sea of Japan the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal shaped 84 The border between North Korea and Russia s respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia 85 Here the EEZ does not cause many problems even with regards to South Korea because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources 84 Norway Edit Norway s exclusive economic zones including the dependency of Bouvet Island Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819 620 km2 around its coast The country has a fishing zone of 1 878 953 km2 including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen 86 In April 2009 the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway s claim to an additional 235 000 square kilometres of continental shelf The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea 87 Region EEZ and TerritorialWaters Area km2 Land Area km2 Total km2 Mainland Norway 1 273 482 323 802 1 597 284Svalbard 402 574 61 002 463 576Jan Mayen 273 118 373 273 491Bouvet Island 436 004 49 436 053Total 2 385 178 385 226 2 770 404Pakistan Edit Area 290 000 km2Pakistan coast is a 1046 km long coast extending from sir creek in the east to Gwadar bay in the west ane the EEZ extends up to 290 000sqkm whick is more than 30 of its land area and ranks sixty sixth in the world by area Pakistan had an EEZ of 240 000 sqkm before their case was accepted by UNCLCS Pakistan Navy with the help of National Oceanographic Organization NIO initiated the continental shelf case at ministerial level in 1995 On 26 Aug 2013 a seven member sub commission with members from Japan China Mozambique Kenya Demark Georgia and Argentina was formulated at UNCLCS to evaluate technical details of Pakistan case and after a year accepted Pakistan s claim On 13 March 2015 UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf UNCLCS accepted recommendations for extension of the outer limits of the continental shelf on Pakistan s case so far 80 countries had submitted claims to UNCLCS out of which recommendations of 22 countries including Pakistan had been finalised It was a historic event in the country s history when Pakistan became the first country in the region to have its continental shelf extended to 350 nm Some of the claimed territory overlapped Omani claim It is believed that the verdict in favour of Pakistan was announced after successful negotiation with Oman Peru Edit Peru s exclusive economic zone Area 906 454 km2 Philippines Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines shown in the lighter blue shade with Archepelagic Waters in the darkest blue The Philippines EEZ covers 2 263 816 km2 874 064 sq mi 88 Poland Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Poland The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30 533 km2 11 789 sq mi within the Baltic Sea 89 Portugal Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Portugal Portugal s Exclusive Economic Zones plus submitted Extended Continental Shelf to the UN 90 Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world Presently it is divided in three non contiguous sub zones Continental Portugal 327 667 km2 Azores 953 633 km2 Madeira 446 108 km2 Total 1 727 408 km2Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over an additional 2 15 million square kilometres of the adjacent continental shelf in May 2009 91 resulting in an area with a total of more than 3 877 408 km2 The submission as well as a detailed map can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website Spain formerly objected to the EEZ s southern border maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands a small archipelago north of the Canaries claiming an EEZ border further south Spain no longer disputes the Portuguese claim since 2015 92 93 Romania Edit Area 23 627 km2 Russia Edit Russia s exclusive economic zone Main article Exclusive economic zone of Russia 4th largest Kaliningrad Baltic Sea 11 634 km2 Saint Petersburg Baltic Sea 12 759 km2 Barents Sea 1 308 140 km2 Black Sea without the Crimean EEZ 66 854 km2 Pacific 3 419 202 km2 Siberia 3 277 292 km2 Total 8 095 881 km2 94 Senegal Edit Senegal s exclusive economic zone Area 158 861 km2 Somalia Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Somalia Somalia s exclusive economic zone Area 825 052 km2 South Africa Edit South Africa s maritime zones including the exclusive economic zone South Africa s EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands totalling 1 535 538 km2 65 Mainland 1 068 659 km2 Prince Edward islands 466 879 km2South Korea Edit See also Syngman Rhee Line South Korean exclusive economic zone Korean EEZ EEZ claimed by Republic of Korea and Japan Joint regime with Japan Area 300 851 225 214 km2 Spain Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Spain Spain s exclusive economic zone Labels in Spanish Area 1 039 233 km2 Thailand Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Thailand Turkey Edit Turkey s EEZ is bordered by Georgia Russia Ukraine Romania and Bulgaria in the Black Sea to the north Greece in the Aegean Sea to the west and Cyprus and Syria in the Mediterranean Sea to the south Turkey is one of the few countries to not have signed UNCLOS and disputes Greece s and Cyprus EEZ United Kingdom Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom The exclusive economic zones of the United Kingdom in blue including the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies The British claim in Antarctica is shown in shaded blue 95 UK Ireland Iceland amp Faroes EEZ The United Kingdom has the fifth largest exclusive economic zone of 6 805 586 km2 2 627 651 sq mi square km It comprises the EEZs surrounding the United Kingdom 96 the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory The EEZ associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina The EEZ of the Chagos Archipelago also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the archipelago as a part of its territory The EEZ areas of the United Kingdom Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories in decreasing size 65 Territory EEZ Area km2 EEZ Area sq mi Notes South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1 449 532 559 667 Disputed with Argentina Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno Islands 836 108 322 823 United Kingdom 773 676 298 718 Including the Isle of Man Tristan da Cunha 754 720 291 400 Including Gough Island British Indian Ocean Territory 638 568 246 552 Disputed with Mauritius Falkland Islands 550 872 212 693 Disputed with Argentina Bermuda 450 370 173 890 Saint Helena 444 916 171 783 Ascension Island 441 658 170 525 Turks and Caicos Islands 154 068 59 486 Cayman Islands 119 137 45 999 Anguilla 92 178 35 590 British Virgin Islands 80 117 30 933 Channel Islands 11 658 4 501 Including Guernsey and Jersey Montserrat 7 582 2 927 Gibraltar 426 164 Disputed with Spain Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 0 0 No EEZ area The relevant EEZ areas around Cyprus Island are claimed by the Republic of Cyprus 97 and Northern Cyprus 98 Total 6 805 586 2 627 651 A part of the overseas territory of Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which together has an EEZ of 1 641 294 square km United States Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of the United States The USA s Exclusive Economic Zones The United States exclusive economic zone is the second largest in the world covering 11 351 000 km2 Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea The EEZ including territorial sea areas of the territories of the U S in decreasing size 99 Territory EEZ Area km2 EEZ Area sq mi Notes Alaska 3 770 021 1 455 613 A non contiguous state in the northwest extremity of the North American continent Hawaii Northwestern Islands 1 579 538 609 863 Including Midway Atoll these islands form the Leeward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain U S East Coast 915 763 353 578 The mainland coastal states of the Eastern United States As a region this term most often refers to the coastal states of Maine New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia and the Atlantic Coast of Florida Hawaii Southeastern Islands 895 346 345 695 These islands form the Windward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain U S West Coast 825 549 318 746 The mainland coastal states of the Western United States As a region this term most often refers to the coastal states of California Oregon Washington Northern Mariana Islands 749 268 289 294 An organized unincorporated Commonwealth of the United States U S Gulf Coast 707 832 273 295 The mainland coastal states of the Southern United States As a region this term most often refers to the coastal states of Texas Louisiana Mississippi Alabama and the Gulf Coast of Florida Johnston Atoll 442 635 170 902 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U S Minor Outlying Islands Howland and Baker Islands 434 921 167 924 Including Howland Island and Baker Island both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U S Minor Outlying Islands Wake Island 407 241 157 237 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U S Minor Outlying Islands American Samoa 404 391 156 136 The only inhabited unorganized unincorporated territory of the United States Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef 352 300 136 000 Both territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U S Minor Outlying Islands Jarvis Island 316 665 122 265 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U S Minor Outlying Islands Guam 221 504 85 523 An organized unincorporated territory of the United States Puerto Rico 177 685 68 605 An organized unincorporated Commonwealth of the United States U S Virgin Islands 33 744 13 029 An organized unincorporated territory of the United States Navassa Island N A note 2 N A note 2 A National Wildlife Refuge in the U S Minor Outlying Islands A joint Cuba Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement signed at Havana in 1977 bilaterally divides the waters between both local nations and Cuba s maritime boundary places the island within Haitian waters and doesn t recognize any local U S claim in the area Total 11 351 000 4 383 000Note the totals in the table actually add up to 12 234 403 square km and 4 723 705 square miles Vietnam Edit Main article Exclusive economic zone of Vietnam Main article Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Territorial claims in the South China Sea Vietnam s EEZ has a blue line Vietnam claims an exclusive economic zone EEZ of 1 395 096 km2 538 650 sq mi with 200 nautical miles 370 4 km 230 2 mi from its shores 103 104 Excluding all disputed waters Vietnam has an undisputed exclusive economic zone of 417 663 km2 161 261 sq mi citation needed This figure does not include the claimed EEZ areas of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands Vietnam has disputes mainly with the People s Republic of China due to the nine dash line Rankings by area Edit Countries with the most distant EEZs This list includes dependent territories including uninhabited territories within their sovereign states but does not include various claims on Antarctica EEZ TIA is exclusive economic zone EEZ plus total internal area TIA which includes territorial land and internal waters Rank Country EEZ km2 65 Shelf km2 EEZ TIA km21 France note 3 11 691 000 730 745 12 366 4172 United States note 4 11 351 000 2 193 526 21 814 3063 Australia note 5 8 505 348 2 194 008 16 197 4644 Russia 7 566 673 3 817 843 24 664 9155 United Kingdom note 6 6 805 586 872 891 7 048 4866 Indonesia 6 159 032 2 039 381 8 063 6017 Canada 5 599 077 2 644 795 15 607 0778 Japan 4 479 388 214 976 4 857 3189 New Zealand note 7 4 420 565 76 77 105 272 898 76 77 105 4 688 285 106 107 10 Brazil 3 830 955 774 563 12 345 83211 Chile 3 681 989 252 947 4 431 38112 Kiribati 3 441 810 7 523 3 442 53613 Mexico 3 269 386 419 102 5 141 96814 Federated States of Micronesia 2 996 419 19 403 2 997 12115 Denmark note 8 2 551 238 495 657 4 761 81116 Papua New Guinea 2 402 288 191 256 2 865 12817 Norway note 9 2 385 178 434 020 2 770 40418 India 2 305 143 402 996 5 592 40619 Marshall Islands 1 990 530 18 411 1 990 711 Cook Islands note 10 1 960 027 1 213 1 960 26720 Portugal note 11 1 727 408 28 000 1 819 49821 Philippines 1 590 780 272 921 1 890 78022 Solomon Islands 1 589 477 36 282 1 618 37323 South Africa 1 535 538 156 337 2 756 57524 Seychelles 1 336 559 39 063 1 337 01425 Mauritius 1 284 997 29 061 1 287 03726 Fiji 1 282 978 47 705 1 301 25027 Madagascar 1 225 259 101 505 1 812 30028 Argentina 1 159 063 856 346 3 939 463 108 29 Ecuador 1 077 231 41 034 1 333 60030 Spain 1 039 233 77 920 1 545 22531 Maldives 923 322 34 538 923 62232 Peru 906 454 82 000 2 191 67033 China 877 019 231 340 10 473 98034 Somalia 825 052 55 895 1 462 70935 Colombia 808 158 53 691 1 949 90636 Cape Verde 800 561 5 591 804 59437 Iceland 751 345 108 015 854 34538 Tuvalu 749 790 3 575 749 81639 Vanuatu 663 251 11 483 675 44040 Tonga 659 558 8 517 660 30541 Bahamas 654 715 106 323 668 65842 Palau 603 978 2 837 604 43743 Mozambique 578 986 94 212 1 380 57644 Morocco 575 230 115 157 1 287 78045 Costa Rica 574 725 19 585 625 82546 Namibia 564 748 86 698 1 388 86447 Yemen 552 669 59 229 1 080 63748 Italy 541 915 116 834 843 25149 Oman 533 180 59 071 842 68050 Myanmar 532 775 220 332 1 209 35351 Sri Lanka 532 619 32 453 598 22952 Angola 518 433 48 092 1 765 13353 Greece 505 572 81 451 637 52954 South Korea 475 469 342 522 575 46955 Venezuela 471 507 98 500 1 387 95056 Vietnam 417 663 365 198 748 87557 Ireland 410 310 139 935 480 58358 Libya 351 589 64 763 2 111 12959 Cuba 350 751 61 525 460 63760 Panama 335 646 53 404 411 16361 Malaysia 334 671 323 412 665 474 Niue note 10 316 584 284 316 84462 Nauru 308 480 41 308 50163 Equatorial Guinea 303 509 7 820 331 56064 Thailand 299 397 230 063 812 51765 Pakistan 290 000 51 383 1 117 91166 Egypt 263 451 61 591 1 265 45167 Turkey 261 654 56 093 1 045 21668 Jamaica 258 137 9 802 269 12869 Dominican Republic 255 898 10 738 304 56970 Liberia 249 734 17 715 361 10371 Honduras 249 542 68 718 362 03472 Tanzania 241 888 25 611 1 186 97573 Ghana 235 349 22 502 473 88874 Saudi Arabia 228 633 107 249 2 378 32375 Nigeria 217 313 42 285 1 141 08176 Sierra Leone 215 611 28 625 287 35177 Gabon 202 790 35 020 470 45878 Barbados 186 898 426 187 32879 Cote d Ivoire 176 254 10 175 498 71780 Iran 168 718 118 693 1 797 46881 Mauritania 165 338 31 662 1 190 85882 Comoros 163 752 1 526 165 98783 Sweden 160 885 154 604 602 25584 Senegal 158 861 23 092 355 58385 Netherlands note 12 154 011 77 246 192 34586 Ukraine 147 318 79 142 750 81887 Uruguay 142 166 75 327 318 38188 Guyana 137 765 50 578 352 73489 Sao Tome and Principe 131 397 1 902 132 36190 Samoa 127 950 2 087 130 78191 Suriname 127 772 53 631 291 59292 Haiti 126 760 6 683 154 51093 Algeria 126 353 9 985 2 508 09494 Nicaragua 123 881 70 874 254 25495 Guinea Bissau 123 725 39 339 159 85096 Bangladesh 118 813 66 438 230 39097 Kenya 116 942 11 073 697 30998 Guatemala 114 170 14 422 223 05999 North Korea 113 888 109 110 50 337 109 110 234 428 111 100 Antigua and Barbuda 110 089 4 128 110 531101 Tunisia 101 857 67 126 265 467102 Cyprus 98 707 4 042 107 958103 El Salvador 90 962 16 852 112 003104 Finland note 13 87 171 85 109 425 590105 Republic of China Taiwan 83 231 43 016 119 419106 Eritrea 77 728 61 817 195 328107 Trinidad and Tobago 74 199 25 284 79 329108 East Timor 70 326 25 648 85 200109 Sudan 68 148 19 827 1 954 216110 Cambodia 62 515 62 515 243 550111 Guinea 59 426 44 755 305 283112 Croatia 59 032 50 277 115 626113 United Arab Emirates 58 218 57 474 141 818114 Germany 57 485 57 485 414 599115 Malta 54 823 5 301 55 139116 Estonia 36 992 36 992 82 219117 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 36 302 1 561 36 691118 Belize 35 351 13 178 58 317119 Bulgaria 34 307 10 426 145 186120 Benin 33 221 2 721 145 843121 Qatar 31 590 31 590 43 176122 Republic of the Congo 31 017 7 982 373 017123 Poland 29 797 29 797 342 482124 Dominica 28 985 659 29 736125 Latvia 28 452 27 772 93 011126 Grenada 27 426 2 237 27 770127 Israel 26 352 3 745 48 424128 Romania 23 627 19 303 262 018129 Gambia 23 112 5 581 34 407130 Georgia 21 946 3 243 91 646131 Lebanon 19 516 1 067 29 968132 Cameroon 16 547 11 420 491 989133 Saint Lucia 15 617 544 16 156134 Albania 13 691 6 979 42 439135 Togo 12 045 1 265 68 830136 Kuwait 11 026 11 026 28 844137 Syria 10 503 1 085 195 683138 Bahrain 10 225 10 225 10 975139 Brunei 10 090 8 509 15 855140 Saint Kitts and Nevis 9 974 653 10 235141 Montenegro 7 745 3 896 21 557142 Djibouti 7 459 3 187 30 659143 Lithuania 7 031 7 031 72 331144 Belgium 3 447 3 447 33 975145 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 606 1 593 2 346 464146 Singapore 1 067 1 067 1 772147 Iraq 771 771 439 088148 Monaco 288 2 290149 Palestine 256 256 6 276150 Slovenia 220 220 20 493151 Jordan 166 59 89 508152 Bosnia and Herzegovina 50 50 51 259 Kazakhstan 2 724 900 Mongolia 1 564 100 Chad 1 284 000 Niger 1 267 000 Mali 1 240 192 Ethiopia 1 104 300 Bolivia 1 098 581 Zambia 752 612 Afghanistan 652 090 Central African Republic 622 984 South Sudan 619 745 Botswana 582 000 Turkmenistan 488 100 Uzbekistan 447 400 Paraguay 406 752 Zimbabwe 390 757 Burkina Faso 274 222 Uganda 241 038 Laos 236 800 Belarus 207 600 Kyrgyzstan 199 951 Nepal 147 181 Tajikistan 143 100 Malawi 118 484 Hungary 93 028 Azerbaijan 86 600 Austria 83 871 Czech Republic 78 867 Serbia 77 474 Slovakia 49 035 Switzerland 41 284 Bhutan 38 394 Moldova 33 846 Lesotho 30 355 Armenia 29 743 Burundi 27 834 Rwanda 26 338 North Macedonia 25 713 Eswatini 17 364 Kosovo a 10 887 Luxembourg 2 586 Andorra 468 Liechtenstein 160 San Marino 61 Vatican City 0 44Total United Nations 137 926 515 25 149 113 274 891 722See also Edit Business and economics portalAir defense identification zone Baseline Continental shelf International waters R v Marshall Special economic zone Territorial watersNotes Edit The reference gives an approximate figure of 2 million square kilometres for the EEZ claimed by Australia as part of its Antarctic Territory This is in addition to the 8 million square kilometre total given in the reference This EEZ is also distinct from the 2 56 million square kilometres of additional continental shelf mentioned in the reference a b The source does not provide any data for Navassa Island 100 101 even though the U S federal government did claim an EEZ area for this disputed territory 102 Comprising Metropolitan France and Overseas France Including Palmyra Atoll and 12 unincorporated territories of the United States The source does not provide any data for Navassa Island Including 6 Australian external territories Comprising the United Kingdom 3 Crown dependencies and 12 British Overseas Territories The source does not provide any data for the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Comprising New Zealand proper and Tokelau The Cook Islands and Niue are listed separately due to their full treaty making capacities within the United Nations System Comprising Denmark proper the Faroe Islands and Greenland Including Bouvet Island Jan Mayen and Svalbard a b A part of the Realm of New Zealand listed separately due to its full treaty making capacity within the United Nations System Comprising Continental Portugal the Azores and Madeira Comprising the European Netherlands and the Dutch Caribbean Including Aland a The political status of Kosovo is disputed Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008 Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 52 3 UN member states with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory References Edit See 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Part V Exclusive Economic Zone Article 56 Law of the Sea United Nations Retrieved 28 August 2011 Part V Exclusive Economic Zone Articles 55 56 Law of the Sea United Nations Urbina Ian 17 February 2016 Palau v The Poachers The New York Times Retrieved 21 February 2016 William R Slomanson 2006 Fundamental Perspectives on International Law 5th edn Belmont CA Thomson Wadsworth 294 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea 1 1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea The Exclusive Economic Zone A Historical Perspective Fao org Retrieved 23 July 2013 Turkey sends non paper to EU warning to stay away from Cyprus EEZ KeepTalkingGreece 23 June 2019 Retrieved 11 July 2019 Greece s maritime claims maximalist violate international boundaries law Daily Sabah 13 June 2019 Retrieved 11 July 2019 Wess Mitchell sends clear message to Turkey over Cyprus Kathimerini 21 December 2018 Retrieved 18 July 2019 Gas Partnership Netanyahu Visits Cyprus Retrieved 1 April 2017 Makris A 18 February 2012 Cyprus Calls on Turkey to Steer Away From Threats GreekReporter com Retrieved 1 April 2017 Athens Paris Moscow and Cairo urge Ankara not to violate Cyprus sovereignty Kathimerini 9 July 2019 Retrieved 10 July 2017 Saudi Arabia We support our ally Cyprus against Turkey s activities in Mediterranean Middle East Monitor 13 September 2019 Retrieved 17 February 2020 Butler Daren 6 May 2019 U S and EU concerned by Turkey s plans to drill off Cyprus Reuters Retrieved 10 July 2019 Southern EU leaders express support for Cyprus amid Turkish energy ambitions Kathimerini Retrieved 10 July 2019 EPP Group urges prompt EU answer to Turkish actions in Cyprus eppgroup eu Retrieved 10 July 2019 France Urges Turkey to Halt Illegal Activities in Cyprus Asharq Al Awsat Retrieved 10 July 2019 France sends strict warning to Turkey on Cyprus EEZ EP President also expresses support balkaneu com Retrieved 10 July 2019 US urges Turkey against drilling off Cyprus France 24 6 May 2019 Retrieved 10 July 2019 Armenia urges Turkey to cease all activities within Cyprus EEZ panorama am Retrieved 10 July 2019 Israel backs Cyprus as Turkey vows to continue drilling in its waters The Times of Israel Retrieved 10 July 2019 Israel gives Cyprus full support in gas drilling dispute with Turkey The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 10 July 2019 EEZ Switzerland s Foreign Minister on Cyprus s side original AOZ Sto pleyro ths Kyproy kai o Elbetos YPE3 onalert gr 10 July 2019 Retrieved 10 July 2019 Saudi Arabia We support our ally Cyprus against Turkey s activities in Mediterranean Middle East Monitor 13 September 2019 Retrieved 15 September 2019 EU leaders blast Turkey over Cyprus EEZ order list of sanctions tovima gr 21 June 2019 Retrieved 10 July 2019 Turkey s East Med ambitions facing EU roadblock Bloomberg ahvalnews com Retrieved 10 July 2019 Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims Deutsche Welle 5 September 2020 The Legal Status of Ice in the Antarctic Region Archived from the original on 27 February 2006 AWARD OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL IN THE SECOND STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS MARITIME DELIMITATION Permanent Court of Arbitration Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 Retrieved 12 April 2015 Kwiatkowska Barbara January 2001 The Eritrea Yemen Arbitration Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation Ocean Development and International Law 32 1 1 25 doi 10 1080 00908320150502177 S2CID 154096546 United Nations International Court of Justice Archived 16 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Decision year 2009 Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea The New York Times 28 April 2010 Retrieved 28 April 2010 Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute The Guardian 15 September 2010 Retrieved 21 September 2010 Germany and the Netherlands end centuries old border dispute DW 24 10 2014 DW COM Germany and the Netherlands end Ems River border dispute Durham University www dur ac uk FAO The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Part3 highlights of Special studies Archived 29 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Rome ISBN 978 92 5 105568 7 FAO 2007 Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries permanent dead link Rome Fisheries Report No 829 Deposit by Algeria of a list of geographical coordinates of points pursuant to article 75 paragraph 2 of the Convention PDF Presidential Decree No 18 96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to March 20 2018 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the Algerian coast PDF Letter from Spain to the Secretary General of 27 July 2018 PDF Letter from Italy to the Secretary General of November 28 2018 PDF oral note of the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs response to the Spanish protest PDF Communication from Algeria addressed to Italy dated 20 June 2019 PDF Communication from Algeria addressed to Spain dated 20 June 2019 PDF The Australian Fishing Zone Department of Agriculture Geoscience Australia 2005 Maritime Boundary Definitions Archived 5 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine UN confirms Australia s rights over extra 2 5 million square kilometres of seabed Archived 25 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Minister for Resources and Energy The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP Media Release 21 April 2008 Minister for Resources and Energy Minister for Tourism Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 Retrieved 13 November 2008 a b c Oceans and Seas Geoscience Australia Australian Government 15 May 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2020 Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Submission by Australia See Around Us Project n d Exclusive Economic Zones EEZ Retrieved 3 June 2015 EEZ waters of Mainland Brazil 2 570 917 km2 Fernando de Noronha Islands 363 362 km2 Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago 413 636 km2 and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands 468 599 km2 UN Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76 Brazilian Submission PDF Wildlife Habitat Canada Canada s Marine Waters Integrating the Boundaries of Politics and Nature Archived 21 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine See Around Us Project n d Exclusive Economic Zones EEZ Retrieved 3 June 2015 EEZ waters of Mainland Chile 1 975 760 km2 the Desventuradas Islands 449 836 km2 Easter Island 720 412 km2 the Juan Fernandez Felix and Ambrosio Islands 502 524 km2 2 China undisputed EEZ EEZ and shelf areas of Taiwan Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization EEZ and shelf areas of China Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization Hrvatska proglasila svoj Iskljucivi gospodarski pojas u Jadranskom moru Zastupnici jednoglasno podrzali odluku Croatia declared its Exclusive Economic Zone in the Adriatic Sea MPs unanimously supported the decision Novi List in Croatian 5 February 2021 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Hrvatska i Italija potpisale Ugovor o razgranicenju iskljucivih gospodarskih pojaseva U odnosu na ZERP donosi dva nova prava Croatia and Italy signed the Agreement on Demarcation of Exclusive Economic Zones In relation to ZERP it brings two new rights tportal hr in Croatian 25 May 2022 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Danish foreign ministry Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 UKNDA DISCUSSION PAPER PDF Archived from the original PDF on 25 November 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Bundesgesetzblatt BGBL Online Archiv 1949 2022 Bundesanzeiger Verlag PDF Nationale Meeresschutzgebiete BFN Marker Sherry Kerasiotis Peter 2010 Greece in depth In Nadeau Mark ed Frommer s Greece Hoboken Wiley p 12 a b c d e Sea Around Us Fisheries Ecosystems and Biodiversity Retrieved 1 April 2017 Sunderarajan P 12 June 2011 India hopes to double its EEZ The Hindu Retrieved 1 April 2017 Hanya ada 13 466 Pulau di Indonesia National Geographic Indonesia in Indonesian 8 February 2012 Murphy Ray 25 January 2022 Why are Russian naval and air forces setting up off the Irish coast RTE News Retrieved 30 January 2022 Russia to move military drills outside Ireland s EEZ RTE News 30 January 2022 Retrieved 30 January 2022 海洋白書 2004 Nippon Foundation Retrieved 11 February 2008 Including areas recommended by the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CLCS EEZ and shelf areas of Japan main islands Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization EEZ and shelf areas of Japan Daitō Islands Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization EEZ and shelf areas of Japan Ogasawara Islands Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization Geographic location Archived from the original on 9 April 2022 a b c EEZ and shelf areas of New Zealand mainland Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization a b c EEZ and shelf areas of New Zealand Kermadec Islands Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization New Zealand Ministry for the Environment 2007 Improving Regulation of Environmental Effects in New Zealand s Exclusive Economic Zone Discussion Paper Introduction Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Published August 2007 Publication number ME824 ISBN 0 978 478 30160 1 Accessed 2006 01 07 Prescott amp Schofield 2001 p 25 Kim 2017 p 20 Kim 2017 pp 20 71 72 Kim 2017 p 77 Kotch amp Abbey 2003 p 179 a b Van Dyke 2009 p 42 Kim 2017 p 51 Statistisk arbok 2007 Accessed January 2008 UN backs Norway claim to Arctic seabed extension Archived 11 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Canwest News Service 15 April 2009 Retrieved 13 May 2009 EEZ and shelf areas of the Philippines Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization Exploration and Extraction of Sand and Gravel Resources in the Polish Exclusive Economical Zone of the Baltic Sea PDF Advanced Solutions International Inc Archived from the original PDF on 23 March 2004 Retrieved 1 April 2017 Task Group for the Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 Portugal applies to UN to Extend Its Continental Shelf Zone Retrieved 3 July 2011 United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and The Law of The Sea Communications received with regard to the submission made by Portugal to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Sea Around Us Project Data and Visualization Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 Retrieved 1 April 2017 10 Downing Street Countries within a country Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 Retrieved 16 January 2010 The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013 at Legislation gov uk Retrieved 20 July 2014 EEZ and shelf areas of the Republic of Cyprus Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization EEZ and shelf areas of Northern Cyprus Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization Exclusive Economic Zones EEZ Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Seaaroundus org Retrieved 23 July 2013 Sea Around Us Fisheries Ecosystems and Biodiversity www seaaroundus org Sea Around Us Fisheries Ecosystems and Biodiversity www seaaroundus org Field Listing Maritime claims The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency www cia gov Archived from the original on 9 January 2019 EEZ and shelf areas of Vietnam Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization Marine Regions www marineregions org a b EEZ and shelf areas of Tokelau Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization FAO Country Profiles New Zealand Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Country Profiles Tokelau Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations If the claimed Argentine Antarctica and its associated EEZ area are included the total internal area of Argentina plus its EEZ area reaches 6 581 500 km2 a b EEZ and shelf areas of North Korea Yellow Sea Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization a b EEZ and shelf areas of North Korea Sea of Japan Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Ecosystems amp Biodiversity Data and Visualization FAO Country Profiles Democratic People s Republic of Korea Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Works cited Suk Kyoon Kim 2017 Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia Regional Challenges and Cooperation Leiden BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 34422 8 Kotch John Barry Abbey Michael 2003 Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime PDF Asian Perspectives 27 2 175 204 doi 10 1353 apr 2003 0024 Archived from the original PDF on 25 July 2011 Prescott John Robert Victor Schofield Clive H 2001 Furness Shelagh ed Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean Maritime Briefing Durham International Boundaries Research Unit University of Durham 3 1 ISBN 978 1 897643 43 3 Van Dyke Jon M 2009 Disputes Over Islands and Maritime Boundaries in East Asia In Seoung Yong Hong Jon M Van Dyke eds Maritime Boundary Disputes Settlement Processes and the Law of the Sea Leiden BRILL pp 39 76 ISBN 978 90 04 17343 9 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint ref duplicates default link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exclusive economic zones Interactive map at MarineRegions org showing boundaries and disputes United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Part V Sea Around Us Project View the EEZ of all countries note that this website does not distinguish between the territorial seas and the EEZs therefore it tends to overstate the EEZ areas See EEZ AREA MEASURE The USA zone since 1977 GIS data VLIZ be Foreign Military Activities in Asian EEZs Conflict Ahead by Mark J Valencia May 2011 EEZ Management Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Exclusive economic zone amp oldid 1144836721, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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