fbpx
Wikipedia

Jersey

January 21, 2023

This article is about the island in the English Channel. For other uses, see Jersey (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W / 49.19000°N 2.11000°W / 49.19000; -2.11000

Jersey (/ˈdʒɜːrzi/ JUR-zee, French: [ʒɛʁzɛ] (listen); Jèrriais: Jèrri [ʒɛri]), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey (French: Bailliage de Jersey; Jèrriais: Bailliage dé Jèrri), is an island country[10][11] and self-governing Crown Dependency[12] near the coast of north-west France.[13] It is the largest of the Channel Islands and is 14 miles (23 km) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy.[14] The Bailiwick consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including Les Dirouilles,[15] Les Écréhous,[15] Les Minquiers,[16] and Les Pierres de Lecq.[17]

Jersey
Bailliage de Jersey (French)
Bailliage dé Jèrri (Jèrriais)
Crown Dependency
Bailiwick of Jersey

Flag

Coat of arms
Motto: 
Dieu et Mon Droit (French)
"God and My Right"
Anthem: "God Save the King"
Island anthem: "Island Home"[1]
Location of Jersey (green)

in Europe (dark grey)

Sovereign state responsible for JerseyUnited Kingdom
Separation from the Duchy of Normandy1204
Capital
and largest parish[b]
St Helier[a]
49°11.4′N 2°6.6′W / 49.1900°N 2.1100°W / 49.1900; -2.1100
Official languagesEnglish, Norman (Jèrriais) and French[c]
Ethnic groups
(2021)
44.4% Jersey
30.5% British
9.4% Portuguese
3.0% Polish
2.1% Irish
1.4% Romanian
5% Other European
1.9% Asian
0.9% African
1.3% multiracial[2]
Religion
(2015)[3]
39% non-religious

23% Anglican
22% Catholic
7% Other Christian

2% Other religion
Demonym(s)Islanders, Jerseyman, Jerseywoman, Jersey bean, Jersey crapaud, Jèrriais(e)
GovernmentParliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
Jerry Kyd
• Bailiff
Tim Le Cocq
Kristina Moore
LegislatureStates Assembly
Area
• Total
119.6[4] km2 (46.2 sq mi) (unranked)
• Water (%)
0
Highest elevation
469 ft (143 m)
Population
• 2021 estimate
103,267[5] (182nd)
• Density
859/km2 (2,224.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2015 estimate
• Total
billion (£4.57 billion)[6] (not ranked)
• Per capita
(£45,783) (not ranked)
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
£4.885 billion (US billion)[7]
• Per capita
£45,320
Gini (2014) 0.3[8]
low
HDI (2011) 0.985[9]
very high · not ranked
CurrencyPound sterling
Jersey pound (£) (GBP)
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+01:00 (BST)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Mains electricity230 V–50 Hz
Driving sideleft
Calling code+44
UK postcode
JE1 – JE5
ISO 3166 codeJE
Internet TLD.je

Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes became kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown, though it never became part of the Kingdom of England.

Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems,[5] and the power of self-determination.[18] The island's relationship with the Crown is different from the other Crown Dependencies; the Lieutenant Governor represents the King there. Jersey is not part of the United Kingdom,[19][20][21] and has an international identity separate from that of the UK,[22] but the UK is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey.[23]

The island has a large financial services industry, which generates 40% of its GVA.[4] British cultural influence on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and Pound sterling as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television and newspapers, a school curriculum following that of England,[24] and the popularity of British sports, including cricket.[25] The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the Norman language, Jèrriais, being one of only two places in Normandy with government status for the language (the other being Guernsey), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to mainland Normandy as a part of the Normandy region, and place names with French or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, and they share a good-natured rivalry. Jersey and its people have been described as a nation.[26][27][28]

Name

Main article: Name of Jersey

The Channel Islands are mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as the following: Sarnia, Caesarea, Barsa, Silia and Andium, but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none corresponds directly to the present names.[29] The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey (also in its French version Césarée) since William Camden's Britannia,[30] and is used in titles of associations and institutions today. The Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea.[31][32]

Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity.[33][34]

Scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from jǫrð (Old Norse for 'earth') or jarl ('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name Geirr (thus Geirrsey, 'Geirr's Island').[35] The ending -ey denotes an island[36][37] (as in Guernsey or Surtsey).

History

Main article: History of Jersey
See also: Archaeology of the Channel Islands, Maritime history of the Channel Islands, and German occupation of the Channel Islands
 
An 1893 painting of the Assize d'Heritage by John St Helier Lander.

Jersey has been an island for approximately 6,000 years.[38]: 2  Humans have lived on the island since at least 12000 BCE, with evidence of habitation in the Palaeolithic period (La Cotte de St Brelade) and Neolithic dolmens, such as La Hougue Bie. Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in many locations around the island.[39]

Archaeological evidence of Roman influence has been found, in particular at Les Landes.[40] Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth - sixth century CE.[41] In the sixth century, the island's patron saint Helier lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now Elizabeth Castle). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.[42]

In the ninth century the island was raided by Vikings and in 933 it was annexed to Normandy by William Longsword.[43]: 22  When Duke William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in 1204, when Normandy was finally returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.[41]: 25 Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the Constitutions of King John, however this is disputed.[43]: 25  Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The King also appointed a Bailiff and a Warden (now Lieutenant-Governor). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at Mont Orgueil.[41]: 25–8 

During the Tudor period, the split between the Church of England and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of Elizabeth, French refugees brought strict Calvinism to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.[41] In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the Newfoundland fisheries.[44] In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King Charles II of England gave Vice Admiral Sir George Carteret, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies in between the Hudson and Delaware rivers, which he promptly named New Jersey. It is now a state in the United States.[45][46]

 
Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012

In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading an insurrection on 28 September known as the Corn Riots. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the States.[41] In 1781, during the American Wars of Independence, the island was invaded by a French force which captured St Helier, but was defeated by Major Peirson's army at the Battle of Jersey.[47]

The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,[38] the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.[41] This grew a tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture. Island politics was divisively split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.[41] In the 1850s, the French author Victor Hugo lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the Queen, so he moved on to Guernsey.[41]

During the Second World War, 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.[48] Jersey was occupied by Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.[49] During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using slave labour imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.[50] After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the D-Day landings, and food on the island became scarce. The SS Vega was sent to the island carrying Red Cross supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the Nazi occupation, a resistance cell was created by communist activist Norman Le Brocq and the Jersey Communist Party, whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.[51] The Channel Islands were one of the last places in Europe to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's Liberation Day, where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States was reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and universal franchise was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.[41]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Jersey
 
The States building in St. Helier

Jersey is a Crown Dependency and is not part of the United Kingdom – it is officially part of the British Islands. As one of the Crown Dependencies, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.[52] Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing, democratic country with the power of self-determination".[53]

Because Jersey is a dependency of the British Crown, King Charles III reigns in Jersey.[54] "The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".[55] The King's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey – Vice-Admiral Jerry Kyd since 8 October 2022. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports.[56]

 
Sir John Chalmers McColl as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey

In 1973, the Royal Commission on the Constitution set out the duties of the Crown as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of island legislation by Order-in-Council (royal assent); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.[57]

Legislature and government

Jersey's unicameral legislature is the States Assembly. It includes 49 elected members: 8 senators (elected on an island-wide basis), 12 Connétables (often called 'constables', heads of parishes) and 29 deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four-year terms as from the October 2011 elections.[58] Jersey has one of the lowest voter turnouts internationally, with just 33% of the electorate voting in 2005, putting it well below the 77% European average for that year.[59]

From the 2022 elections, the role of Senators will be abolished and the eight senators replaced with an increased number of deputies. The 37 deputies will be elected from nine super constituencies, rather than in individual parishes, as they are now. Although efforts were made the remove the Connétables, they will continue their historic role as States members.[60]

There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown: the Bailiff, the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General and Solicitor General.[61] The Bailiff is President (presiding officer) of the States Assembly,[62] head of the judiciary and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles.[63]

The Council of Ministers, consisting of a Chief Minister and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the Government of Jersey.[64][65] Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.[66] A Chief Executive is head of the civil service.[67] Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's parishes.[68]

Law

Main article: Law of Jersey

Jersey is a distinct jurisdiction for the purposes of conflict of laws, separate from the other Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[69]

Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular Norman customary law, English common law and modern French civil law.[70] Jersey's legal system is therefore described as 'mixed' or 'pluralistic', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English.[71]

The principal court is the Royal Court, with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.[72] The Bailiff is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown. Other members of the island's judiciary are appointed by the Bailiff.[63]

External relations

Main article: External relations of Jersey
 
Jersey Airport greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" sign in Jèrriais.

The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.[73][74] In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey.[22]

Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters, for example Tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries.[75][76] The Government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in Caen,[77] London[78] and Brussels.[79]

Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council,[80] the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association[81] and the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie.[82]

Jersey Independence has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former External Relations Minister Sir Philip Bailhache has at various times warned that the island may need to go independent.[83] It is not Jersey Government policy to seek independence, but the island is prepared if it needed to do so.[84][85][86]

Jersey is a third-party European country to the EU. Since 1 January 2021, Jersey has been part of the UK-EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement for the purposes of goods and fishing. Goods exported from the island into Europe are not subject to tariffs and Jersey is solely responsible for management of its territorial waters, however permits may be granted to EU fishermen who have a history of fishing in the Bailiwick's waters. The management of this permit system has caused tension between the French and Jersey authorities, with the French threatening to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in May 2021.[87] Before the end of the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU in 2020, Jersey had a special relationship with the EU.[d] It was part of the EU customs union and there was free movement of goods between Jersey and the EU but the single market in financial services and free movement of people did not apply to Jersey.[88][89]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Parishes of Jersey
Parishes of Jersey

Jersey is divided into twelve parishes (which have civil and religious functions). They are all named after their parish church. The Connétable is the head of the parish. They are elected at island general elections and sit ex oficio in the States Assembly.[68]

The parishes have various civil administrative functions, such as roads (managed by the Road Committee) and policing (through the Honorary Police). Each parish is governed through direct democracy at Parish Assemblies, consisting of all eligible voters resident in the parish. The Procureurs du Bien Public are the legal and financial representatives of these parishes.[68]

The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes).[90]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Jersey
 
Satellite view of Jersey
 
Map of islands of Bailiwick of Jersey
 
Large, detailed map of Jersey

Jersey is an island measuring 46.2 square miles (119.6 km2) (or 66,436 vergées),[4] including reclaimed land and intertidal zone. It lies in the English Channel, about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy, France, and about 87 nautical miles (161 km; 100 mi) south of Great Britain.[e] It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of 143 m (469 ft) above sea level.[91]

About 24% of the island is built-up. 52% of the land area is dedicated to cultivation and around 18% is the natural environment.[92]

It lies within longitude -2° W and latitude 49° N. It has a coastline that is 43 miles (70 km) long and a total area of 46.2 square miles (119.6 km2). It measures roughly 9 miles (14 km) from west to east and 5 miles (8 km) north to south, which gives it the affectionate name among locals of "nine-by-five".[93]

The island is divided into twelve parishes; the largest is St Ouen and the smallest is St Clement. The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at 136 m (446 ft).[94]

There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, such as Les Minquiers and Les Écrehous, however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, none of these are permanently inhabited.[95]

Settlements

The largest settlement is the town of St Helier, including the built-up area of southern St Helier and neighbouring areas such as Georgetown, which also plays host to the island's seat of government. The town is the central business district, hosting a large proportion of the island's retail and employment, such as the finance industry.[96]

Outside of the town, many islanders live in suburban and rural settlements, especially along main roads leading out of town and even the more rural areas of the island have considerable amounts of development (St Ouen, the least densely populated parish still has 270 persons per square kilometre[97]). The south and east coasts from St Aubin to Gorey are largely urbanised. The second smaller urban area is the Les Quennevais area in St Brelade, which is home to a small precinct of shops,[98] a school, a park and a leisure centre.[99]

Most people across Jersey regularly travel from the rural settlements to St Helier and from the town to the rural areas for work and leisure purposes.[100]

Housing costs in Jersey are very high. The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020. The mix-adjusted house price for Jersey is £567,000, higher than any UK region (UK average: £249,000) including London (average: £497,000; highest of any UK region).[101]

Climate

The climate is an oceanic climate with mild winters and mild to warm summers.[102] The highest temperature recorded was 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) on 18 July 2022,[103] and the lowest temperature recorded was −10.3 °C (13.5 °F) on 5 January 1894. 2014 was the warmest year on record; the mean daily air temperature was 13.34 °C.[104] For tourism advertising, Jersey often claims to be "the sunniest place in the British Isles", which is true as Jersey has 342 hours of sunlight more than any place in the UK.[105] In 2011, Jersey received controversy for calling itself "the warmest place in Britain" during an advertising campaign. The Council of the Isles of Scilly argues that it is the warmest place in the UK, and that Jersey is not part of Britain.[106]

The following table contains the official Jersey Airport averages for 1981–2010 for Jersey, being located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from St. Helier –

Climate data for Jersey Airport, elevation 84m, 1981–2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		33.0
(91.4) 		37.9
(100.2) 		36.0
(96.8) 		30.2
(86.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		36.0
(96.8)
Average high °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.2
(57.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.6
(54.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.5
(52.7)
Average low °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.3
(41.5) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.3
(48.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.8
(47.8)
Record low °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		7.7
(45.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−10.3
(13.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 93.1
(3.67) 		68.9
(2.71) 		66.1
(2.60) 		56.4
(2.22) 		55.6
(2.19) 		47.5
(1.87) 		44.6
(1.76) 		49.5
(1.95) 		63.9
(2.52) 		103.4
(4.07) 		105.4
(4.15) 		111.3
(4.38) 		865.8
(34.09)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.1 91.6 134.0 196.5 236.7 245.4 252.7 235.3 184.6 118.8 79.9 63.2 1,904.8
Source: Met Office[107] and Voodoo Skies[108]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Jersey
See also: Financial services in Jersey and Tourism in Jersey
 
The Central Business District of St Helier

Jersey's economy is highly developed and services-focused, with a GDP per capita of £45,320[7] in 2019. It is a mixed market economy, with free market principles and an advanced social security infrastructure.[109] 53,460 people were employed in Jersey as of December 2010: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.[4]

Economic sectors in Jersey by GVA (2019)[110]
Sector GVA (%) GVA (£mn)
Financial services 39.5% 1,966
Rental income 15.5% 771
Other business activities 11.7% 580
Public administration 8.6% 426
Construction 7% 350
Wholesale and retail 6.4% 319
Hotels, bars and restaurants 4.2% 210
Transport, storage and communication 3.5% 176
Electricity, gas and water 1.3% 65
Agriculture 1.2% 59
Manufacturing 1% 50

Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at purchasing power parity Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. Gross national income in 2009 was £3.7 billion (approximately £40,000 per head of population).[4] However, this is not indicative of each individual resident's purchasing power and the actual standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the UK outside central London.[111]

Jersey is most notable for being one of the world's largest offshore finance centres. The UK acts as a conduit for financial services between European countries and the island.[112] The growth of this sector however has not been without its controversies as Jersey has been characterised by critics and detractors as a place in which the "leadership has essentially been captured by global finance, and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents."[59]

Tourism is an important economic sector for the island, however travel to Jersey is very seasonal. Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months, especially August, than in the winter months (with a low in November). The majority of visitors to the island arrive by air from the UK.[113] On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted Fairtrade Island status.[114]

 
Aerial view of fields in Saint Clement, Jersey

In 2017, 52% of the Island's area was agricultural land (a decrease since 2009).[92] Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce.[4] Jersey cattle are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream; the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale.[115][116] The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.[4] Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6 million in 2009.[4]

Along with Guernsey, Jersey has its own lottery called the Channel Islands Lottery, which was launched in 1975.[117]

Taxation

See also: Economy of Jersey § Taxation, and Financial services in Jersey § 'Tax haven' status

Jersey is not a tax-free jurisdiction. Taxes are levied on properties (known as 'rates') and a Personal Income Tax, Corporate Income Tax and goods and services tax exist.[118] Before 2008, Jersey had no value-added tax (VAT). Many companies, such as Amazon and Play.com, took advantage of this and a loophole in European law, known as low-value consignment relief, to establish a tax-free fulfilment industry from Jersey.[119] This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012, resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs.[119]

There is a 20% standard rate for Income Tax and a 5% standard rate for GST. The island has a 0% default tax rate for corporations; however, higher rates apply to financial services, utility companies and large corporate retailers.[118] Jersey is considered to be a tax haven. The island, until March 2019, was on the EU tax haven blacklist, but no longer features.[120] In January 2021, the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee, Paul Tang, criticised the list for not including such "renowned tax havens" as Jersey.[121] In 2020, Tax Justice ranked Jersey as the 16th on the Financial Secrecy Index, below larger countries such as the UK, however still placing at the lower end of the 'extreme danger zone' for offshore secrecy'. The island accounts of 0.46% of the global offshore finance market, making a small player in the total market.[122] In 2020, the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021 with an haven score (a measure of the jurisdiction's systems to be used for corporate tax abuse) of 100 out of 100; however, the island only has 0.51% on the Global Scale Weight ranking.[123]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Jersey
 
A cycle path in Gorey

The primary mode of transport on the island is the motor vehicle. Jersey has a road network consisting of 346 miles (557 km) of roads and there are a total of 124,737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016.[124] Jersey has a large network of lanes, some of which are classified as green lanes, which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.[125]

The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002, replacing a de-regulated, commercial service. It is operated on a sole-operator franchise model, currently contracted to LibertyBus, a company owned by Kelsian Group. LibertyBus also operate the school bus services.[126] There is also a taxi network and an electronic bike scheme (EVie).[127] Jersey has an airport and a number of ports, which are operated by Ports of Jersey.[128]

Currency

Main article: Jersey pound
 
Jersey stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of General William Mesny

Jersey's monetary policy is linked to the Bank of England. The official currency of Jersey is the pound sterling. Jersey issues its own postage stamps, banknotes (including a £1 note which is not issued in the UK) and coins that circulate alongside all other sterling coinage. Jersey currency is not legal tender outside Jersey; however it is "acceptable tender" in the UK and can be surrendered at banks in exchange for UK currency.[129]

In July 2014, the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world's first regulated Bitcoin fund, at a time when the digital currency was being accepted by some local businesses.[130]

Demography

 
Mont Orgueil was built in the 13th century after its split from Normandy.
Main article: Demography of Jersey

Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2021 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 103,267, of whom 35% live in Saint Helier, the island's only town.[131] Approximately half the island's population was born in Jersey; 29% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 8% in continental Portugal or Madeira, 9% in other European countries and 5% elsewhere.[132]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
187156,627—    
195155,244−2.4%
196159,489+7.7%
197169,329+16.5%
198176,050+9.7%
199184,082+10.6%
200187,186+3.7%
201197,857+12.2%
2021103,267+5.5%

Nationality and citizenship

Jersey people are the native nation on the island,[26][27][28] however do not form a majority of the population.[132] Jersey people are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to the Union of Britain. Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross-Channel links. However, wars with France, including invasions of Jersey, grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people. By the start of the 19th century, Jersey people generally identified as British, which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation. Furthermore, the growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence. Finally, the introduction of compulsory education - which was exclusively in English - and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population.[133]

Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey. British nationality law confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey.[134][135] The Lieutenant Governor's office issues British passports (specifically the Jersey variant) to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth.[136][137]

Immigration

Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration[138] by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.[139]

Jersey is part of the Common Travel Area (CTA),[140] a border control-free zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. This means a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these territories (or vice versa) though the Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island.[141] Due to the CTA, Jersey-born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits, access healthcare, access social housing support and to vote in general elections.[142]

For non-CTA travel, Jersey maintains its own immigration[143] and border controls (although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA), however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.[144]

To control population, Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements. In order to move to Jersey or work in Jersey, everyone (including Jersey-born people) must be registered and have a registration card. There are a number of statuses:

Residential and employment statuses[145]
Requirements Housing Work
Entitled Most Jersey-born residents (permanently)

Long-term residents (at least 10 years)

Can buy, sell or lease any property Can work anywhere
Licensed Certain essential workers Can buy, sell or lease most property Permission required
Entitled to work Long-term residents (at least 5 years)

Spouse or civil partner of someone who is entitled to work or higher.

Can lease 'registered' property Can work anywhere
Registered All others Can lease 'registered' property Permission required

History of immigration

Until the 19th centuries, there was generally limited immigration to the island, especially from English people. Jersey was a distant territory to the British mainland (taking days to travel between England and the islands) and culturally distinct (the locals predominantly speaking Norman French).[133] However, from the 16th to 19th centuries, Jersey became home to French religious refugees, particularly Protestants following the Edict of Nantes.[146]

From the early 19th century, the island's economic boom attracted economic migrants. By 1841, of the 47,544 population, 11,338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey. From the 1840s onwards, agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy, both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France. Furthermore, the new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy. While many returned to France, some settled in the island.[146]

Between 1851 and 1921, the Jersey population fell by 12.8% (possibly up to 18%). The economic boom ended in the 1850s leading to significant emigration, including on to British colonies. A 1901 report by the States concluded that by 1921, the number of births to foreign-born fathers would be equal to those to Jersey-born fathers, describing the immigration situation as a 'formidable invasion, although peaceful', and predicted this would have a large impact on the island's socio-political situation.[146]

After World War II, when the island had only 55,244 residents, it saw a period of rapid population increase. By 1991, the population was 84,082. The booming tourism industry required a large volume of relatively low cost labour, so the island turned to Madeira for seasonal staff. Between 1961 and 1981, the Portuguese-born population grew 0.2% to 3.1% of the population. In 2021, this figure was 8%. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the new source of cheap labour for the island has been Polish people, whose population has grown from non-existent to 3%.[146]

Immigration has helped give aspects of Jersey a distinct urban character, particularly in and around the parish of St Helier, which contributes much to ongoing debates between development and sustainability throughout the island.[147]

Religion

 
St Thomas' Catholic Church in St Helier
Main article: Religion in Jersey

Jersey's patron saint is St Helier, after whom the capital town is named.[148] From the fifth century, the island was under the Bishop of Coutances, until being transferred to the Diocese of Winchester in 1568.[149] As of 2022, the island is planned to be transferred to the Diocese of Salisbury.[150] The established church is the Church of England, presided over in the island by the Dean, who is ex officio a States Member, but has no vote.[149] The primary churches are the parish churches, which are 12 ancient Anglican churches in each of the parish centre, though other churches do exist.[151]

According to a 2015 survey of islanders, 54% of adults have a religion. Christianity is the predominant religion in the island, with over half of islanders identifying as Christian in some form. The largest religious group is Anglicans, with 23% of the population.[152]

Religion in Jersey[152]
Religion Percentage (2015)
None 39%
All religious 54%
Anglican 23%
Catholic 22.5%
Other Christian 6.8%
Other faith 3%

Culture

Main article: Culture of Jersey
 
Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in Saint Ouen.

Cultural events

The island is particularly famous for the Battle of Flowers, a carnival held annually since 1902.[153] Other festivals include La Fête dé Noué[154] (Christmas festival), La Faîs'sie d'Cidre (cidermaking festival),[155] the Battle of Britain air display,[156] Weekender Music Festival,[157] food festivals, and parish events.

Media

Main article: Media of Jersey
 
A Channel Television crew interview the Bailiff of Jersey
See also: Telecommunications in Jersey

BBC Radio Jersey provides a radio service, and BBC Channel Islands News provides a joint television news service with Guernsey. ITV Channel Television is a regional ITV franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey. Radio services are also provided by Channel 103, among other companies.

Bailiwick Express is one of Jersey's digital online news sources. Jersey has only one newspaper, the Jersey Evening Post, which is printed six days a week, and has been in publication since 1890.[158]

Music

 
The Band of the Island of Jersey play at many events[159]

Little is known of the history of music in the islands, though fieldwork has recorded folk songs from the Channel Islands, mostly in French.[160] The folk song Chanson de Peirson is unique to the island.[161]

In contemporary music, Guru Josh, who was born in Jersey, produced house and techno music. He was most notable for his internationally successful debut hit Infinity and its re-releases, reaching number one in numerous European countries.[162] Furthermore, rock and pop artist Nerina Pallot was raised on the island and has enjoyed international success, and has written songs for famous artists like Kylie Minogue.[163]

The island has a summer music festival scene stretching from mid-June to late September including Good Vibrations, Out-There, the Weekender (the largest festival in the Channel Islands) and Electric Park.[164]

Theatre

 
Actress Lillie Langtry, nicknamed the Jersey Lily.

There are two theatres on the island: the Jersey Opera House and the Jersey Arts Centre.[165] Lillie Langtry is probably the most famous actress from the island. She was born in Jersey and became an actress on the West End in the late 19th century. She was the first socialite to appear on stage and the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.[166][167] She was also famous for her relationships with notable figures, including the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII.[168] She is buried in St Saviour's Church graveyard.[169]

Cinema

In 1909, T. J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 and was demolished in 1977. The first talking picture, The Perfect Alibi, was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935 – during the German occupation this was used for German propaganda films.[170]

The Odeon Cinema was opened 2 June 1952 and, was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10 screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002 and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008. The Odeon is now a listed building.[171][172]

First held in 2008, the Branchage Jersey International Film Festival[173] attracts filmmakers from all over the world. The 2001 movie The Others was set on the island in 1945 shortly after liberation.

Food and drink

 
Jersey wonders, or mèrvelles, are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough, found especially at country fêtes. According to tradition, the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide.

Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey: mussels (called moules in the island), oysters, lobster and crabs – especially spider crabs – ormers and conger.[174]

Jersey milk being very rich, cream and butter have played a large part in insular cooking.[175] Jersey Royal potatoes are the local variety of new potato, and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). They were originally grown using vraic as a natural fertiliser, giving them their own individual taste; only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.[176]

Apples historically were an important crop. Bourdélots are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (lé nièr beurre), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, cider and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Besides cider, apple brandy is produced. Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine,[177] and in 2013 the first commercial vodkas made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed.[178]

Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders (les mèrvelles), fliottes, bean crock (les pais au fou), nettle (ortchie) soup, and vraic buns.[174][179]

Sport

Main article: Sport in Jersey
 
A statue of Jersey golfer, Harry Vardon, stands at the entrance to the Royal Jersey Golf Club

In its own right Jersey participates in the Commonwealth Games and in the biennial Island Games, which it first hosted in 1997 and more recently in 2015.[180]

The Jersey Football Association supervises football in Jersey. As of 2022, the Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division.[181] Jersey national football team plays in the annual Muratti competition against the other Channel Islands.[182] Rugby union in Jersey comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is a member of the Rugby Football Union of England. Jersey Reds compete in the English rugby union system;[183] after four promotions in five seasons, the last three of which were consecutive, they competed in the second-level RFU Championship in 2012–13.[184] Jersey is an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).[185] The Jersey cricket team plays in the Inter-insular match, as well as in ICC tournaments around the world in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.

For Horse racing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of Grosnez Castle.[186]

Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools: AquaSplash, St Helier[187] and Les Quennevais, St Brelade.[188] Swimming in the sea, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club has organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge: the record for the swim is Ross Wisby, who circumnavigated the island in 9 hours 26 minutes in 2015.[189] The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in St Brelade.[190]

Two professional golfers from Jersey have won the Open Championship seven times between them; Harry Vardon won six times and Ted Ray won once, both around the turn of the 20th century. Vardon and Ray also won the U.S. Open once each. Harry Vardon's brother, Tom Vardon, had wins on various European tours.

Jersey Sport, an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs, was launched in 2017[191]

Languages

Until the 19th century, indigenous Jèrriais – a variety of Norman – was the language of the island though French was used for official business. During the 20th century, British cultural influence saw an intense language shift take place and Jersey today is predominantly English-speaking.[25] Jèrriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (three percent) are thought to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12 percent) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly amongst the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jèrriais in schools.[192]

The dialects of Jèrriais differ in phonology and, to a lesser extent, lexis between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jèrriais, and French and English place names are also to be found. Anglicisation of the place names increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.[193]

Literature

 
Victor Hugo in exile, 1850s.

Wace was a 12th-century poet born in Jersey. He is the earliest known Jersey writer, authoring Roman de Brut and Roman de Rou, among others. Some believe him to be the earliest Jèrriais writer and he is known as the founder of Jersey literature, but the language in which he wrote is very different from modern Jèrriais.[194]

As Jèrriais was not an official language in Jersey, it had no standard written form, which meant that Jersey literature is very varied, written in multiple forms of Jèrriais alongside Standard English and French.[12]

Matthew Le Geyt was the first poet to publish in Jèrriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century.[13] Philippe Le Sueur Mourant wrote in Jèrriais in the 19th century.[14] Jerseyman George d'la Forge is named the 'Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage'. Though he lived in America for most of his life, he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language. His works were turned into books in the 1980s.[16]

After the failure of the 1848 revolution, thirty-nine French revolutionaries were exiled in Jersey, including the famous French author Victor Hugo, as Jersey's culture was closer to their native French.[19] Gerald Durrell, the famous zoologist who set up Jersey Zoo, was also an author, writing novels, non-fiction and children's books. He was writing as a means to fund and further his conservation work.[21]

Education

Main article: Education in Jersey

Education in the island is managed by the Department for Children, Young People, Education and Skills of the Government of Jersey. The education system in Jersey is based on the English system. Full time education is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16.[195] Furthermore, the Government provides limited pre-school education free to parents.[196] Jersey schools must teach the Jersey Curriculum, which is based on the English National Curriculum, with differences to account for Jersey's unique position.[197]

As of 2022, there are 24 States primary schools, seven private primary or preparatory schools, four comprehensive States secondary schools, two fee-paying States secondary schools, two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form.[198] Furthermore, Highlands College provides alternative post-16 and all post-18 education available on the island. However, higher education facilities are limited, so many students study off-island. In the UK, Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students.[199]

Environment

Designations
Official nameSouth East Coast of Jersey, Channel Islands
Designated10 November 2000
Reference no.1043[200]

Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI). Jersey has four designated Ramsar sites: Les Pierres de Lecq, Les Minquiers, Les Écréhous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey (a large area of intertidal zone).[201]

Jersey is the home of the Jersey Zoo (formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park[202]) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper and author Gerald Durrell.

Biodiversity

Four species of small mammal are considered native:[203] the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), the Jersey bank vole (Myodes glareolus caesarius), the lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) and the French shrew (Sorex coronatus). Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the rabbit (introduced in the mediaeval period), the red squirrel and the hedgehog (both introduced in the 19th century). The stoat (Mustela erminea) became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000. The green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) is a protected species of reptile; Jersey is its only native habitat in the British Isles.[204]

The red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) became extinct in Jersey around 1900, when changes in farming and grazing practices led to a decline in the coastal slope habitat required by this species. Birds on the Edge, a project between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and National Trust for Jersey, is working to restore Jersey's coastal habitats and reinstate the red-billed chough (and other bird species) to the island[205]

Jersey is the only place in the British Isles where the agile frog (Rana dalmatina) is found.[206] The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island. The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group (JARG), with support and sponsorship from several other organisations. The programme includes captive breeding and release, public awareness and habitat restoration activities.[207]

Trees generally considered native are the alder (Alnus glutinosa), silver birch (Betula pendula), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), hazel (Corylus avellana), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), beech (Fagus sylvatica), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), aspen (Populus tremula), wild cherry (Prunus avium), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), holm oak (Quercus ilex), oak (Quercus robur), sallow (Salix cinerea), elder (Sambucus nigra), elm (Ulmus spp.) and medlar (Mespilus germanica). Among notable introduced species, the cabbage palm (Cordyline australis) has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.[208]

Notable marine species[209] include the ormer, conger, bass, undulate ray, grey mullet, ballan wrasse and garfish. Marine mammals include the bottlenosed dolphin[210] and grey seal.[211]

Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly-large cabbage, the Jersey cabbage, also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage.[212]

Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) is an invasive species that threatens Jersey's biodiversity.[213] It is easily recognisable and has hollow stems with small white flowers that are produced in late summer.[214] Other non-native species on the island include the Colorado beetle, burnet rose and oak processionary moth.[213]

Public services

Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in Jersey

Health services on the island are overseen by the Department for Health and Social Care. Jersey does not have a nationalised health service and the service is not part of the National Health Service. Many healthcare treatments are not free at the point of use, however treatment in the accident and emergency department is free. For residents, prescriptions and some hospital treatments are free, however GP services cost money.[215]

Emergency services

Emergency services[216] are provided by the States of Jersey Police with the support of the Honorary Police as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,[217] Jersey Fire and Rescue Service[218] and the Jersey Coastguard.[219] The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.[220]

The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901. The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.[221] Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service. Jersey has adopted the 112 emergency number alongside its existing 999 emergency number.[222]

Supply services

Water supplies in Jersey are managed by Jersey Water. Jersey Water supply water from two water treatment works, around 7.2 billion litres in 2018. Water in Jersey is almost exclusively from rainfall-dependent surface water. The water is collected and stored in six reservoirs and there is also a desalination plant that produces up to 10.8 million litres per day (around half of the Island's average daily usage). In 2017, 101 water pollution incidents were reported, an increase of 5% on 2016. Another estimated 515,700 m3 of water is abstracted for domestic purposes from private sources (around 9% of the population).[223]

Electricity in Jersey is provided by a sole supplier, Jersey Electricity, of which the States of Jersey is the majority shareholder.[224] Jersey imports 95 per cent of its power from France.[225] 35% of the imported power derives from hydro-electric sources and 65% from nuclear sources. Jersey Electricity claims the carbon intensity of its electricity supply is 35g CO2 e / kWh compared to 352g CO2 e / kWh in the UK.[226]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Jersey

See also

Notes

  1. ^ St Helier is the de facto capital of Jersey, being the seat of the island's government, however Government House, the official royal residence of the island, is located in Saint Saviour
  2. ^ The largest settlement on Jersey is in fact made up of parts of various parishes and is often referred to as "town" by islanders.
  3. ^ Jersey does not have a de jure official language, but these are the permitted languages in the island's parliament, the States Assembly "P.4/2018 – Jèrriais: Optional use in the States Chamber" (PDF). States of Jersey Greffe. 15 January 2018.
  4. ^ Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 355(5)(c) TFEU states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972".
  5. ^ Geographically it is not part of the British Isles. As of 15 October 2006, the States of Jersey indicates that the island is situated "only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 140 km south of England".

References

  1. ^ "Anthem for Jersey". Government of Jersey.
  2. ^ "Bulletin 2: Place of birth, ethnicity, length of residency, marital status". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  3. ^ Jersey Annual Social Survey: 2015 (PDF). States of Jersey. p. 8. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Jersey in Figures 2013 booklet" (PDF). Government of Jersey. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b "First Census Results Published". 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Measuring Jersey's Economy" (PDF). Government of Jersey. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  7. ^ a b "National accounts: GVA and GDP". Statistics Jersey. 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  8. ^ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  9. ^ (PDF). United Nations ESCAP. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011.
  10. ^ "Definition: What is a country?". Worlddata.info. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Constitution and citizenship". Government of Jersey - Island Identity. Retrieved 18 July 2022. The Board concluded that Jersey is accurately described as a 'Country', or even as a 'Small Island Nation', and as such has a distinct international character. This has been agreed with the UK and by constitutional experts, and in 2007 the Lord Chancellor and Chief Minister signed an agreement entitled 'Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey', which also acknowledges that Jersey's 'international identity' is different from that of the UK. However, legally-speaking the term 'identity' has no defined meaning; the appropriate term for a country is 'personality', and this report adopts that usage throughout when describing how we are viewed internationally.
  12. ^ a b "Facts about Jersey". Government of Jersey.
  13. ^ a b . Jersey Tourism. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
  14. ^ a b "Facts about Jersey". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 18 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ a b "Les Écrehous & Les Dirouilles, Jersey". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  16. ^ a b "Les Minquiers, Jersey". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  17. ^ "Les Pierres de Lecq". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  18. ^ "COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS" (PDF). Government of Jersey. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  19. ^ a b "Crown Dependencies". Royal.gov.uk. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  20. ^ Committee, European Union (23 March 2017). (PDF) (Report). House of Lords. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021. (Summary, first sentence; Paragraph 4)
  21. ^ a b Mut Bosque, Maria (May 2020). "The sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era". Island Studies Journal. 15 (1): 151–168. doi:10.24043/isj.114.
  22. ^ a b "Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey" (PDF). Government of Jersey. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  23. ^ . Statesassembly.gov.je. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  24. ^ "Understanding the curriculum". Government of Jersey. 30 November 2015.
  25. ^ a b "Facts about Jersey". Government of Jersey. 30 November 2015.
  26. ^ a b Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-313-30984-7 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ a b Quayle, T. (1815). A general view of the agriculture and present state of the islands on the coast of Normandy. London: Board of Agriculture. p. 48.
  28. ^ a b "Island Identity Interim Report" (PDF). Government of Jersey. Island Identity Policy Development Board. 11 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ Dominique Fournier, Wikimanche.
  30. ^ Marguerite Syvret; Joan Stevens (1998). Balleine's History of Jersey. La Société Jersiaise. ISBN 1-86077-065-7.
  31. ^ "The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24th of June, 1664". avalon.law.yale.edu. 18 December 1998. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  32. ^ "So what's all this stuff about Nova Caesarea??". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  33. ^ Antonine Itinerary, fourth century
  34. ^ . Jersey Post. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
  35. ^ Everett-Heath, John. The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press – via www.oxfordreference.com.
  36. ^ Lepelley, René (1999). Noms de lieux de Normandie et des îles Anglo-Normandes. Paris: Bonneton. ISBN 2862532479.
  37. ^ . Viking Network. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  38. ^ a b Kelleher, John D. (1991). The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey (Thesis). S.l.: typescript.
  39. ^ Cunliffe, Barry (1994). The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198143850.
  40. ^ . States of Jersey. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  42. ^ "ST HELIER: THE MAN AND THE MYTH". members.societe-jersiaise.org. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  43. ^ a b Lempière, Raoul (1976). Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands. Great Britain: Robert Hale. ISBN 0-7091-5731-2.
  44. ^ Ommer, Rosemary E. (1991). From Outpost to Outport. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-7735-0730-2.
  45. ^ Weeks, Daniel J. (1 May 2001). Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake. Lehigh University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-934223-66-1.
  46. ^ Cochrane, Willard W. (30 September 1993). The Development of American Agriculture. University of Minnesota Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8166-2283-3.
  47. ^ "1781 The Battle Of Jersey". Jersey Heritage. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  48. ^ Bunting, Madeleine (1995). The Model Occupation. London: Harper Collins. p. 21. ISBN 0002552426.
  49. ^ Bellows, Tony. "What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands?". Société Jersiaise. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  50. ^ Bunting 1995, pp. 151–154.
  51. ^ Meddick, Simon; Payne, Liz; Catz, Phil (2020). Red Lives: Communists and the Struggle for Socialism. UK: Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1-907464-45-4.
  52. ^ House of Commons, Justice Committee (23 March 2010). (PDF). Vol. 8th Report of Session 2009–10. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-215-55334-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  53. ^ Brexit Information Report (PDF) (Report). Jersey: States Greffe. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  54. ^ Jersey Law Review. . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  55. ^ (PDF). 20 July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2011.
  56. ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor. . Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  57. ^ Royal Commission on the Constitution 1969–1973 (1973). Report. Vol. Part XI of Volume 1. London.
  58. ^ . Jerseylaw.je. 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  59. ^ a b Shaxson, N. (2011). Treasure islands: Tax havens and the men who stole the world. London: The Bodley Head.
  60. ^ Express, Bailiwick. "Politicians bat away last-ditch attempt to save Senators". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  61. ^ . Jerseylaw.je. 5 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  62. ^ . Jerseylaw.je. 5 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  63. ^ a b Gindill, J. (n.d.) The Role of the Office of Bailiff: The Need for Reform. University of Durham.
  64. ^ "Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  65. ^ . Jerseylaw.je. 5 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  66. ^ . Jerseylaw.je. 5 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  67. ^ States of Jersey Official Report, 3 May 2011, 5.1. Statement by the Chief Minister regarding the appointment of a new Chief Executive to the Council of Ministers.
  68. ^ a b c Legislation Committee (2001) R.2001/120 - THE WORKING PARTY ON PARISH ASSEMBLIES: REPORT. Presented to the States: 4 December 2001. States Greffe (gov.je) [Accessed: 18 March 2022].
  69. ^ Collins of Mapesbury, Lord; More; McLean; Briggs; Harris; McLachlan (2010). Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws (14th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-1-84703-461-8.
  70. ^ See generally S Nicolle (2009). The Origin and Development of Jersey law: an Outline Guide (5th ed.). St Helier: Jersey and Guernsey Law Review. ISBN 978-0-9557611-3-3. and . Jersey: Institute of Law. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013.
  71. ^ Hanson, T. (2005). THE LANGUAGE OF THE LAW: THE IMPORTANCE OF FRENCH. The Jersey Law Review. June 2005.
  72. ^ "The Royal Court". Jersey Courts. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012.
  73. ^ . Thisisjersey.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  74. ^ . Thisisjersey.com. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  75. ^ "TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS (TIEAs)" (PDF). Government of Jersey. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  76. ^ "Jersey threatens to break with UK over tax backlash". The Guardian. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  77. ^ "The Office | Bureau des Îles Anglo-Normandes". Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  78. ^ "Government of Jersey London Office | Representing Jersey in the UK". Government of Jersey London Office. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  79. ^ "Channel Islands Brussels Office (CIBO)". Channel Islands Brussels Office (CIBO). Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  80. ^ "Jersey". British-Irish Council. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  81. ^ "States of Jersey". www.cpahq.org. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  82. ^ "Jersey". Assemblée Parlementaire de la Francophonie (APF) (in French). Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  83. ^ Targett, Tania (23 June 2018). "Independence 'may be only option if Brexit deal is bad'". jerseyeveningpost.com. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  84. ^ "COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS" (PDF). States of Jersey. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  85. ^ "Jersey Independence 'Not Government Policy'". Channel 103. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  86. ^ Council of Ministers (27 June 2008). "Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group" (PDF). States Greffe. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  87. ^ "France threatens to cut power to Jersey amid fishing row". BBC News. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  88. ^ "EUR-Lex - 61996J0171 - EN". European Court reports 1998 Page I-04607.
  89. ^ States of Jersey Brexit Report (PDF) (Report). 31 January 2017. p. 7.
  90. ^ "'This Map of the Island of Jersey divided into Parishes and Vingtaines...' (AO0398) Archive Item - Ordnance Survey Collection | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  91. ^ "Ascent of Jersey High Point on 2009-09-12". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 23 June 2012. Sources vary on the elevation of Les Platons. Its height is often listed at 143 m, as well as 136 m.
  92. ^ a b Jersey. "Size and land cover of Jersey". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  93. ^ "About Nine by Five Media". Medium. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  94. ^ . UK mountain Guide. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  95. ^ "The Minquiers and Écréhous in spatial context: Contemporary issues and cross perspectives on border islands, reefs and rocks". ResearchGate. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  96. ^ Willie Miller Urban Design (2005) strategic context in St Helier Urban Character Appraisal.
  97. ^ "Jersey Census 2001: Chapter 2: Population Characteristics" (PDF). States of Jersey. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  98. ^ "Archives and collections online". Jersey Heritage. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  99. ^ "Les Quennevais". www.active.je. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  100. ^ "A Framework for a Sustainable Transport System: 2020-2030". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  101. ^ "Jersey House Price Index Q4 2020". Government of Jersey.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  102. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Jersey". Central Intelligence Agency. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
  103. ^ "Jersey records hottest ever day as temperatures top 36°C". Jersey Evening Post. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  104. ^ Climate statistics. Government of Jersey (gov.je). Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  105. ^ Gibbons, Brett (7 March 2022). "Jersey is sunniest place in British Isles with 342 hours more than closest rival". WalesOnline. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  106. ^ "Isles of Scilly turn heat on Jersey over 'warmest place in Britain' claim". The Guardian. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  107. ^ "Jersey Climate Normals 1981–2010". Met Office. May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  108. ^ . Voodoo Skies. October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  109. ^ "Benefits and financial support". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  110. ^ "Government of Jersey: GVA 2019". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  111. ^ "Cost of Living in Jersey". www.numbeo.com. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  112. ^ Garcia-Bernardo, Javier; Fichtner, Jan; Takes, Frank W.; Heemskerk, Eelke M. (24 July 2017). "Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers: Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 6246. arXiv:1703.03016. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.6246G. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06322-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5524793. PMID 28740120.
  113. ^ "The Economic Contribution of Tourism to Jersey" (PDF). Tourism Economics. 2017.
  114. ^ "Island achieves Fairtrade status". BBC News. 24 February 2005. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
  115. ^ Davenport, Philippa (20 May 2006). "Jersey's cash cow". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
  116. ^ Witmer, Jason (11 June 2004). "CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass-based, organic dairies". The Rodale Institute. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
  117. ^ . 13 August 2011. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  118. ^ a b "Moving to Jersey: Money and tax". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  119. ^ a b . jerseyeveningpost.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  120. ^ "Taxation: EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  121. ^ Bailiwick Express. "WATCH: Jersey in EU's sights in plan to tighten tax haven 'blacklist'". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  122. ^ "View 2020 results". fsi.taxjustice.net. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  123. ^ "Corporate Tax Haven Index 2021". cthi.taxjustice.net. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  124. ^ "Registered vehicles (FOI)". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  125. ^ Lamy, M. (2019). Weekender: Jersey's Green Lanes. cycle February/March 2019.
  126. ^ Villeneuve-Smith, Frank (2018). Practical bus franchising: the Jersey model. HCT Group (hctgroup.com). Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  127. ^ "EVie | Electric mobility on demand in Jersey". EVie.
  128. ^ "A brief history of Ports of Jersey". www.ports.je. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  129. ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords (6 December 2001). "Lords Hansard text for 6 Dec 2001 (211206-28)". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  130. ^ "Jersey approve Bitcoin fund launch on island". BBC News. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  131. ^ "Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics" (PDF). States of Jersey. April 2022.
  132. ^ a b "Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1: Population characteristics" (PDF). States of Jersey. April 2022.
  133. ^ a b Le Feuvre, David (1994). JERSEY: Not quite British. Jersey: Seaflower Books.
  134. ^ . Legislation, UK, Acts. Office of Public Sector Information. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009. the Islands" means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom" means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together
  135. ^ Torrance, David (20 June 2022). The Crown Dependencies (PDF) (Report). House of Commons Research Library. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  136. ^ Government of Jersey [@GovJersey] (15 June 2020). "Islanders who apply for a passport will start to be issued the new blue Jersey variant British passport from this week" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  137. ^ "Jersey Citizens Advice – Passports ( 2.7.1. )". www.cab.org.je. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  138. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  139. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  140. ^ . Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration. States of Jersey. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2009. Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control.
  141. ^ "Moving to Jersey: Customs and immigration". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 30 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  142. ^ Citizensinformation.ie. "Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom". www.citizensinformation.ie. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  143. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  144. ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords. "Answer by Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, (Lord West of Spithead) in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  145. ^ "Residential and employment statuses and what they mean". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 30 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  146. ^ a b c d Boleat, Mark (2014). Jersey's population – a history (PDF). Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  147. ^ Johnson, Henry (2016) Encountering Urbanization on Jersey: Development, Sustainability, and Spatiality in a Small Island Setting. Urban Island Studies.
  148. ^ Saint Helier - Saint Hélyi - Saint Hélier March 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  149. ^ a b "About". Deanery of Jersey. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  150. ^ "Channel Islands to move Church of England diocese". BBC News. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  151. ^ "Churches". Deanery of Jersey. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  152. ^ a b Jersey Annual Social Survey: 2015 (PDF). States of Jersey. p. 8. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  153. ^ . Jersey Battle of Flowers Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
  154. ^ . Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  155. ^ . Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  156. ^ "About – Jersey International Air Display". Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  157. ^ "The Weekender Festival | Jersey Events | JerseyTravel.com". www.jerseytravel.com. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  158. ^ "About Us". Jersey Evening Post. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  159. ^ . Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  160. ^ Kennedy, Peter (1975) Folksongs of Britain and Ireland. London: Cassell
  161. ^ Jersey Times Almanac & Directory, 26 January 1907
  162. ^ Sweeting, Adam (5 January 2016). "Guru Josh obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  163. ^ "The 50 greatest Kylie Minogue singles of all time, ranked". The Tab UK. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022. The Nerina Pallot penned Better Than Today sounds like if Kylie decided to lay vocals down on a MIKA and Scissor Sisters lovechild track. It's camp as hell, brimming with positivity and a Stuart Price production that's difficult not to fall completely in love with.
  164. ^ "Ten summer music events in Jersey | Inspiration". Visit Jersey. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  165. ^ "Theatre in Jersey - attractions". Visit Jersey. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  166. ^ "When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 March 2022. British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.
  167. ^ "Lillie Langtry British actress". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  168. ^ "The Girl from Jersey". lillielangtry.com. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
  169. ^ Dudley, Ernest (1958). The Gilded Lily. London: Oldhams Press. pp. 219–20.
  170. ^ Bisson, Mike (7 December 2021). "Cinema". Jerripedia. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  171. ^ . Mygov.je. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  172. ^ . Archived from the original on 2 December 2012.
  173. ^ . Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  174. ^ a b "Jersey Food and Recipes". www.i-love-jersey.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  175. ^ . Milk Development Council. 18 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  176. ^ "About Us". Jersey Royals - Genuine New Potatoes. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  177. ^ "La Mare Wine Estate". Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  178. ^ . Jersey Evening Post. 1 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  179. ^ "Most Popular Traditional Food in the Channel Islands". www.tasteatlas.com. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  180. ^ . Jersey2015.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  181. ^ "JFA Combination League". fulltime.thefa.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  182. ^ "Muratti Vase". www.rsssf.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  183. ^ . Jrfc.je. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  184. ^ Pryor, Tim (23 April 2012). "Jersey promoted: The rise and rise of an island side". BBC Radio Jersey. BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  185. ^ "International Cricket Council". www.icc-cricket.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  186. ^ "Our History". Jersey Race Club. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  187. ^ "Welcome | AquaSplash". www.aquasplash.je. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  188. ^ "Les Quennevais | Active.je". www.active.je. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  189. ^ "Swims to take part in". Jersey Long Distance Swimming Club. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  190. ^ About. Royal Channel Islands Yacht Club. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  191. ^ . jerseyeveningpost.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  192. ^ States of Jersey (26 April 2021). "New Jèrriais Cross-Curricular Course Launched in Schools – Alentou d'Jèrri (Around Jersey)". gov.je. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  193. ^ "A BRIEF HISTORY OF NAME CALLING". RURAL. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  194. ^ "Definition: What is a country?". Worlddata.info. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  195. ^ "Education (Jersey) Law 1999". www.jerseylaw.je. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  196. ^ "Free early learning for your child". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  197. ^ "Understanding the curriculum". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  198. ^ "List of primary schools". gov.je. Information and public services for the Island of Jersey. "List of secondary schools". gov.je. Information and public services for the Island of Jersey.
  199. ^ "Islanders to pay same university fees as UK counterparts". ITV News. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  200. ^ "South East Coast of Jersey, Channel Islands". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  201. ^ "Protected Coastlines (Ramsar)". Government of Jersey. 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  202. ^ "Time to be a zoo again". Durrell.
  203. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  204. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  205. ^ "Birds on the Edge Project". Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  206. ^ "Agile frog protection plans". Government of Jersey. 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  207. ^ . Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  208. ^ Trees in Jersey, The Jersey Association of Men of the Trees, Jersey 1997, ISBN 0-9530979-0-0
  209. ^ . Jersey.com. 21 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  210. ^ (PDF). 19 March 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016.
  211. ^ (PDF). gov.je. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016.
  212. ^ . Jerseyeveningpost.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  213. ^ a b Barnsley, S; Cary, E; Pienkowski, M; Wensink, C (2016). Measures of performance by 2016 of UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies in implementing the 2001 Environment Charters or their equivalents and moving towards the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Targets (PDF) (First ed.). UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum. pp. 97, 480. ISBN 978-1-911097-03-7. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  214. ^ "Japanese knotweed". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  215. ^ "Moving to Jersey: Healthcare". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 25 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  216. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 March 2016.
  217. ^ "Contacts". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  218. ^ "Jersey Fire and Rescue Service". Gov.je. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  219. ^ . Portofjersey.je. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  220. ^ Ivor Bisson (3 February 2011). "CI Air Search Home page". Ci-airsearch.com. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  221. ^ . Rnli.org.uk. 14 December 1982. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  222. ^ "Emergency Department". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  223. ^ "Water statistics". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  224. ^ "Key facts". www.jec.co.uk. Jersey Electricity. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  225. ^ Lough, Richard; MacAskill, Andrew (6 May 2021). "British navy dispatched as France threatens 'retaliation' over fishing rights". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  226. ^ "The stats behind the network: a review of Jersey Electricity in numbers over the past 12 months". www.jec.co.uk. Jersey Electricity. Retrieved 14 December 2020.

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Jersey
  • Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) ISBN 1-86077-065-7
  • Jersey Through the Centuries, Leslie Sinel, Jersey 1984, ISBN 0-86120-003-9
  • A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey, G.R. Balleine

Archaeology

  • The Archaeology of the Channel Islands. Vol. 2: The Bailiwick of Jersey by Jacquetta Hawkes (1939)
  • The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe to the Mycenean Age, 1940, C. F. C. Hawkes
  • Jersey in Prehistory, Mark Patton, 1987
  • The Archaeology and Early History of the Channel Islands, Heather Sebire, 2005.
  • Dolmens of Jersey: A Guide, James Hibbs (1988).
  • A Guide to The Dolmens of Jersey, Peter Hunt, Société Jersiaise, 1998.
  • Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany, Mark Patton, 1993
  • Hougue Bie, Mark Patton, Warwick Rodwell, Olga Finch, 1999
  • The Channel Islands, An Archaeological Guide, David Johnston, 1981
  • The Archaeology of the Channel Islands, Peter Johnston, 1986

Cattle

  • One Hundred Years of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society 1833–1933. Compiled from the Society's Records, by H.G. Shepard, Secretary. Eric J. Boston. Jersey Cattle, 1954

Religion

  • The Channel Islands under Tudor Government, A.J. Eagleston
  • Reformation and Society in Guernsey, D.M. Ogier
  • International Politics and the Establishment of Presbyterianism in the Channel Islands: The Coutances Connection, C.S.L. Davies
  • Religion, History and G.R. Balleine: The Reformation in Jersey, by J. St John Nicolle, The Pilot Magazine
  • The Reformation in Jersey: The Process of Change over Two centuries, J. St John Nicolle
  • The Chroniques de Jersey in the light of contemporary documents, BSJ, AJ Eagleston
  • The Portrait of Richard Mabon, BSJ, Joan Stevens

External links

  • gov.je Official Government of Jersey website
  • Visit Jersey Government owned tourism website
  • Jerripedia Online history and family history encyclopedia
  • Vote.je Elections in Jersey
  • Jersey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  • Locate Jersey
  • Jersey, from the BBC News
  • Jersey Evening Post
  • Prehistoric Jersey
  • JerseyShops.co.uk 3 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine – local retailers

January 21, 2023
jersey, this, article, about, island, english, channel, other, uses, disambiguation, coordinates, 19000, 11000, 19000, 11000, ɜːr, french, ʒɛʁzɛ, listen, jèrriais, jèrri, ʒɛri, officially, bailiwick, french, bailliage, jèrriais, bailliage, jèrri, island, count. This article is about the island in the English Channel For other uses see Jersey disambiguation Coordinates 49 11 24 N 2 6 36 W 49 19000 N 2 11000 W 49 19000 2 11000 Jersey ˈ dʒ ɜːr z i JUR zee French ʒɛʁzɛ listen Jerriais Jerri ʒɛri officially the Bailiwick of Jersey French Bailliage de Jersey Jerriais Bailliage de Jerri is an island country 10 11 and self governing Crown Dependency 12 near the coast of north west France 13 It is the largest of the Channel Islands and is 14 miles 23 km from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy 14 The Bailiwick consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including Les Dirouilles 15 Les Ecrehous 15 Les Minquiers 16 and Les Pierres de Lecq 17 JerseyBailliage de Jersey French Bailliage de Jerri Jerriais Crown DependencyBailiwick of JerseyFlagCoat of armsMotto Dieu et Mon Droit French God and My Right Anthem God Save the King source source track track track track track track track track track track track Island anthem Island Home 1 Location of Jersey green in Europe dark grey Sovereign state responsible for JerseyUnited KingdomSeparation from the Duchy of Normandy1204Capitaland largest parish b St Helier a 49 11 4 N 2 6 6 W 49 1900 N 2 1100 W 49 1900 2 1100Official languagesEnglish Norman Jerriais and French c Ethnic groups 2021 44 4 Jersey30 5 British9 4 Portuguese3 0 Polish2 1 Irish1 4 Romanian5 Other European1 9 Asian0 9 African1 3 multiracial 2 Religion 2015 3 39 non religious23 Anglican 22 Catholic 7 Other Christian 2 Other religionDemonym s Islanders Jerseyman Jerseywoman Jersey bean Jersey crapaud Jerriais e GovernmentParliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy MonarchCharles III Lieutenant GovernorJerry Kyd BailiffTim Le Cocq Chief MinisterKristina MooreLegislatureStates AssemblyArea Total119 6 4 km2 46 2 sq mi unranked Water 0Highest elevation469 ft 143 m Population 2021 estimate103 267 5 182nd Density859 km2 2 224 8 sq mi GDP PPP 2015 estimate Totalbillion 4 57 billion 6 not ranked Per capita 45 783 not ranked GDP nominal 2019 estimate Total 4 885 billion US billion 7 Per capita 45 320Gini 2014 0 3 8 lowHDI 2011 0 985 9 very high not rankedCurrencyPound sterlingJersey pound GBP Time zoneUTC 00 00 GMT Summer DST UTC 01 00 BST Date formatdd mm yyyyMains electricity230 V 50 HzDriving sideleftCalling code 44UK postcodeJE1 JE5ISO 3166 codeJEInternet TLD jeJersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy whose dukes became kings of England from 1066 After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century and the ducal title surrendered to France Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown though it never became part of the Kingdom of England Jersey is a self governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy with its own financial legal and judicial systems 5 and the power of self determination 18 The island s relationship with the Crown is different from the other Crown Dependencies the Lieutenant Governor represents the King there Jersey is not part of the United Kingdom 19 20 21 and has an international identity separate from that of the UK 22 but the UK is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey 23 The island has a large financial services industry which generates 40 of its GVA 4 British cultural influence on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and Pound sterling as its primary currency Additional British cultural similarities include driving on the left access to British television and newspapers a school curriculum following that of England 24 and the popularity of British sports including cricket 25 The island also has a strong Norman French culture such as its historic dialect of the Norman language Jerriais being one of only two places in Normandy with government status for the language the other being Guernsey as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language strong cultural ties to mainland Normandy as a part of the Normandy region and place names with French or Norman origins The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey and they share a good natured rivalry Jersey and its people have been described as a nation 26 27 28 Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Politics 3 1 Legislature and government 3 2 Law 3 3 External relations 4 Administrative divisions 5 Geography 5 1 Settlements 5 2 Climate 6 Economy 6 1 Taxation 6 2 Transport 6 3 Currency 7 Demography 7 1 Nationality and citizenship 7 2 Immigration 7 2 1 History of immigration 7 3 Religion 8 Culture 8 1 Cultural events 8 2 Media 8 3 Music 8 4 Theatre 8 5 Cinema 8 6 Food and drink 8 7 Sport 8 8 Languages 8 9 Literature 9 Education 10 Environment 10 1 Biodiversity 11 Public services 11 1 Healthcare 11 2 Emergency services 11 3 Supply services 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 16 1 Archaeology 16 2 Cattle 16 3 Religion 17 External linksName EditMain article Name of Jersey The Channel Islands are mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as the following Sarnia Caesarea Barsa Silia and Andium but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none corresponds directly to the present names 29 The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey also in its French version Cesaree since William Camden s Britannia 30 and is used in titles of associations and institutions today The Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea 31 32 Andium Agna and Augia were used in antiquity 33 34 Scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jerri derive from jǫrd Old Norse for earth or jarl earl or perhaps the Norse personal name Geirr thus Geirrsey Geirr s Island 35 The ending ey denotes an island 36 37 as in Guernsey or Surtsey History EditMain article History of Jersey See also Archaeology of the Channel Islands Maritime history of the Channel Islands and German occupation of the Channel Islands An 1893 painting of the Assize d Heritage by John St Helier Lander Jersey has been an island for approximately 6 000 years 38 2 Humans have lived on the island since at least 12000 BCE with evidence of habitation in the Palaeolithic period La Cotte de St Brelade and Neolithic dolmens such as La Hougue Bie Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in many locations around the island 39 Archaeological evidence of Roman influence has been found in particular at Les Landes 40 Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c fifth sixth century CE 41 In the sixth century the island s patron saint Helier lived at the Hermitage on L Islet now Elizabeth Castle Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore 42 In the ninth century the island was raided by Vikings and in 933 it was annexed to Normandy by William Longsword 43 22 When Duke William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066 the island remained part of the Norman possessions However in 1204 when Normandy was finally returned to the French king the island remained a possession of the English crown though never incorporated into England 41 25 Traditionally it is said that Jersey s self governance originates from the Constitutions of King John however this is disputed 43 25 Nevertheless the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws The King also appointed a Bailiff and a Warden now Lieutenant Governor The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France as such a military fortress was built at Mont Orgueil 41 25 8 During the Tudor period the split between the Church of England and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion During the reign of Elizabeth French refugees brought strict Calvinism to the island which remained the common religion until 1617 41 In the late 16th century islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the Newfoundland fisheries 44 In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s King Charles II of England gave Vice Admiral Sir George Carteret bailiff and governor a large grant of land in the American colonies in between the Hudson and Delaware rivers which he promptly named New Jersey It is now a state in the United States 45 46 Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey 9 May 2012 In 1769 the island suffered food supply shortages leading an insurrection on 28 September known as the Corn Riots The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King However in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island s governance leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the States 41 In 1781 during the American Wars of Independence the island was invaded by a French force which captured St Helier but was defeated by Major Peirson s army at the Battle of Jersey 47 The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don 38 the construction of two railway lines the improvement of transport links to England and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier 41 This grew a tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture Island politics was divisively split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown 41 In the 1850s the French author Victor Hugo lived in Jersey but was expelled for insulting the Queen so he moved on to Guernsey 41 During the Second World War 6 500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50 000 48 Jersey was occupied by Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945 when Germany surrendered 49 During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using slave labour imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany 50 After 1944 supplies from France were interrupted by the D Day landings and food on the island became scarce The SS Vega was sent to the island carrying Red Cross supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe During the Nazi occupation a resistance cell was created by communist activist Norman Le Brocq and the Jersey Communist Party whose communist ideology of forming a United Front led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement 51 The Channel Islands were one of the last places in Europe to be liberated 9 May is celebrated as the island s Liberation Day where there are celebrations in Liberation Square After Liberation the States was reformed becoming wholly democratically elected and universal franchise was implemented Since liberation the island has grown in population and adopted new industries especially the finance industry 41 Politics EditMain article Politics of Jersey The States building in St Helier Jersey is a Crown Dependency and is not part of the United Kingdom it is officially part of the British Islands As one of the Crown Dependencies Jersey is autonomous and self governing with its own independent legal administrative and fiscal systems 52 Jersey s government has described Jersey as a self governing democratic country with the power of self determination 53 Because Jersey is a dependency of the British Crown King Charles III reigns in Jersey 54 The Crown is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the Crown in right of Jersey 55 The King s representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey Vice Admiral Jerry Kyd since 8 October 2022 He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some functions in relation to immigration control deportation naturalisation and the issue of passports 56 Sir John Chalmers McColl as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey In 1973 the Royal Commission on the Constitution set out the duties of the Crown as including ultimate responsibility for the good government of the Crown Dependencies ratification of island legislation by Order in Council royal assent international representation subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them ensuring the islands meet their international obligations and defence 57 Legislature and government Edit Jersey s unicameral legislature is the States Assembly It includes 49 elected members 8 senators elected on an island wide basis 12 Connetables often called constables heads of parishes and 29 deputies representing constituencies all elected for four year terms as from the October 2011 elections 58 Jersey has one of the lowest voter turnouts internationally with just 33 of the electorate voting in 2005 putting it well below the 77 European average for that year 59 From the 2022 elections the role of Senators will be abolished and the eight senators replaced with an increased number of deputies The 37 deputies will be elected from nine super constituencies rather than in individual parishes as they are now Although efforts were made the remove the Connetables they will continue their historic role as States members 60 There are also five non voting members appointed by the Crown the Bailiff the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey the Dean of Jersey the Attorney General and Solicitor General 61 The Bailiff is President presiding officer of the States Assembly 62 head of the judiciary and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles 63 The Council of Ministers consisting of a Chief Minister and nine ministers makes up the leading body of the Government of Jersey 64 65 Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers 66 A Chief Executive is head of the civil service 67 Some governmental functions are carried out in the island s parishes 68 Law Edit Main article Law of Jersey Jersey is a distinct jurisdiction for the purposes of conflict of laws separate from the other Channel Islands England and Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland 69 Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions in particular Norman customary law English common law and modern French civil law 70 Jersey s legal system is therefore described as mixed or pluralistic and sources of law are in French and English languages although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English 71 The principal court is the Royal Court with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and ultimately to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 72 The Bailiff is head of the judiciary the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown Other members of the island s judiciary are appointed by the Bailiff 63 External relations Edit Main article External relations of Jersey Jersey Airport greets travellers with Welcome to Jersey sign in Jerriais The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey 73 74 In 2007 the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey 22 Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters for example Tax information exchange agreements TIEAs have been signed directly by the island with several countries 75 76 The Government maintains offices some in partnership with Guernsey in Caen 77 London 78 and Brussels 79 Jersey is a member of the British Irish Council 80 the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 81 and the Assemblee parlementaire de la Francophonie 82 Jersey Independence has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly Former External Relations Minister Sir Philip Bailhache has at various times warned that the island may need to go independent 83 It is not Jersey Government policy to seek independence but the island is prepared if it needed to do so 84 85 86 Jersey is a third party European country to the EU Since 1 January 2021 Jersey has been part of the UK EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement for the purposes of goods and fishing Goods exported from the island into Europe are not subject to tariffs and Jersey is solely responsible for management of its territorial waters however permits may be granted to EU fishermen who have a history of fishing in the Bailiwick s waters The management of this permit system has caused tension between the French and Jersey authorities with the French threatening to cut off Jersey s electricity supply in May 2021 87 Before the end of the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU in 2020 Jersey had a special relationship with the EU d It was part of the EU customs union and there was free movement of goods between Jersey and the EU but the single market in financial services and free movement of people did not apply to Jersey 88 89 Administrative divisions EditMain article Parishes of Jersey Saint Ouen Saint Mary St John Trinity St Martin St Peter St Lawrence St Helier St Saviour Grouville Saint Brelade St ClementParishes of Jersey Jersey is divided into twelve parishes which have civil and religious functions They are all named after their parish church The Connetable is the head of the parish They are elected at island general elections and sit ex oficio in the States Assembly 68 The parishes have various civil administrative functions such as roads managed by the Road Committee and policing through the Honorary Police Each parish is governed through direct democracy at Parish Assemblies consisting of all eligible voters resident in the parish The Procureurs du Bien Public are the legal and financial representatives of these parishes 68 The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines or in St Ouen cueillettes 90 Geography EditMain article Geography of Jersey Satellite view of Jersey Map of islands of Bailiwick of Jersey Large detailed map of Jersey Jersey is an island measuring 46 2 square miles 119 6 km2 or 66 436 vergees 4 including reclaimed land and intertidal zone It lies in the English Channel about 12 nautical miles 22 km 14 mi from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy France and about 87 nautical miles 161 km 100 mi south of Great Britain e It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles with a maximum land elevation of 143 m 469 ft above sea level 91 About 24 of the island is built up 52 of the land area is dedicated to cultivation and around 18 is the natural environment 92 It lies within longitude 2 W and latitude 49 N It has a coastline that is 43 miles 70 km long and a total area of 46 2 square miles 119 6 km2 It measures roughly 9 miles 14 km from west to east and 5 miles 8 km north to south which gives it the affectionate name among locals of nine by five 93 The island is divided into twelve parishes the largest is St Ouen and the smallest is St Clement The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north to south such as Waterworks Valley Grands Vaux Mont les Vaux although a few run in other directions such as Le Mourier Valley The highest point on the island is Les Platons at 136 m 446 ft 94 There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey such as Les Minquiers and Les Ecrehous however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey none of these are permanently inhabited 95 Settlements Edit The largest settlement is the town of St Helier including the built up area of southern St Helier and neighbouring areas such as Georgetown which also plays host to the island s seat of government The town is the central business district hosting a large proportion of the island s retail and employment such as the finance industry 96 Outside of the town many islanders live in suburban and rural settlements especially along main roads leading out of town and even the more rural areas of the island have considerable amounts of development St Ouen the least densely populated parish still has 270 persons per square kilometre 97 The south and east coasts from St Aubin to Gorey are largely urbanised The second smaller urban area is the Les Quennevais area in St Brelade which is home to a small precinct of shops 98 a school a park and a leisure centre 99 Most people across Jersey regularly travel from the rural settlements to St Helier and from the town to the rural areas for work and leisure purposes 100 Housing costs in Jersey are very high The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020 The mix adjusted house price for Jersey is 567 000 higher than any UK region UK average 249 000 including London average 497 000 highest of any UK region 101 Climate Edit The climate is an oceanic climate with mild winters and mild to warm summers 102 The highest temperature recorded was 37 9 C 100 2 F on 18 July 2022 103 and the lowest temperature recorded was 10 3 C 13 5 F on 5 January 1894 2014 was the warmest year on record the mean daily air temperature was 13 34 C 104 For tourism advertising Jersey often claims to be the sunniest place in the British Isles which is true as Jersey has 342 hours of sunlight more than any place in the UK 105 In 2011 Jersey received controversy for calling itself the warmest place in Britain during an advertising campaign The Council of the Isles of Scilly argues that it is the warmest place in the UK and that Jersey is not part of Britain 106 The following table contains the official Jersey Airport averages for 1981 2010 for Jersey being located 4 5 miles 7 2 km from St Helier Climate data for Jersey Airport elevation 84m 1981 2010Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 14 0 57 2 18 0 64 4 20 3 68 5 25 0 77 0 28 0 82 4 33 0 91 4 37 9 100 2 36 0 96 8 30 2 86 4 26 0 78 8 21 0 69 8 16 0 60 8 36 0 96 8 Average high C F 8 3 46 9 8 4 47 1 10 4 50 7 12 5 54 5 15 8 60 4 18 4 65 1 20 4 68 7 20 6 69 1 18 7 65 7 15 4 59 7 11 7 53 1 9 2 48 6 14 2 57 6 Daily mean C F 6 3 43 3 6 1 43 0 7 9 46 2 9 5 49 1 12 6 54 7 15 1 59 2 17 2 63 0 17 5 63 5 15 8 60 4 13 0 55 4 9 6 49 3 7 1 44 8 11 5 52 7 Average low C F 4 3 39 7 3 8 38 8 5 3 41 5 6 5 43 7 9 3 48 7 11 8 53 2 13 9 57 0 14 3 57 7 12 9 55 2 10 6 51 1 7 5 45 5 5 0 41 0 8 8 47 8 Record low C F 10 3 13 5 9 0 15 8 3 3 26 1 1 6 29 1 0 0 32 0 5 9 42 6 9 0 48 2 7 7 45 9 6 0 42 8 2 6 27 3 3 0 26 6 4 0 24 8 10 3 13 5 Average precipitation mm inches 93 1 3 67 68 9 2 71 66 1 2 60 56 4 2 22 55 6 2 19 47 5 1 87 44 6 1 76 49 5 1 95 63 9 2 52 103 4 4 07 105 4 4 15 111 3 4 38 865 8 34 09 Mean monthly sunshine hours 66 1 91 6 134 0 196 5 236 7 245 4 252 7 235 3 184 6 118 8 79 9 63 2 1 904 8Source Met Office 107 and Voodoo Skies 108 Economy EditMain article Economy of JerseySee also Financial services in Jersey and Tourism in Jersey The Central Business District of St Helier Jersey s economy is highly developed and services focused with a GDP per capita of 45 320 7 in 2019 It is a mixed market economy with free market principles and an advanced social security infrastructure 109 53 460 people were employed in Jersey as of December 2010 update 24 in financial and legal services 16 in wholesale and retail trades 16 in the public sector 10 in education health and other private sector services 10 in construction and quarrying 9 in hotels restaurants and bars 4 Economic sectors in Jersey by GVA 2019 110 Sector GVA GVA mn Financial services 39 5 1 966Rental income 15 5 771Other business activities 11 7 580Public administration 8 6 426Construction 7 350Wholesale and retail 6 4 319Hotels bars and restaurants 4 2 210Transport storage and communication 3 5 176Electricity gas and water 1 3 65Agriculture 1 2 59Manufacturing 1 50Thanks to specialisation in a few high return sectors at purchasing power parity Jersey has high economic output per capita substantially ahead of all of the world s large developed economies Gross national income in 2009 was 3 7 billion approximately 40 000 per head of population 4 However this is not indicative of each individual resident s purchasing power and the actual standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the UK outside central London 111 Jersey is most notable for being one of the world s largest offshore finance centres The UK acts as a conduit for financial services between European countries and the island 112 The growth of this sector however has not been without its controversies as Jersey has been characterised by critics and detractors as a place in which the leadership has essentially been captured by global finance and whose members will threaten and intimidate anyone who dissents 59 Tourism is an important economic sector for the island however travel to Jersey is very seasonal Accommodation occupancy is much higher in the summer months especially August than in the winter months with a low in November The majority of visitors to the island arrive by air from the UK 113 On 18 February 2005 Jersey was granted Fairtrade Island status 114 Aerial view of fields in Saint Clement Jersey In 2017 52 of the Island s area was agricultural land a decrease since 2009 92 Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce 4 Jersey cattle are a small breed of cow widely known for their rich milk and cream the quality of their meat is also appreciated on a small scale 115 116 The herd total in 2009 was 5 090 animals 4 Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey s marine resources to a total value of over 6 million in 2009 4 Along with Guernsey Jersey has its own lottery called the Channel Islands Lottery which was launched in 1975 117 Taxation Edit See also Economy of Jersey Taxation and Financial services in Jersey Tax haven status Jersey is not a tax free jurisdiction Taxes are levied on properties known as rates and a Personal Income Tax Corporate Income Tax and goods and services tax exist 118 Before 2008 Jersey had no value added tax VAT Many companies such as Amazon and Play com took advantage of this and a loophole in European law known as low value consignment relief to establish a tax free fulfilment industry from Jersey 119 This loophole was closed by the European Union in 2012 resulting in the loss of hundreds of jobs 119 There is a 20 standard rate for Income Tax and a 5 standard rate for GST The island has a 0 default tax rate for corporations however higher rates apply to financial services utility companies and large corporate retailers 118 Jersey is considered to be a tax haven The island until March 2019 was on the EU tax haven blacklist but no longer features 120 In January 2021 the chair of the EU Tax Matters Subcommittee Paul Tang criticised the list for not including such renowned tax havens as Jersey 121 In 2020 Tax Justice ranked Jersey as the 16th on the Financial Secrecy Index below larger countries such as the UK however still placing at the lower end of the extreme danger zone for offshore secrecy The island accounts of 0 46 of the global offshore finance market making a small player in the total market 122 In 2020 the Corporate Tax Haven Index ranked Jersey eighth for 2021 with an haven score a measure of the jurisdiction s systems to be used for corporate tax abuse of 100 out of 100 however the island only has 0 51 on the Global Scale Weight ranking 123 Transport Edit Main article Transport in Jersey A cycle path in Gorey The primary mode of transport on the island is the motor vehicle Jersey has a road network consisting of 346 miles 557 km of roads and there are a total of 124 737 motor vehicles registered on the island as of 2016 124 Jersey has a large network of lanes some of which are classified as green lanes which have a 15 mph speed limit and where priority is afforded to pedestrians cyclists and horse riders 125 The public bus network in Jersey has been regulated by the Government since 2002 replacing a de regulated commercial service It is operated on a sole operator franchise model currently contracted to LibertyBus a company owned by Kelsian Group LibertyBus also operate the school bus services 126 There is also a taxi network and an electronic bike scheme EVie 127 Jersey has an airport and a number of ports which are operated by Ports of Jersey 128 Currency Edit Main article Jersey pound Jersey stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the birth of General William Mesny Jersey s monetary policy is linked to the Bank of England The official currency of Jersey is the pound sterling Jersey issues its own postage stamps banknotes including a 1 note which is not issued in the UK and coins that circulate alongside all other sterling coinage Jersey currency is not legal tender outside Jersey however it is acceptable tender in the UK and can be surrendered at banks in exchange for UK currency 129 In July 2014 the Jersey Financial Services Commission approved the establishment of the world s first regulated Bitcoin fund at a time when the digital currency was being accepted by some local businesses 130 Demography Edit Mont Orgueil was built in the 13th century after its split from Normandy Main article Demography of JerseyCensuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821 In the 2021 census the total resident population was estimated to be 103 267 of whom 35 live in Saint Helier the island s only town 131 Approximately half the island s population was born in Jersey 29 of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles 8 in continental Portugal or Madeira 9 in other European countries and 5 elsewhere 132 Historical populationYearPop 187156 627 195155 244 2 4 196159 489 7 7 197169 329 16 5 198176 050 9 7 199184 082 10 6 200187 186 3 7 201197 857 12 2 2021103 267 5 5 Nationality and citizenship Edit Jersey people are the native nation on the island 26 27 28 however do not form a majority of the population 132 Jersey people are often called Islanders or in individual terms Jerseyman or Jerseywoman Jersey people did not generally identify themselves as English prior to the Union of Britain Jersey was culturally and geographically much closer to Normandy and there were limited cross Channel links However wars with France including invasions of Jersey grew loyalty to Britain over time and the French came more and more to be seen as a distinct people By the start of the 19th century Jersey people generally identified as British which can be seen through the treatment of the Breton immigrants of the time as a distinct nation Furthermore the growth of the British migrant population strengthened the role of English and the British cultural influence Finally the introduction of compulsory education which was exclusively in English and the period of the Occupation reduced the traditional and Norman cultural influences and increased British cultural practices and pride in British nationhood among the island population 133 Nationality law in Jersey is conferred by the British Nationality Act 1981 extended to the island by an Order in Council with the consent of the States of Jersey British nationality law confers British citizenship onto those with suitable connections to Jersey 134 135 The Lieutenant Governor s office issues British passports specifically the Jersey variant to British citizens with a connection to Jersey by residency or birth 136 137 Immigration Edit Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration 138 by non Jersey residents but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law 139 Jersey is part of the Common Travel Area CTA 140 a border control free zone which encompasses the Crown Dependencies the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland This means a passport is not required to travel from Jersey to any of these territories or vice versa though the Government recommends all travellers bring photo ID since it may need to be checked by customs or police officers and is generally required by commercial transport providers into the island 141 Due to the CTA Jersey born British citizens in the rest of the CTA and British and Irish citizens in Jersey have the right to access social benefits access healthcare access social housing support and to vote in general elections 142 For non CTA travel Jersey maintains its own immigration 143 and border controls although most travel into the Bailiwick is from the rest of the CTA however UK immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey subject to exceptions and adaptations following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey s consent 144 To control population Jersey operates a system of registration which restricts the right to live and work in the island according to certain requirements In order to move to Jersey or work in Jersey everyone including Jersey born people must be registered and have a registration card There are a number of statuses Residential and employment statuses 145 Requirements Housing WorkEntitled Most Jersey born residents permanently Long term residents at least 10 years Can buy sell or lease any property Can work anywhereLicensed Certain essential workers Can buy sell or lease most property Permission requiredEntitled to work Long term residents at least 5 years Spouse or civil partner of someone who is entitled to work or higher Can lease registered property Can work anywhereRegistered All others Can lease registered property Permission requiredHistory of immigration Edit Until the 19th centuries there was generally limited immigration to the island especially from English people Jersey was a distant territory to the British mainland taking days to travel between England and the islands and culturally distinct the locals predominantly speaking Norman French 133 However from the 16th to 19th centuries Jersey became home to French religious refugees particularly Protestants following the Edict of Nantes 146 From the early 19th century the island s economic boom attracted economic migrants By 1841 of the 47 544 population 11 338 were born in the British Isles outside of Jersey From the 1840s onwards agricultural workers came from neighbouring Brittany and mainland Normandy both due to the booming economy of Jersey and the economic situation in northern France Furthermore the new potato season coincided with the time of least agricultural activity in Brittany and Normandy While many returned to France some settled in the island 146 Between 1851 and 1921 the Jersey population fell by 12 8 possibly up to 18 The economic boom ended in the 1850s leading to significant emigration including on to British colonies A 1901 report by the States concluded that by 1921 the number of births to foreign born fathers would be equal to those to Jersey born fathers describing the immigration situation as a formidable invasion although peaceful and predicted this would have a large impact on the island s socio political situation 146 After World War II when the island had only 55 244 residents it saw a period of rapid population increase By 1991 the population was 84 082 The booming tourism industry required a large volume of relatively low cost labour so the island turned to Madeira for seasonal staff Between 1961 and 1981 the Portuguese born population grew 0 2 to 3 1 of the population In 2021 this figure was 8 Since the fall of the Berlin Wall the new source of cheap labour for the island has been Polish people whose population has grown from non existent to 3 146 Immigration has helped give aspects of Jersey a distinct urban character particularly in and around the parish of St Helier which contributes much to ongoing debates between development and sustainability throughout the island 147 Religion Edit St Thomas Catholic Church in St Helier Main article Religion in Jersey Jersey s patron saint is St Helier after whom the capital town is named 148 From the fifth century the island was under the Bishop of Coutances until being transferred to the Diocese of Winchester in 1568 149 As of 2022 the island is planned to be transferred to the Diocese of Salisbury 150 The established church is the Church of England presided over in the island by the Dean who is ex officio a States Member but has no vote 149 The primary churches are the parish churches which are 12 ancient Anglican churches in each of the parish centre though other churches do exist 151 According to a 2015 survey of islanders 54 of adults have a religion Christianity is the predominant religion in the island with over half of islanders identifying as Christian in some form The largest religious group is Anglicans with 23 of the population 152 Religion in Jersey 152 Religion Percentage 2015 None 39 All religious 54 Anglican 23 Catholic 22 5 Other Christian 6 8 Other faith 3 Culture EditMain article Culture of Jersey Jerriais road sign The black road in Saint Ouen Cultural events Edit The island is particularly famous for the Battle of Flowers a carnival held annually since 1902 153 Other festivals include La Fete de Noue 154 Christmas festival La Fais sie d Cidre cidermaking festival 155 the Battle of Britain air display 156 Weekender Music Festival 157 food festivals and parish events Media Edit Main article Media of Jersey A Channel Television crew interview the Bailiff of JerseySee also Telecommunications in Jersey BBC Radio Jersey provides a radio service and BBC Channel Islands News provides a joint television news service with Guernsey ITV Channel Television is a regional ITV franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey Radio services are also provided by Channel 103 among other companies Bailiwick Express is one of Jersey s digital online news sources Jersey has only one newspaper the Jersey Evening Post which is printed six days a week and has been in publication since 1890 158 Music Edit The Band of the Island of Jersey play at many events 159 Little is known of the history of music in the islands though fieldwork has recorded folk songs from the Channel Islands mostly in French 160 The folk song Chanson de Peirson is unique to the island 161 In contemporary music Guru Josh who was born in Jersey produced house and techno music He was most notable for his internationally successful debut hit Infinity and its re releases reaching number one in numerous European countries 162 Furthermore rock and pop artist Nerina Pallot was raised on the island and has enjoyed international success and has written songs for famous artists like Kylie Minogue 163 The island has a summer music festival scene stretching from mid June to late September including Good Vibrations Out There the Weekender the largest festival in the Channel Islands and Electric Park 164 Theatre Edit Actress Lillie Langtry nicknamed the Jersey Lily There are two theatres on the island the Jersey Opera House and the Jersey Arts Centre 165 Lillie Langtry is probably the most famous actress from the island She was born in Jersey and became an actress on the West End in the late 19th century She was the first socialite to appear on stage and the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product 166 167 She was also famous for her relationships with notable figures including the Prince of Wales later Edward VII 168 She is buried in St Saviour s Church graveyard 169 Cinema Edit In 1909 T J West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St Helier which became known as West s Cinema in 1923 and was demolished in 1977 The first talking picture The Perfect Alibi was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St Helier The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Cafe Bleu West s Cinema The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935 during the German occupation this was used for German propaganda films 170 The Odeon Cinema was opened 2 June 1952 and was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema Its owners however struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group which opened a 10 screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002 and the Odeon closed its doors in late 2008 The Odeon is now a listed building 171 172 First held in 2008 the Branchage Jersey International Film Festival 173 attracts filmmakers from all over the world The 2001 movie The Others was set on the island in 1945 shortly after liberation Food and drink Edit Jersey wonders or mervelles are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough found especially at country fetes According to tradition the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey mussels called moules in the island oysters lobster and crabs especially spider crabs ormers and conger 174 Jersey milk being very rich cream and butter have played a large part in insular cooking 175 Jersey Royal potatoes are the local variety of new potato and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats small potatoes from the south facing cotils steeply sloping fields They were originally grown using vraic as a natural fertiliser giving them their own individual taste only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method They are eaten in a variety of ways often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter 176 Apples historically were an important crop Bourdelots are apple dumplings but the most typical speciality is black butter le nier beurre a dark spicy spread prepared from apples cider and spices Cider used to be an important export After decline and near disappearance in the late 20th century apple production is being increased and promoted Besides cider apple brandy is produced Other production of alcohol drinks includes wine 177 and in 2013 the first commercial vodkas made from Jersey Royal potatoes were marketed 178 Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf Jersey wonders les mervelles fliottes bean crock les pais au fou nettle ortchie soup and vraic buns 174 179 Sport Edit Main article Sport in Jersey A statue of Jersey golfer Harry Vardon stands at the entrance to the Royal Jersey Golf Club In its own right Jersey participates in the Commonwealth Games and in the biennial Island Games which it first hosted in 1997 and more recently in 2015 180 The Jersey Football Association supervises football in Jersey As of 2022 the Jersey Football Combination has nine teams in its top division 181 Jersey national football team plays in the annual Muratti competition against the other Channel Islands 182 Rugby union in Jersey comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association JRA which is a member of the Rugby Football Union of England Jersey Reds compete in the English rugby union system 183 after four promotions in five seasons the last three of which were consecutive they competed in the second level RFU Championship in 2012 13 184 Jersey is an associate member of the International Cricket Council ICC 185 The Jersey cricket team plays in the Inter insular match as well as in ICC tournaments around the world in One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals For Horse racing Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St Ouen next to the ruins of Grosnez Castle 186 Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools AquaSplash St Helier 187 and Les Quennevais St Brelade 188 Swimming in the sea windsurfing and other marine sports are practised Jersey Swimming Club has organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years A round island swim is a major challenge the record for the swim is Ross Wisby who circumnavigated the island in 9 hours 26 minutes in 2015 189 The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in St Brelade 190 Two professional golfers from Jersey have won the Open Championship seven times between them Harry Vardon won six times and Ted Ray won once both around the turn of the 20th century Vardon and Ray also won the U S Open once each Harry Vardon s brother Tom Vardon had wins on various European tours Jersey Sport an independent body that promotes sports in Jersey and support clubs was launched in 2017 191 Languages Edit Until the 19th century indigenous Jerriais a variety of Norman was the language of the island though French was used for official business During the 20th century British cultural influence saw an intense language shift take place and Jersey today is predominantly English speaking 25 Jerriais nonetheless survives around 2 600 islanders three percent are thought to be habitual speakers and some 10 000 12 percent in all claim some knowledge of the language particularly amongst the elderly in rural parishes There have been efforts to revive Jerriais in schools 192 The dialects of Jerriais differ in phonology and to a lesser extent lexis between parishes with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east Many place names are in Jerriais and French and English place names are also to be found Anglicisation of the place names increased apace with the migration of English people to the island 193 Literature Edit Victor Hugo in exile 1850s Wace was a 12th century poet born in Jersey He is the earliest known Jersey writer authoring Roman de Brut and Roman de Rou among others Some believe him to be the earliest Jerriais writer and he is known as the founder of Jersey literature but the language in which he wrote is very different from modern Jerriais 194 As Jerriais was not an official language in Jersey it had no standard written form which meant that Jersey literature is very varied written in multiple forms of Jerriais alongside Standard English and French 12 Matthew Le Geyt was the first poet to publish in Jerriais after the introduction of printing to the island in the 18th century 13 Philippe Le Sueur Mourant wrote in Jerriais in the 19th century 14 Jerseyman George d la Forge is named the Guardian of the Jersey Norman Heritage Though he lived in America for most of his life he felt a strong attachment to Jersey and his native language His works were turned into books in the 1980s 16 After the failure of the 1848 revolution thirty nine French revolutionaries were exiled in Jersey including the famous French author Victor Hugo as Jersey s culture was closer to their native French 19 Gerald Durrell the famous zoologist who set up Jersey Zoo was also an author writing novels non fiction and children s books He was writing as a means to fund and further his conservation work 21 Education EditMain article Education in Jersey Education in the island is managed by the Department for Children Young People Education and Skills of the Government of Jersey The education system in Jersey is based on the English system Full time education is compulsory for children aged 5 to 16 195 Furthermore the Government provides limited pre school education free to parents 196 Jersey schools must teach the Jersey Curriculum which is based on the English National Curriculum with differences to account for Jersey s unique position 197 As of 2022 there are 24 States primary schools seven private primary or preparatory schools four comprehensive States secondary schools two fee paying States secondary schools two private secondary schools and one provided grammar school and sixth form 198 Furthermore Highlands College provides alternative post 16 and all post 18 education available on the island However higher education facilities are limited so many students study off island In the UK Jersey students pay the same rate as Home students 199 Environment EditDesignationsRamsar WetlandOfficial nameSouth East Coast of Jersey Channel IslandsDesignated10 November 2000Reference no 1043 200 Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest SSI Jersey has four designated Ramsar sites Les Pierres de Lecq Les Minquiers Les Ecrehous and Les Dirouilles and the south east coast of Jersey a large area of intertidal zone 201 Jersey is the home of the Jersey Zoo formerly known as the Durrell Wildlife Park 202 founded by the naturalist zookeeper and author Gerald Durrell Biodiversity Edit Four species of small mammal are considered native 203 the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus the Jersey bank vole Myodes glareolus caesarius the lesser white toothed shrew Crocidura suaveolens and the French shrew Sorex coronatus Three wild mammals are well established introductions the rabbit introduced in the mediaeval period the red squirrel and the hedgehog both introduced in the 19th century The stoat Mustela erminea became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000 The green lizard Lacerta bilineata is a protected species of reptile Jersey is its only native habitat in the British Isles 204 The red billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax became extinct in Jersey around 1900 when changes in farming and grazing practices led to a decline in the coastal slope habitat required by this species Birds on the Edge a project between the Government of Jersey Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and National Trust for Jersey is working to restore Jersey s coastal habitats and reinstate the red billed chough and other bird species to the island 205 Jersey is the only place in the British Isles where the agile frog Rana dalmatina is found 206 The remaining population of agile frogs on Jersey is very small and is restricted to the south west of the island The species is the subject of an ongoing programme to save it from extinction in Jersey via a collaboration between the Government of Jersey Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and Jersey Amphibian and Reptile Group JARG with support and sponsorship from several other organisations The programme includes captive breeding and release public awareness and habitat restoration activities 207 Trees generally considered native are the alder Alnus glutinosa silver birch Betula pendula sweet chestnut Castanea sativa hazel Corylus avellana hawthorn Crataegus monogyna beech Fagus sylvatica ash Fraxinus excelsior aspen Populus tremula wild cherry Prunus avium blackthorn Prunus spinosa holm oak Quercus ilex oak Quercus robur sallow Salix cinerea elder Sambucus nigra elm Ulmus spp and medlar Mespilus germanica Among notable introduced species the cabbage palm Cordyline australis has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens 208 Notable marine species 209 include the ormer conger bass undulate ray grey mullet ballan wrasse and garfish Marine mammals include the bottlenosed dolphin 210 and grey seal 211 Historically the island has given its name to a variety of overly large cabbage the Jersey cabbage also known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage 212 Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica is an invasive species that threatens Jersey s biodiversity 213 It is easily recognisable and has hollow stems with small white flowers that are produced in late summer 214 Other non native species on the island include the Colorado beetle burnet rose and oak processionary moth 213 Public services EditHealthcare Edit Main article Healthcare in Jersey Health services on the island are overseen by the Department for Health and Social Care Jersey does not have a nationalised health service and the service is not part of the National Health Service Many healthcare treatments are not free at the point of use however treatment in the accident and emergency department is free For residents prescriptions and some hospital treatments are free however GP services cost money 215 Emergency services Edit Emergency services 216 are provided by the States of Jersey Police with the support of the Honorary Police as necessary States of Jersey Ambulance Service 217 Jersey Fire and Rescue Service 218 and the Jersey Coastguard 219 The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters 220 The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade which had been formed in 1901 The first lifeboat was equipped funded by the States in 1830 The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884 221 Border security and customs controls are undertaken by the States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service Jersey has adopted the 112 emergency number alongside its existing 999 emergency number 222 Supply services Edit Water supplies in Jersey are managed by Jersey Water Jersey Water supply water from two water treatment works around 7 2 billion litres in 2018 Water in Jersey is almost exclusively from rainfall dependent surface water The water is collected and stored in six reservoirs and there is also a desalination plant that produces up to 10 8 million litres per day around half of the Island s average daily usage In 2017 101 water pollution incidents were reported an increase of 5 on 2016 Another estimated 515 700 m3 of water is abstracted for domestic purposes from private sources around 9 of the population 223 Electricity in Jersey is provided by a sole supplier Jersey Electricity of which the States of Jersey is the majority shareholder 224 Jersey imports 95 per cent of its power from France 225 35 of the imported power derives from hydro electric sources and 65 from nuclear sources Jersey Electricity claims the carbon intensity of its electricity supply is 35g CO2 e kWh compared to 352g CO2 e kWh in the UK 226 Notable people EditMain article List of people from JerseySee also EditBibliography of Jersey Geology of Jersey Jersey Post Jersey Telecom Haut de la Garenne Living Legend attraction Outline of Jersey Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey Transport in Jersey Victoria College Jersey United Kingdom Crown Dependencies Customs UnionNotes Edit St Helier is the de facto capital of Jersey being the seat of the island s government however Government House the official royal residence of the island is located in Saint Saviour The largest settlement on Jersey is in fact made up of parts of various parishes and is often referred to as town by islanders Jersey does not have a de jure official language but these are the permitted languages in the island s parliament the States Assembly P 4 2018 Jerriais Optional use in the States Chamber PDF States of Jersey Greffe 15 January 2018 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Article 355 5 c TFEU states the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972 Geographically it is not part of the British Isles As of 15 October 2006 the States of Jersey indicates that the island is situated only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 140 km south of England References Edit Anthem for Jersey Government of Jersey Bulletin 2 Place of birth ethnicity length of residency marital status Government of Jersey Retrieved 13 August 2022 Jersey Annual Social Survey 2015 PDF States of Jersey p 8 Retrieved 2 December 2015 a b c d e f g h Jersey in Figures 2013 booklet PDF Government of Jersey Retrieved 1 January 2015 a b First Census Results Published 13 April 2022 Retrieved 13 April 2022 Measuring Jersey s Economy PDF Government of Jersey 28 September 2016 Retrieved 28 January 2018 a b National accounts GVA and GDP Statistics Jersey 2019 Retrieved 4 January 2021 Gini Index coefficient CIA World Factbook Retrieved 16 July 2021 Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index PDF United Nations ESCAP February 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 5 October 2011 Definition What is a country Worlddata info Retrieved 25 February 2022 Constitution and citizenship Government of Jersey Island Identity Retrieved 18 July 2022 The Board concluded that Jersey is accurately described as a Country or even as a Small Island Nation and as such has a distinct international character This has been agreed with the UK and by constitutional experts and in 2007 the Lord Chancellor and Chief Minister signed an agreement entitled Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey which also acknowledges that Jersey s international identity is different from that of the UK However legally speaking the term identity has no defined meaning the appropriate term for a country is personality and this report adopts that usage throughout when describing how we are viewed internationally a b Facts about Jersey Government of Jersey a b Where is Jersey Jersey Tourism Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 Retrieved 15 October 2006 a b Facts about Jersey Government of Jersey Retrieved 18 April 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Les Ecrehous amp Les Dirouilles Jersey Ramsar Sites Information Service Retrieved 25 April 2018 a b Les Minquiers Jersey Ramsar Sites Information Service Retrieved 25 April 2018 Les Pierres de Lecq Ramsar Sites Information Service Retrieved 25 April 2018 COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS PDF Government of Jersey Retrieved 8 December 2012 a b Crown Dependencies Royal gov uk 4 June 2018 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Committee European Union 23 March 2017 Brexit the Crown Dependencies PDF Report House of Lords Archived from the original PDF on 27 April 2021 Retrieved 6 May 2021 Summary first sentence Paragraph 4 a b Mut Bosque Maria May 2020 The sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era Island Studies Journal 15 1 151 168 doi 10 24043 isj 114 a b Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey PDF Government of Jersey Retrieved 12 September 2013 Civil Unreported Templates Statesassembly gov je Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 Retrieved 31 May 2011 Understanding the curriculum Government of Jersey 30 November 2015 a b Facts about Jersey Government of Jersey 30 November 2015 a b Minahan James 2000 One Europe Many Nations A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups Greenwood Publishing Group p 349 ISBN 978 0 313 30984 7 via Google Books a b Quayle T 1815 A general view of the agriculture and present state of the islands on the coast of Normandy London Board of Agriculture p 48 a b Island Identity Interim Report PDF Government of Jersey Island Identity Policy Development Board 11 May 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Dominique Fournier Wikimanche Marguerite Syvret Joan Stevens 1998 Balleine s History of Jersey La Societe Jersiaise ISBN 1 86077 065 7 The Duke of York s Release to John Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret 24th of June 1664 avalon law yale edu 18 December 1998 Retrieved 22 September 2011 So what s all this stuff about Nova Caesarea avalon law yale edu Retrieved 22 September 2011 Antonine Itinerary fourth century History of stamps Jersey Post Archived from the original on 8 May 2006 Retrieved 6 October 2006 Everett Heath John The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names Oxford University Press via www oxfordreference com Lepelley Rene 1999 Noms de lieux de Normandie et des iles Anglo Normandes Paris Bonneton ISBN 2862532479 Old Norse Words in the Norman Dialect Viking Network Archived from the original on 15 November 2018 Retrieved 30 August 2016 a b Kelleher John D 1991 The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey Thesis S l typescript Cunliffe Barry 1994 The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0198143850 Countryside Character Appraisal Character Area A1 North Coast Heathland States of Jersey Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 Retrieved 6 October 2006 a b c d e f g h i Syvret Marguerite 2011 Balleine s History of Jersey The History Press ISBN 978 1860776502 ST HELIER THE MAN AND THE MYTH members societe jersiaise org Retrieved 17 March 2022 a b Lempiere Raoul 1976 Customs Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands Great Britain Robert Hale ISBN 0 7091 5731 2 Ommer Rosemary E 1991 From Outpost to Outport McGill Queen s University Press pp 13 14 ISBN 0 7735 0730 2 Weeks Daniel J 1 May 2001 Not for Filthy Lucre s Sake Lehigh University Press p 45 ISBN 0 934223 66 1 Cochrane Willard W 30 September 1993 The Development of American Agriculture University of Minnesota Press p 18 ISBN 0 8166 2283 3 1781 The Battle Of Jersey Jersey Heritage 5 July 2021 Retrieved 18 March 2022 Bunting Madeleine 1995 The Model Occupation London Harper Collins p 21 ISBN 0002552426 Bellows Tony What was the Occupation and why is Liberation Day celebrated in the Channel Islands Societe Jersiaise Retrieved 18 August 2013 Bunting 1995 pp 151 154 Meddick Simon Payne Liz Catz Phil 2020 Red Lives Communists and the Struggle for Socialism UK Manifesto Press Cooperative Limited pp 122 123 ISBN 978 1 907464 45 4 House of Commons Justice Committee 23 March 2010 Crown dependencies PDF Vol 8th Report of Session 2009 10 London The Stationery Office ISBN 978 0 215 55334 8 Archived from the original PDF on 25 July 2017 Retrieved 1 September 2017 Brexit Information Report PDF Report Jersey States Greffe 27 June 2016 Retrieved 6 January 2021 Jersey Law Review Le Rouai Nouot Duc Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 Retrieved 12 October 2014 Public Hearing Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers PDF 20 July 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 12 August 2011 Office of the Lieutenant Governor Lieutenant Governor Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 Retrieved 22 August 2011 Royal Commission on the Constitution 1969 1973 1973 Report Vol Part XI of Volume 1 London States of Jersey Miscellaneous Provisions Law 2011 Jerseylaw je 2 August 2011 Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 12 September 2013 a b Shaxson N 2011 Treasure islands Tax havens and the men who stole the world London The Bodley Head Express Bailiwick Politicians bat away last ditch attempt to save Senators Bailiwick Express Retrieved 22 April 2021 States of Jersey Law 2005 Article 1 Jerseylaw je 5 May 2006 Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2013 States of Jersey Law 2005 Article 3 Jerseylaw je 5 May 2006 Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2013 a b Gindill J n d The Role of the Office of Bailiff The Need for Reform University of Durham Council of Ministers adopts Government of Jersey identity Government of Jersey Retrieved 9 February 2019 States of Jersey Law 2005 Article 18 Jerseylaw je 5 May 2006 Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2013 States of Jersey Law 2005 Article 24 Jerseylaw je 5 May 2006 Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2013 States of Jersey Official Report 3 May 2011 5 1 Statement by the Chief Minister regarding the appointment of a new Chief Executive to the Council of Ministers a b c Legislation Committee 2001 R 2001 120 THE WORKING PARTY ON PARISH ASSEMBLIES REPORT Presented to the States 4 December 2001 States Greffe gov je Accessed 18 March 2022 Collins of Mapesbury Lord More McLean Briggs Harris McLachlan 2010 Dicey Morris amp Collins on the Conflict of Laws 14th ed London Sweet amp Maxwell ISBN 978 1 84703 461 8 See generally S Nicolle 2009 The Origin and Development of Jersey law an Outline Guide 5th ed St Helier Jersey and Guernsey Law Review ISBN 978 0 9557611 3 3 and Study Guide on Jersey Legal System and Constitutional Law Jersey Institute of Law Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 Hanson T 2005 THE LANGUAGE OF THE LAW THE IMPORTANCE OF FRENCH The Jersey Law Review June 2005 The Royal Court Jersey Courts Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 Meet our new foreign minister This Is Jersey Thisisjersey com Archived from the original on 17 January 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2013 A new role of great importance Thisisjersey com 17 January 2011 Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 Retrieved 12 September 2013 TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS TIEAs PDF Government of Jersey Retrieved 6 November 2011 Jersey threatens to break with UK over tax backlash The Guardian 26 June 2012 Retrieved 21 January 2021 The Office Bureau des Iles Anglo Normandes Retrieved 21 January 2021 Government of Jersey London Office Representing Jersey in the UK Government of Jersey London Office 27 March 2017 Retrieved 21 January 2021 Channel Islands Brussels Office CIBO Channel Islands Brussels Office CIBO Retrieved 21 January 2021 Jersey British Irish Council 7 December 2011 Retrieved 17 March 2022 States of Jersey www cpahq org Retrieved 17 March 2022 Jersey Assemblee Parlementaire de la Francophonie APF in French Retrieved 17 March 2022 Targett Tania 23 June 2018 Independence may be only option if Brexit deal is bad jerseyeveningpost com Retrieved 21 January 2021 COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS PDF States of Jersey Retrieved 8 December 2012 Jersey Independence Not Government Policy Channel 103 Retrieved 21 January 2021 Council of Ministers 27 June 2008 Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group PDF States Greffe Retrieved 16 March 2022 France threatens to cut power to Jersey amid fishing row BBC News 4 May 2021 Retrieved 5 May 2021 EUR Lex 61996J0171 EN European Court reports 1998 Page I 04607 States of Jersey Brexit Report PDF Report 31 January 2017 p 7 This Map of the Island of Jersey divided into Parishes and Vingtaines AO0398 Archive Item Ordnance Survey Collection Historic England historicengland org uk Retrieved 18 March 2022 Ascent of Jersey High Point on 2009 09 12 Peakbagger com Retrieved 23 June 2012 Sources vary on the elevation of Les Platons Its height is often listed at 143 m as well as 136 m a b Jersey Size and land cover of Jersey Government of Jersey Retrieved 10 December 2020 About Nine by Five Media Medium Retrieved 18 March 2022 Les Platons Jersey Channel Islands UK mountain Guide Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2020 The Minquiers and Ecrehous in spatial context Contemporary issues and cross perspectives on border islands reefs and rocks ResearchGate Retrieved 18 March 2022 Willie Miller Urban Design 2005 strategic context in St Helier Urban Character Appraisal Jersey Census 2001 Chapter 2 Population Characteristics PDF States of Jersey Retrieved 15 November 2018 Archives and collections online Jersey Heritage Retrieved 18 March 2022 Les Quennevais www active je Retrieved 18 March 2022 A Framework for a Sustainable Transport System 2020 2030 Government of Jersey Retrieved 18 March 2022 Jersey House Price Index Q4 2020 Government of Jersey a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link CIA The World Factbook Jersey Central Intelligence Agency 5 October 2006 Retrieved 7 October 2006 Jersey records hottest ever day as temperatures top 36 C Jersey Evening Post 18 July 2022 Retrieved 18 July 2022 Climate statistics Government of Jersey gov je Retrieved 20 March 2022 Gibbons Brett 7 March 2022 Jersey is sunniest place in British Isles with 342 hours more than closest rival WalesOnline Retrieved 20 March 2022 Isles of Scilly turn heat on Jersey over warmest place in Britain claim The Guardian 10 April 2011 Retrieved 20 March 2022 Jersey Climate Normals 1981 2010 Met Office May 2015 Retrieved 8 May 2015 Jersey Climate Extremes Voodoo Skies October 2015 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 8 October 2015 Benefits and financial support Government of Jersey Retrieved 5 January 2021 Government of Jersey GVA 2019 Government of Jersey Retrieved 11 December 2020 Cost of Living in Jersey www numbeo com Retrieved 28 February 2022 Garcia Bernardo Javier Fichtner Jan Takes Frank W Heemskerk Eelke M 24 July 2017 Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network Scientific Reports 7 1 6246 arXiv 1703 03016 Bibcode 2017NatSR 7 6246G doi 10 1038 s41598 017 06322 9 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 5524793 PMID 28740120 The Economic Contribution of Tourism to Jersey PDF Tourism Economics 2017 Island achieves Fairtrade status BBC News 24 February 2005 Retrieved 6 October 2006 Davenport Philippa 20 May 2006 Jersey s cash cow Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 7 October 2006 Witmer Jason 11 June 2004 CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass based organic dairies The Rodale Institute Retrieved 7 October 2006 States of Guernsey Channel Islands Lottery 13 August 2011 Archived from the original on 13 August 2011 Retrieved 1 November 2021 a b Moving to Jersey Money and tax Government of Jersey Retrieved 12 February 2021 a b EU to close LVCR loophole completely jerseyeveningpost com Archived from the original on 14 January 2021 Retrieved 12 January 2021 Taxation EU list of non cooperative jurisdictions www consilium europa eu Retrieved 6 May 2021 Bailiwick Express WATCH Jersey in EU s sights in plan to tighten tax haven blacklist Bailiwick Express Retrieved 6 May 2021 View 2020 results fsi taxjustice net Retrieved 6 May 2021 Corporate Tax Haven Index 2021 cthi taxjustice net Retrieved 6 May 2021 Registered vehicles FOI Government of Jersey Retrieved 10 December 2020 Lamy M 2019 Weekender Jersey s Green Lanes cycle February March 2019 Villeneuve Smith Frank 2018 Practical bus franchising the Jersey model HCT Group hctgroup com Retrieved 23 May 2022 EVie Electric mobility on demand in Jersey EVie A brief history of Ports of Jersey www ports je Retrieved 10 December 2020 Department of the Official Report Hansard House of Lords 6 December 2001 Lords Hansard text for 6 Dec 2001 211206 28 Publications parliament uk Retrieved 31 May 2011 Jersey approve Bitcoin fund launch on island BBC News Retrieved 10 July 2014 Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1 Population characteristics PDF States of Jersey April 2022 a b Jersey Census 2021 Bulletin 1 Population characteristics PDF States of Jersey April 2022 a b Le Feuvre David 1994 JERSEY Not quite British Jersey Seaflower Books British Nationality Act 1981 Legislation UK Acts Office of Public Sector Information Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 Retrieved 14 September 2009 the Islands means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man the United Kingdom means Great Britain Northern Ireland and the Islands taken together Torrance David 20 June 2022 The Crown Dependencies PDF Report House of Commons Research Library Retrieved 16 November 2022 Government of Jersey GovJersey 15 June 2020 Islanders who apply for a passport will start to be issued the new blue Jersey variant British passport from this week Tweet via Twitter Jersey Citizens Advice Passports 2 7 1 www cab org je Retrieved 30 January 2021 gov je Summary Policy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 7 April 2016 Retrieved 7 April 2020 gov je Migration Monitoring and Regulation PDF Archived from the original PDF on 19 March 2016 Retrieved 7 April 2020 Visas entry clearances work permit issue Home Affairs Customs amp Immigration Immigration States of Jersey Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 Retrieved 14 September 2009 Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area United Kingdom Republic of Ireland Channel Islands and the Isle of Man will pass through an Immigration control Moving to Jersey Customs and immigration Government of Jersey Retrieved 30 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Citizensinformation ie Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom www citizensinformation ie Retrieved 30 January 2021 gov je Immigration Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 Retrieved 7 April 2020 Department of the Official Report Hansard House of Lords Answer by Parliamentary Under Secretary of State Home Office Lord West of Spithead in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010 Publications parliament uk Retrieved 31 May 2011 Residential and employment statuses and what they mean Government of Jersey Retrieved 30 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c d Boleat Mark 2014 Jersey s population a history PDF Retrieved 18 March 2022 Johnson Henry 2016 Encountering Urbanization on Jersey Development Sustainability and Spatiality in a Small Island Setting Urban Island Studies Saint Helier Saint Helyi Saint Helier Archived March 11 2006 at the Wayback Machine a b About Deanery of Jersey Retrieved 17 March 2022 Channel Islands to move Church of England diocese BBC News 9 October 2019 Retrieved 17 March 2022 Churches Deanery of Jersey Retrieved 17 March 2022 a b Jersey Annual Social Survey 2015 PDF States of Jersey p 8 Retrieved 2 December 2015 The Jersey Battle of Flowers Jersey Battle of Flowers Association 2005 Archived from the original on 25 August 2006 Retrieved 15 October 2006 La Fete de Noue Archived from the original on 22 December 2010 Retrieved 18 September 2011 La Fais sie d Cidre Archived from the original on 12 October 2011 Retrieved 18 September 2011 About Jersey International Air Display Retrieved 18 March 2022 The Weekender Festival Jersey Events JerseyTravel com www jerseytravel com Retrieved 18 March 2022 About Us Jersey Evening Post Retrieved 18 March 2022 Band of the Island of Jersey Archived from the original on 7 September 2011 Retrieved 18 September 2011 Kennedy Peter 1975 Folksongs of Britain and Ireland London Cassell Jersey Times Almanac amp Directory 26 January 1907 Sweeting Adam 5 January 2016 Guru Josh obituary The Guardian Retrieved 23 February 2019 The 50 greatest Kylie Minogue singles of all time ranked The Tab UK 20 January 2022 Retrieved 26 May 2022 The Nerina Pallot penned Better Than Today sounds like if Kylie decided to lay vocals down on a MIKA and Scissor Sisters lovechild track It s camp as hell brimming with positivity and a Stuart Price production that s difficult not to fall completely in love with Ten summer music events in Jersey Inspiration Visit Jersey 7 June 2021 Retrieved 26 May 2022 Theatre in Jersey attractions Visit Jersey 1 September 2021 Retrieved 26 May 2022 When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad The Washington Post Retrieved 2 March 2022 British actress Lillie Langtry became the world s first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap Lillie Langtry British actress Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 3 March 2022 The Girl from Jersey lillielangtry com Retrieved 30 May 2008 Dudley Ernest 1958 The Gilded Lily London Oldhams Press pp 219 20 Bisson Mike 7 December 2021 Cinema Jerripedia Retrieved 18 March 2022 Historic Document Reference HE0024 Mygov je Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Former Odeon Cinema Building sold to Freedom Church Jersey Archived from the original on 2 December 2012 Branchage Film Festival Archived from the original on 15 September 2011 Retrieved 18 September 2011 a b Jersey Food and Recipes www i love jersey co uk Retrieved 18 March 2022 Market Prospects for Channel Island milk Milk Development Council 18 January 2010 Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 Retrieved 3 May 2012 About Us Jersey Royals Genuine New Potatoes Retrieved 18 March 2022 La Mare Wine Estate Retrieved 28 August 2013 Double vodka on the Rock Jersey Evening Post 1 June 2013 Archived from the original on 10 September 2013 Retrieved 28 August 2013 Most Popular Traditional Food in the Channel Islands www tasteatlas com Retrieved 18 March 2022 Island Games Jersey 2015 Bid Home Jersey2015 com Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 Retrieved 26 April 2012 JFA Combination League fulltime thefa com Retrieved 20 March 2022 Muratti Vase www rsssf com Retrieved 20 March 2022 Jersey Rugby Football Club Jrfc je Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2012 Pryor Tim 23 April 2012 Jersey promoted The rise and rise of an island side BBC Radio Jersey BBC Sport Retrieved 13 May 2012 International Cricket Council www icc cricket com Retrieved 20 March 2022 Our History Jersey Race Club Retrieved 20 March 2022 Welcome AquaSplash www aquasplash je Retrieved 20 March 2022 Les Quennevais Active je www active je Retrieved 20 March 2022 Swims to take part in Jersey Long Distance Swimming Club Retrieved 20 March 2022 About Royal Channel Islands Yacht Club Retrieved 20 March 2022 New body to promote sport jerseyeveningpost com Archived from the original on 23 April 2019 Retrieved 23 April 2019 States of Jersey 26 April 2021 New Jerriais Cross Curricular Course Launched in Schools Alentou d Jerri Around Jersey gov je Retrieved 18 March 2022 A BRIEF HISTORY OF NAME CALLING RURAL 29 March 2021 Retrieved 18 March 2022 Definition What is a country Worlddata info Retrieved 25 February 2022 Education Jersey Law 1999 www jerseylaw je Retrieved 2 January 2021 Free early learning for your child Government of Jersey Retrieved 2 January 2021 Understanding the curriculum Government of Jersey Retrieved 19 February 2022 List of primary schools gov je Information and public services for the Island of Jersey List of secondary schools gov je Information and public services for the Island of Jersey Islanders to pay same university fees as UK counterparts ITV News 18 January 2021 Retrieved 9 March 2021 South East Coast of Jersey Channel Islands Ramsar Sites Information Service Retrieved 25 April 2018 Protected Coastlines Ramsar Government of Jersey 2016 Retrieved 28 June 2016 Time to be a zoo again Durrell Species Based Research Projects The Jersey Mammal Survey Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 Retrieved 7 April 2020 Biodiversity Action Plan PDF Archived from the original PDF on 7 April 2016 Retrieved 7 April 2020 Birds on the Edge Project Retrieved 28 June 2016 Agile frog protection plans Government of Jersey 2016 Retrieved 28 June 2016 Agile frog Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 Retrieved 28 June 2016 Trees in Jersey The Jersey Association of Men of the Trees Jersey 1997 ISBN 0 9530979 0 0 A Z of Fish Jersey com 21 August 2008 Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 Retrieved 31 May 2011 Keithspaper PDF 19 March 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 19 March 2016 Marine Biodiversity PDF gov je 19 March 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 19 March 2016 Giant cabbage Jersey Evening Post Jerseyeveningpost com Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 Retrieved 3 June 2014 a b Barnsley S Cary E Pienkowski M Wensink C 2016 Measures of performance by 2016 of UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies in implementing the 2001 Environment Charters or their equivalents and moving towards the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Targets PDF First ed UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum pp 97 480 ISBN 978 1 911097 03 7 Retrieved 5 July 2016 Japanese knotweed Government of Jersey Retrieved 5 July 2016 Moving to Jersey Healthcare Government of Jersey Retrieved 25 February 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Emergency services Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 Contacts Government of Jersey Retrieved 31 May 2011 Jersey Fire and Rescue Service Gov je Retrieved 31 May 2011 Jersey Coastguard Portofjersey je Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 Retrieved 31 May 2011 Ivor Bisson 3 February 2011 CI Air Search Home page Ci airsearch com Retrieved 31 May 2011 St Helier History Rnli org uk 14 December 1982 Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 Retrieved 12 July 2012 Emergency Department Government of Jersey Retrieved 18 March 2022 Water statistics Government of Jersey Retrieved 14 December 2020 Key facts www jec co uk Jersey Electricity Retrieved 14 December 2020 Lough Richard MacAskill Andrew 6 May 2021 British navy dispatched as France threatens retaliation over fishing rights Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 6 May 2021 The stats behind the network a review of Jersey Electricity in numbers over the past 12 months www jec co uk Jersey Electricity Retrieved 14 December 2020 Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of Jersey Balleine s History of Jersey Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens 1998 ISBN 1 86077 065 7 Jersey Through the Centuries Leslie Sinel Jersey 1984 ISBN 0 86120 003 9 A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey G R BalleineArchaeology Edit The Archaeology of the Channel Islands Vol 2 The Bailiwick of Jersey by Jacquetta Hawkes 1939 The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe to the Mycenean Age 1940 C F C Hawkes Jersey in Prehistory Mark Patton 1987 The Archaeology and Early History of the Channel Islands Heather Sebire 2005 Dolmens of Jersey A Guide James Hibbs 1988 A Guide to The Dolmens of Jersey Peter Hunt Societe Jersiaise 1998 Statements in Stone Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany Mark Patton 1993 Hougue Bie Mark Patton Warwick Rodwell Olga Finch 1999 The Channel Islands An Archaeological Guide David Johnston 1981 The Archaeology of the Channel Islands Peter Johnston 1986Cattle Edit One Hundred Years of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society 1833 1933 Compiled from the Society s Records by H G Shepard Secretary Eric J Boston Jersey Cattle 1954Religion Edit The Channel Islands under Tudor Government A J Eagleston Reformation and Society in Guernsey D M Ogier International Politics and the Establishment of Presbyterianism in the Channel Islands The Coutances Connection C S L Davies Religion History and G R Balleine The Reformation in Jersey by J St John Nicolle The Pilot Magazine The Reformation in Jersey The Process of Change over Two centuries J St John Nicolle The Chroniques de Jersey in the light of contemporary documents BSJ AJ Eagleston The Portrait of Richard Mabon BSJ Joan StevensExternal links EditJersey at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata gov je Official Government of Jersey website Visit Jersey Government owned tourism website Jerripedia Online history and family history encyclopedia Vote je Elections in Jersey Jersey The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Locate Jersey Jersey from the BBC News Jersey Evening Post Prehistoric Jersey JerseyShops co uk Archived 3 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine local retailers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jersey amp oldid 1132739927, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.