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Wikipedia

Pitcairn Islands

March 14, 2023

"Pitcairn" redirects here. For other uses, see Pitcairn (disambiguation).

The Pitcairn Islands (/ˈpɪtkɛərn/;[3] Pitkern: Pitkern Ailen), officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands,[4][5][6][7] is a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands—Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno—are scattered across several hundred miles of ocean and have a combined land area of about 18 square miles (47 km2). Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva (of French Polynesia) at 688 km to the west and Easter Island at 1,929 km to the east.

Pitcairn Islands
Pitkern Ailen (Pitcairn-Norfolk)
British Overseas Territory
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands

Flag

Coat of arms
Anthem: "God Save the King"
Local anthem: "Come Ye Blessed"
Map showing location of the Pitcairn Islands (circled at the lower-right and magnified in an inset)
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Settlement15 January 1790
British colony30 November 1838
Capital
and largest settlement
Adamstown
25°04′S 130°06′W / 25.067°S 130.100°W / -25.067; -130.100
Official languages
Ethnic groups
Pitcairn Islanders
Demonym(s)
  • Pitcairn Islanders
  • Pitkern
  • Pitcairnese
GovernmentDevolved locally governing dependency
Charles III
• Governor
Iona Thomas
Fiona Kilpatrick & Steve Townsend (Joint Administrators)
• Mayor
Simon Young
Charles Blackie
LegislatureIsland Council
UK Government representation
• Minister for Overseas Territories
Zac Goldsmith
Area
• Total
47 km2 (18 sq mi) (not ranked)
• Water (%)
0
Highest elevation
330 m (1,080 ft)
Population
• 2021 estimate
47[1] (last)
• Density
1/km2 (2.6/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP (nominal)2005 estimate
• Total
NZ$217,000[2]
• Per capita
NZ$4,617.02
CurrencyNew Zealand dollar (NZ$)[a] (NZD)
Time zoneUTC-08:00
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideleft
Calling code+64
UK postcode
PCRN 1xx
ISO 3166 codePN
Internet TLD.pn
Websitehttps://www.government.pn/
^ The Pitcairn Islands dollar is also official legal tender, although it does not circulate as widely.

The Pitcairn Islanders are a biracial ethnic group descended mostly from nine Bounty mutineers and a handful of Tahitian consorts—as is still apparent from the surnames of many of the islanders. The mutiny and its aftermath have been the subject of many books and films. As of January 2020, the territory had only 47 permanent inhabitants.[8]

History

Main article: History of the Pitcairn Islands
 
West side of the Pitcairn Islands
 
Pitcairn landing
 
Adamstown, the only settlement on the Islands

Polynesian settlement and extinction

The earliest known settlers of the Pitcairn Islands were Polynesians who appear to have lived on Pitcairn and Henderson, and on Mangareva Island 540 kilometres (340 mi) to the northwest, for several centuries from at least the 11th century.[9] They traded goods and formed social ties among the three islands despite the long canoe voyages between them, which helped the small populations on each island survive despite their limited resources. Eventually, important natural resources were exhausted, inter-island trade broke down and a period of civil war began on Mangareva, causing the small human populations on Henderson and Pitcairn to be cut off and eventually to become extinct.

Although archaeologists believe that Polynesians were living on Pitcairn as late as the 15th century,[9] the islands were uninhabited when they were rediscovered by Europeans.[10]

European arrival

Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queirós came upon Ducie and Henderson Islands while sailing for the Spanish Crown, arriving on 26 January 1606. He named them La Encarnación ("The Incarnation") and San Juan Bautista ("Saint John the Baptist"), respectively. However, some sources express doubt about exactly which of the islands were visited and named by Queirós, suggesting that La Encarnación may actually have been Henderson Island, and San Juan Bautista may have been Pitcairn Island.[11]

Pitcairn Island was sighted on 3 July 1767 by the crew of the British sloop HMS Swallow, commanded by Captain Philip Carteret. The island was named after midshipman Robert Pitcairn, a 15-year-old crew member who was the first to sight the island. Robert Pitcairn was a son of British Marine Major John Pitcairn, who was later killed at the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill in the American War of Independence.

Carteret, who sailed without the newly invented marine chronometer, charted the island at 25°02′S 133°21′W / 25.033°S 133.350°W / -25.033; -133.350, and although the latitude was reasonably accurate, his recorded longitude was incorrect by about 3°, putting his coordinates 330 km (210 mi) to the west of the actual island. This made Pitcairn difficult to find, as highlighted by the failure of captain James Cook to locate the island in July 1773.[12][13]

European settlement

 
The mutineers turning Bligh and some of the officers and crew adrift from HMS Bounty on 29 April 1789.
Further information: HMS Bounty and Mutiny on the Bounty

In 1790, nine of the mutineers from the Bounty, along with the native Tahitian men and women who were with them (six men, 11 women, and a baby girl), settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to the Bounty. The inhabitants of the island were well aware of the Bounty's location, which is still visible underwater in Bounty Bay, but the wreckage gained significant attention in 1957 when documented by National Geographic explorer Luis Marden. Although the settlers survived by farming and fishing, the initial period of settlement was marked by serious tensions among them. Alcoholism, murder, disease and other ills took the lives of most mutineers and Tahitian men. John Adams and Ned Young turned to the scriptures, using the ship's Bible as their guide for a new and peaceful society. Young eventually died of an asthmatic infection.

Ducie Island was rediscovered in 1791 by Royal Navy captain Edwards aboard HMS Pandora, while searching for the Bounty mutineers. He named it after Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie, also a captain in the Royal Navy.

The Pitcairn islanders reported it was not until 27 December 1795 that the first ship since the Bounty was seen from the island, but it did not approach the land and they could not make out the nationality. A second ship appeared in 1801, but made no attempt to communicate with them. A third came sufficiently near to see their house, but did not try to send a boat on shore. Finally, the American sealing ship Topaz, under Mayhew Folger, became the first to visit the island, when the crew spent ten hours on Pitcairn in February 1808.[14] Whalers subsequently became regular visitors to the island. The last recorded whaler to visit was the James Arnold in 1888.[15]

 
View of Pitcairn's Island, South Seas, 1814, J. Shillibeer

A report of Folger's discovery was forwarded to the Admiralty, mentioning the mutineers and giving a more precise location of the island: 25°02′S 130°00′W / 25.033°S 130.000°W / -25.033; -130.000.[16] However, this was not known to Sir Thomas Staines, who commanded a Royal Navy flotilla of two ships, HMS Briton and HMS Tagus, which found the island at 25°04′S 130°25′W / 25.067°S 130.417°W / -25.067; -130.417 (by meridian observation) on 17 September 1814. Staines sent a party ashore and wrote a detailed report for the Admiralty.[17][18][19][20] By that time, only one mutineer, John Adams, remained alive. He was granted amnesty for his part in the mutiny.[17]

Henderson Island was rediscovered on 17 January 1819 by British Captain James Henderson of the British East India Company ship Hercules.[21] Captain Henry King, sailing on Elizabeth, landed on 2 March to find the king's colours already flying. His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree. Oeno Island was discovered on 26 January 1824 by American captain George Worth aboard the whaler Oeno.

In 1832, having tried and failed to petition the British government and the London Missionary Society, Joshua Hill, an American adventurer, arrived. He reported that by March 1833, he had founded a Temperance Society to combat drunkenness, a "Maundy Thursday Society", a monthly prayer meeting, a juvenile society, a Peace Society and a school.[22]

British colony

Main article: British Western Pacific Territories

Traditionally, Pitcairn Islanders consider that their islands officially became a British colony on 30 November 1838, at the same time becoming one of the first territories to extend voting rights to women. By the mid-1850s, the Pitcairn community was outgrowing the island; its leaders appealed to the British government for assistance, and were offered Norfolk Island. On 3 May 1856, the entire population of 193 people set sail for Norfolk on board the Morayshire, arriving on 8 June after a difficult five-week trip. However, just 18 months later, 17 of the Pitcairn Islanders returned to their home island, and another 27 followed five years later.[17]

HMS Thetis visited Pitcairn Island on 18 April 1881 and "found the people very happy and contented, and in perfect health". At that time the population was 96, an increase of six since the visit of Admiral de Horsey in September 1878. Stores had recently been delivered from friends in England, including two whale-boats and Portland cement, which was used to make the reservoir watertight. HMS Thetis gave the islanders 200 lb (91 kg) of biscuits, 100 lb (45 kg) of candles, and 100 lb of soap and clothing to the value of £31, donated by the ship's company. An American trading ship called Venus had in 1882 bestowed a supply of cotton seed, to provide the islanders with a crop for future trade.[23]

 
Pitcairn islanders, 1916

In 1886, the Seventh-day Adventist layman John Tay visited Pitcairn and persuaded most of the islanders to accept his faith. He returned in 1890 on the missionary schooner Pitcairn with an ordained minister to perform baptisms. Since then, the majority of Pitcairn Islanders have been Adventists.[24]

The islands of Henderson, Oeno and Ducie were annexed by Britain in 1902: Henderson on 1 July, Oeno on 10 July, and Ducie on 19 December.[11] In 1938, the three islands, along with Pitcairn, were incorporated into a single administrative unit called the "Pitcairn Group of Islands". The population peaked at 233 in 1937.[25] It has since decreased owing to emigration, primarily to Australia and New Zealand.[26]

Sexual abuse in modern times

Three cases of imprisonment for sex with underage girls were reported in the 1950s.[27]

In 1999, Gail Cox, a police officer from Kent, UK, served on a temporary assignment on Pitcairn, and began uncovering allegations of sexual abuse. When a 15-year-old girl decided to press rape charges in 1999, criminal proceedings (code-named "Operation Unique") were set in motion. The charges include 21 counts of rape, 41 of indecent assault, and two of gross indecency with a child under 14. Over the following two years, police officers in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom interviewed every woman who had lived on Pitcairn in the past 20 years, as well as all of the accused men. The file was held by Pitcairn's first Public Prosecutor Simon Moore, an Auckland Crown Solicitor appointed to the position by the British government for the purposes of the investigation.[28]

Australian Seventh-day Adventist pastor Neville Tosen, who spent two years on Pitcairn around the turn of the millennium, said that on his arrival, he had been taken aback by the conduct of the children, but he had not immediately realised what was happening. "I noticed worrying signs such as inexplicable mood swings," he said. "It took me three months to realise they were being abused." Tosen tried to bring the matter before the Island Council (the legislative body which doubles as the island's court), but was rebuffed. One councillor told him, "Look, the age of consent has always been 12 and it doesn't hurt them."[29]

A study of island records confirmed anecdotal evidence that most girls bore their first child between the ages of 12 and 15. "I think the girls were conditioned to accept that it was a man's world and once they turned 12, they were eligible," Tosen said. Mothers and grandmothers were resigned to the situation, telling him that their own childhood experience had been the same; they regarded it as just a part of life on Pitcairn. One grandmother wondered what all the fuss was about. Tosen was convinced, however, that the early sexual experience was very damaging to the girls, outright stating, "They can't settle or form solid relationships. They did suffer, no doubt about it."[29][30]

In 2016, Mike Warren, Pitcairn mayor from 2008 to 2013, was convicted and sentenced to 20 months imprisonment for possession of child pornography.[31][32]

Sexual assault trials of 2004

Main article: Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004

In 2004, charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad. This accounted for nearly a third of the male population, and half of the island's adult males. After extensive trials, most of the men were convicted, some with multiple counts of sexual encounters with children.[33] On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including Steve Christian, the island's mayor at the time.[34][35][36] In 2004, the islanders had about 20 firearms among them, which they surrendered ahead of the sexual assault trials.[37] After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley.[38][39] The men began serving their sentences in late 2006. By 2010, all had served their sentences or been granted home detention status.[40]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Pitcairn Islands

The Pitcairn Islands form the southeasternmost extension of the geological archipelago of the Tuamotus of French Polynesia, and consist of four islands: Pitcairn Island, Oeno Island (atoll with five islets, one of which is Sandy Island), Henderson Island and Ducie Island (atoll with four islets).

The Pitcairn Islands were formed by a centre of upwelling magma called the Pitcairn hotspot. Pitcairn Island is a volcanic remnant primarily formed of tuff, where the north side of the cone has been eroded.[9] Pitcairn is the only permanently inhabited island. Adamstown, the main settlement on the island, lies within the volcanic basin.[9] Pitcairn is accessible only by boat through Bounty Bay, due to the island's steep cliffs.[9] Henderson Island, covering about 86% of the territory's total land area and supporting a rich variety of animals in its nearly inaccessible interior, is also capable of supporting a small human population despite its scarce fresh water, but access is difficult, owing to its outer shores being steep limestone cliffs covered by sharp coral. In 1988, this island was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site.[41] The other islands are at a distance of more than 100 km (62 mi) and are not habitable.

Pitcairn Island has no permanent water source; however, the island has three seasonal semi-permanent springs.[9]

† Includes reef flat and lagoon of the atolls.

  •  

    View from the east side of Pitcairn Island

  •  

    Satellite photo of Pitcairn Island

  •  

    Map of the Pitcairn Islands

  •  

    View of Bounty Bay

Climate

 
Geodesy operations on the Pitcairn Islands
Main article: Climate of the Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn is located just south of the Tropic of Capricorn and experiences year-round warm weather.

Climate data for Pitcairn Island (1972-2004)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.3
(88.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		33.3
(91.9)
Average high °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.1
(79.0) 		24.6
(76.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.2
(73.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		20.9
(69.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.6
(67.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.0
(69.9)
Average low °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.6
(61.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		18.9
(66.0)
Record low °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.0
(50.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 96.5
(3.80) 		132.7
(5.22) 		107.8
(4.24) 		114.8
(4.52) 		111.9
(4.41) 		152.8
(6.02) 		139.0
(5.47) 		131.6
(5.18) 		134.5
(5.30) 		143.0
(5.63) 		120.4
(4.74) 		157.7
(6.21) 		1,542.7
(60.74)
Source 1: NOAA[42]
Source 2: KNMI (precipitation)[43]


Flora

About nine plant species are thought to occur only on Pitcairn. These include tapau, formerly an important timber resource, and the giant nehe fern. Some, such as red berry (Coprosma rapensis var. Benefica), are perilously close to extinction.[44] The plant species Glochidion pitcairnense is endemic to Pitcairn and Henderson Islands.[45] Pitcairn is part of the Tuamotu tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion.[46]

Fauna

See also: List of birds of the Pitcairn Islands and List of mammals of Pitcairn

Between 1937 and 1951, Irving Johnson, skipper of the 29-metre (96 ft) brigantine Yankee Five, introduced five Galápagos giant tortoises to Pitcairn. Turpen, also known as Mr Turpen, or Mr. T, is the sole survivor. Turpen usually lives at Tedside by Western Harbour. A protection order makes it an offence should anyone kill, injure, capture, maim, or cause harm or distress to the tortoise.[47]

The birds of Pitcairn fall into several groups. These include seabirds, wading birds and a small number of resident land-bird species. Of 20 breeding species, Henderson Island has 16, including the unique flightless Henderson crake; Oeno hosts 12; Ducie 13 and Pitcairn six species. Birds breeding on Pitcairn include the fairy tern, common noddy and red-tailed tropicbird. The Pitcairn reed warbler, known by Pitcairners as a "sparrow", is endemic to Pitcairn Island; formerly common, it was added to the endangered species list in 2008.[48]

A small population of humpback whales (which has been poorly studied by scientists) migrate to the islands annually, to over-winter and breed.[49]

Important bird areas

The four islands in the Pitcairn group have been identified by BirdLife International as separate Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Pitcairn Island is recognised because it is the only nesting site of the Pitcairn reed warbler. Henderson Island is important for its endemic land-birds as well as its breeding seabirds. Oeno's ornithological significance derives principally from its Murphy's petrel colony. Ducie is important for its colonies of Murphy's, herald and Kermadec petrels, and Christmas shearwaters.[50]

Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve

In March 2015 the British government established one of the largest marine protected areas in the world around the Pitcairn Islands. The reserve covers the islands' entire exclusive economic zone—834,334 square kilometres (322,138 sq mi). The intention is to protect some of the world's most pristine ocean habitat from illegal fishing activities. A satellite "watchroom" dubbed Project Eyes on the Seas has been established by the Satellite Applications Catapult and the Pew Charitable Trusts at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Harwell, Oxfordshire to monitor vessel activity and to gather the information needed to prosecute unauthorised trawling.[51][52][53][54]

Pitcairn Islands Dark Sky Sanctuary

In March 2019 the International Dark-Sky Association approved the Pitcairn Islands as a Dark Sky Sanctuary. The sanctuary encompasses all 4 islands in the Pitcairn Islands Group for a total land area of 43.25 km2 (163⁄4 sq. mi.).[55]

Politics

Main article: Politics of the Pitcairn Islands

The Pitcairn Islands are a British overseas territory with a degree of local government. The King of the United Kingdom is represented by a Governor, who also holds office as British High Commissioner to New Zealand and is based in Wellington.[56]

The 2010 constitution gives authority for the islands to operate as a representative democracy, with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for matters such as defence and foreign affairs. The Governor and the Island Council may enact laws for the "peace, order and good government" of Pitcairn. The Island Council customarily appoints a Mayor of Pitcairn as a day-to-day head of the local administration. There is a Commissioner, appointed by the Governor, who liaises between the Council and the Governor's office.

Since 2015, same-sex marriage has been legal on Pitcairn Island, although there are no people on the island known to be in such a relationship.[57]

The Pitcairn Islands have the smallest population of any democracy in the world.

The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes the Pitcairn Islands on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories.[58]

Military

The Pitcairn Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom; defence is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence and His Majesty's Armed Forces.[26] The Royal Navy maintains two offshore patrol vessels in the Indo-Pacific region, HMS Tamar and HMS Spey. Either may be periodically employed for sovereignty protection and other duties around Pitcairn and her associated islands.[59][60]

Mandatory work

Due to there being no income or sales tax, Pitcairn has established a system of civil conscription whereby all able-bodied people are required to perform, when called upon, jobs such as road maintenance and repairs to public buildings.[61]

Economy

 
A proportional representation of Pitcairn Islands exports, 2019

Agriculture

The fertile soil of the Pitcairn valleys, such as Isaac's Valley on the gentle slopes southeast of Adamstown, produces a wide variety of fruits, including bananas (Pitkern: plun), papaya (paw paws), pineapples, mangoes, watermelons, cantaloupes, passionfruit, breadfruit, coconuts, avocadoes, and citrus (including mandarin oranges, grapefruit, lemons and limes). Vegetables include sweet potatoes (kumura), carrots, sweet corn, tomatoes, taro, yams, peas, and beans. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) and sugarcane are grown and harvested to produce arrowroot flour and molasses, respectively. Pitcairn Island is remarkably productive and its benign climate supports a wide range of tropical and temperate crops.[62] All land allocation for any use including agriculture is under the discretion of the government. If the government deems agricultural production excessive then it may tax the land. If the agricultural land has been deemed not up to the standards of the government it may confiscate and transfer the land without compensation.[63]

Fish are plentiful in the seas around Pitcairn. Spiny lobster and a large variety of fish are caught for meals and for trading aboard passing ships. Almost every day someone will go fishing, whether it is from the rocks, from a longboat, or diving with a spear gun. There are numerous types of fish around the island. Fish such as nanwee, white fish, moi, and opapa are caught in shallow water, while snapper, big eye, and cod are caught in deep water, and yellow tail and wahoo are caught by trawling.

Minerals

Manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver and zinc have been discovered within the exclusive economic zone, which extends 370 km (230 mi) offshore and comprises 880,000 km2 (340,000 sq mi).[64]

Honey production

In 1998 the UK's overseas aid agency, the Department for International Development, funded an apiculture programme for Pitcairn which included training for Pitcairn's beekeepers and a detailed analysis of Pitcairn's bees and honey with particular regard to the presence or absence of disease. Pitcairn has one of the best examples of disease-free bee populations anywhere in the world and the honey produced was and remains exceptionally high in quality. Pitcairn bees are also a placid variety and, within a short time, beekeepers are able to work with them wearing minimal protection.[65] As a result, Pitcairn exports honey to New Zealand and to the United Kingdom. In London, Fortnum & Mason sells it and it is reportedly a favourite of King Charles and formerly Queen Elizabeth.[66] The Pitcairn Islanders, under the "Bounty Products" and "Delectable Bounty" brands, also export dried fruit including bananas, papayas, pineapples, and mangoes to New Zealand.[67] Honey production and all honey-related products are a protected monopoly.[68] All funds and management are under the supervision and discretion of the government.[69][70]

Cuisine

Cuisine is not very developed because of Pitcairn's small population. The most traditional meal is pota, mash from palm leaves and coconut.[71] Domestic tropical plants are abundantly used. These include basil, breadfruit, sugar cane, coconut, bananas and beans. Meat courses consist mainly of fish and beef. Given that most of the population's ancestry is from the UK, the cuisine is influenced by British cuisine; for example, the meat pie.[72]

The cuisine of Norfolk Island is very similar to that of the Pitcairn Islands, as Norfolk Islanders trace their origins to Pitcairn. The local cuisine is a blend of British cuisine and Tahitian cuisine.[73][74]

Recipes from Norfolk Island of Pitcairn origin include mudda (green banana dumplings) and kumara pilhi.[75][76] The island's cuisine also includes foods not found on Pitcairn, such as chopped salads and fruit pies.[77]

Tourism

Tourism plays a major role on Pitcairn. Tourism is the focus for building the economy. It focuses on small groups coming by charter vessel and staying at "home stays". About ten times a year, passengers from expedition-type cruise ships come ashore for a day, weather permitting.[78][79] As of 2019, the government has been operating the MV Silver Supporter as the island's only dedicated passenger/cargo vessel, providing adventure tourism holidays to Pitcairn every week. Tourists stay with local families and experience the island's culture while contributing to the local economy. Providing accommodation is a growing source of revenue, and some families have invested in private self-contained units adjacent to their homes for tourists to rent.

Entry requirements for short stays, up to 14 days, which do not require a visa, and for longer stays, that do require prior clearance, are explained in official documents.[80][81] All persons under 16 years of age require prior clearance before landing, irrespective of the length of stay.[82]

Crafts and external sales

See also: Postage stamps and postal history of the Pitcairn Islands

The government holds a monopoly over "any article of whatsoever nature made, manufactured, prepared for sale or produced by any of the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island".[69] The flow of funds from these revenue sources are from customer to the government to the Pitcairners.[70] The Pitcairners are involved in creating crafts and curios (made out of wood from Henderson). Typical woodcarvings include sharks, fish, whales, dolphins, turtles, vases, birds, walking sticks, book boxes, and models of the Bounty. Miro (Thespesia populnea), a dark and durable wood, is preferred for carving. Islanders also produce tapa cloth and painted Hattie leaves.[83]

The major sources of revenue have been the sale of coins and postage stamps to collectors, .pn domain names, and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships, most of which are on the United Kingdom to New Zealand route via the Panama Canal.[84] The Pitcairn Islands issued their first stamp in 1940. These became very popular with stamp collectors, and their sale became the dominant source of revenue for the community. Profits went into a general fund which enabled the island to be mostly self-sufficient. This fund was used to meet the regular needs of the community, and pay wages. Funds in excess of regular expenses were used to build a school and hire a teacher from New Zealand, the first professional teacher hired on the island. The fund was also used to subsidise imports and travel to New Zealand. At later points, the sale of coins and .pn domain names also contributed to the fund. Towards the end of the 20th century, as writing letters became less common and stamp collecting became less popular, revenue for the fund declined.[85] In 2004, the island went bankrupt, with the British government subsequently providing 90% of its annual budget.[86]

Electricity

Diesel generators provide the island with electricity from 7 am to 10 pm. A wind power plant was planned to be installed to help reduce the high cost of power generation associated with the import of diesel, but was cancelled in 2013 after a project overrun of three years and a cost of £250,000.[87]

The only qualified high-voltage electrician on Pitcairn, who manages the electricity grid, reached the age of 67 in 2020.[88]

Demographics

Main article: Pitcairn Islanders

The islands have suffered a substantial population decline since 1940, and the viability of the island's community is in doubt (see § Potential extinction, below). The government has tried to attract migrants. However, these initiatives have not been effective.[89]

Only two children were born on Pitcairn in the 21 years prior to 2012.[90] In 2005, Shirley and Simon Young became the first married outsider couple in history to obtain citizenship on Pitcairn.[91]

Language

Most resident Pitcairn Islanders are descendants of the Bounty mutineers and Tahitians (or other Polynesians). Pitkern is a creole language derived from 18th-century English, with elements of the Tahitian language.[26][41] It is spoken as a first language by the population and is taught alongside English at the island's only school. It is closely related to the creole language Norfuk, spoken on Norfolk Island, because Norfolk was repopulated in the mid-19th century by Pitcairners.

Religion

The only church building on the island is Seventh-day Adventist.[26] The Seventh-day Adventist Church is not a state religion, as no laws concerning its establishment were passed by the local government. A successful Seventh-day Adventist mission in the 1890s was important in shaping Pitcairn society. In recent years, the church population has declined, and as of 2000, eight of the then forty islanders attended services regularly,[92] but most attend church on special occasions. From Friday at sunset until Saturday at sunset, Pitcairners observe a day of rest in observance of the Sabbath, or as a mark of respect for observant Adventists.

 
Church of Adamstown

The church was built in 1954 and is run by the Church board and resident pastor, who usually serves a two-year term. The Sabbath School meets at 10 am on Saturday mornings, and is followed by Divine Service an hour later. On Tuesday evenings, there is another service in the form of a prayer meeting.

Education

Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 15.[93] Children up to the age of 12 are taught at Pulau School, while children of 13 and over attend secondary school in New Zealand, or are educated via correspondence school.[94]

The island's children have produced a book in Pitkern and English called Mi Bas Side orn Pitcairn or My Favourite Place on Pitcairn.

The school on Pitcairn, Pulau School, provides pre-school and primary education based on the New Zealand syllabus. The teacher is appointed by the governor from suitable qualified applicants who are registered in New Zealand as teachers. The government officially took responsibility for education in 1958; the Seventh-day Adventist Church had done so from the 1890s until 1958. There were ten students in 1999; enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s, 28 in 1959, and 36 in 1962. The Pulau School has a residence for teachers built in 2004; there was a previous such facility built in 1950.[93]

Historical population

Pitcairn's population has significantly decreased since its peak of over 200 in the 1930s, to fewer than fifty permanent residents today (2021).[95][96]

Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population
1790 27 1880 112 1970 96 1992 54 2002 48 2012 48
1800 34 1890 136 1975 74 1993 57 2003 59 2013 56
1810 50 1900 136 1980 61 1994 54 2004 65 2014 56
1820 66 1910 140 1985 58 1995 55 2005 63 2015 50
1830 70 1920 163 1986 68 1996 43 2006 65 2016 49
1840 119 1930 190 1987 59 1997 40 2007 64 2017 50
1850 146 1936 250 1988 55 1998 66 2008 66 2018 50
1856 [i]0 1940 163 1989 55 1999 46 2009 67 2019 50
1859 [ii]16 1950 161 1990 59 2000 51 2010 64 2020 50
1870 70 1960 126 1991 66 2001 44 2011 67 2021 [iii]47
  1. ^ Migration to Norfolk Island in 1856 left Pitcairn uninhabited
  2. ^ First group returns from Norfolk Island
  3. ^ Latest population figure[1]

Potential extinction

As of April 2021, the total resident population of the Pitcairn Islands was 47.[1] It is rare for all the residents to be on-island at the same time; it is common for several residents to be off-island for varying lengths of time visiting family, for medical reasons, or to attend international conferences. A diaspora survey projected that by 2045, if nothing were done, only three people of working age would be left on the island, with the rest being very old. In addition, the survey revealed that residents who had left the island over the past decades showed little interest in coming back. Of the hundreds of emigrants contacted, only 33 were willing to participate in the survey and just three expressed a desire to return.[citation needed]

As of 2014, the labour force consisted of 31 able-bodied persons: 17 males and 14 females between 18 and 64 years of age. Of the 31, just seven are younger than 40, but 18 are over the age of 50.[88] Most of the men undertake the more strenuous physical tasks on the island such as crewing the longboats, cargo handling, and the operation and maintenance of physical assets. Longboat crew retirement age is 58. There were then 12 men aged between 18 and 58 residing on Pitcairn. Each longboat requires a minimum crew of three; of the four longboat coxswains, two were in their late 50s.[88]

The Pitcairn government's attempts to attract migrants have been unsuccessful. Since 2013, some 700 make inquiries each year, but so far, not a single formal settlement application has been received.[88][89] The migrants are prohibited from taking local jobs or claiming benefits for a certain length of time, even those with children.[97] The migrants are expected to have at least NZ$30,000 per person in savings and are expected to build their own house at average cost of NZ$140,000.[98][99] It is also possible to bring off-island builders at an additional cost of between NZ$23,000 and NZ$28,000.[99] The average annual cost of living on the island is NZ$9,464.[98] There is, however, no assurance of the migrant's right to remain on Pitcairn; after their first two years, the council must review and reapprove the migrant's status.[100] The migrants are also required to take part in the unpaid public work to keep the island in order such as maintaining the island's numerous roads and paths, building roads, navigating the island longboats, and cleaning public toilets.[101] There are also restrictions on bringing children under the age of 16 to the island.[102][103]

Freight from Tauranga to Pitcairn on the MV Claymore II (Pitcairn Island's dedicated passenger and cargo ship chartered by the Pitcairn government) is charged at NZ$350/m3 for Pitcairners and NZ$1,000/m3 for all other freight.[104] Additionally, Pitcairners are charged NZ$3,000 for a one-way trip; others are charged NZ$5,000.[88]

In 2014, the government's Pitcairn Islands Economic Report stated that "[no one] will migrate to Pitcairn Islands for economic reasons as there are limited government jobs, a lack of private sector employment, as well as considerable competition for the tourism dollar." The Pitcairners take turns to accommodate those few tourists who occasionally visit the island.[88]

As the island remains a British Overseas Territory, the British government will at some stage be required to make a decision about the island's future.[105][106]

Culture

The once-strict moral codes, which prohibited dancing, public displays of affection, smoking, and consumption of alcohol, have been relaxed. Islanders and visitors no longer require a six-month licence to purchase, import, and consume alcohol.[107] There is now one licensed café and bar on the island, and the government store sells alcohol and cigarettes.

Fishing and swimming are two popular recreational activities. A birthday celebration or the arrival of a ship or yacht will involve the entire Pitcairn community in a public dinner in the Square, Adamstown. Tables are covered in a variety of foods, including fish, meat, chicken, pilhi, baked rice, boiled plun (banana), breadfruit, vegetable dishes, an assortment of pies, bread, breadsticks, an array of desserts, pineapple, and watermelon.

Paid employees maintain the island's numerous roads and paths. As of 2011, the island had a labour force of over 35 men and women.[26]

Bounty Day is an annual public holiday celebrated on Pitcairn on 23 January[108] to commemorate the day in 1790 when the mutineers arrived on the island in HMS Bounty.

Media and communications

Post

The UK Postcode for directing mail to Pitcairn Island is PCRN 1ZZ.[109]

Newspapers

The Pitcairn Miscellany is a monthly newspaper available in print and online editions.[110] Dem Tull was an online monthly newsletter published between 2007 and 2016.[111]

Telecommunications
Further information: Telephone numbers in the Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn uses New Zealand's international calling code, +64. It is still on the manual telephone system.

Radio

There is no broadcast station. Marine band walkie-talkie radios are used to maintain contact among people in different areas of the island. Foreign stations can be picked up on shortwave radio.

Amateur radio

Callsign website QRZ.COM lists six amateur radio operators on the island, using the ITU prefix (assigned through the UK) of VP6, two of whom have a second VR6 callsign. However, two of these 6 are listed by QRZ.COM as deceased, while others are no longer active. Pitcairn Island has one callsign allocated to its Club Station, VP6PAC.

QRZ.COM lists 29 VP6 callsigns being allocated in total, 20 of them to off-islanders. Of these, five were allocated to temporary residents and ten to individuals visiting. The rest were assigned to the DX-peditions to Pitcairn, one of which took place in 2012.[112] In 2008, a major DX-pedition visited Ducie Island.[113] In 2018, another major DX-pedition visited Ducie Island.[114]

Television

Pitcairn can receive a number of television channels but only has capacity to broadcast two channels to houses at any one time. The channels are currently switched on a regular basis.[115]

Internet

There is one government-sponsored satellite Internet connection, with networking provided to the inhabitants of the island. Pitcairn's country code top-level domain is .pn. Residents pay NZ$50 (about £26) for 25 GB of data per month.[116] In 2012, a single 1 Mbit/s link installed provided the islanders with an Internet connection, the 1 Mbit/s was shared across all families on the island. By December 2017, the British Government implemented a 4G LTE mobile network in Adamstown with shared speeds of 5 Mbit/s across all islanders.[117]

Transport

All settlers of the Pitcairn Islands arrived by boat or ship. Pitcairn Island does not have an airport, airstrip or seaport; the islanders rely on longboats to ferry people and goods between visiting ships and shore through Bounty Bay.[78] Access to the rest of the shoreline is restricted by jagged rocks. The island has one shallow harbour with a launch ramp accessible only by small longboats.[118] In 2014, a medical emergency requiring transport to a hospital in Papeete involved a 335 nautical mile (540 km) trip in an open boat to the island of Mangareva, then an air ambulance flight 975 nautical miles (1570 km) to Papeete. It was organized by medical authorities in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and French authorities in Mangareva and Papeete. The British High Commissioner to New Zealand said "It can be a hazardous sea voyage from Pitcairn to Mangareva. This is especially so for open long boats. However, I'm pleased to say that all went well and both boats arrived safely in Mangareva mid-morning today, New Zealand time."[119]

A dedicated passenger and cargo supply ship chartered by the Pitcairn Island government, the MV Claymore II, was until 2018 the principal transport from Mangareva in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia. The supply ship was replaced in 2019 by MV Silver Supporter.

Totegegie Airport in Mangareva can be reached by air from the French Polynesian capital Papeete.[120]

There is one 6.4-kilometre (4 mi) paved road leading up from Bounty Bay through Adamstown.

The main modes of transport on Pitcairn Islands are by four-wheel drive quad bikes and on foot.[78] Much of the road and track network and some of the footpaths of Pitcairn Island are viewable on Google's Street View.[121][122]

Notable people

  • Ned Young (b c. 1762, d 1800 on Pitcairn), mutineer from the famous HMS Bounty incident, and co-founder of the mutineers' Pitcairn Island settlement.
  • Teraura (b c. 1775, d 1850 on Pitcairn), Tahitian noblewoman and tapa weaver, 'partner' of Ned Young, Matthew Quintal and Thursday October Christian I.
  • William McCoy (b c. 1763, d 1798 on Pitcairn), a Scottish sailor and a mutineer on board HMS Bounty.
  • Fletcher Christian (b 1764, d 1793 on Pitcairn), Master's mate on board HMS Bounty, died here at age 28.[123]
  • Matthew Quintal (b 1766, d 1799 on Pitcairn), a Cornish able seaman and mutineer aboard HMS Bounty
  • John Adams (b 1767, d 1829 on Pitcairn), the last survivor of the HMS Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790, the year after the mutiny
  • Thursday October Christian I (1790–1831), the first son of Fletcher Christian
  • George Adams (1804–1873), served as Chief Magistrate on Pitcairn in 1848
  • Thursday October Christian II (1820–1911), a Pitcairn Islands political leader. Grandson of Fletcher Christian and son of Thursday October Christian I
  • Simon Young (1823–1893), served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands in 1849
  • Moses Young (1829–1909), served as magistrate of Pitcairn Island four times, between 1865 and 1881
  • James Russell McCoy (1845–1924), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island 7 times, between 1870 and 1904
  • Benjamin Stanley Young (1851–1934), served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands twice, from 1884 to 1885, and in 1892
  • Rosalind Amelia Young (1853–1924), a historian from Pitcairn Islands
  • William Alfred Young (1863–1911), served as President of the council, and Magistrate of Pitcairn Island three times, between 1897 and 1908
  • Matthew Edmond McCoy (1868–1929), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island in 1909
  • Gerard Bromley Robert Christian (1870–1919), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1910 to 1919
  • Edgar Allen Christian (1879–1960), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on several occasions between 1923 and 1939
  • Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1883–1971), a long-serving politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island for eleven years at various times between 1920 and 1957
  • Frederick Martin Christian (1883–1971), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on three occasions between 1921 and 1943
  • John Lorenzo Christian (1895–1984), twice served as Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island: 1952–54 and 1961–66
  • Ivan Christian (1919–1991), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1976 to 1984
  • Tom Christian (1935–2013), radio operator
  • Brenda Christian (born 1953), a political figure from the Pitcairn Islands and served the territory as its first female Mayor from 8 November to 15 December 2004
  • Jay Warren (born 1956), a political figure who served as the 3rd Mayor of Pitcairn Islands

Gallery

  •  

    Bounty Bay in the 1970s

  •  
  •  

    Henderson Island shelter

  •  

    Oeno

  •  

    St. Paul's Point in west Pitcairn Islands

  •  

    Garnets Ridge, Pitcairn Island

See also

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Further reading

Mutiny on the Bounty

  • Mutiny on the Bounty by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1932
  • The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty by Caroline Alexander (Harper Perennial, London, 2003 pp. 491)
  • The Discovery of Fletcher Christian: A Travel Book by Glynn Christian, a descendant of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer (Guild Press, London, 2005 pp. 448)

After the Mutiny

  • Men Against the Sea by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1933
  • Pitcairn's Island by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1934
  • The Pitcairners by Robert B. Nicolson (Pasifika Press, Auckland, 1997 pp. 260)
  • After the Bounty: The Aftermath of the Infamous Mutiny on the HMS Bounty—An Insight to the Plight of the Mutineers by Cal Adams, a descendant of John Adams, Bounty Mutineer (Self-published, Sydney, 2008 pp. 184)
  • The "Re-colonising of Pitcairn by Sue Farran, Senior Lecturer, University of Dundee; Visiting Lecturer, University of the South Pacific.
  • Ball, Ian M. – Pitcairn: Children of Mutiny. 1973
  • Belcher, Lady – The Mutineers of the Bounty and Their Descendants in Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands. 1870
  • Birkett, Dea – Serpent in Paradise. Anchor Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48870-X.
  • Brodie, Walter – Pitcairn Island and the Islanders in 1850. 1851
  • Christian, Glynn – Fragile Paradise: The Discovery of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer. 2005
  • Clarke, Peter – Hell and Paradise: The Norfolk-Bounty-Pitcairn Saga. 1986
  • Fullerton, W. Y. – The Romance of Pitcairn Island. 1923
  • Hancock, W. K. – Politics in Pitcairn and Other Essays. 1947
  • Lucas, Charles – The Pitcairn Island Register Book. 1929
  • Lummis, Trevor – Pitcairn Island: Life and death in Eden. 1997
  • Manorial Research with the National Maritime Museum (UK) – Mutiny on the Bounty, 1789-1989. 1989
  • Murray, Rev. T. B. – Pitcairn: The Island, the People, and the Pastor. 1853
  • Oliver, Dawn, ed. – Justice, Legality and the Rule of Law: Lessons from the Pitcairn Prosecutions. 2009
  • Oliver, Douglas – Return to Tahiti: Bligh's Second Breadfruit Voyage. 1988
  • Randall, John E. – Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. 2005
  • Shapiro, Harry L. – The Heritage of the 'Bounty': The Story of Pitcairn Through Six Generations. 1936
  • Silverman, David – Pitcairn Island. 1967
  • Tobin, George, Lt. – Captain Bligh's Second Chance: An eyewitness account of his return to the South Seas. 2007

Fiction

Other

  • Amoamo, Maria (2017). "Resilience and Tourism in Remote Locations: Pitcairn Island". In Butler, Richard W. (ed.). Tourism and Resilience. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. pp. 163–180. ISBN 9781780648330.
  • Chaitanya, Devraj; Harper, Sarah; Zeller, Dirk (2012). "Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for the Pitcairn Islands (1950–2009)". Fisheries Centre Research Reports. University of British Columbia. 20 (5): 87–94. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.303.3929. ISSN 1198-6727.
  • Eshleman, Michael O. (2011). "Law in Isolation: The Legal History of Pitcairn Island, 1900-2010". ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law. 18 (1).
  • Eshleman, Michael O. (January 2012). "The New Pitcairn Islands Constitution: Strong, Empty Words for Britain's Smallest Colony". Pace International Law Review. 24 (1).
  • Ferdon, Edwin N. Jr. (January 1958). "Pitcairn Island, 1956". Geographical Review. 48 (1): 69–85. doi:10.2307/211702. JSTOR 211702.

External links

Government

  • Pitcairn Government official website

Travel

  • Pitcairn Island Tourism Official tourism site of the Pitcairn Islands.
  • Google Street View June 2013
  •   Wikimedia Atlas of Pitcairn Islands

Local news

  • Pitcairn News from Big Flower News from Big Flower, Pitcairn Island.
  • Pitcairn Miscellany News from Pitcairn Island. Jacqui Christian, ed.
  • Pitcairn News information from Chris Double, a Bounty descendant based in Auckland
  • Pitcairn news by Kari Young, a Pitcairn resident.

Study groups

  • U.S. Pitcairn Islands Study Centre
  • U.S. Pitcairn Islands Study Group

Coordinates: 25°04′S 130°06′W / 25.067°S 130.100°W / -25.067; -130.100

March 14, 2023
pitcairn, islands, pitcairn, redirects, here, other, uses, pitcairn, disambiguation, ɛər, pitkern, pitkern, ailen, officially, pitcairn, henderson, ducie, oeno, islands, group, four, volcanic, islands, southern, pacific, ocean, that, form, sole, british, overs. Pitcairn redirects here For other uses see Pitcairn disambiguation The Pitcairn Islands ˈ p ɪ t k ɛer n 3 Pitkern Pitkern Ailen officially the Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno Islands 4 5 6 7 is a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean The four islands Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno are scattered across several hundred miles of ocean and have a combined land area of about 18 square miles 47 km2 Henderson Island accounts for 86 of the land area but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited The islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva of French Polynesia at 688 km to the west and Easter Island at 1 929 km to the east Pitcairn IslandsPitkern Ailen Pitcairn Norfolk British Overseas TerritoryPitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno IslandsFlagCoat of armsAnthem God Save the King source track track Local anthem Come Ye Blessed Map showing location of the Pitcairn Islands circled at the lower right and magnified in an inset Sovereign state United KingdomSettlement15 January 1790British colony30 November 1838Capitaland largest settlementAdamstown25 04 S 130 06 W 25 067 S 130 100 W 25 067 130 100Official languagesPitkernEnglishEthnic groupsPitcairn IslandersDemonym s Pitcairn IslandersPitkernPitcairneseGovernmentDevolved locally governing dependency Head of StateCharles III GovernorIona Thomas AdministratorFiona Kilpatrick amp Steve Townsend Joint Administrators MayorSimon Young Chief JusticeCharles BlackieLegislatureIsland CouncilUK Government representation Minister for Overseas TerritoriesZac GoldsmithArea Total47 km2 18 sq mi not ranked Water 0Highest elevation330 m 1 080 ft Population 2021 estimate47 1 last Density1 km2 2 6 sq mi not ranked GDP nominal 2005 estimate TotalNZ 217 000 2 Per capitaNZ 4 617 02CurrencyNew Zealand dollar NZ a NZD Time zoneUTC 08 00Date formatdd mm yyyyDriving sideleftCalling code 64UK postcodePCRN 1xxISO 3166 codePNInternet TLD pnWebsitehttps www government pn The Pitcairn Islands dollar is also official legal tender although it does not circulate as widely The Pitcairn Islanders are a biracial ethnic group descended mostly from nine Bounty mutineers and a handful of Tahitian consorts as is still apparent from the surnames of many of the islanders The mutiny and its aftermath have been the subject of many books and films As of January 2020 the territory had only 47 permanent inhabitants 8 Contents 1 History 1 1 Polynesian settlement and extinction 1 2 European arrival 1 3 European settlement 1 4 British colony 1 5 Sexual abuse in modern times 1 5 1 Sexual assault trials of 2004 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Flora 2 3 Fauna 2 3 1 Important bird areas 2 4 Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve 2 5 Pitcairn Islands Dark Sky Sanctuary 3 Politics 4 Military 5 Mandatory work 6 Economy 6 1 Agriculture 6 2 Minerals 6 3 Honey production 6 4 Cuisine 6 5 Tourism 6 6 Crafts and external sales 6 7 Electricity 7 Demographics 7 1 Language 7 2 Religion 7 3 Education 7 4 Historical population 7 5 Potential extinction 8 Culture 9 Media and communications 10 Transport 11 Notable people 12 Gallery 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 15 1 Mutiny on theBounty 15 2 After the Mutiny 15 3 Fiction 15 4 Other 16 External links 16 1 Government 16 2 Travel 16 3 Local news 16 4 Study groupsHistory EditMain article History of the Pitcairn Islands West side of the Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn landing Adamstown the only settlement on the Islands Polynesian settlement and extinction Edit The earliest known settlers of the Pitcairn Islands were Polynesians who appear to have lived on Pitcairn and Henderson and on Mangareva Island 540 kilometres 340 mi to the northwest for several centuries from at least the 11th century 9 They traded goods and formed social ties among the three islands despite the long canoe voyages between them which helped the small populations on each island survive despite their limited resources Eventually important natural resources were exhausted inter island trade broke down and a period of civil war began on Mangareva causing the small human populations on Henderson and Pitcairn to be cut off and eventually to become extinct Although archaeologists believe that Polynesians were living on Pitcairn as late as the 15th century 9 the islands were uninhabited when they were rediscovered by Europeans 10 European arrival Edit Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queiros came upon Ducie and Henderson Islands while sailing for the Spanish Crown arriving on 26 January 1606 He named them La Encarnacion The Incarnation and San Juan Bautista Saint John the Baptist respectively However some sources express doubt about exactly which of the islands were visited and named by Queiros suggesting that La Encarnacion may actually have been Henderson Island and San Juan Bautista may have been Pitcairn Island 11 Pitcairn Island was sighted on 3 July 1767 by the crew of the British sloop HMS Swallow commanded by Captain Philip Carteret The island was named after midshipman Robert Pitcairn a 15 year old crew member who was the first to sight the island Robert Pitcairn was a son of British Marine Major John Pitcairn who was later killed at the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill in the American War of Independence Carteret who sailed without the newly invented marine chronometer charted the island at 25 02 S 133 21 W 25 033 S 133 350 W 25 033 133 350 and although the latitude was reasonably accurate his recorded longitude was incorrect by about 3 putting his coordinates 330 km 210 mi to the west of the actual island This made Pitcairn difficult to find as highlighted by the failure of captain James Cook to locate the island in July 1773 12 13 European settlement Edit The mutineers turning Bligh and some of the officers and crew adrift from HMS Bounty on 29 April 1789 Further information HMS Bounty and Mutiny on the Bounty In 1790 nine of the mutineers from the Bounty along with the native Tahitian men and women who were with them six men 11 women and a baby girl settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to the Bounty The inhabitants of the island were well aware of the Bounty s location which is still visible underwater in Bounty Bay but the wreckage gained significant attention in 1957 when documented by National Geographic explorer Luis Marden Although the settlers survived by farming and fishing the initial period of settlement was marked by serious tensions among them Alcoholism murder disease and other ills took the lives of most mutineers and Tahitian men John Adams and Ned Young turned to the scriptures using the ship s Bible as their guide for a new and peaceful society Young eventually died of an asthmatic infection Ducie Island was rediscovered in 1791 by Royal Navy captain Edwards aboard HMS Pandora while searching for the Bounty mutineers He named it after Francis Reynolds Moreton 3rd Baron Ducie also a captain in the Royal Navy The Pitcairn islanders reported it was not until 27 December 1795 that the first ship since the Bounty was seen from the island but it did not approach the land and they could not make out the nationality A second ship appeared in 1801 but made no attempt to communicate with them A third came sufficiently near to see their house but did not try to send a boat on shore Finally the American sealing ship Topaz under Mayhew Folger became the first to visit the island when the crew spent ten hours on Pitcairn in February 1808 14 Whalers subsequently became regular visitors to the island The last recorded whaler to visit was the James Arnold in 1888 15 View of Pitcairn s Island South Seas 1814 J Shillibeer A report of Folger s discovery was forwarded to the Admiralty mentioning the mutineers and giving a more precise location of the island 25 02 S 130 00 W 25 033 S 130 000 W 25 033 130 000 16 However this was not known to Sir Thomas Staines who commanded a Royal Navy flotilla of two ships HMS Briton and HMS Tagus which found the island at 25 04 S 130 25 W 25 067 S 130 417 W 25 067 130 417 by meridian observation on 17 September 1814 Staines sent a party ashore and wrote a detailed report for the Admiralty 17 18 19 20 By that time only one mutineer John Adams remained alive He was granted amnesty for his part in the mutiny 17 Henderson Island was rediscovered on 17 January 1819 by British Captain James Henderson of the British East India Company ship Hercules 21 Captain Henry King sailing on Elizabeth landed on 2 March to find the king s colours already flying His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree Oeno Island was discovered on 26 January 1824 by American captain George Worth aboard the whaler Oeno In 1832 having tried and failed to petition the British government and the London Missionary Society Joshua Hill an American adventurer arrived He reported that by March 1833 he had founded a Temperance Society to combat drunkenness a Maundy Thursday Society a monthly prayer meeting a juvenile society a Peace Society and a school 22 British colony Edit Main article British Western Pacific Territories Traditionally Pitcairn Islanders consider that their islands officially became a British colony on 30 November 1838 at the same time becoming one of the first territories to extend voting rights to women By the mid 1850s the Pitcairn community was outgrowing the island its leaders appealed to the British government for assistance and were offered Norfolk Island On 3 May 1856 the entire population of 193 people set sail for Norfolk on board the Morayshire arriving on 8 June after a difficult five week trip However just 18 months later 17 of the Pitcairn Islanders returned to their home island and another 27 followed five years later 17 HMS Thetis visited Pitcairn Island on 18 April 1881 and found the people very happy and contented and in perfect health At that time the population was 96 an increase of six since the visit of Admiral de Horsey in September 1878 Stores had recently been delivered from friends in England including two whale boats and Portland cement which was used to make the reservoir watertight HMS Thetis gave the islanders 200 lb 91 kg of biscuits 100 lb 45 kg of candles and 100 lb of soap and clothing to the value of 31 donated by the ship s company An American trading ship called Venus had in 1882 bestowed a supply of cotton seed to provide the islanders with a crop for future trade 23 Pitcairn islanders 1916 In 1886 the Seventh day Adventist layman John Tay visited Pitcairn and persuaded most of the islanders to accept his faith He returned in 1890 on the missionary schooner Pitcairn with an ordained minister to perform baptisms Since then the majority of Pitcairn Islanders have been Adventists 24 The islands of Henderson Oeno and Ducie were annexed by Britain in 1902 Henderson on 1 July Oeno on 10 July and Ducie on 19 December 11 In 1938 the three islands along with Pitcairn were incorporated into a single administrative unit called the Pitcairn Group of Islands The population peaked at 233 in 1937 25 It has since decreased owing to emigration primarily to Australia and New Zealand 26 Sexual abuse in modern times Edit Three cases of imprisonment for sex with underage girls were reported in the 1950s 27 In 1999 Gail Cox a police officer from Kent UK served on a temporary assignment on Pitcairn and began uncovering allegations of sexual abuse When a 15 year old girl decided to press rape charges in 1999 criminal proceedings code named Operation Unique were set in motion The charges include 21 counts of rape 41 of indecent assault and two of gross indecency with a child under 14 Over the following two years police officers in Australia New Zealand and the United Kingdom interviewed every woman who had lived on Pitcairn in the past 20 years as well as all of the accused men The file was held by Pitcairn s first Public Prosecutor Simon Moore an Auckland Crown Solicitor appointed to the position by the British government for the purposes of the investigation 28 Australian Seventh day Adventist pastor Neville Tosen who spent two years on Pitcairn around the turn of the millennium said that on his arrival he had been taken aback by the conduct of the children but he had not immediately realised what was happening I noticed worrying signs such as inexplicable mood swings he said It took me three months to realise they were being abused Tosen tried to bring the matter before the Island Council the legislative body which doubles as the island s court but was rebuffed One councillor told him Look the age of consent has always been 12 and it doesn t hurt them 29 A study of island records confirmed anecdotal evidence that most girls bore their first child between the ages of 12 and 15 I think the girls were conditioned to accept that it was a man s world and once they turned 12 they were eligible Tosen said Mothers and grandmothers were resigned to the situation telling him that their own childhood experience had been the same they regarded it as just a part of life on Pitcairn One grandmother wondered what all the fuss was about Tosen was convinced however that the early sexual experience was very damaging to the girls outright stating They can t settle or form solid relationships They did suffer no doubt about it 29 30 In 2016 Mike Warren Pitcairn mayor from 2008 to 2013 was convicted and sentenced to 20 months imprisonment for possession of child pornography 31 32 Sexual assault trials of 2004 Edit Main article Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004 In 2004 charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad This accounted for nearly a third of the male population and half of the island s adult males After extensive trials most of the men were convicted some with multiple counts of sexual encounters with children 33 On 25 October 2004 six men were convicted including Steve Christian the island s mayor at the time 34 35 36 In 2004 the islanders had about 20 firearms among them which they surrendered ahead of the sexual assault trials 37 After the six men lost their final appeal the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob s Valley 38 39 The men began serving their sentences in late 2006 By 2010 all had served their sentences or been granted home detention status 40 Geography EditMain article Geography of the Pitcairn Islands The Pitcairn Islands form the southeasternmost extension of the geological archipelago of the Tuamotus of French Polynesia and consist of four islands Pitcairn Island Oeno Island atoll with five islets one of which is Sandy Island Henderson Island and Ducie Island atoll with four islets The Pitcairn Islands were formed by a centre of upwelling magma called the Pitcairn hotspot Pitcairn Island is a volcanic remnant primarily formed of tuff where the north side of the cone has been eroded 9 Pitcairn is the only permanently inhabited island Adamstown the main settlement on the island lies within the volcanic basin 9 Pitcairn is accessible only by boat through Bounty Bay due to the island s steep cliffs 9 Henderson Island covering about 86 of the territory s total land area and supporting a rich variety of animals in its nearly inaccessible interior is also capable of supporting a small human population despite its scarce fresh water but access is difficult owing to its outer shores being steep limestone cliffs covered by sharp coral In 1988 this island was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site 41 The other islands are at a distance of more than 100 km 62 mi and are not habitable Pitcairn Island has no permanent water source however the island has three seasonal semi permanent springs 9 Island or atoll Type Land area km2 Total area km2 Pop 2020 CoordinatesDucie Island Atoll 0 7 3 9 0 24 40 28 S 124 47 10 W 24 67444 S 124 78611 W 24 67444 124 78611Henderson Island Uplifted coral island 37 3 37 3 0 24 22 01 S 128 18 57 W 24 36694 S 128 31583 W 24 36694 128 31583Oeno Island Atoll 0 65 16 65 0 23 55 40 S 130 44 30 W 23 92778 S 130 74167 W 23 92778 130 74167Pitcairn Island Volcanic island 4 6 4 6 50 25 04 00 S 130 06 00 W 25 06667 S 130 10000 W 25 06667 130 10000Pitcairn Islands all islands 43 25 62 45 50 23 55 40 to 25 04 00 S 124 47 10 to 130 44 30 W Includes reef flat and lagoon of the atolls View from the east side of Pitcairn Island Satellite photo of Pitcairn Island Map of the Pitcairn Islands View of Bounty BayClimate Edit Geodesy operations on the Pitcairn Islands Main article Climate of the Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn is located just south of the Tropic of Capricorn and experiences year round warm weather Climate data for Pitcairn Island 1972 2004 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 31 2 88 2 32 4 90 3 33 3 91 9 30 7 87 3 29 1 84 4 31 3 88 3 26 7 80 1 26 7 80 1 25 5 77 9 27 8 82 0 27 6 81 7 29 3 84 7 33 3 91 9 Average high C F 25 7 78 3 26 2 79 2 26 1 79 0 24 6 76 3 22 9 73 2 21 7 71 1 20 8 69 4 20 6 69 1 21 0 69 8 21 8 71 2 22 9 73 2 24 2 75 6 23 2 73 8 Daily mean C F 23 3 73 9 23 8 74 8 23 8 74 8 22 5 72 5 20 9 69 6 19 7 67 5 18 8 65 8 18 5 65 3 18 8 65 8 19 6 67 3 20 7 69 3 22 0 71 6 21 0 69 9 Average low C F 21 0 69 8 21 4 70 5 21 5 70 7 20 3 68 5 18 9 66 0 17 8 64 0 16 9 62 4 16 5 61 7 16 6 61 9 17 4 63 3 18 6 65 5 19 8 67 6 18 9 66 0 Record low C F 16 9 62 4 18 0 64 4 12 8 55 0 15 0 59 0 14 2 57 6 11 7 53 1 11 4 52 5 11 6 52 9 10 0 50 0 10 2 50 4 13 0 55 4 13 5 56 3 10 0 50 0 Average precipitation mm inches 96 5 3 80 132 7 5 22 107 8 4 24 114 8 4 52 111 9 4 41 152 8 6 02 139 0 5 47 131 6 5 18 134 5 5 30 143 0 5 63 120 4 4 74 157 7 6 21 1 542 7 60 74 Source 1 NOAA 42 Source 2 KNMI precipitation 43 Flora Edit About nine plant species are thought to occur only on Pitcairn These include tapau formerly an important timber resource and the giant nehe fern Some such as red berry Coprosma rapensis var Benefica are perilously close to extinction 44 The plant species Glochidion pitcairnense is endemic to Pitcairn and Henderson Islands 45 Pitcairn is part of the Tuamotu tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion 46 Fauna Edit See also List of birds of the Pitcairn Islands and List of mammals of Pitcairn Between 1937 and 1951 Irving Johnson skipper of the 29 metre 96 ft brigantine Yankee Five introduced five Galapagos giant tortoises to Pitcairn Turpen also known as Mr Turpen or Mr T is the sole survivor Turpen usually lives at Tedside by Western Harbour A protection order makes it an offence should anyone kill injure capture maim or cause harm or distress to the tortoise 47 The birds of Pitcairn fall into several groups These include seabirds wading birds and a small number of resident land bird species Of 20 breeding species Henderson Island has 16 including the unique flightless Henderson crake Oeno hosts 12 Ducie 13 and Pitcairn six species Birds breeding on Pitcairn include the fairy tern common noddy and red tailed tropicbird The Pitcairn reed warbler known by Pitcairners as a sparrow is endemic to Pitcairn Island formerly common it was added to the endangered species list in 2008 48 A small population of humpback whales which has been poorly studied by scientists migrate to the islands annually to over winter and breed 49 Important bird areas Edit The four islands in the Pitcairn group have been identified by BirdLife International as separate Important Bird Areas IBAs Pitcairn Island is recognised because it is the only nesting site of the Pitcairn reed warbler Henderson Island is important for its endemic land birds as well as its breeding seabirds Oeno s ornithological significance derives principally from its Murphy s petrel colony Ducie is important for its colonies of Murphy s herald and Kermadec petrels and Christmas shearwaters 50 Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve Edit In March 2015 the British government established one of the largest marine protected areas in the world around the Pitcairn Islands The reserve covers the islands entire exclusive economic zone 834 334 square kilometres 322 138 sq mi The intention is to protect some of the world s most pristine ocean habitat from illegal fishing activities A satellite watchroom dubbed Project Eyes on the Seas has been established by the Satellite Applications Catapult and the Pew Charitable Trusts at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Harwell Oxfordshire to monitor vessel activity and to gather the information needed to prosecute unauthorised trawling 51 52 53 54 Pitcairn Islands Dark Sky Sanctuary Edit In March 2019 the International Dark Sky Association approved the Pitcairn Islands as a Dark Sky Sanctuary The sanctuary encompasses all 4 islands in the Pitcairn Islands Group for a total land area of 43 25 km2 163 4 sq mi 55 Politics EditMain article Politics of the Pitcairn Islands Simon Young the incumbent Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands The Pitcairn Islands are a British overseas territory with a degree of local government The King of the United Kingdom is represented by a Governor who also holds office as British High Commissioner to New Zealand and is based in Wellington 56 The 2010 constitution gives authority for the islands to operate as a representative democracy with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for matters such as defence and foreign affairs The Governor and the Island Council may enact laws for the peace order and good government of Pitcairn The Island Council customarily appoints a Mayor of Pitcairn as a day to day head of the local administration There is a Commissioner appointed by the Governor who liaises between the Council and the Governor s office Since 2015 same sex marriage has been legal on Pitcairn Island although there are no people on the island known to be in such a relationship 57 The Pitcairn Islands have the smallest population of any democracy in the world The United Nations Committee on Decolonization includes the Pitcairn Islands on the United Nations list of non self governing territories 58 Military EditThe Pitcairn Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom defence is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence and His Majesty s Armed Forces 26 The Royal Navy maintains two offshore patrol vessels in the Indo Pacific region HMS Tamar and HMS Spey Either may be periodically employed for sovereignty protection and other duties around Pitcairn and her associated islands 59 60 Mandatory work EditDue to there being no income or sales tax Pitcairn has established a system of civil conscription whereby all able bodied people are required to perform when called upon jobs such as road maintenance and repairs to public buildings 61 Economy Edit A proportional representation of Pitcairn Islands exports 2019 Agriculture Edit The fertile soil of the Pitcairn valleys such as Isaac s Valley on the gentle slopes southeast of Adamstown produces a wide variety of fruits including bananas Pitkern plun papaya paw paws pineapples mangoes watermelons cantaloupes passionfruit breadfruit coconuts avocadoes and citrus including mandarin oranges grapefruit lemons and limes Vegetables include sweet potatoes kumura carrots sweet corn tomatoes taro yams peas and beans Arrowroot Maranta arundinacea and sugarcane are grown and harvested to produce arrowroot flour and molasses respectively Pitcairn Island is remarkably productive and its benign climate supports a wide range of tropical and temperate crops 62 All land allocation for any use including agriculture is under the discretion of the government If the government deems agricultural production excessive then it may tax the land If the agricultural land has been deemed not up to the standards of the government it may confiscate and transfer the land without compensation 63 Fish are plentiful in the seas around Pitcairn Spiny lobster and a large variety of fish are caught for meals and for trading aboard passing ships Almost every day someone will go fishing whether it is from the rocks from a longboat or diving with a spear gun There are numerous types of fish around the island Fish such as nanwee white fish moi and opapa are caught in shallow water while snapper big eye and cod are caught in deep water and yellow tail and wahoo are caught by trawling Minerals Edit Manganese iron copper gold silver and zinc have been discovered within the exclusive economic zone which extends 370 km 230 mi offshore and comprises 880 000 km2 340 000 sq mi 64 Honey production Edit In 1998 the UK s overseas aid agency the Department for International Development funded an apiculture programme for Pitcairn which included training for Pitcairn s beekeepers and a detailed analysis of Pitcairn s bees and honey with particular regard to the presence or absence of disease Pitcairn has one of the best examples of disease free bee populations anywhere in the world and the honey produced was and remains exceptionally high in quality Pitcairn bees are also a placid variety and within a short time beekeepers are able to work with them wearing minimal protection 65 As a result Pitcairn exports honey to New Zealand and to the United Kingdom In London Fortnum amp Mason sells it and it is reportedly a favourite of King Charles and formerly Queen Elizabeth 66 The Pitcairn Islanders under the Bounty Products and Delectable Bounty brands also export dried fruit including bananas papayas pineapples and mangoes to New Zealand 67 Honey production and all honey related products are a protected monopoly 68 All funds and management are under the supervision and discretion of the government 69 70 Cuisine Edit Cuisine is not very developed because of Pitcairn s small population The most traditional meal is pota mash from palm leaves and coconut 71 Domestic tropical plants are abundantly used These include basil breadfruit sugar cane coconut bananas and beans Meat courses consist mainly of fish and beef Given that most of the population s ancestry is from the UK the cuisine is influenced by British cuisine for example the meat pie 72 The cuisine of Norfolk Island is very similar to that of the Pitcairn Islands as Norfolk Islanders trace their origins to Pitcairn The local cuisine is a blend of British cuisine and Tahitian cuisine 73 74 Recipes from Norfolk Island of Pitcairn origin include mudda green banana dumplings and kumara pilhi 75 76 The island s cuisine also includes foods not found on Pitcairn such as chopped salads and fruit pies 77 Tourism Edit Tourism plays a major role on Pitcairn Tourism is the focus for building the economy It focuses on small groups coming by charter vessel and staying at home stays About ten times a year passengers from expedition type cruise ships come ashore for a day weather permitting 78 79 As of 2019 the government has been operating the MV Silver Supporter as the island s only dedicated passenger cargo vessel providing adventure tourism holidays to Pitcairn every week Tourists stay with local families and experience the island s culture while contributing to the local economy Providing accommodation is a growing source of revenue and some families have invested in private self contained units adjacent to their homes for tourists to rent Entry requirements for short stays up to 14 days which do not require a visa and for longer stays that do require prior clearance are explained in official documents 80 81 All persons under 16 years of age require prior clearance before landing irrespective of the length of stay 82 Crafts and external sales Edit See also Postage stamps and postal history of the Pitcairn Islands Stamp of the Pitcairn Islands The government holds a monopoly over any article of whatsoever nature made manufactured prepared for sale or produced by any of the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island 69 The flow of funds from these revenue sources are from customer to the government to the Pitcairners 70 The Pitcairners are involved in creating crafts and curios made out of wood from Henderson Typical woodcarvings include sharks fish whales dolphins turtles vases birds walking sticks book boxes and models of the Bounty Miro Thespesia populnea a dark and durable wood is preferred for carving Islanders also produce tapa cloth and painted Hattie leaves 83 The major sources of revenue have been the sale of coins and postage stamps to collectors pn domain names and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships most of which are on the United Kingdom to New Zealand route via the Panama Canal 84 The Pitcairn Islands issued their first stamp in 1940 These became very popular with stamp collectors and their sale became the dominant source of revenue for the community Profits went into a general fund which enabled the island to be mostly self sufficient This fund was used to meet the regular needs of the community and pay wages Funds in excess of regular expenses were used to build a school and hire a teacher from New Zealand the first professional teacher hired on the island The fund was also used to subsidise imports and travel to New Zealand At later points the sale of coins and pn domain names also contributed to the fund Towards the end of the 20th century as writing letters became less common and stamp collecting became less popular revenue for the fund declined 85 In 2004 the island went bankrupt with the British government subsequently providing 90 of its annual budget 86 Electricity Edit Diesel generators provide the island with electricity from 7 am to 10 pm A wind power plant was planned to be installed to help reduce the high cost of power generation associated with the import of diesel but was cancelled in 2013 after a project overrun of three years and a cost of 250 000 87 The only qualified high voltage electrician on Pitcairn who manages the electricity grid reached the age of 67 in 2020 88 Demographics EditMain article Pitcairn Islanders The islands have suffered a substantial population decline since 1940 and the viability of the island s community is in doubt see Potential extinction below The government has tried to attract migrants However these initiatives have not been effective 89 Only two children were born on Pitcairn in the 21 years prior to 2012 90 In 2005 Shirley and Simon Young became the first married outsider couple in history to obtain citizenship on Pitcairn 91 Language Edit Most resident Pitcairn Islanders are descendants of the Bounty mutineers and Tahitians or other Polynesians Pitkern is a creole language derived from 18th century English with elements of the Tahitian language 26 41 It is spoken as a first language by the population and is taught alongside English at the island s only school It is closely related to the creole language Norfuk spoken on Norfolk Island because Norfolk was repopulated in the mid 19th century by Pitcairners Religion Edit The only church building on the island is Seventh day Adventist 26 The Seventh day Adventist Church is not a state religion as no laws concerning its establishment were passed by the local government A successful Seventh day Adventist mission in the 1890s was important in shaping Pitcairn society In recent years the church population has declined and as of 2000 update eight of the then forty islanders attended services regularly 92 but most attend church on special occasions From Friday at sunset until Saturday at sunset Pitcairners observe a day of rest in observance of the Sabbath or as a mark of respect for observant Adventists Church of Adamstown The church was built in 1954 and is run by the Church board and resident pastor who usually serves a two year term The Sabbath School meets at 10 am on Saturday mornings and is followed by Divine Service an hour later On Tuesday evenings there is another service in the form of a prayer meeting Education Edit Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 15 93 Children up to the age of 12 are taught at Pulau School while children of 13 and over attend secondary school in New Zealand or are educated via correspondence school 94 The island s children have produced a book in Pitkern and English called Mi Bas Side orn Pitcairn or My Favourite Place on Pitcairn The school on Pitcairn Pulau School provides pre school and primary education based on the New Zealand syllabus The teacher is appointed by the governor from suitable qualified applicants who are registered in New Zealand as teachers The government officially took responsibility for education in 1958 the Seventh day Adventist Church had done so from the 1890s until 1958 There were ten students in 1999 enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s 28 in 1959 and 36 in 1962 The Pulau School has a residence for teachers built in 2004 there was a previous such facility built in 1950 93 Historical population Edit Pitcairn s population has significantly decreased since its peak of over 200 in the 1930s to fewer than fifty permanent residents today 2021 95 96 Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population1790 27 1880 112 1970 96 1992 54 2002 48 2012 481800 34 1890 136 1975 74 1993 57 2003 59 2013 561810 50 1900 136 1980 61 1994 54 2004 65 2014 561820 66 1910 140 1985 58 1995 55 2005 63 2015 501830 70 1920 163 1986 68 1996 43 2006 65 2016 491840 119 1930 190 1987 59 1997 40 2007 64 2017 501850 146 1936 250 1988 55 1998 66 2008 66 2018 501856 i 0 1940 163 1989 55 1999 46 2009 67 2019 501859 ii 16 1950 161 1990 59 2000 51 2010 64 2020 501870 70 1960 126 1991 66 2001 44 2011 67 2021 iii 47 Migration to Norfolk Island in 1856 left Pitcairn uninhabited First group returns from Norfolk Island Latest population figure 1 Potential extinction Edit As of April 2021 update the total resident population of the Pitcairn Islands was 47 1 It is rare for all the residents to be on island at the same time it is common for several residents to be off island for varying lengths of time visiting family for medical reasons or to attend international conferences A diaspora survey projected that by 2045 if nothing were done only three people of working age would be left on the island with the rest being very old In addition the survey revealed that residents who had left the island over the past decades showed little interest in coming back Of the hundreds of emigrants contacted only 33 were willing to participate in the survey and just three expressed a desire to return citation needed As of 2014 update the labour force consisted of 31 able bodied persons 17 males and 14 females between 18 and 64 years of age Of the 31 just seven are younger than 40 but 18 are over the age of 50 88 Most of the men undertake the more strenuous physical tasks on the island such as crewing the longboats cargo handling and the operation and maintenance of physical assets Longboat crew retirement age is 58 There were then 12 men aged between 18 and 58 residing on Pitcairn Each longboat requires a minimum crew of three of the four longboat coxswains two were in their late 50s 88 The Pitcairn government s attempts to attract migrants have been unsuccessful Since 2013 some 700 make inquiries each year but so far not a single formal settlement application has been received 88 89 The migrants are prohibited from taking local jobs or claiming benefits for a certain length of time even those with children 97 The migrants are expected to have at least NZ 30 000 per person in savings and are expected to build their own house at average cost of NZ 140 000 98 99 It is also possible to bring off island builders at an additional cost of between NZ 23 000 and NZ 28 000 99 The average annual cost of living on the island is NZ 9 464 98 There is however no assurance of the migrant s right to remain on Pitcairn after their first two years the council must review and reapprove the migrant s status 100 The migrants are also required to take part in the unpaid public work to keep the island in order such as maintaining the island s numerous roads and paths building roads navigating the island longboats and cleaning public toilets 101 There are also restrictions on bringing children under the age of 16 to the island 102 103 Freight from Tauranga to Pitcairn on the MV Claymore II Pitcairn Island s dedicated passenger and cargo ship chartered by the Pitcairn government is charged at NZ 350 m3 for Pitcairners and NZ 1 000 m3 for all other freight 104 Additionally Pitcairners are charged NZ 3 000 for a one way trip others are charged NZ 5 000 88 In 2014 update the government s Pitcairn Islands Economic Report stated that no one will migrate to Pitcairn Islands for economic reasons as there are limited government jobs a lack of private sector employment as well as considerable competition for the tourism dollar The Pitcairners take turns to accommodate those few tourists who occasionally visit the island 88 As the island remains a British Overseas Territory the British government will at some stage be required to make a decision about the island s future 105 106 Culture EditThe once strict moral codes which prohibited dancing public displays of affection smoking and consumption of alcohol have been relaxed Islanders and visitors no longer require a six month licence to purchase import and consume alcohol 107 There is now one licensed cafe and bar on the island and the government store sells alcohol and cigarettes Fishing and swimming are two popular recreational activities A birthday celebration or the arrival of a ship or yacht will involve the entire Pitcairn community in a public dinner in the Square Adamstown Tables are covered in a variety of foods including fish meat chicken pilhi baked rice boiled plun banana breadfruit vegetable dishes an assortment of pies bread breadsticks an array of desserts pineapple and watermelon Paid employees maintain the island s numerous roads and paths As of 2011 update the island had a labour force of over 35 men and women 26 Bounty Day is an annual public holiday celebrated on Pitcairn on 23 January 108 to commemorate the day in 1790 when the mutineers arrived on the island in HMS Bounty Media and communications EditPostThe UK Postcode for directing mail to Pitcairn Island is PCRN 1ZZ 109 NewspapersThe Pitcairn Miscellany is a monthly newspaper available in print and online editions 110 Dem Tull was an online monthly newsletter published between 2007 and 2016 111 TelecommunicationsFurther information Telephone numbers in the Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn uses New Zealand s international calling code 64 It is still on the manual telephone system RadioThere is no broadcast station Marine band walkie talkie radios are used to maintain contact among people in different areas of the island Foreign stations can be picked up on shortwave radio Amateur radioCallsign website QRZ COM lists six amateur radio operators on the island using the ITU prefix assigned through the UK of VP6 two of whom have a second VR6 callsign However two of these 6 are listed by QRZ COM as deceased while others are no longer active Pitcairn Island has one callsign allocated to its Club Station VP6PAC QRZ COM lists 29 VP6 callsigns being allocated in total 20 of them to off islanders Of these five were allocated to temporary residents and ten to individuals visiting The rest were assigned to the DX peditions to Pitcairn one of which took place in 2012 update 112 In 2008 a major DX pedition visited Ducie Island 113 In 2018 another major DX pedition visited Ducie Island 114 TelevisionPitcairn can receive a number of television channels but only has capacity to broadcast two channels to houses at any one time The channels are currently switched on a regular basis 115 InternetThere is one government sponsored satellite Internet connection with networking provided to the inhabitants of the island Pitcairn s country code top level domain is pn Residents pay NZ 50 about 26 for 25 GB of data per month 116 In 2012 a single 1 Mbit s link installed provided the islanders with an Internet connection the 1 Mbit s was shared across all families on the island By December 2017 the British Government implemented a 4G LTE mobile network in Adamstown with shared speeds of 5 Mbit s across all islanders 117 Transport EditAll settlers of the Pitcairn Islands arrived by boat or ship Pitcairn Island does not have an airport airstrip or seaport the islanders rely on longboats to ferry people and goods between visiting ships and shore through Bounty Bay 78 Access to the rest of the shoreline is restricted by jagged rocks The island has one shallow harbour with a launch ramp accessible only by small longboats 118 In 2014 a medical emergency requiring transport to a hospital in Papeete involved a 335 nautical mile 540 km trip in an open boat to the island of Mangareva then an air ambulance flight 975 nautical miles 1570 km to Papeete It was organized by medical authorities in the United Kingdom and New Zealand and French authorities in Mangareva and Papeete The British High Commissioner to New Zealand said It can be a hazardous sea voyage from Pitcairn to Mangareva This is especially so for open long boats However I m pleased to say that all went well and both boats arrived safely in Mangareva mid morning today New Zealand time 119 A dedicated passenger and cargo supply ship chartered by the Pitcairn Island government the MV Claymore II was until 2018 the principal transport from Mangareva in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia The supply ship was replaced in 2019 by MV Silver Supporter Totegegie Airport in Mangareva can be reached by air from the French Polynesian capital Papeete 120 There is one 6 4 kilometre 4 mi paved road leading up from Bounty Bay through Adamstown The main modes of transport on Pitcairn Islands are by four wheel drive quad bikes and on foot 78 Much of the road and track network and some of the footpaths of Pitcairn Island are viewable on Google s Street View 121 122 Notable people EditNed Young b c 1762 d 1800 on Pitcairn mutineer from the famous HMS Bounty incident and co founder of the mutineers Pitcairn Island settlement Teraura b c 1775 d 1850 on Pitcairn Tahitian noblewoman and tapa weaver partner of Ned Young Matthew Quintal and Thursday October Christian I William McCoy b c 1763 d 1798 on Pitcairn a Scottish sailor and a mutineer on board HMS Bounty Fletcher Christian b 1764 d 1793 on Pitcairn Master s mate on board HMS Bounty died here at age 28 123 Matthew Quintal b 1766 d 1799 on Pitcairn a Cornish able seaman and mutineer aboard HMS Bounty John Adams b 1767 d 1829 on Pitcairn the last survivor of the HMS Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790 the year after the mutiny Thursday October Christian I 1790 1831 the first son of Fletcher Christian George Adams 1804 1873 served as Chief Magistrate on Pitcairn in 1848 Thursday October Christian II 1820 1911 a Pitcairn Islands political leader Grandson of Fletcher Christian and son of Thursday October Christian I Simon Young 1823 1893 served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands in 1849 Moses Young 1829 1909 served as magistrate of Pitcairn Island four times between 1865 and 1881 James Russell McCoy 1845 1924 served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island 7 times between 1870 and 1904 Benjamin Stanley Young 1851 1934 served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands twice from 1884 to 1885 and in 1892 Rosalind Amelia Young 1853 1924 a historian from Pitcairn Islands William Alfred Young 1863 1911 served as President of the council and Magistrate of Pitcairn Island three times between 1897 and 1908 Matthew Edmond McCoy 1868 1929 served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island in 1909 Gerard Bromley Robert Christian 1870 1919 served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1910 to 1919 Edgar Allen Christian 1879 1960 a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on several occasions between 1923 and 1939 Charles Richard Parkin Christian 1883 1971 a long serving politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island for eleven years at various times between 1920 and 1957 Frederick Martin Christian 1883 1971 a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on three occasions between 1921 and 1943 John Lorenzo Christian 1895 1984 twice served as Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island 1952 54 and 1961 66 Ivan Christian 1919 1991 a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1976 to 1984 Tom Christian 1935 2013 radio operator Brenda Christian born 1953 a political figure from the Pitcairn Islands and served the territory as its first female Mayor from 8 November to 15 December 2004 Jay Warren born 1956 a political figure who served as the 3rd Mayor of Pitcairn IslandsGallery Edit Bounty Bay in the 1970s Henderson Island shelter Oeno St Paul s Point in west Pitcairn Islands Garnets Ridge Pitcairn IslandSee also Edit Geography portal Islands portal Oceania portal United Kingdom portalBibliography of the Pitcairn Islands Bounty Bible Descendants of the Bounty mutineers Island Council Pitcairn Languages of the Pitcairn Islands Law enforcement in the Pitcairn Islands Lists of islands Outline of the Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islanders Thursday October Christian IReferences Edit a b c Covid How the UK has been getting jabs to remote territories BBC News Archived from the original on 19 September 2019 Retrieved 30 April 2021 Pitcairn Islands Strategic Development Plan 2012 2016 PDF The Government of the Pitcairn Islands 2013 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 5 July 2015 Gross Domestic Product GDP NZ 217 000 2005 06 indicative estimate and NZ 4 340 per capita based on 50 residents Oxford English Dictionary British Nationality Act 1981 SCHEDULE 6 British Overseas Territories UK Government September 2016 Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 Retrieved 21 September 2016 Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 Section 2 and Schedule 1 Section 6 PDF UK Government September 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 10 September 2016 Retrieved 8 October 2015 Laws of Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno Islands 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Pitcairn Islands Study Center Angwin California Pacific Union College Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 Pitcairn Miscellany March 2005 Turning Point for Historic Adventist Community on Pitcairn Island Adventist News Network Silver Spring Maryland General Conference of Seventh day Adventists 28 May 2001 Archived from the original on 19 October 2015 Although the Adventist Church has always maintained a resident minister and nurse on Pitcairn there have been fewer adherents and some church members have moved away from the island By the end of 2000 regular church attendees among the island population of 40 numbered only eight a b Education on Pitcairn Island Pacific Union College Archived from the original on 29 September 2020 Retrieved 7 January 2020 Pitcairn Islands Strategic Development Plan 2014 2018 PDF Government of Pitcairn Islands p 8 Archived PDF from the original on 13 April 2018 Retrieved 21 March 2018 Pitcairn Census Pitcairn Islands Study Center Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 Retrieved 4 July 2015 Pitcairn Islands Government online portal www government pn Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 Retrieved 10 August 2018 Ch XXII Social Welfare Benefits Ordinance Archived 2016 03 29 at the Wayback Machine in Laws of Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno Islands Revised Edition 2014 a b Bill Haigh Pitcairn Island Immigration Archived 2016 01 08 at the Wayback Machine immigration pn a b Kerry Young Heather Menzies Pitcairn Island Immigration Questions and Answers Archived 2015 02 21 at the Wayback Machine young pn Ch XII Immigration Control Ordinance Archived 2015 02 13 at the Wayback Machine in Laws of Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno Islands Revised Edition 2014 Pitcairn Islands Repopulation Plan 2014 2019 Archived 3 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Pitcairn Islands Council Gay Edward 11 March 2013 Pitcairn Island mayor faces porn charges in court The New Zealand Herald Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 Retrieved 13 February 2015 Pitcairn Island travel advice gov uk UK government Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 Retrieved 6 September 2015 Pitcairn Island Tourism MV Claymore II Ship Info Archived 15 February 2015 at archive today visitpitcairn pn Pitcairn Islands Face Extinction The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 15 May 2015 Retrieved 3 December 2014 South Pacific Island of Mutiny on the Bounty Fame Running Out of People The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 Retrieved 3 December 2014 Pitcairn Island Government Ordinance government pn Archive org Pitcairn Islands Bounty Day www flaginstitute org Archived from the original on 10 August 2018 Retrieved 10 August 2018 Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno Islands Archived 3 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Universal Postal Union The Pitcairn Miscellany website www miscellany pn Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Downloads Dem Tull Archived from the original on 26 June 2017 VP6T Pitcairn Archived 24 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine g3txf com VP6DX Ducie Island Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ducie2008 dl1mgb com Retrieved 20 September 2013 1 Archived 29 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine vp6d com Retrieved 28 October 2018 Haigh Bill Pitcairn Island Immigration www immigration pn Archived from the original on 8 January 2016 Retrieved 26 July 2018 Internet Charges Archived 7 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine telecom gov pn Retrieved 6 March 2019 Already Booked Pitcairn Islands Tourism Archived from the original on 22 June 2018 Retrieved 22 June 2018 David H Evans 2007 Pitkern Ilan Pitcairn Island Self published Auckland p 46 Successful medical evacuation from Pitcairn Island British High Commission Scoop World 29 June 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2021 Lonely Planet South Pacific 3rd ed 2006 Pitcairn Getting There pp 429 430 Pitcairn News Archived 7 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine 13 December 2013 Retrieved 13 February 2014 View from the end of St Pauls Point on Street View Archived 12 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 13 February 2014 Kirk Robert W 2012 A White Tribe at Botany Bay 1788 1911 Paradise Past The Transformation of the South Pacific 1520 1920 Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company p 61 ISBN 978 0 7864 6978 9 LCCN 2012034746 OCLC 791643077 Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 Retrieved 12 September 2015 Further reading EditMutiny on theBounty Edit Mutiny on the Bounty by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall 1932 The Bounty The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty by Caroline Alexander Harper Perennial London 2003 pp 491 The Discovery of Fletcher Christian A Travel Book by Glynn Christian a descendant of Fletcher Christian Bounty Mutineer Guild Press London 2005 pp 448 After the Mutiny Edit Men Against the Sea by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall 1933 Pitcairn s Island by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall 1934 The Pitcairners by Robert B Nicolson Pasifika Press Auckland 1997 pp 260 After the Bounty The Aftermath of the Infamous Mutiny on the HMS Bounty An Insight to the Plight of the Mutineers by Cal Adams a descendant of John Adams Bounty Mutineer Self published Sydney 2008 pp 184 The Re colonising of Pitcairn by Sue Farran Senior Lecturer University of Dundee Visiting Lecturer University of the South Pacific Ball Ian M Pitcairn Children of Mutiny 1973 Belcher Lady The Mutineers of the Bounty and Their Descendants in Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands 1870 Birkett Dea Serpent in Paradise Anchor Doubleday 1997 ISBN 0 385 48870 X Brodie Walter Pitcairn Island and the Islanders in 1850 1851 Christian Glynn Fragile Paradise The Discovery of Fletcher Christian Bounty Mutineer 2005 Clarke Peter Hell and Paradise The Norfolk Bounty Pitcairn Saga 1986 Fullerton W Y The Romance of Pitcairn Island 1923 Hancock W K Politics in Pitcairn and Other Essays 1947 Lucas Charles The Pitcairn Island Register Book 1929 Lummis Trevor Pitcairn Island Life and death in Eden 1997 Manorial Research with the National Maritime Museum UK Mutiny on the Bounty 1789 1989 1989 Murray Rev T B Pitcairn The Island the People and the Pastor 1853 Oliver Dawn ed Justice Legality and the Rule of Law Lessons from the Pitcairn Prosecutions 2009 Oliver Douglas Return to Tahiti Bligh s Second Breadfruit Voyage 1988 Randall John E Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands 2005 Shapiro Harry L The Heritage of the Bounty The Story of Pitcairn Through Six Generations 1936 Silverman David Pitcairn Island 1967 Tobin George Lt Captain Bligh s Second Chance An eyewitness account of his return to the South Seas 2007Fiction Edit Chamier Frederick Jack Adams the Mutineer 1838 Kinsolving William Mister Christian 1996 McDermid Val The Grave Tattoo 2006 Mountain Fiona Isabella 1999 Nordhoff Charles and James Norman Hall Pitcairn s Island 1934 Souhami Diana Coconut Chaos Pitcairn mutiny and a seduction at sea 2007 Wilson Erle Adams of the Bounty 1958Other Edit Amoamo Maria 2017 Resilience and Tourism in Remote Locations Pitcairn Island In Butler Richard W ed Tourism and Resilience Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International pp 163 180 ISBN 9781780648330 Chaitanya Devraj Harper Sarah Zeller Dirk 2012 Reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for the Pitcairn Islands 1950 2009 Fisheries Centre Research Reports University of British Columbia 20 5 87 94 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 303 3929 ISSN 1198 6727 Eshleman Michael O 2011 Law in Isolation The Legal History of Pitcairn Island 1900 2010 ILSA Journal of International amp Comparative Law 18 1 Eshleman Michael O January 2012 The New Pitcairn Islands Constitution Strong Empty Words for Britain s Smallest Colony Pace International Law Review 24 1 Ferdon Edwin N Jr January 1958 Pitcairn Island 1956 Geographical Review 48 1 69 85 doi 10 2307 211702 JSTOR 211702 External links EditPitcairn Islands at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Pitcairn Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed 1911 Government Edit Pitcairn Government official websiteTravel Edit Pitcairn Island Tourism Official tourism site of the Pitcairn Islands Google Street View June 2013 Wikimedia Atlas of Pitcairn IslandsLocal news Edit Pitcairn News from Big Flower News from Big Flower Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Miscellany News from Pitcairn Island Jacqui Christian ed Pitcairn News information from Chris Double a Bounty descendant based in Auckland Uklun Tul Un Dem Tul Pitcairn news by Kari Young a Pitcairn resident Study groups Edit U S Pitcairn Islands Study Centre U S Pitcairn Islands Study Group Coordinates 25 04 S 130 06 W 25 067 S 130 100 W 25 067 130 100 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pitcairn Islands amp oldid 1142761834, wikipedia, wiki, 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