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Isle of Man

January 21, 2023

This article is about the British island territory. For the island in Canada, see Isle of Man (Cataraqui River). For the racehorse, see Isle of Man (horse).

Coordinates: 54°14′06″N 04°31′30″W / 54.23500°N 4.52500°W / 54.23500; -4.52500

The Isle of Man (Manx: Mannin [ˈmanɪnʲ], also Ellan Vannin [ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ]), also known as Mann (/mæn/),[8] is an island country[9][10] and self-governing Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. As head of state, Charles III holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The government of the United Kingdom is responsible for the isle's military defence and represents it abroad.

Isle of Man
Mannin, Ellan Vannin (Manx)
Crown Dependency

Flag

Coat of arms
Motto: 
"Quocunque Jeceris Stabit" (Latin)
(English: "Wherever you throw it, it shall stand")
Anthem: "O Land of Our Birth"[a]
Location of the Isle of Man (green) in Europe (dark grey)
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Norse control9th century
Scottish control2 July 1266
English control1399
Revested into British Crown10 May 1765
CapitalDouglas
54°09′00″N 04°28′39″W / 54.15000°N 4.47750°W / 54.15000; -4.47750
Official languages
Ethnic groups
(2021)[3]
Religion
(2021)[3]
Demonym(s)Manx; Manxman (plural, Manxmen); Manxwoman (plural, Manxwomen)
GovernmentParliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy
Charles III
John Lorimer
Alfred Cannan MHK[4]
LegislatureTynwald
• Upper house
Legislative Council
• Lower house
House of Keys
Area
• Total
572 km2 (221 sq mi) (unranked)
• Water (%)
1
Highest elevation
2,030 ft (620 m)
Population
• 2021 census
84,069[3] (202nd)
• Density
148/km2 (383.3/sq mi) (86th)
GDP (PPP)2014 estimate
• Total
$7.43 billion (161st)
• Per capita
$84,600 (9th)
GDP (nominal)estimate
• Total
US$7.49 billion[5]
HDI (2010)0.849[6]
very high · 14th
CurrencyPound sterling
Manx pound (£) (GBP)
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+01:00 (BST)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Mains electricity240 V, 50 Hz
Driving sideleft
Calling code+44
UK postcode
IM1 – IM99
ISO 3166 codeIM
Internet TLD.im

Humans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, when Irish missionaries following the teaching of St. Patrick began settling the island,[11] and the Manx language, a branch of the Goidelic languages, emerged. In 627, King Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the thalassocratic Kingdom of the Isles, which included the Isle of Man. Magnus III, King of Norway from 1093 to 1103, reigned as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103.[12]

In 1266, King Magnus VI of Norway sold his suzerainty over Mann to King Alexander III of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth.[13] After a period of alternating rule by the Kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested in the British Crown in 1765, but the island did not become part of the 18th-century Kingdom of Great Britain, nor of its successors, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the present-day United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It has always retained its internal self-government. In 1881, the Isle of Man Parliament, Tynwald, became the first national legislative body in the world to give women the right to vote in a general election, although this excluded married women.[14][15]

The Manx economy is bolstered by its status as a tax haven and offshore banking destination.[16][17][18] Insurance and online gambling each generate 17% of the GNP, followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each.[19] This status has also brought the problems of money laundering, financial crime, and terrorism financing.[20]

Internationally, the Isle of Man is known for the TT Motorcycle Races,[21] and the Manx cat, a breed with short or no tails.[22] In 2016, UNESCO awarded the Isle of Man biosphere reserve status.[23]

Name

The Manx name of the Isle of Man is Ellan Vannin: ellan (Manx pronunciation: [ɛlʲan]), a Manx word meaning "island"; Mannin (IPA: [manɪnʲ]) appears in the genitive case as Vannin (IPA: [vanɪnʲ]), with initial consonant mutation, hence Ellan Vannin, "Island of Mann". The short form used in English is spelled either Mann or Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana.[24]

The Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth.[25] In the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia, and Ptolemy (2nd century) as Monœda (Mοναοιδα, Monaoida) or Mοναρινα (Monarina), in Koine Greek. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia (Orosius, 416),[26] and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers. It is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön.[27]

The name is probably cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn,[25] usually derived from a Celtic word for 'mountain' (reflected in Welsh mynydd, Breton menez, and Scottish Gaelic monadh),[28][29] from a Proto-Celtic *moniyos.

The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology (corresponding to Welsh Manawydan fab Llŷr).[30] In the earliest Irish mythological texts, Manannán is a king of the otherworld, but the 9th-century Sanas Cormaic identifies a euhemerised Manannán as "a famous merchant who resided in, and gave name to, the Isle of Man".[31] Later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem (dated 1504).[32]

History

Main article: History of the Isle of Man
 
The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100
 
The Braaid in the central Isle of Man, with remnants of a Celtic-Norse roundhouse and two longhouses, c. AD 650–950

The island was cut off from the surrounding islands around 8000 BC as sea levels rose following the end of the ice age. Humans colonised it by travelling by sea some time before 6500 BC.[33] The first occupants were hunter-gatherers and fishermen. Examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum.[34]

The Neolithic Period marked the beginning of farming, and the people began to build megalithic monuments, such as Cashtal yn Ard near Maughold, King Orry's Grave at Laxey, Mull Hill near Cregneash, and Ballaharra Stones at St John's. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures.[35]

During the Bronze Age, the size of burial mounds decreased. The people put bodies into stone-lined graves with ornamental containers. The Bronze Age burial mounds survived as long-lasting markers around the countryside.[36]

The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia.[37] During the four centuries when Rome ruled the Province of Britannia, the Roman military controlled the Irish Sea, providing safe passage of agricultural goods from the productive farms of Anglesey to Roman settlements at the English – Scottish frontier. Only a few Roman artifacts have been found on Mann, suggesting a lack of strategic value of Mann during the era of Britannia. No Roman lighthouses or signal towers have yet been found on Mann.[38]

Around the 5th century AD, large-scale migration from Ireland precipitated a process of Gaelicisation, evidenced by Ogham inscriptions, and the Manx language developed. It is a Goidelic language closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic.[39]

In the 7th century, Mann came under Anglo-Saxon control, specifically King Edwin of Northumbria, from which he launched raids into Ireland. How much influence the Northumbrians exerted on Mann is unknown, but very few place names on Mann are of Old English origin.[40]

Vikings arrived at the end of the 8th century. They established Tynwald and introduced many land divisions that still exist. In 1266 King Magnus VI of Norway ceded the islands to Alexander III, King of Scots, in the Treaty of Perth. But Scottish rule over Mann did not become firmly established until 1275, when the Manx were defeated in the Battle of Ronaldsway, near Castletown.

In 1290 King Edward I of England sent Walter de Huntercombe to take possession of Mann. It remained in English hands until 1313, when Robert I, King of Scots, took it after besieging Castle Rushen for five weeks. In 1314, it was retaken for the English by John Bacach of Argyll. In 1317, it was retaken for the Scots by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray and Lord of the Isle of Man. It was held by the Scots until 1333. For some years thereafter control passed back and forth between the two kingdoms until the English took it for the final time in 1346.[41] The English Crown delegated its rule of the island to a series of lords and magnates. Tynwald passed laws concerning the government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances, but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann.

In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys, but the Legislative Council was appointed by the Crown. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended.

The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings.

In July 2022 the 19th International Linguistics Olympiad was held in Castletown on the island.[42]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Isle of Man
See also: Geology of the Isle of Man, List of islands of the Isle of Man, and Biota of the Isle of Man
 
The Calf of Man seen from Cregneash

The Isle of Man is an island located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea, almost equidistant from England to the east, Northern Ireland to the west, and Scotland (closest) to the north; while Wales to the south is almost the distance of the Republic of Ireland to the southwest. It is 52 kilometres (32 mi) long and, at its widest point, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide. It has an area of around 572 square kilometres (221 sq mi).[43] Besides the island of Mann itself, the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands: the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man,[44] Chicken Rock (on which stands an unstaffed lighthouse), St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle. The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads/causeways.

Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley. The northern plain, by contrast, is relatively flat, consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited shingle beaches at the northernmost point, the Point of Ayre. The island has one mountain higher than 600 metres (2,000 ft), Snaefell, with a height of 620 metres (2,034 ft).[43] According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Mann, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales, and Heaven.[45][46] Some versions add a seventh kingdom, that of the sea, or Neptune.[47]

Population

Further information: Manx people
 

At the 2021 census,[3] the Isle of Man was home to 84,069 people, of whom 26,677 resided in the island's capital, Douglas. The population increased by 755 persons between the 2016 and 2021 censuses.

Census

The Isle of Man Full Census, last held in 2021,[3] has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966. It is separate from, but similar to, the Census in the United Kingdom.

Governance

Main article: Isle of Man Government

The United Kingdom is responsible for the island's defence and ultimately for good governance, and for representing the island in international forums, while the island's own parliament and government have competence over all domestic matters.[48]

Socio-political structure

See also: Manx law

The island's parliament, Tynwald, is claimed to have been in continuous existence since 979 or earlier, purportedly making it the oldest continuously governing body in the world, though evidence supports a much later date.[49] Tynwald is a bicameral or tricameral legislature, comprising the House of Keys (directly elected by universal suffrage with a voting age of 16 years) and the Legislative Council (consisting of indirectly elected and ex-officio members). These two bodies also meet together in joint session as Tynwald Court.

The executive branch of government is the Council of Ministers, which is composed of Members of Tynwald (usually Members of the House of Keys, though Members of the Legislative Council may also be appointed as Ministers). It is headed by the Chief Minister.

Vice-regal functions of the head of state are performed by a lieutenant governor.

External relations and security

Main article: External relations of the Isle of Man

In various laws of the United Kingdom, "the United Kingdom" is defined to exclude the Isle of Man. Historically, the UK has taken care of its external and defence affairs, and retains paramount power to legislate for the Island. However, in 2007, the Isle of Man and the UK signed an agreement[50] that established frameworks for the development of the international identity of the Isle of Man. There is no separate Manx citizenship. Citizenship is covered by UK law, and Manx people are classed as British citizens. There is a long history of relations and cultural exchange between the Isle of Man and Ireland. The Isle of Man's historic Manx language (and its modern revived variant) are closely related to both Scottish Gaelic and the Irish language, and in 1947, Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera spearheaded efforts to save the dying Manx language.[51]

Defence

The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom; however, the UK takes care of its external and defence affairs.[52] There are no independent military forces on the Isle of Man, although HMS Ramsey is affiliated with the town of the same name.[53] From 1938 to 1955 there was the Manx Regiment of the British Territorial Army, which saw extensive action during the Second World War.[54] During the English Civil War the 7th Earl of Derby and Lord of Mann James Stanley conscripted 10 men from each parish (170 in total) to fight for the Royalist cause; the majority were killed at the Battle of Wigan Lane in 1651. In 1779, the Manx Fencible Corps, a fencible regiment of three companies, was raised; it was disbanded in 1783 at the end of the American War of Independence. Later, the Royal Manx Fencibles was raised at the time of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. The 1st Battalion (of 3 companies) was raised in 1793. A 2nd Battalion (of 10 companies) was raised in 1795,[55] and it saw action during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. The regiment was disbanded in 1802.[56] A third body of Manx Fencibles was raised in 1803 to defend the island during the Napoleonic Wars and to assist the Revenue. It was disbanded in 1811.[57] The Isle of Man Home Guard was raised during the Second World War for home defence.[58] In 2015 a multi-capability recruiting and training unit of the British Army Reserve was established in Douglas.[59]

Manxman status

Main article: Manx passport
 
British passport (Isle of Man)

There is no citizenship of the Isle of Man as such; Isle of Man residents are entitled to British citizenship and can obtain a full UK British passport or British Isle of Man passport.

The Passport Office, Isle of Man, Douglas, accepts and processes applications for the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man, who is formally responsible for issuing Isle of Man–issued British passports, titled "British Islands – Isle of Man". The powers conferred on the UK Secretary of State by the British Nationality Act 1981 extend to and are exercised in the Isle of Man by the Lieutenant Governor.[60]

Isle of Man-issued British passports can presently be issued to any British citizen resident in the Isle of Man, and also to British citizens who have a qualifying close personal connection to the Isle of Man, but are now resident either in the UK or in either one of the two other Crown Dependencies.

European Union

The Isle of Man was never part of the European Union, nor did it have a special status, and thus it did not take part in the 2016 referendum on the UK's EU membership.[61] However, Protocol 3 of the UK's Act of Accession to the Treaty of Rome included the Isle of Man within the EU's customs area, allowing for trade in Manx goods without tariffs throughout the EU.[62] As it was not part of the EU's internal market, there are still limitations on the movement of capital, services and labour.

EU citizens were entitled to travel and reside, but not work, in the island without restriction. British citizens with Manxman status were under the same circumstances and restrictions as any other non-EU European relating country to work in the EU.[63][64]

The political and diplomatic impacts of Brexit on the island are still uncertain. The UK confirmed that the Crown Dependencies' positions were included in the Brexit negotiations.[65] The Brexit withdrawal agreement explicitly included the Isle of Man in its territorial scope, but makes no other mention of it.[66] The island's government website stated that after the end of the implementation period, the Isle of Man's relationship with the EU would depend on the agreement reached between the UK and the EU on their future relationship.[67]

Commonwealth of Nations

The Isle of Man is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. By virtue of its relationship with the United Kingdom, it takes part in several Commonwealth institutions, including the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Commonwealth Games. The Government of the Isle of Man has made calls for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth,[68] including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings, including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings.[69] The Chief Minister of the Isle of Man has said: "A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the island's international relationships."[70]

Politics

 
Local authorities and sheadings
Main article: Politics of the Isle of Man
See also: List of political parties in the Isle of Man and Elections in the Isle of Man

Most Manx politicians stand for election as independents rather than as representatives of political parties. Although political parties do exist, their influence is not nearly as strong as in the United Kingdom.

There are three political parties in the Isle of Man:

  • The Liberal Vannin Party (established 2006) has one seat in the House of Keys; it promotes greater Manx autonomy and more accountability in government.
  • The Manx Labour Party is active, and for much of the 20th century had several MHKs. Currently (since the 2021 general election) there are 2 MLP members in the House of Keys, both of whom are women.
  • The Isle of Man Green Party was established in 2016, but currently only has representation at local government level.[71]

There are also a number of pressure groups on the island. Mec Vannin advocate the establishment of a sovereign republic.[72] The Positive Action Group campaign for three key elements to be introduced into the governance of the island: open accountable government, rigorous control of public finances, and a fairer society.[73]

Local government

Main article: Local government in the Isle of Man

Local government on the Isle of Man is based partly on the island's 17 ancient parishes. There are four types of local authorities:

  • a corporation for the Borough of Douglas, and bodies of commissioners for the town districts of Castletown, Peel and Ramsey
  • the districts of Kirk Michael and Onchan
  • the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary
  • the 13 parish districts (those historic parishes, or combinations or parts of them, which do not fall within the districts previously mentioned).

Each of these districts has its own body of commissioners.

LGBT rights

Main article: LGBT rights in the Isle of Man

The Isle of Man was the last place in the British Isles to legalise same-sex sexual activity. While it had been legal in England since 1967, it remained illegal in the Isle of Man until 1992.[74][75]

The Isle of Man's Chief Minister Howard Quayle has issued an "unqualified apology" to gay men convicted of same-sex offences under previous Manx laws.

Public services

Education

Main article: Education in the Isle of Man

Public education is overseen by the Department of Education, Sport & Culture. Thirty-two primary schools, five secondary schools and the University College Isle of Man function under the department.[76]

Health

Main articles: Health in the Isle of Man and Healthcare in the Isle of Man

Two-thirds of residents of Mann are overweight or obese, four in ten are physically inactive, one-quarter are binge drinkers, one in twelve smoke cigarettes, and about 15% are in poor general health.[77] Healthcare is provided via a public health scheme by Department of Health and Social Care for residents and visitors from the UK.[78]

Crime

The Crime Severity Rate in Mann, which largely measures crimes directed against persons or property, remains substantially less than that in the United Kingdom, although the rate of violent crime has been increasing in recent years. Most violent crime is associated with the trade in illegal drugs.[79]

The Government of Mann has laid out a strategy entailing a "whole-Island approach" to address the serious problems of money laundering, financial crime, and terrorism financing.[80]

Emergency services

The Isle of Man Government maintains five emergency services.[81] These are:

All of these services are controlled directly by the Department of Home Affairs of the Isle of Man Government, and are independent of the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, the Isle of Man Constabulary voluntarily submits to inspection by the British inspectorate of police,[82] and the Isle of Man Coastguard contracts His Majesty's Coastguard (UK) for air-sea rescue operations.

Crematorium

The island's sole crematorium is located in Glencrutchery Road, Douglas, and is operated by the Douglas Borough Council. Usually staffed by four, in March 2020 an increase of staff to 12 was announced by the Council leader, responding to the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could require more staff.[83]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Isle of Man

The Isle of Man has no capital gains tax, wealth tax, stamp duty, or inheritance tax[84] and a top rate of income tax of 20%.[85] A tax cap is in force: the maximum amount of tax payable by an individual is £200,000 or £400,000 for couples choosing to have their incomes jointly assessed. Personal income is assessed and taxed on a worldwide income basis rather than a remittance basis. This means that all income earned throughout the world is assessable for Manx tax rather than only income earned in or brought into the island. The standard rate of corporation tax for residents and non-residents is 0%. Retail business profits above £500,000 and banking business income are taxed at 10%, and rental (or other) income from land and buildings situated on the Isle of Man is taxed at 20%.[86]

 
Peel is the island's main fishing port.

Mann's low corporate tax burden[87] and absence of public registries of corporate ownership[88] provides tax avoidance and tax evasion strategies for individuals and corporations, resulting in a large influx of funds from those in pursuit of tax advantage and financial confidentiality.[89] The relative importance of agriculture, fishing and tourism, the former mainstays of the Manx economy, has accordingly declined.[90] As is typical of the low-tax crown dependencies, Mann's economy features financial services, shell corporations for high-technology companies, online gambling and online gaming,[91] cinema production, and tax havens for high net worth individuals.[92][93] These activities have brought some high-income jobs to Mann, as hundreds of local residents serve as “straw man" directors and shareholders of shell companies.[94] Similar schemes provide a means for high net worth individuals to reduce their tax obligations and to shield their financial dealings from public scrutiny.[95][90] As described in the Paradise Papers,[96] the Isle of Man economy features extensive illegal economic activity including tax evasion, money laundering from drug sales, money transfers from weapons sales, and looting of public treasuries of other nation states (particularly Russia)[97] These funds are mostly funneled into the London financial markets. There has been an effort to regulate these activities, though the impact of legal measures instituted by the Isle of Man government remains uncertain.[98] Online gambling sites provided about 10% of the Mann government's revenue in 2014.

The Isle of Man Department for Enterprise manages the diversified economy in 12 key sectors.[99] The largest sectors by GNP are insurance and eGambling with 17% of GNP each, followed by ICT and banking with 9% each. The 2016 census lists 41,636 total employed.[100] The largest sectors by employment are "medical and health", "financial and business services", construction, retail and public administration.[101] Manufacturing, focused on aerospace and the food and drink industry,[102] employs almost 2000 workers and contributes about 5% of gross domestic product (GDP). The sector provides laser optics, industrial diamonds, electronics, plastics and aerospace precision engineering. Tourism, agriculture, and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, now make very little contributions to the island's GDP. The unemployment rate on Man is less than 1%.[103]

Trade takes place mostly with the United Kingdom. The island is in customs union with the UK, and related revenues are pooled and shared under the Common Purse Agreement. This means that the Isle of Man cannot have the lower excise revenues on alcohol and other goods that are enjoyed in the Channel Islands.

The Manx government promotes island locations for making films by offering financial support. Since 1995, over 100 films have been made on the island.[104] Most recently the island has taken a much wider strategy to attract the general digital media industry in film, television, video and esports.[105]

The Isle of Man Government Lottery operated from 1986 to 1997. Since 2 December 1999 the island has participated in the United Kingdom National Lottery.[106][107] The island is the only jurisdiction outside the United Kingdom where it is possible to play the UK National Lottery.[108] Since 2010 it has also been possible for projects in the Isle of Man to receive national lottery Good Causes Funding.[109][110] The good causes funding is distributed by the Manx Lottery Trust.[111] Tynwald receives the 12% lottery duty for tickets sold in the island.

Tourist numbers peaked in the first half of the 20th century, prior to the boom in cheap travel to Southern Europe that also saw the decline of tourism in many similar English seaside resorts. The Isle of Man tourism board has recently invested in "Dark Sky Discovery" sites to diversify its tourism industry. It is expected that dark skies will generally be nominated by the public across the UK. However, the Isle of Man tourism board tasked someone from their team to nominate 27 places on the island as a civil task. This cluster of the highest quality "Milky Way" sites[112] is now well promoted within the island. This government push has effectively given the island a headstart in the number of recognised Dark Sky sites. However, this has created a distorted view when compared to the UK where this is not promoted on a national scale. There, Dark Sky sites are expected to be nominated over time by the public across a full range of town, city and countryside locations rather than en masse by government departments.[113]

In 2017 an office of The International Stock Exchange was opened to provide a boost for the island's finance industry.[114]

Communications

Main article: Communications on the Isle of Man
 
Aerial view of Douglas and the southern half of the Isle of Man

The main telephone provider on the Isle of Man is Manx Telecom. The island has two mobile operators: Manx Telecom, previously known as Manx Pronto, and Sure. Cloud9 operated as a third mobile operator on the island for a short time, but has since withdrawn.[115]

Broadband internet services are available through four local providers: Wi-Manx, Domicilium, Manx Computer Bureau and Manx Telecom. The island does not have its own ITU country code, but is accessed via the British country code (+44), and the island's telephone numbers are part of the British telephone numbering plan, with local dialling codes 01624 for landlines and 07524, 07624 and 07924 for mobiles. Calls to the island from the UK however, are generally charged differently from those within the UK, and may or may not be included in any "inclusive minutes" packages.[116][117]

In 1996, the Isle of Man Government obtained permission to use the .im national top-level domain (TLD), and has ultimate responsibility for its use. The main is managed from day to day by Domicilium, an island-based internet service provider. In December 2007, the Manx Electricity Authority and its telecommunications subsidiary, e-llan Communications, commissioned the laying of a new fibre-optic link that connects the island to a worldwide fibre-optic network. In August 2021 it was reported that Elon Musk's satellite internet service, Starlink, had been granted a licence to operate from a ground station on the island.

The Isle of Man has three radio stations: Manx Radio, Energy FM and 3FM.

There is no insular television service, but local transmitters retransmit British mainland digital broadcasts via the free-to-air digital terrestrial service Freeview. The Isle of Man is served by BBC North West for BBC One and BBC Two television services, and ITV Granada for ITV.

Many television services are available by satellite, such as Sky, and Freesat from the group of satellites at 28.2° East, as well as services from a range of other satellites around Europe such as the Astra satellites at 19.2° east and Hot Bird.

The Isle of Man has three newspapers, all weeklies, and all owned by Isle of Man Newspapers, a division of the Edinburgh media company Johnston Press.[118] The Isle of Man Courier (distribution 36,318) is free and distributed to homes on the island. The other two newspapers are Isle of Man Examiner (circulation 13,276) and the Manx Independent (circulation 12,255).[119]

Postal services are the responsibility of the Isle of Man Post Office, which took over from the UK's General Post Office in 1973.

Transport

Main article: Transport in the Isle of Man
 
Sea Terminal front façade

There is a comprehensive bus network, operated by the government-owned bus operator Bus Vannin.[120]

The Isle of Man Sea Terminal in Douglas has regular ferries to and from Heysham and to and from Liverpool, with a more restricted timetable operating in winter. The two vessels are Manannan and Ben My Chree. The latter is due to be replaced with a new vessel arriving in 2022 made by Hyundai; it was named Manxman by the public in mid 2020. There are also limited summer-only services to and from Belfast and Dublin. The Dublin route also operates at Christmas. At the time of the Isle of Man TT a limited number of sailings operate to and from Larne in Northern Ireland. All ferries are operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company.[121]

The only commercial airport on the island is the Isle of Man Airport at Ronaldsway. There are direct scheduled and chartered flights to numerous airports in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[122]

The island has a total of 688 miles (1,107 km)[123] of public roads, all of which are paved. There is no overriding national speed limit; only local speed limits are set, and some roads have no speed limit. Rules about reckless driving and most other driving regulations are enforced in a similar way to the UK.[124] There is a requirement for regular vehicle examinations for some vehicles (similar to the MoT test in the UK).[125]

The island used to have an extensive narrow-gauge railway system, both steam-operated and electric, but the majority of the steam railway tracks were taken out of service many years ago, and the track removed. As of 2022, there is a steam railway between Douglas and Port Erin, an electric railway between Douglas and Ramsey and an electric mountain railway which climbs Snaefell.[126]

One of the oldest operating horse tram services is located on the sea front in the capital, Douglas. It was founded in 1876.[126]

Space commerce

The Isle of Man has become a centre for emerging private space travel companies.[127] A number of the competitors in the Google Lunar X Prize, a $30 million competition for the first privately funded team to send a robot to the Moon, are based on the island. The team summit for the X Prize was held on the island in October 2010.[128] In January 2011 two research space stations owned by Excalibur Almaz arrived on the island and were kept in an aircraft hangar at the airfield at the former RAF Jurby near Jurby.[129]

Electricity supply

The electricity supply on the Isle of Man is run by the Manx Utilities Authority. The Isle of Man is connected to Great Britain's national grid by a 40 MW alternating current link (Isle of Man to England Interconnector). There are also hydroelectric, natural gas and diesel generators. The government has also planned a 700 MW offshore wind farm, roughly half the size of Walney Wind Farm.[130]

Gas supply

Main article: Isle of Man gas industry

Gas for lighting and heating has been supplied to users on the Isle of Man since 1836, firstly as town gas, then as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); since 2003 natural gas has been available. The future use of hydrogen as a supplementary or substitute fuel is being studied.[131]

Cannabis cultivation

In June 2021, the law prohibiting commercial cultivation of cannabis on Ellan Vannin was repealed, and the government of Mann, for the first time, offered licences for production and export of cannabis. In February 2022, Mann resident and local billionaire John Whittaker, through his firm Peel NRE, proposed to spend US$136 million for the construction of warmhouses for cannabis cultivation, and research facilities, and to develop the business. It was announced that zoning permits had been granted for development of the facility. Although the availability of medical cannabis is heavily restricted within the U.K., there has been an effort to develop the cannabis industry on the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey.[132][133][134]

Culture

Main article: Culture of the Isle of Man

The Manx are a Celtic nation.[135]

The culture of the Isle of Man is often promoted as being influenced by its Celtic and, to a lesser extent, its Norse origins. Proximity to the UK, popularity as a UK tourist destination in Victorian times, and immigration from Britain have all meant that the cultures of Great Britain have been influential at least since Revestment. Revival campaigns have attempted to preserve the surviving vestiges of Manx culture after a long period of Anglicisation, and there has been significantly increased interest in the Manx language, history and musical tradition.

Language

Main article: Languages of the Isle of Man
 
A bilingual sign in the Isle of Man featuring Manx and English

The official languages of the Isle of Man are English and Manx. Manx has traditionally been spoken but has been stated to be "critically endangered".[136] However, it now has a growing number of young speakers.

Manx is a Goidelic Celtic language and is one of a number of insular Celtic languages spoken in the British Isles.[137] Manx has been officially recognised as a legitimate autochthonous regional language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, ratified by the United Kingdom on 27 March 2001 on behalf of the Isle of Man government.[138]

Manx is closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic, but is orthographically sui generis.

On the island, the Manx greetings moghrey mie (good morning) and fastyr mie (good afternoon) can often be heard.[139] As in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, the concepts of "evening" and "afternoon" are referred to with one word.[140] Two other Manx expressions often heard are Gura mie eu ("Thank you"; familiar 2nd person singular form Gura mie ayd) and traa dy liooar, meaning "time enough", which represents a stereotypical view of the Manx attitude to life.[141][142]

In the 2011 Isle of Man census, approximately 1,800 residents could read, write, and speak the Manx language.[143]

Symbols

 
A sculpture of the Manx triskelion in front of Ronaldsway Airport terminal

For centuries, the island's symbol has been the so-called "three legs of Mann" (Manx: Tree Cassyn Vannin), a triskelion of three legs conjoined at the thigh. The Manx triskelion, which dates back with certainty to the late 13th century, is of uncertain origin. It has been suggested that its origin lies in Sicily, an island which has been associated with the triskelion since ancient times.[144][145]

The symbol appears in the island's official flag and official coat of arms, as well as its currency. The Manx triskelion may be reflected in the island's motto, Quocunque jeceris stabit, which appears as part of the island's coat of arms. The Latin motto translates as "whichever way you throw, it will stand"[146] or "whithersoever you throw it, it will stand".[147] It dates to the late 17th century when it is known to have appeared on the island's coinage.[146] It has also been suggested that the motto originally referred to the poor quality of coinage which was common at the time—as in "however it is tested it will pass".[148]

The ragwort or cushag has been referred to as the Manx national flower.[149]

Religion

See also: Diocese of Sodor and Man

The predominant religious tradition of the Isle of Man is Christianity, adhered to by 54.7% of the Manx according to the 2021 census.[3] At the same time, 43.8% of the population had no religion, 0.5% adhered to Islam, 0.5% to Buddhism, 0.4% to Hinduism, 0.2% to Judaism, and 0.2% to other religions.[3]

Before the Protestant Reformation, the island had a long history as part of the unified Catholic Church, and in the years following the Reformation, the religious authorities on the island, and later the population of the island, accepted the religious authority of the British monarchy, Anglicanism and the Church of England.[150] The Isle of Man also came under the influence of Irish religious tradition. The island forms a separate diocese called Sodor and Man, which in the distant past comprised the medieval kingdom of Man and the Scottish isles ("Suðreyjar" in Old Norse). Nowadays, it consists of sixteen parishes,[151] and since 1541[152] has been part of the Province of York.[153]

Other Christian denominations and other religions also operate on the Isle of Man. The second largest denomination is the Methodist Church, whose Isle of Man District is close in numbers to the Anglican diocese. Then, there are eight Catholic parish churches, included in the Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool,[154] as well as a presence of Eastern Orthodox Christians. Additionally, there are five Baptist churches, four Pentecostal churches, the Salvation Army, a ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, two congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses, two United Reformed churches, as well as other Christian churches.

The Manx Muslim community has a mosque in Douglas, and Jews also have a history on the island.[155] In 2022, the island's first Buddhist temple was established in Baldrine.[156]

Myth, legend, and folklore

In Manx mythology, the island was ruled by the sea god Manannán, who would draw his misty cloak around the island to protect it from invaders. One of the principal folk theories about the origin of the name Mann is that it is named after Manannán.

In the Manx tradition of folklore, there are many stories of mythical creatures and characters. These include the Buggane, a malevolent spirit which according to legend, blew the roof off St Trinian's Church in a fit of rage; the Fenodyree; the Glashtyn; and the Moddey Dhoo, a ghostly black dog which wandered the walls and corridors of Peel Castle.

The Isle of Man is also said to be home to fairies, known locally as "the little folk" or "themselves". There is a famous Fairy Bridge, and it is said to be bad luck if one fails to wish the fairies good morning or afternoon when passing over it. It used to be a tradition to leave a coin on the bridge to ensure good luck. Other types of fairies include the Arkan Sonney.

An old Irish story tells how Lough Neagh was formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (commonly anglicised to Finn McCool) ripped up a portion of the land and tossed it at a Scottish rival. He missed and the chunk of earth landed in the Irish Sea, thus creating the island.

Peel Castle has been proposed as a possible location of the Arthurian Avalon[157] or as the location of the Grail Castle, site of Lancelot's encounter with the sword bridge of King Maleagant.[158]

One of the most oft-repeated myths is that people found guilty of witchcraft were rolled down Slieau Whallian, a hill near St John's, in a barrel. However this is a 19th-century legend derived from a Scottish legend, which in turn comes from a German legend. Separately, a witchcraft museum was opened at the Witches Mill, Castletown in 1951. There has never actually been a witches' coven on that site; the myth was only created with the opening of the museum.[159] However, there has been a strong tradition of herbalism and the use of charms to prevent and cure illness and disease in people and animals.[160][161]

Music

Main article: Music of the Isle of Man
 
Bee Gees plaque at Maitland Terrace/Strang Road intersection in Union Mills, Isle of Man

The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop.

Its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called Yn Chruinnaght in Ramsey.[162] This was part of a general revival of the Manx language and culture after the death of the last native speaker of Manx in 1974.

The Isle of Man was mentioned in the Who song "Happy Jack" as the homeland of the song's titular character, who is always in a state of ecstasy, no matter what happens to him. The song 'The Craic was 90 in the Isle of Man' by Christy Moore describes a lively visit during the Island's tourism heyday. The Island is also the birthplace of Maurice, Robin and Barry Gibb, of the Bee Gees; a bronze statue of the trio was unveiled on Douglas promenade in July 2021.[163]

Food

In the past, the basic national dish of the island was spuds and herrin, boiled potatoes and herring. This plain dish was supported by the subsistence farmers of the island, who for centuries crofted the land and fished the sea. Chips, cheese and gravy, a dish similar to poutine, is found in most of the island's fast-food outlets, and consists of thick cut chips, covered in shredded Cheddar cheese and topped with a thick gravy.[164] However, as of the Isle of Man Food & Drink Festival 2018, queenies have been crowned the Manx national dish [165][166] with many restaurants, hotels and pubs serving locally farmed queen scallops.

Seafood has traditionally accounted for a large proportion of the local diet. Although commercial fishing has declined in recent years, local delicacies include Manx kippers (smoked herring) which are produced by the smokeries in Peel on the west coast of the island, albeit mainly from North Sea herring these days.[167] The smokeries also produce other specialities including smoked salmon and bacon.

Crab, lobster and scallops are commercially fished, and the queen scallop (queenies) is regarded as a particular delicacy, with a light, sweet flavour.[168] Cod, ling and mackerel are often angled for the table, and freshwater trout and salmon can be taken from the local rivers and lakes, supported by the government fish hatchery at Cornaa on the east coast.

Cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry are all commercially farmed; Manx lamb from the hill farms is a popular dish. The Loaghtan, the indigenous breed of Manx sheep, has a rich, dark meat that has found favour with chefs,[169][170] featuring in dishes on the BBC's MasterChef series.

Manx cheese has also found some success, featuring smoked and herb-flavoured varieties, and is stocked by many of the UK's supermarket chains.[171][172][173] Manx cheese took bronze medals in the 2005 British Cheese Awards, and sold 578 tonnes over the year. Manx cheddar has been exported to Canada where it is available in some supermarkets.[174]

Beer is brewed on a commercial scale by Okells Brewery, which was established in 1850 and is the island's largest brewer; and also by Bushy's Brewery and the Hooded Ram Brewery. The Isle of Man's Pure Beer Act of 1874, which resembles the German Reinheitsgebot, is still in effect: under this Act, brewers may only use water, malt, sugar and hops in their brews.[175]

Sport

Main article: Sport in the Isle of Man

The Isle of Man is represented as a nation in the Commonwealth Games and the Island Games and hosted the IV Commonwealth Youth Games in 2011. Manx athletes have won three gold medals at the Commonwealth Games, including the one by cyclist Mark Cavendish in 2006 in the Scratch race. The Island Games were first held on the island in 1985, and again in 2001. In 2019, FC Isle of Man was founded and is a North West Counties League team.

 
The National Sports Centre, Douglas, Isle of Man

Isle of Man teams and individuals participate in many sports both on and off the island including rugby union, football, gymnastics, field hockey, netball, taekwondo, bowling, obstacle course racing and cricket. The FC Isle of Man will compete in the North West Counties Football League Premier Division in the next league campaign.[176] It being an island, many types of watersports are also popular with residents.

Motorcycle racing

Further information: Isle of Man TT

The main international event associated with the island is the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy race, colloquially known as "The TT",[177] which began in 1907. It takes place in late May and early June. The TT is now an international road racing event for motorcycles, which used to be part of the World Championship, and is long considered to be one of the "greatest motorcycle sporting events of the world".[178] Taking place over a two-week period, it has become a festival for motorcycling culture, makes a huge contribution to the island's economy and has become part of Manx identity.[179] For many, the Isle carries the title "road racing capital of the world".[180]

The Manx Grand Prix is a separate motorcycle event for amateurs and private entrants that uses the same 60.70 km (37.72 mi)[181] Snaefell Mountain Course in late August and early September.

In the 1990s, SEGA released an arcade game called Manx TT Superbike, based on the motorcycle races.[182][failed verification]

Cammag

Main article: Cammag

Prior to the introduction of football in the 19th century, Cammag was the island's traditional sport.[183] It is similar to the Irish hurling and the Scottish game of shinty. Nowadays there is an annual match at St John's.

Theatre and cinema

Built in 1899, to the designs of architect Frank Matcham,[184] and restored in 1976 to its original splendor, the government-owned Gaiety Theatre and Opera House[185] on the Douglas Promenade presents plays, musicals, concerts and comedy shows year-round. Within the Gaiety Theatre Complex, the Broadway Cinema has a capacity of 154 and doubles as a conference venue.[186]

The Palace Cinema is located next to the derelict Castle Mona hotel and is operated by the Sefton Group. It has two screens: Screen One holds 293 customers, while Screen Two is smaller with a capacity of just 95. It was extensively refurbished in August 2011.[187]

Fauna

Main articles: Manx cat, Manx Loaghtan, Biota of the Isle of Man, and Extinct animals from the Isle of Man
 
Black Manx cat

Two domestic animals are specifically connected to the Isle of Man, though they are also found elsewhere.

The Manx cat is a breed of cat noted for its genetic mutation that causes it to have a shortened tail. The length of this tail can range from a few inches, known as a "stumpy", to being completely nonexistent, or "rumpy". Manx cats display a range of colours and usually have somewhat longer hind legs compared to most cats. The cats have been used as a symbol of the Isle of Man on coins and stamps and at one time the Manx government operated a breeding centre to ensure the continuation of the breed.[188]

 
Manx Loaghtan sheep are bred on the island for their meat.

The Manx Loaghtan sheep is a breed native to the island. It has dark brown wool and four, or sometimes six, horns. The meat is considered to be a delicacy.[189] There are several flocks on the island and others have been started in England and Jersey.

A more recent arrival on the island is the red-necked wallaby, which is now established on the island following an escape from the Wildlife Park.[190] The local police report an increasing number of wallaby-related calls.[191]

There are also many feral goats in Garff, a matter which was raised in Tynwald Court in January 2018.[192]

In March 2016, the Isle of Man became the first entire territory to be adopted into UNESCO's Network of Biosphere Reserves.[193]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Isle of Man

Age structure

0–14 years: 16.27% (male 7,587, female 6,960)
15–24 years: 11.3% (male 5,354, female 4,750)
25–54 years: 38.48% (male 17,191, female 17,217)
55–64 years: 13.34% (male 6,012, female 5,919)
65 years and over: 20.6% (male 8,661, female 9,756) (2018 est.)[194]

Population density

131 people/km2 (339 people/sq mi) (2005 est.)

Sex ratio

Sex ratios
(males per female)
Age range Ratio
At birth 1.08
0–14 1.09
15–24 1.13
25–54 1.00
55–64 1.02
65+ 0.89
Total population 1 (2020 est.)[194]

Infant mortality rate

Total: 4 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
Country comparison to the world: 191[194]

Life expectancy at birth

Total population: 81.4 years
Male: 79.6 years
Female: 83.3 years (2018 est.)
Country comparison to the world: 29
Total fertility rate: 1.92 children born/woman (2018 est.)[194]

Nationality

noun: Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women)
adjective: Manx

National origin groups

Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), 15%
British, 60% (English, 50%; Scottish, 5%; Welsh, 5%)
Irish, 10%
South African, 7%
Australian, 5%
American, 3%

Climate

The Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles, because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south-westerly winds to accumulate moisture. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell, where it is around 1,900 millimetres (75 in) a year. At lower levels it can be around 800 millimetres (31 in) a year. In drier spots, the Isle of Man is sunnier than either Ireland or the majority of England at 1,651 hours per year at the official Ronaldsway station.[195] The highest recorded temperature was 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in Ronaldsway on 12 July 1983. Due to the moderate surface temperatures of the Irish Sea, the island does not receive bursts of heat that sometimes can hit Northern England. The stable water temperature also means that air frost is rare, averaging just ten occasions per year.[195]

On 10 May 2019 Chief Minister Howard Quayle stated that the Isle of Man Government recognises that a state of emergency exists due to the threat of anthropogenic climate change.[196]

Climate data for Ronaldsway, Isle of Man (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.9
(84.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		29.0
(84.2)
Average high °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		9.4
(48.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.0
(55.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.5
(50.8)
Average low °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		5.8
(42.4) 		8.1
(46.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		12.7
(54.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.9
(46.2)
Record low °C (°F) −7.8
(18.0) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−7.8
(18.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 82.5
(3.25) 		65.5
(2.58) 		62.5
(2.46) 		55.1
(2.17) 		54.6
(2.15) 		62.4
(2.46) 		59.1
(2.33) 		67.4
(2.65) 		70.6
(2.78) 		103.3
(4.07) 		105.2
(4.14) 		95.0
(3.74) 		883.2
(34.78)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 14.2 11.4 10.9 10.0 9.8 9.3 10.2 10.8 11.2 13.4 15.8 14.7 141.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 54.6 82.8 127.3 181.9 235.3 213.4 203.5 190.2 145.9 105.4 63.9 47.0 1,651.2
Source 1: Met Office[197]
Source 2: Météo Climat[198]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "O Land of Our Birth", was unofficially in use since 1907, and became the national anthem in 2003.[1] "God Save the King" remained the royal anthem, and is used as ceremonial music in the presence of the British crown.[2]

References

  1. ^ "National anthem – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  2. ^ "New Manx anthem shifts loyalty to land of their birth". The Guardian. 27 January 2003. from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Official census statistics provided by Statistics Isle of Man, Isle of Man Government:
    • "2021 Isle of Man Census Report Part I" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2022.
    • "2021 Isle of Man Census Report Part II" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2022.
  4. ^ "Alfred Cannan appointed as Isle of Man's Chief Minister". Gov.im. from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  5. ^ "Isle of Man | Data". data.worldbank.org. from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  6. ^ "Human Development Report 2010" (PDF). HDR.UNDP.org. United Nations Development Programme. p. 143 ff. (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  7. ^ . The Poverty Site. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  8. ^ "Manx National Heritage". Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  9. ^ "The Mystery of the Celtic Nations around the World Unraveled". 24 May 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  10. ^ Arndt, Gary (2 November 2018). "Isle of Man: 8 Interesting Facts About the Isle of Mann". Everything Everywhere. Retrieved 12 January 2023. The country's history is more complex than you might think—if you're keen to learn more, we recommend reading The Story of the Isle of Man.
  11. ^ "Isle of Man | History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
  12. ^ "Magnus 3 Olavsson Berrføtt – Norsk biografisk leksikon". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). 28 September 2014. from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  13. ^ "Treaty of Perth: Overview of Treaty of Perth". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man: Adult suffrage". Tynwald.org.im. 2017. from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  15. ^ In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to grant all women the vote.
  16. ^ Matthew Collin (5 May 2021). "The hacker, the tax haven, and what $200 million in offshore deposits can tell us about the fight against illicit wealth". Brookings.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Isle of Man Guide | Britain Visitor – Travel Guide To Britain". Britain Visitor. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  18. ^ Garside, Juliette (7 November 2017). "UK is subsidising Isle of Man to be tax haven, say campaigners | Isle of Man". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  19. ^ "Isle of Man: National Income Report" (PDF). gov.im. (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  20. ^ "Isle of Man needs to take more measures to prevent money laundering | iomtoday.co.im". Isle of Man. 28 November 2022.
  21. ^ Williams, David (3 October 2017). "Great British drives: Isle of Man". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019. The Isle of Man is best known, of course, for its famous race, the annual Tourist Trophy, or 'TT'.
  22. ^ Long, Peter (1998). "Isle of Man". The Hidden Places of England. Hidden Places - National Guides (4 ed.). Aldermaston: Travel Publishing Ltd (published 2004). p. 281. ISBN 9781904434122. from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020. Best known for its motorcycle races, its tailless cats and its kippers [...].
  23. ^ "UNESCO: Isle of Man biosphere reserve". from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  24. ^ Kinvig, R. H. (1975). The Isle of Man: A Social, Cultural and Political History (3rd ed.). Liverpool University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-85323-391-8.
  25. ^ a b Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 676. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
  26. ^ Rivet, A. L. F.; Smith, Colin (1979). "The Place Names of Roman Britain". Batsford: 410–411. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ^ Moore 1903:84 Sacheverell 1859:119–120 Waldron 1726:1 Kinvig, R. H. (1975). The Isle of Man. A Social, Cultural and Political History (3rd ed.). Liverpool University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-85323-391-8.
  28. ^ Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch: Record number 1277 (Root / lemma: men-1)
  29. ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 679. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
  30. ^ Kneale, Victor (2006). "Ellan Vannin (Isle of Man). Britonia". In Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 676. The Old Irish name Manandán is often interpreted as 'He of [the isle of] Mann'. If the name of Mann reflects the generic word for 'mountain', it is impossible to distinguish this from a generic 'he of the mountain'; but the patronymic mac Lir, interpreted as 'son of the Sea', is taken to reinforce the association with the island. See, e.g.: Wagner, Heinrich. "Origins of Pagan Irish Religion". Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie. v. 38. 1–28.
  31. ^ Cited after Catholic World 37 (1883) p. 261.
  32. ^ The Dublin Review. Vol. 57. W. Spooner. 1865. p. 83. from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  33. ^ Bradley, Richard (2007). The prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-84811-4.
  34. ^ . Isle of Man Government Manx National Heritage. 16 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ . Isle of Man Government Manx National Heritage. 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ "Home – Manx National Heritage". Manx National Heritage. from the original on 30 June 2004. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  37. ^ Esmonde Cleary, A.; Warner, R.; Talbert, R.; Gillies, S.; Elliott, T.; Becker, J. "Manavia Insula". Pleides. Pleiades. from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  38. ^ Conservation, Institute of Historic Building. "10,000 years of settlement on the Isle of Man". www.designingbuildings.co.uk.
  39. ^ . Isle of Man Government Manx National Heritage. 16 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  40. ^ Moore, A.W. (1890). The Surnames & Place-Names of the Isle of Man. London: Elliot Stock. p. 303.
  41. ^ Barron, Evan MacLeod (1997). The Scottish War of Independence. Barnes & Noble. p. 411.
  42. ^ "19th IOL". The official website of the olympiad.
  43. ^ a b "Geography – Isle of Man Public Services". Gov.im. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  44. ^ Archer, Mike (2010). Bird Observatories of Britain and Ireland (2nd ed.). A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-1040-9.
  45. ^ "Snaefell Mountain Railway". Isle of Man Guide. Maxima Systems. from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008. From the top on a clear day it is said one can see the six kingdoms. The kingdom of Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Mann and Heaven.
  46. ^ . VisitIsleOfMan.com. Isle of Man Government. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
  47. ^ "Snaefell Summit". Isle-of-Man.com. from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008. It is the answer to the often posed question as to where can one see seven kingdoms at the same time? The seven Kingdoms being the four mentioned by Earl James, the Kingdom of Man, of Earth (in some answers that of Neptune) and of Heaven.
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Bibliography

  • Moore, Arthur William (1903). Manx Names (Revised Cheap ed.). London: Elliot Stock (published 1906) – via Google Books.
  • Sacheverell, William (1859). Cumming, Joseph George (ed.). An Account of the Isle of Man. Douglas: The Manx Society – via Google Books.
  • Waldron, George (1726). Harrison, William (ed.). A Description of the Isle of Man. Douglas: The Manx Society (published 1865) – via Google Books.

Further reading

  • Russel, G. (1988). "Distribution and development of some Manx epiphyte populations". Helgolander Meeresunters. 42 (3–4): 477–492. Bibcode:1988HM.....42..477R. doi:10.1007/BF02365622.
  • Goodwin, Sarah (2011). A Brief History of the Isle of Man. Surrey: Loaghtan Books. ISBN 978-1-908060-00-6.

External links

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Isle of Man.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Man.

January 21, 2023
isle, this, article, about, british, island, territory, island, canada, cataraqui, river, racehorse, horse, coordinates, 23500, 52500, 23500, 52500, manx, mannin, ˈmanɪnʲ, also, ellan, vannin, ˈɛlʲan, ˈvanɪnʲ, also, known, mann, island, country, self, governin. This article is about the British island territory For the island in Canada see Isle of Man Cataraqui River For the racehorse see Isle of Man horse Coordinates 54 14 06 N 04 31 30 W 54 23500 N 4 52500 W 54 23500 4 52500 The Isle of Man Manx Mannin ˈmanɪnʲ also Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ also known as Mann m ae n 8 is an island country 9 10 and self governing Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland As head of state Charles III holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor The government of the United Kingdom is responsible for the isle s military defence and represents it abroad Isle of ManMannin Ellan Vannin Manx Crown DependencyFlagCoat of armsMotto Quocunque Jeceris Stabit Latin English Wherever you throw it it shall stand Anthem O Land of Our Birth a source source Location of the Isle of Man green in Europe dark grey Sovereign stateUnited KingdomNorse control9th centuryScottish control2 July 1266English control1399Revested into British Crown10 May 1765CapitalDouglas54 09 00 N 04 28 39 W 54 15000 N 4 47750 W 54 15000 4 47750Official languagesEnglishManxEthnic groups 2021 3 94 7 White3 1 Asian1 0 Mixed0 6 Black0 6 OtherReligion 2021 3 54 7 Christianity43 8 No religion0 5 Islam0 5 Buddhism0 4 Hinduism0 2 Judaism0 2 OtherDemonym s Manx Manxman plural Manxmen Manxwoman plural Manxwomen GovernmentParliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy Lord of MannCharles III Lieutenant governorJohn Lorimer Chief MinisterAlfred Cannan MHK 4 LegislatureTynwald Upper houseLegislative Council Lower houseHouse of KeysArea Total572 km2 221 sq mi unranked Water 1Highest elevation2 030 ft 620 m Population 2021 census84 069 3 202nd Density148 km2 383 3 sq mi 86th GDP PPP 2014 estimate Total 7 43 billion 161st Per capita 84 600 9th GDP nominal estimate TotalUS 7 49 billion 5 HDI 2010 0 849 6 very high 14thCurrencyPound sterlingManx pound GBP Time zoneUTC 00 00 GMT Summer DST UTC 01 00 BST Date formatdd mm yyyyMains electricity240 V 50 HzDriving sideleftCalling code 44UK postcodeIM1 IM99ISO 3166 codeIMInternet TLD imHumans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD when Irish missionaries following the teaching of St Patrick began settling the island 11 and the Manx language a branch of the Goidelic languages emerged In 627 King Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia In the 9th century Norsemen established the thalassocratic Kingdom of the Isles which included the Isle of Man Magnus III King of Norway from 1093 to 1103 reigned as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103 12 In 1266 King Magnus VI of Norway sold his suzerainty over Mann to King Alexander III of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth 13 After a period of alternating rule by the Kings of Scotland and England the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399 The lordship revested in the British Crown in 1765 but the island did not become part of the 18th century Kingdom of Great Britain nor of its successors the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the present day United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland It has always retained its internal self government In 1881 the Isle of Man Parliament Tynwald became the first national legislative body in the world to give women the right to vote in a general election although this excluded married women 14 15 The Manx economy is bolstered by its status as a tax haven and offshore banking destination 16 17 18 Insurance and online gambling each generate 17 of the GNP followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9 each 19 This status has also brought the problems of money laundering financial crime and terrorism financing 20 Internationally the Isle of Man is known for the TT Motorcycle Races 21 and the Manx cat a breed with short or no tails 22 In 2016 UNESCO awarded the Isle of Man biosphere reserve status 23 Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Population 3 1 1 Census 4 Governance 4 1 Socio political structure 4 2 External relations and security 4 2 1 Defence 4 2 2 Manxman status 4 2 3 European Union 4 2 4 Commonwealth of Nations 5 Politics 5 1 Local government 5 2 LGBT rights 6 Public services 6 1 Education 6 2 Health 6 3 Crime 6 4 Emergency services 6 5 Crematorium 7 Economy 7 1 Communications 7 2 Transport 7 3 Space commerce 7 4 Electricity supply 7 5 Gas supply 7 6 Cannabis cultivation 8 Culture 8 1 Language 8 2 Symbols 8 3 Religion 8 4 Myth legend and folklore 8 5 Music 8 6 Food 8 7 Sport 8 7 1 Motorcycle racing 8 7 2 Cammag 8 8 Theatre and cinema 8 9 Fauna 9 Demographics 9 1 Age structure 9 2 Population density 9 3 Sex ratio 9 4 Infant mortality rate 9 5 Life expectancy at birth 9 6 Nationality 9 7 National origin groups 10 Climate 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External linksName EditThe Manx name of the Isle of Man is Ellan Vannin ellan Manx pronunciation ɛlʲan a Manx word meaning island Mannin IPA manɪnʲ appears in the genitive case as Vannin IPA vanɪnʲ with initial consonant mutation hence Ellan Vannin Island of Mann The short form used in English is spelled either Mann or Man The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana 24 The Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano Old Welsh records named it as Manaw also reflected in Manaw Gododdin the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth 25 In the 1st century AD Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia and Ptolemy 2nd century as Monœda Monaoida Monaoida or Monarina Monarina in Koine Greek Later Latin references have Mevania or Maenavia Orosius 416 26 and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers It is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mon 27 The name is probably cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey Ynys Mon 25 usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain reflected in Welsh mynydd Breton menez and Scottish Gaelic monadh 28 29 from a Proto Celtic moniyos The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannan mac Lir in Irish mythology corresponding to Welsh Manawydan fab Llŷr 30 In the earliest Irish mythological texts Manannan is a king of the otherworld but the 9th century Sanas Cormaic identifies a euhemerised Manannan as a famous merchant who resided in and gave name to the Isle of Man 31 Later a Manannan is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem dated 1504 32 History EditMain article History of the Isle of Man The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100 The Braaid in the central Isle of Man with remnants of a Celtic Norse roundhouse and two longhouses c AD 650 950 The island was cut off from the surrounding islands around 8000 BC as sea levels rose following the end of the ice age Humans colonised it by travelling by sea some time before 6500 BC 33 The first occupants were hunter gatherers and fishermen Examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum 34 The Neolithic Period marked the beginning of farming and the people began to build megalithic monuments such as Cashtal yn Ard near Maughold King Orry s Grave at Laxey Mull Hill near Cregneash and Ballaharra Stones at St John s There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures 35 During the Bronze Age the size of burial mounds decreased The people put bodies into stone lined graves with ornamental containers The Bronze Age burial mounds survived as long lasting markers around the countryside 36 The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia 37 During the four centuries when Rome ruled the Province of Britannia the Roman military controlled the Irish Sea providing safe passage of agricultural goods from the productive farms of Anglesey to Roman settlements at the English Scottish frontier Only a few Roman artifacts have been found on Mann suggesting a lack of strategic value of Mann during the era of Britannia No Roman lighthouses or signal towers have yet been found on Mann 38 Around the 5th century AD large scale migration from Ireland precipitated a process of Gaelicisation evidenced by Ogham inscriptions and the Manx language developed It is a Goidelic language closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic 39 In the 7th century Mann came under Anglo Saxon control specifically King Edwin of Northumbria from which he launched raids into Ireland How much influence the Northumbrians exerted on Mann is unknown but very few place names on Mann are of Old English origin 40 Vikings arrived at the end of the 8th century They established Tynwald and introduced many land divisions that still exist In 1266 King Magnus VI of Norway ceded the islands to Alexander III King of Scots in the Treaty of Perth But Scottish rule over Mann did not become firmly established until 1275 when the Manx were defeated in the Battle of Ronaldsway near Castletown In 1290 King Edward I of England sent Walter de Huntercombe to take possession of Mann It remained in English hands until 1313 when Robert I King of Scots took it after besieging Castle Rushen for five weeks In 1314 it was retaken for the English by John Bacach of Argyll In 1317 it was retaken for the Scots by Thomas Randolph 1st Earl of Moray and Lord of the Isle of Man It was held by the Scots until 1333 For some years thereafter control passed back and forth between the two kingdoms until the English took it for the final time in 1346 41 The English Crown delegated its rule of the island to a series of lords and magnates Tynwald passed laws concerning the government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann In 1866 the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys but the Legislative Council was appointed by the Crown Since then democratic government has been gradually extended The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings In July 2022 the 19th International Linguistics Olympiad was held in Castletown on the island 42 Geography EditMain article Geography of the Isle of Man See also Geology of the Isle of Man List of islands of the Isle of Man and Biota of the Isle of Man The Calf of Man seen from Cregneash The Isle of Man is an island located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea almost equidistant from England to the east Northern Ireland to the west and Scotland closest to the north while Wales to the south is almost the distance of the Republic of Ireland to the southwest It is 52 kilometres 32 mi long and at its widest point 22 kilometres 14 mi wide It has an area of around 572 square kilometres 221 sq mi 43 Besides the island of Mann itself the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man 44 Chicken Rock on which stands an unstaffed lighthouse St Patrick s Isle and St Michael s Isle The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads causeways Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley The northern plain by contrast is relatively flat consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times There are more recently deposited shingle beaches at the northernmost point the Point of Ayre The island has one mountain higher than 600 metres 2 000 ft Snaefell with a height of 620 metres 2 034 ft 43 According to an old saying from the summit one can see six kingdoms those of Mann Scotland England Ireland Wales and Heaven 45 46 Some versions add a seventh kingdom that of the sea or Neptune 47 Population Edit Further information Manx people At the 2021 census 3 the Isle of Man was home to 84 069 people of whom 26 677 resided in the island s capital Douglas The population increased by 755 persons between the 2016 and 2021 censuses Census Edit The Isle of Man Full Census last held in 2021 3 has been a decennial occurrence since 1821 with interim censuses being introduced from 1966 It is separate from but similar to the Census in the United Kingdom Governance EditMain article Isle of Man Government The United Kingdom is responsible for the island s defence and ultimately for good governance and for representing the island in international forums while the island s own parliament and government have competence over all domestic matters 48 Socio political structure Edit See also Manx law The island s parliament Tynwald is claimed to have been in continuous existence since 979 or earlier purportedly making it the oldest continuously governing body in the world though evidence supports a much later date 49 Tynwald is a bicameral or tricameral legislature comprising the House of Keys directly elected by universal suffrage with a voting age of 16 years and the Legislative Council consisting of indirectly elected and ex officio members These two bodies also meet together in joint session as Tynwald Court The executive branch of government is the Council of Ministers which is composed of Members of Tynwald usually Members of the House of Keys though Members of the Legislative Council may also be appointed as Ministers It is headed by the Chief Minister Vice regal functions of the head of state are performed by a lieutenant governor External relations and security Edit Main article External relations of the Isle of Man In various laws of the United Kingdom the United Kingdom is defined to exclude the Isle of Man Historically the UK has taken care of its external and defence affairs and retains paramount power to legislate for the Island However in 2007 the Isle of Man and the UK signed an agreement 50 that established frameworks for the development of the international identity of the Isle of Man There is no separate Manx citizenship Citizenship is covered by UK law and Manx people are classed as British citizens There is a long history of relations and cultural exchange between the Isle of Man and Ireland The Isle of Man s historic Manx language and its modern revived variant are closely related to both Scottish Gaelic and the Irish language and in 1947 Irish Taoiseach Eamon de Valera spearheaded efforts to save the dying Manx language 51 Defence Edit The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom however the UK takes care of its external and defence affairs 52 There are no independent military forces on the Isle of Man although HMS Ramsey is affiliated with the town of the same name 53 From 1938 to 1955 there was the Manx Regiment of the British Territorial Army which saw extensive action during the Second World War 54 During the English Civil War the 7th Earl of Derby and Lord of Mann James Stanley conscripted 10 men from each parish 170 in total to fight for the Royalist cause the majority were killed at the Battle of Wigan Lane in 1651 In 1779 the Manx Fencible Corps a fencible regiment of three companies was raised it was disbanded in 1783 at the end of the American War of Independence Later the Royal Manx Fencibles was raised at the time of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars The 1st Battalion of 3 companies was raised in 1793 A 2nd Battalion of 10 companies was raised in 1795 55 and it saw action during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 The regiment was disbanded in 1802 56 A third body of Manx Fencibles was raised in 1803 to defend the island during the Napoleonic Wars and to assist the Revenue It was disbanded in 1811 57 The Isle of Man Home Guard was raised during the Second World War for home defence 58 In 2015 a multi capability recruiting and training unit of the British Army Reserve was established in Douglas 59 Manxman status Edit Main article Manx passport British passport Isle of Man There is no citizenship of the Isle of Man as such Isle of Man residents are entitled to British citizenship and can obtain a full UK British passport or British Isle of Man passport The Passport Office Isle of Man Douglas accepts and processes applications for the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man who is formally responsible for issuing Isle of Man issued British passports titled British Islands Isle of Man The powers conferred on the UK Secretary of State by the British Nationality Act 1981 extend to and are exercised in the Isle of Man by the Lieutenant Governor 60 Isle of Man issued British passports can presently be issued to any British citizen resident in the Isle of Man and also to British citizens who have a qualifying close personal connection to the Isle of Man but are now resident either in the UK or in either one of the two other Crown Dependencies European Union Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information Last update Needs updating to reflect Brexit January 2020 The Isle of Man was never part of the European Union nor did it have a special status and thus it did not take part in the 2016 referendum on the UK s EU membership 61 However Protocol 3 of the UK s Act of Accession to the Treaty of Rome included the Isle of Man within the EU s customs area allowing for trade in Manx goods without tariffs throughout the EU 62 As it was not part of the EU s internal market there are still limitations on the movement of capital services and labour EU citizens were entitled to travel and reside but not work in the island without restriction British citizens with Manxman status were under the same circumstances and restrictions as any other non EU European relating country to work in the EU 63 64 The political and diplomatic impacts of Brexit on the island are still uncertain The UK confirmed that the Crown Dependencies positions were included in the Brexit negotiations 65 The Brexit withdrawal agreement explicitly included the Isle of Man in its territorial scope but makes no other mention of it 66 The island s government website stated that after the end of the implementation period the Isle of Man s relationship with the EU would depend on the agreement reached between the UK and the EU on their future relationship 67 Commonwealth of Nations Edit The Isle of Man is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations By virtue of its relationship with the United Kingdom it takes part in several Commonwealth institutions including the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Commonwealth Games The Government of the Isle of Man has made calls for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth 68 including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings 69 The Chief Minister of the Isle of Man has said A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the island s international relationships 70 Politics Edit Local authorities and sheadings Main article Politics of the Isle of Man See also List of political parties in the Isle of Man and Elections in the Isle of Man Most Manx politicians stand for election as independents rather than as representatives of political parties Although political parties do exist their influence is not nearly as strong as in the United Kingdom There are three political parties in the Isle of Man The Liberal Vannin Party established 2006 has one seat in the House of Keys it promotes greater Manx autonomy and more accountability in government The Manx Labour Party is active and for much of the 20th century had several MHKs Currently since the 2021 general election there are 2 MLP members in the House of Keys both of whom are women The Isle of Man Green Party was established in 2016 but currently only has representation at local government level 71 There are also a number of pressure groups on the island Mec Vannin advocate the establishment of a sovereign republic 72 The Positive Action Group campaign for three key elements to be introduced into the governance of the island open accountable government rigorous control of public finances and a fairer society 73 Local government Edit Main article Local government in the Isle of Man Local government on the Isle of Man is based partly on the island s 17 ancient parishes There are four types of local authorities a corporation for the Borough of Douglas and bodies of commissioners for the town districts of Castletown Peel and Ramsey the districts of Kirk Michael and Onchan the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary the 13 parish districts those historic parishes or combinations or parts of them which do not fall within the districts previously mentioned Each of these districts has its own body of commissioners LGBT rights Edit Main article LGBT rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man was the last place in the British Isles to legalise same sex sexual activity While it had been legal in England since 1967 it remained illegal in the Isle of Man until 1992 74 75 The Isle of Man s Chief Minister Howard Quayle has issued an unqualified apology to gay men convicted of same sex offences under previous Manx laws Public services EditEducation Edit Main article Education in the Isle of Man Public education is overseen by the Department of Education Sport amp Culture Thirty two primary schools five secondary schools and the University College Isle of Man function under the department 76 Health Edit Main articles Health in the Isle of Man and Healthcare in the Isle of Man Two thirds of residents of Mann are overweight or obese four in ten are physically inactive one quarter are binge drinkers one in twelve smoke cigarettes and about 15 are in poor general health 77 Healthcare is provided via a public health scheme by Department of Health and Social Care for residents and visitors from the UK 78 Crime Edit The Crime Severity Rate in Mann which largely measures crimes directed against persons or property remains substantially less than that in the United Kingdom although the rate of violent crime has been increasing in recent years Most violent crime is associated with the trade in illegal drugs 79 The Government of Mann has laid out a strategy entailing a whole Island approach to address the serious problems of money laundering financial crime and terrorism financing 80 Emergency services Edit The Isle of Man Government maintains five emergency services 81 These are Isle of Man Constabulary police Isle of Man Coastguard Isle of Man Fire and Rescue Service Isle of Man Ambulance Service Isle of Man Civil Defence CorpsAll of these services are controlled directly by the Department of Home Affairs of the Isle of Man Government and are independent of the United Kingdom Nonetheless the Isle of Man Constabulary voluntarily submits to inspection by the British inspectorate of police 82 and the Isle of Man Coastguard contracts His Majesty s Coastguard UK for air sea rescue operations Crematorium Edit The island s sole crematorium is located in Glencrutchery Road Douglas and is operated by the Douglas Borough Council Usually staffed by four in March 2020 an increase of staff to 12 was announced by the Council leader responding to the threat of the COVID 19 pandemic which could require more staff 83 Economy EditMain article Economy of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man has no capital gains tax wealth tax stamp duty or inheritance tax 84 and a top rate of income tax of 20 85 A tax cap is in force the maximum amount of tax payable by an individual is 200 000 or 400 000 for couples choosing to have their incomes jointly assessed Personal income is assessed and taxed on a worldwide income basis rather than a remittance basis This means that all income earned throughout the world is assessable for Manx tax rather than only income earned in or brought into the island The standard rate of corporation tax for residents and non residents is 0 Retail business profits above 500 000 and banking business income are taxed at 10 and rental or other income from land and buildings situated on the Isle of Man is taxed at 20 86 Peel is the island s main fishing port Mann s low corporate tax burden 87 and absence of public registries of corporate ownership 88 provides tax avoidance and tax evasion strategies for individuals and corporations resulting in a large influx of funds from those in pursuit of tax advantage and financial confidentiality 89 The relative importance of agriculture fishing and tourism the former mainstays of the Manx economy has accordingly declined 90 As is typical of the low tax crown dependencies Mann s economy features financial services shell corporations for high technology companies online gambling and online gaming 91 cinema production and tax havens for high net worth individuals 92 93 These activities have brought some high income jobs to Mann as hundreds of local residents serve as straw man directors and shareholders of shell companies 94 Similar schemes provide a means for high net worth individuals to reduce their tax obligations and to shield their financial dealings from public scrutiny 95 90 As described in the Paradise Papers 96 the Isle of Man economy features extensive illegal economic activity including tax evasion money laundering from drug sales money transfers from weapons sales and looting of public treasuries of other nation states particularly Russia 97 These funds are mostly funneled into the London financial markets There has been an effort to regulate these activities though the impact of legal measures instituted by the Isle of Man government remains uncertain 98 Online gambling sites provided about 10 of the Mann government s revenue in 2014 The Isle of Man Department for Enterprise manages the diversified economy in 12 key sectors 99 The largest sectors by GNP are insurance and eGambling with 17 of GNP each followed by ICT and banking with 9 each The 2016 census lists 41 636 total employed 100 The largest sectors by employment are medical and health financial and business services construction retail and public administration 101 Manufacturing focused on aerospace and the food and drink industry 102 employs almost 2000 workers and contributes about 5 of gross domestic product GDP The sector provides laser optics industrial diamonds electronics plastics and aerospace precision engineering Tourism agriculture and fishing once the mainstays of the economy now make very little contributions to the island s GDP The unemployment rate on Man is less than 1 103 Trade takes place mostly with the United Kingdom The island is in customs union with the UK and related revenues are pooled and shared under the Common Purse Agreement This means that the Isle of Man cannot have the lower excise revenues on alcohol and other goods that are enjoyed in the Channel Islands The Manx government promotes island locations for making films by offering financial support Since 1995 over 100 films have been made on the island 104 Most recently the island has taken a much wider strategy to attract the general digital media industry in film television video and esports 105 The Isle of Man Government Lottery operated from 1986 to 1997 Since 2 December 1999 the island has participated in the United Kingdom National Lottery 106 107 The island is the only jurisdiction outside the United Kingdom where it is possible to play the UK National Lottery 108 Since 2010 it has also been possible for projects in the Isle of Man to receive national lottery Good Causes Funding 109 110 The good causes funding is distributed by the Manx Lottery Trust 111 Tynwald receives the 12 lottery duty for tickets sold in the island Tourist numbers peaked in the first half of the 20th century prior to the boom in cheap travel to Southern Europe that also saw the decline of tourism in many similar English seaside resorts The Isle of Man tourism board has recently invested in Dark Sky Discovery sites to diversify its tourism industry It is expected that dark skies will generally be nominated by the public across the UK However the Isle of Man tourism board tasked someone from their team to nominate 27 places on the island as a civil task This cluster of the highest quality Milky Way sites 112 is now well promoted within the island This government push has effectively given the island a headstart in the number of recognised Dark Sky sites However this has created a distorted view when compared to the UK where this is not promoted on a national scale There Dark Sky sites are expected to be nominated over time by the public across a full range of town city and countryside locations rather than en masse by government departments 113 In 2017 an office of The International Stock Exchange was opened to provide a boost for the island s finance industry 114 Communications Edit Main article Communications on the Isle of Man Aerial view of Douglas and the southern half of the Isle of Man The main telephone provider on the Isle of Man is Manx Telecom The island has two mobile operators Manx Telecom previously known as Manx Pronto and Sure Cloud9 operated as a third mobile operator on the island for a short time but has since withdrawn 115 Broadband internet services are available through four local providers Wi Manx Domicilium Manx Computer Bureau and Manx Telecom The island does not have its own ITU country code but is accessed via the British country code 44 and the island s telephone numbers are part of the British telephone numbering plan with local dialling codes 01624 for landlines and 07524 07624 and 07924 for mobiles Calls to the island from the UK however are generally charged differently from those within the UK and may or may not be included in any inclusive minutes packages 116 117 In 1996 the Isle of Man Government obtained permission to use the im national top level domain TLD and has ultimate responsibility for its use The main is managed from day to day by Domicilium an island based internet service provider In December 2007 the Manx Electricity Authority and its telecommunications subsidiary e llan Communications commissioned the laying of a new fibre optic link that connects the island to a worldwide fibre optic network In August 2021 it was reported that Elon Musk s satellite internet service Starlink had been granted a licence to operate from a ground station on the island The Isle of Man has three radio stations Manx Radio Energy FM and 3FM There is no insular television service but local transmitters retransmit British mainland digital broadcasts via the free to air digital terrestrial service Freeview The Isle of Man is served by BBC North West for BBC One and BBC Two television services and ITV Granada for ITV Many television services are available by satellite such as Sky and Freesat from the group of satellites at 28 2 East as well as services from a range of other satellites around Europe such as the Astra satellites at 19 2 east and Hot Bird The Isle of Man has three newspapers all weeklies and all owned by Isle of Man Newspapers a division of the Edinburgh media company Johnston Press 118 The Isle of Man Courier distribution 36 318 is free and distributed to homes on the island The other two newspapers are Isle of Man Examiner circulation 13 276 and the Manx Independent circulation 12 255 119 Postal services are the responsibility of the Isle of Man Post Office which took over from the UK s General Post Office in 1973 Transport Edit Main article Transport in the Isle of Man Sea Terminal front facade There is a comprehensive bus network operated by the government owned bus operator Bus Vannin 120 The Isle of Man Sea Terminal in Douglas has regular ferries to and from Heysham and to and from Liverpool with a more restricted timetable operating in winter The two vessels are Manannan and Ben My Chree The latter is due to be replaced with a new vessel arriving in 2022 made by Hyundai it was named Manxman by the public in mid 2020 There are also limited summer only services to and from Belfast and Dublin The Dublin route also operates at Christmas At the time of the Isle of Man TT a limited number of sailings operate to and from Larne in Northern Ireland All ferries are operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company 121 The only commercial airport on the island is the Isle of Man Airport at Ronaldsway There are direct scheduled and chartered flights to numerous airports in the United Kingdom and Ireland 122 The island has a total of 688 miles 1 107 km 123 of public roads all of which are paved There is no overriding national speed limit only local speed limits are set and some roads have no speed limit Rules about reckless driving and most other driving regulations are enforced in a similar way to the UK 124 There is a requirement for regular vehicle examinations for some vehicles similar to the MoT test in the UK 125 The island used to have an extensive narrow gauge railway system both steam operated and electric but the majority of the steam railway tracks were taken out of service many years ago and the track removed As of 2022 update there is a steam railway between Douglas and Port Erin an electric railway between Douglas and Ramsey and an electric mountain railway which climbs Snaefell 126 One of the oldest operating horse tram services is located on the sea front in the capital Douglas It was founded in 1876 126 Space commerce Edit The Isle of Man has become a centre for emerging private space travel companies 127 A number of the competitors in the Google Lunar X Prize a 30 million competition for the first privately funded team to send a robot to the Moon are based on the island The team summit for the X Prize was held on the island in October 2010 128 In January 2011 two research space stations owned by Excalibur Almaz arrived on the island and were kept in an aircraft hangar at the airfield at the former RAF Jurby near Jurby 129 Electricity supply Edit The electricity supply on the Isle of Man is run by the Manx Utilities Authority The Isle of Man is connected to Great Britain s national grid by a 40 MW alternating current link Isle of Man to England Interconnector There are also hydroelectric natural gas and diesel generators The government has also planned a 700 MW offshore wind farm roughly half the size of Walney Wind Farm 130 Gas supply Edit Main article Isle of Man gas industry Gas for lighting and heating has been supplied to users on the Isle of Man since 1836 firstly as town gas then as liquefied petroleum gas LPG since 2003 natural gas has been available The future use of hydrogen as a supplementary or substitute fuel is being studied 131 Cannabis cultivation Edit In June 2021 the law prohibiting commercial cultivation of cannabis on Ellan Vannin was repealed and the government of Mann for the first time offered licences for production and export of cannabis In February 2022 Mann resident and local billionaire John Whittaker through his firm Peel NRE proposed to spend US 136 million for the construction of warmhouses for cannabis cultivation and research facilities and to develop the business It was announced that zoning permits had been granted for development of the facility Although the availability of medical cannabis is heavily restricted within the U K there has been an effort to develop the cannabis industry on the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey 132 133 134 Culture EditMain article Culture of the Isle of Man The Manx are a Celtic nation 135 The culture of the Isle of Man is often promoted as being influenced by its Celtic and to a lesser extent its Norse origins Proximity to the UK popularity as a UK tourist destination in Victorian times and immigration from Britain have all meant that the cultures of Great Britain have been influential at least since Revestment Revival campaigns have attempted to preserve the surviving vestiges of Manx culture after a long period of Anglicisation and there has been significantly increased interest in the Manx language history and musical tradition Language Edit Main article Languages of the Isle of Man A bilingual sign in the Isle of Man featuring Manx and English The official languages of the Isle of Man are English and Manx Manx has traditionally been spoken but has been stated to be critically endangered 136 However it now has a growing number of young speakers Manx is a Goidelic Celtic language and is one of a number of insular Celtic languages spoken in the British Isles 137 Manx has been officially recognised as a legitimate autochthonous regional language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by the United Kingdom on 27 March 2001 on behalf of the Isle of Man government 138 Manx is closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic but is orthographically sui generis On the island the Manx greetings moghrey mie good morning and fastyr mie good afternoon can often be heard 139 As in Irish and Scottish Gaelic the concepts of evening and afternoon are referred to with one word 140 Two other Manx expressions often heard are Gura mie eu Thank you familiar 2nd person singular form Gura mie ayd and traa dy liooar meaning time enough which represents a stereotypical view of the Manx attitude to life 141 142 In the 2011 Isle of Man census approximately 1 800 residents could read write and speak the Manx language 143 Symbols Edit A sculpture of the Manx triskelion in front of Ronaldsway Airport terminal For centuries the island s symbol has been the so called three legs of Mann Manx Tree Cassyn Vannin a triskelion of three legs conjoined at the thigh The Manx triskelion which dates back with certainty to the late 13th century is of uncertain origin It has been suggested that its origin lies in Sicily an island which has been associated with the triskelion since ancient times 144 145 The symbol appears in the island s official flag and official coat of arms as well as its currency The Manx triskelion may be reflected in the island s motto Quocunque jeceris stabit which appears as part of the island s coat of arms The Latin motto translates as whichever way you throw it will stand 146 or whithersoever you throw it it will stand 147 It dates to the late 17th century when it is known to have appeared on the island s coinage 146 It has also been suggested that the motto originally referred to the poor quality of coinage which was common at the time as in however it is tested it will pass 148 The ragwort or cushag has been referred to as the Manx national flower 149 Religion Edit See also Diocese of Sodor and Man Peel Cathedral The predominant religious tradition of the Isle of Man is Christianity adhered to by 54 7 of the Manx according to the 2021 census 3 At the same time 43 8 of the population had no religion 0 5 adhered to Islam 0 5 to Buddhism 0 4 to Hinduism 0 2 to Judaism and 0 2 to other religions 3 Before the Protestant Reformation the island had a long history as part of the unified Catholic Church and in the years following the Reformation the religious authorities on the island and later the population of the island accepted the religious authority of the British monarchy Anglicanism and the Church of England 150 The Isle of Man also came under the influence of Irish religious tradition The island forms a separate diocese called Sodor and Man which in the distant past comprised the medieval kingdom of Man and the Scottish isles Sudreyjar in Old Norse Nowadays it consists of sixteen parishes 151 and since 1541 152 has been part of the Province of York 153 Other Christian denominations and other religions also operate on the Isle of Man The second largest denomination is the Methodist Church whose Isle of Man District is close in numbers to the Anglican diocese Then there are eight Catholic parish churches included in the Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool 154 as well as a presence of Eastern Orthodox Christians Additionally there are five Baptist churches four Pentecostal churches the Salvation Army a ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints two congregations of Jehovah s Witnesses two United Reformed churches as well as other Christian churches The Manx Muslim community has a mosque in Douglas and Jews also have a history on the island 155 In 2022 the island s first Buddhist temple was established in Baldrine 156 Myth legend and folklore Edit Peel Castle In Manx mythology the island was ruled by the sea god Manannan who would draw his misty cloak around the island to protect it from invaders One of the principal folk theories about the origin of the name Mann is that it is named after Manannan In the Manx tradition of folklore there are many stories of mythical creatures and characters These include the Buggane a malevolent spirit which according to legend blew the roof off St Trinian s Church in a fit of rage the Fenodyree the Glashtyn and the Moddey Dhoo a ghostly black dog which wandered the walls and corridors of Peel Castle The Isle of Man is also said to be home to fairies known locally as the little folk or themselves There is a famous Fairy Bridge and it is said to be bad luck if one fails to wish the fairies good morning or afternoon when passing over it It used to be a tradition to leave a coin on the bridge to ensure good luck Other types of fairies include the Arkan Sonney An old Irish story tells how Lough Neagh was formed when Ireland s legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill commonly anglicised to Finn McCool ripped up a portion of the land and tossed it at a Scottish rival He missed and the chunk of earth landed in the Irish Sea thus creating the island Peel Castle has been proposed as a possible location of the Arthurian Avalon 157 or as the location of the Grail Castle site of Lancelot s encounter with the sword bridge of King Maleagant 158 One of the most oft repeated myths is that people found guilty of witchcraft were rolled down Slieau Whallian a hill near St John s in a barrel However this is a 19th century legend derived from a Scottish legend which in turn comes from a German legend Separately a witchcraft museum was opened at the Witches Mill Castletown in 1951 There has never actually been a witches coven on that site the myth was only created with the opening of the museum 159 However there has been a strong tradition of herbalism and the use of charms to prevent and cure illness and disease in people and animals 160 161 Music Edit Main article Music of the Isle of Man Bee Gees plaque at Maitland Terrace Strang Road intersection in Union Mills Isle of Man The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic Norse and other influences including from its neighbours Scotland Ireland England and Wales A wide range of music is performed on the island such as rock blues jazz and pop Its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s starting with a music festival called Yn Chruinnaght in Ramsey 162 This was part of a general revival of the Manx language and culture after the death of the last native speaker of Manx in 1974 The Isle of Man was mentioned in the Who song Happy Jack as the homeland of the song s titular character who is always in a state of ecstasy no matter what happens to him The song The Craic was 90 in the Isle of Man by Christy Moore describes a lively visit during the Island s tourism heyday The Island is also the birthplace of Maurice Robin and Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees a bronze statue of the trio was unveiled on Douglas promenade in July 2021 163 Food Edit In the past the basic national dish of the island was spuds and herrin boiled potatoes and herring This plain dish was supported by the subsistence farmers of the island who for centuries crofted the land and fished the sea Chips cheese and gravy a dish similar to poutine is found in most of the island s fast food outlets and consists of thick cut chips covered in shredded Cheddar cheese and topped with a thick gravy 164 However as of the Isle of Man Food amp Drink Festival 2018 queenies have been crowned the Manx national dish 165 166 with many restaurants hotels and pubs serving locally farmed queen scallops Seafood has traditionally accounted for a large proportion of the local diet Although commercial fishing has declined in recent years local delicacies include Manx kippers smoked herring which are produced by the smokeries in Peel on the west coast of the island albeit mainly from North Sea herring these days 167 The smokeries also produce other specialities including smoked salmon and bacon Crab lobster and scallops are commercially fished and the queen scallop queenies is regarded as a particular delicacy with a light sweet flavour 168 Cod ling and mackerel are often angled for the table and freshwater trout and salmon can be taken from the local rivers and lakes supported by the government fish hatchery at Cornaa on the east coast Cattle sheep pigs and poultry are all commercially farmed Manx lamb from the hill farms is a popular dish The Loaghtan the indigenous breed of Manx sheep has a rich dark meat that has found favour with chefs 169 170 featuring in dishes on the BBC s MasterChef series Manx cheese has also found some success featuring smoked and herb flavoured varieties and is stocked by many of the UK s supermarket chains 171 172 173 Manx cheese took bronze medals in the 2005 British Cheese Awards and sold 578 tonnes over the year Manx cheddar has been exported to Canada where it is available in some supermarkets 174 Beer is brewed on a commercial scale by Okells Brewery which was established in 1850 and is the island s largest brewer and also by Bushy s Brewery and the Hooded Ram Brewery The Isle of Man s Pure Beer Act of 1874 which resembles the German Reinheitsgebot is still in effect under this Act brewers may only use water malt sugar and hops in their brews 175 Sport Edit Main article Sport in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is represented as a nation in the Commonwealth Games and the Island Games and hosted the IV Commonwealth Youth Games in 2011 Manx athletes have won three gold medals at the Commonwealth Games including the one by cyclist Mark Cavendish in 2006 in the Scratch race The Island Games were first held on the island in 1985 and again in 2001 In 2019 FC Isle of Man was founded and is a North West Counties League team The National Sports Centre Douglas Isle of Man Isle of Man teams and individuals participate in many sports both on and off the island including rugby union football gymnastics field hockey netball taekwondo bowling obstacle course racing and cricket The FC Isle of Man will compete in the North West Counties Football League Premier Division in the next league campaign 176 It being an island many types of watersports are also popular with residents Motorcycle racing Edit Further information Isle of Man TT The main international event associated with the island is the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy race colloquially known as The TT 177 which began in 1907 It takes place in late May and early June The TT is now an international road racing event for motorcycles which used to be part of the World Championship and is long considered to be one of the greatest motorcycle sporting events of the world 178 Taking place over a two week period it has become a festival for motorcycling culture makes a huge contribution to the island s economy and has become part of Manx identity 179 For many the Isle carries the title road racing capital of the world 180 The Manx Grand Prix is a separate motorcycle event for amateurs and private entrants that uses the same 60 70 km 37 72 mi 181 Snaefell Mountain Course in late August and early September In the 1990s SEGA released an arcade game called Manx TT Superbike based on the motorcycle races 182 failed verification Cammag Edit Main article Cammag Prior to the introduction of football in the 19th century Cammag was the island s traditional sport 183 It is similar to the Irish hurling and the Scottish game of shinty Nowadays there is an annual match at St John s Theatre and cinema Edit Built in 1899 to the designs of architect Frank Matcham 184 and restored in 1976 to its original splendor the government owned Gaiety Theatre and Opera House 185 on the Douglas Promenade presents plays musicals concerts and comedy shows year round Within the Gaiety Theatre Complex the Broadway Cinema has a capacity of 154 and doubles as a conference venue 186 The Palace Cinema is located next to the derelict Castle Mona hotel and is operated by the Sefton Group It has two screens Screen One holds 293 customers while Screen Two is smaller with a capacity of just 95 It was extensively refurbished in August 2011 187 Fauna Edit Main articles Manx cat Manx Loaghtan Biota of the Isle of Man and Extinct animals from the Isle of Man Black Manx cat Two domestic animals are specifically connected to the Isle of Man though they are also found elsewhere The Manx cat is a breed of cat noted for its genetic mutation that causes it to have a shortened tail The length of this tail can range from a few inches known as a stumpy to being completely nonexistent or rumpy Manx cats display a range of colours and usually have somewhat longer hind legs compared to most cats The cats have been used as a symbol of the Isle of Man on coins and stamps and at one time the Manx government operated a breeding centre to ensure the continuation of the breed 188 Manx Loaghtan sheep are bred on the island for their meat The Manx Loaghtan sheep is a breed native to the island It has dark brown wool and four or sometimes six horns The meat is considered to be a delicacy 189 There are several flocks on the island and others have been started in England and Jersey A more recent arrival on the island is the red necked wallaby which is now established on the island following an escape from the Wildlife Park 190 The local police report an increasing number of wallaby related calls 191 There are also many feral goats in Garff a matter which was raised in Tynwald Court in January 2018 192 In March 2016 the Isle of Man became the first entire territory to be adopted into UNESCO s Network of Biosphere Reserves 193 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of the Isle of Man Age structure Edit 0 14 years 16 27 male 7 587 female 6 960 15 24 years 11 3 male 5 354 female 4 750 25 54 years 38 48 male 17 191 female 17 217 55 64 years 13 34 male 6 012 female 5 919 65 years and over 20 6 male 8 661 female 9 756 2018 est 194 Population density Edit 131 people km2 339 people sq mi 2005 est Sex ratio Edit Sex ratios males per female Age range RatioAt birth 1 080 14 1 0915 24 1 1325 54 1 0055 64 1 0265 0 89Total population 1 2020 est 194 Infant mortality rate Edit Total 4 deaths 1 000 live births Male 4 deaths 1 000 live births Female 4 deaths 1 000 live births 2018 est Country comparison to the world 191 194 Life expectancy at birth Edit Total population 81 4 years Male 79 6 years Female 83 3 years 2018 est Country comparison to the world 29 Total fertility rate 1 92 children born woman 2018 est 194 Nationality Edit noun Manxman men Manxwoman women adjective ManxNational origin groups Edit Manx Norse Celtic descent 15 British 60 English 50 Scottish 5 Welsh 5 Irish 10 South African 7 Australian 5 American 3 Climate EditThe Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate Koppen Cfb Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south westerly winds to accumulate moisture Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell where it is around 1 900 millimetres 75 in a year At lower levels it can be around 800 millimetres 31 in a year In drier spots the Isle of Man is sunnier than either Ireland or the majority of England at 1 651 hours per year at the official Ronaldsway station 195 The highest recorded temperature was 28 9 C 84 0 F in Ronaldsway on 12 July 1983 Due to the moderate surface temperatures of the Irish Sea the island does not receive bursts of heat that sometimes can hit Northern England The stable water temperature also means that air frost is rare averaging just ten occasions per year 195 On 10 May 2019 Chief Minister Howard Quayle stated that the Isle of Man Government recognises that a state of emergency exists due to the threat of anthropogenic climate change 196 Climate data for Ronaldsway Isle of Man 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 13 3 55 9 13 2 55 8 17 1 62 8 20 0 68 0 24 0 75 2 27 5 81 5 28 9 84 0 27 8 82 0 26 5 79 7 22 7 72 9 16 3 61 3 15 0 59 0 29 0 84 2 Average high C F 8 5 47 3 8 4 47 1 9 4 48 9 11 5 52 7 14 3 57 7 16 5 61 7 18 2 64 8 18 2 64 8 16 6 61 9 13 8 56 8 11 1 52 0 9 2 48 6 13 0 55 4 Daily mean C F 6 4 43 5 6 2 43 2 7 0 44 6 8 7 47 7 11 2 52 2 13 6 56 5 15 4 59 7 15 5 59 9 14 0 57 2 11 5 52 7 8 9 48 0 7 1 44 8 10 5 50 8 Average low C F 4 3 39 7 3 9 39 0 4 5 40 1 5 8 42 4 8 1 46 6 10 6 51 1 12 5 54 5 12 7 54 9 11 4 52 5 9 2 48 6 6 7 44 1 4 9 40 8 7 9 46 2 Record low C F 7 8 18 0 5 8 21 6 6 0 21 2 3 4 25 9 0 8 30 6 1 4 34 5 5 3 41 5 4 9 40 8 1 0 33 8 1 5 29 3 4 0 24 8 7 0 19 4 7 8 18 0 Average precipitation mm inches 82 5 3 25 65 5 2 58 62 5 2 46 55 1 2 17 54 6 2 15 62 4 2 46 59 1 2 33 67 4 2 65 70 6 2 78 103 3 4 07 105 2 4 14 95 0 3 74 883 2 34 78 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 14 2 11 4 10 9 10 0 9 8 9 3 10 2 10 8 11 2 13 4 15 8 14 7 141 7Mean monthly sunshine hours 54 6 82 8 127 3 181 9 235 3 213 4 203 5 190 2 145 9 105 4 63 9 47 0 1 651 2Source 1 Met Office 197 Source 2 Meteo Climat 198 See also Edit Geography portal Europe portalHistory of the Isle of Man Outline of the Isle of Man List of places in the Isle of Man United Kingdom Crown Dependencies Customs Union Public holidays in the Isle of ManNotes Edit O Land of Our Birth was unofficially in use since 1907 and became the national anthem in 2003 1 God Save the King remained the royal anthem and is used as ceremonial music in the presence of the British crown 2 References Edit National anthem The World Factbook www cia gov Archived from the original on 19 March 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 New Manx anthem shifts loyalty to land of their birth The Guardian 27 January 2003 Archived from the original on 11 April 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 a b c d e f g Official census statistics provided by Statistics Isle of Man Isle of Man Government 2021 Isle of Man Census Report Part I PDF Archived PDF from the original on 20 August 2022 2021 Isle of Man Census Report Part II PDF Archived PDF from the original on 20 August 2022 Alfred Cannan appointed as Isle of Man s Chief Minister Gov im Archived from the original on 12 October 2021 Retrieved 12 October 2021 Isle of Man Data data worldbank org Archived from the original on 9 August 2021 Retrieved 9 August 2021 Human Development Report 2010 PDF HDR UNDP org United Nations Development Programme p 143 ff Archived PDF from the original on 21 November 2010 Retrieved 21 April 2011 Income Inequalities The Poverty Site Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 Retrieved 21 April 2011 Manx National Heritage Retrieved 18 April 2022 The Mystery of the Celtic Nations around the World Unraveled 24 May 2019 Retrieved 12 January 2023 Arndt Gary 2 November 2018 Isle of Man 8 Interesting Facts About the Isle of Mann Everything Everywhere Retrieved 12 January 2023 The country s history is more complex than you might think if you re keen to learn more we recommend reading The Story of the Isle of Man Isle of Man History Geography Facts amp Points of Interest Britannica www britannica com Magnus 3 Olavsson Berrfott Norsk biografisk leksikon Store norske leksikon in Norwegian 28 September 2014 Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Treaty of Perth Overview of Treaty of Perth Scottish places info Retrieved 26 February 2022 Tynwald the parliament of the Isle of Man Adult suffrage Tynwald org im 2017 Archived from the original on 26 April 2021 Retrieved 2 December 2017 In 1893 New Zealand became the first country to grant all 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IsleOfMan com 22 March 2007 Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 Retrieved 12 September 2011 PC Black Label English Isle of Man Extra Old Cheddar Cheese Provigo Archived from the original on 18 November 2016 Retrieved 17 November 2016 Purely Isle of Man PDF Gov im Isle of Man Government Archived from the original PDF on 30 April 2013 Retrieved 10 June 2015 FC Isle of Man promoted after historic play off final victory Manx Radio Wright David 100 Years of the Isle of Man TT A Century of Motorcycle Racing The Crowood Press 2007 Disko Sasha The Image of the Tourist Trophy and British Motorcycling in the Weimar Republic International Journal of Motorcycle Studies Nov 2007 Vaukins Simon The Isle of Man TT Races Politics Economics and National Identity International Journal of Motorcycle Studies Nov 2007 Faragher Martin Cultural History Motor Cycle Road Racing A New History of the Isle of Man Volume V The Modern Period 1830 1999 Ed John Belchem Liverpool Liverpool University Press 2000 2009 Manx Grand Prix Supplementary Regulations PDF manxgrandprix org 2009 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 10 March 2012 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Leo the Tiger YouTube Archived from the original on 5 February 2022 Retrieved 20 February 2022 The Game of Cammag Celticlife ca Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 Retrieved 12 September 2011 History www villagaiety com Gaiety Theatre Visit Isle of Man www visitisleofman com Broadway Cinema Gov im Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 Retrieved 6 March 2013 Cinemas Refurbishment Iomtoday co im Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 Retrieved 6 March 2013 Commings Karen 1999 Manx Cats Everything about Purchase Care Nutrition Grooming and Behavior Barron s Educational pp 7 10 ISBN 978 0764107535 Farming the Manx Loaghtan sheep BBC News 16 November 2009 Archived from the original on 6 May 2010 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Wallabies flourishing in the wild on Isle of Man The Guardian 14 August 2016 Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 Retrieved 10 November 2017 Marshall Francesca 7 September 2018 Calls for wallaby warning signs to be implemented on the Isle of Man to tackle growing numbers The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 9 September 2018 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Tynwald Hansard 16 January 2018 Question 9 Morris Hugh Isle of Man awarded UNESCO status The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 31 May 2016 Retrieved 28 June 2016 a b c d This article incorporates public domain material from Isle of Man World Factbook 2023 ed CIA Retrieved 25 September 2022 Archived 2019 edition a b Ronaldsway Isle of Man UK climate averages UK Met Office Archived from the original on 19 December 2021 Retrieved 15 January 2022 This is a climate change emergency In the Manx Independent this week 10 May 2019 Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Ronaldsway 1991 2020 averages Met Office Archived from the original on 19 December 2021 Retrieved 19 December 2021 Meteo climat stats Isle of Man records Meteo Climat Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 Retrieved 31 March 2017 Bibliography EditMoore Arthur William 1903 Manx Names Revised Cheap ed London Elliot Stock published 1906 via Google Books Sacheverell William 1859 Cumming Joseph George ed An Account of the Isle of Man Douglas The Manx Society via Google Books Waldron George 1726 Harrison William ed A Description of the Isle of Man Douglas The Manx Society published 1865 via Google Books Further reading EditRussel G 1988 Distribution and development of some Manx epiphyte populations Helgolander Meeresunters 42 3 4 477 492 Bibcode 1988HM 42 477R doi 10 1007 BF02365622 Goodwin Sarah 2011 A Brief History of the Isle of Man Surrey Loaghtan Books ISBN 978 1 908060 00 6 External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Isle of Man Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Man Manx Government A comprehensive site covering many aspects of Manx life from fishing to financial regulation Geographic data related to Isle of Man at OpenStreetMap Europe Isle of Man The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency 25 July 2019 Retrieved 15 August 2019 Isle of Man News Information on the work and duties of Members of the House of Keys Images of the Isle of Man at the English Heritage Archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Isle of Man amp oldid 1134266524, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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