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Fish stocks

February 16, 2024

For other uses, see Fish stock (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Stockfish.

Fish stocks are subpopulations of a particular species of fish, for which intrinsic parameters (growth, recruitment, mortality and fishing mortality) are traditionally regarded as the significant factors determining the stock's population dynamics, while extrinsic factors (immigration and emigration) are traditionally ignored.

Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks
as reported by FAO 1974-2015

Concepts edit

The stock concept edit

All species have geographic limits to their distribution, which are determined by their tolerance to environmental conditions, and their ability to compete successfully with other species. In marine environments this may be less evident than on land because there are fewer topographical boundaries, however, discontinuities still exist, produced for example by mesoscale and sub-mesoscale circulations that minimize long-distance dispersal of fish larvae.

For fish, it is rare for an individual to reproduce randomly with all other individuals of that species within its biological range. There is a tendency to form a structured series of discrete populations which have a degree of reproductive isolation from each other in space, in time, or in both. This isolation is reflected in the development between sub-populations of genetic differences, morphological variations and exposure to different chemical regimes and parasitic species. Sub-populations also respond to fishing in such a way that fishing on one population appears to have no effect on the population dynamics of a neighbouring population.

The currently accepted definition of a stock in fisheries science, is that of Begg et al. (1999), “…[a “stock”] describes characteristics of semi-discrete groups of fish with some definable attributes which are of interest to fishery managers.”

 
School of carp struggling to the surface

Stock identification is a field of fisheries science which aims to identify these subpopulations, based on a number of techniques.This concept is applied in sustainable development goal14 where target 14.4 is measured a fish stock sustainability indicator 14.4.1.[1]

Straddling stock edit

 
The high seas, or international waters, are highlighted in blue.
See also: Highly migratory species

The United Nations defines straddling stocks as "stocks of fish such as pollock, which migrate between, or occur in both, the economic exclusion zone (EEZ) of one or more states and the high seas".[2] Sovereign responsibility must be worked out in collaboration with neighbouring coastal states and fishing entities. Usually this is done through the medium of an intergovernmental regional organisation set up for the purpose of coordinating the management of that stock.

Straddling stocks are usually pelagic, rather than demersal. Demersal species move less than pelagic species, since they tend to relate to bottom topography. Pelagic species are more mobile, their movements influenced by ocean temperatures and the availability of zooplankton as food. Example pelagic fish are capelin, herring, whiting, mackerel and redfish, There are, however, a few demersal species that are straddling, such as the Greenland halibut migrates in feeding/spawning migrations to Greenland in the west and to the Faeroes in the east.[3]

Straddling stock can be compared with transboundary stock. Straddling stock range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas. Transboundary stock range in the EEZs of at least two countries. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.[4]

Assessment edit

 
Fish stocks indicators, which is normalized as a 0–100 proximity-to-target score, with 100 representing "at target" and 0 being furthest from the target.
See also: Stock assessment

In fisheries science and ecology, stock assessment is an important tool in fisheries management.

In particular, to ensure continued, healthy, fish stocks, measurements of the Spawning Stock Biomass (the stock population capable of reproducing) allows sensible conservation strategies to be developed and maintained through the application of sustainable fishing quotas.[5]

The World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that there was a dramatic fall of 74% in world-wide stocks of the important scombridae fish such as mackerel, tuna and bonitos between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years."[6] It is hoped that global efforts like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 meets its targets aimed at reversing these trends.[7]

Fluctuations edit

 
Two dead swordfish hanging from their tails

The stocks for individual marine species can "boom and bust" in linked and compensatory ways. For example, in billfish longline fisheries, the Atlantic catch of blue marlin declined in the 1960s. This was accompanied by an increase in sailfish catch. The sailfish catch then declined from the end of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s, compensated by an increase in swordfish catch. As a result, the overall billfish catch remained fairly stable. At Georges Bank, a decline in cod during the 1960s was accompanied by a rise in flatfish, and more recently, with the collapse of the predatory Atlantic cod, lobster catches in Maine have boomed.[8]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "sustainable development goals".
  2. ^ Straddling stocks 2015-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Pelagic and straddling stocks
  4. ^ FAO (2007) Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries[permanent dead link] Rome, Fisheries Report No. 829.
  5. ^ International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) website 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Living Blue Planet Report wwf.org.au September 2015 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ . UNDP. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  8. ^ Duffy, J. Emmett (2008) Marine biodiversity and food security Encyclopedia of Earth. Updated 25 July 2008.

Further reading edit

  • Begg GA, Friedland KD and Pearce JB (1999) "Stock identification and its role in stock assessment and fisheries management: an overview." Fisheries Research, 43:1–8.
  • Booke HE (1999) "The stock concept revisited: perspectives on its history in fisheries" Fisheries Research, 43 (1–3): 9–11. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00063-6
  • Cadrin SX, Friedland KD and Waldman JR (2004) Stock Identification Methods : Applications in Fishery Science. ISBN 0-12-154351-X
  • Pintassilgo, P and Lindroos, M "Management of Straddling Fish Stocks: A Bioeconomic Approach" In: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems – Volume 5, UNESCO.

External links edit

  • Identification of stocks of horse macekerel, Trachurus trachurus
  • Identification of stocks of herring, Clupea harengus
  • FAO Fisheries Department and its SOFIA report addressing fish stocks

February 16, 2024
fish, stocks, other, uses, fish, stock, disambiguation, confused, with, stockfish, subpopulations, particular, species, fish, which, intrinsic, parameters, growth, recruitment, mortality, fishing, mortality, traditionally, regarded, significant, factors, deter. For other uses see Fish stock disambiguation Not to be confused with Stockfish Fish stocks are subpopulations of a particular species of fish for which intrinsic parameters growth recruitment mortality and fishing mortality are traditionally regarded as the significant factors determining the stock s population dynamics while extrinsic factors immigration and emigration are traditionally ignored Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocksas reported by FAO 1974 2015 Contents 1 Concepts 1 1 The stock concept 1 2 Straddling stock 2 Assessment 3 Fluctuations 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksConcepts editThe stock concept edit All species have geographic limits to their distribution which are determined by their tolerance to environmental conditions and their ability to compete successfully with other species In marine environments this may be less evident than on land because there are fewer topographical boundaries however discontinuities still exist produced for example by mesoscale and sub mesoscale circulations that minimize long distance dispersal of fish larvae For fish it is rare for an individual to reproduce randomly with all other individuals of that species within its biological range There is a tendency to form a structured series of discrete populations which have a degree of reproductive isolation from each other in space in time or in both This isolation is reflected in the development between sub populations of genetic differences morphological variations and exposure to different chemical regimes and parasitic species Sub populations also respond to fishing in such a way that fishing on one population appears to have no effect on the population dynamics of a neighbouring population The currently accepted definition of a stock in fisheries science is that of Begg et al 1999 a stock describes characteristics of semi discrete groups of fish with some definable attributes which are of interest to fishery managers nbsp School of carp struggling to the surfaceStock identification is a field of fisheries science which aims to identify these subpopulations based on a number of techniques This concept is applied in sustainable development goal14 where target 14 4 is measured a fish stock sustainability indicator 14 4 1 1 Straddling stock edit nbsp The high seas or international waters are highlighted in blue See also Highly migratory species The United Nations defines straddling stocks as stocks of fish such as pollock which migrate between or occur in both the economic exclusion zone EEZ of one or more states and the high seas 2 Sovereign responsibility must be worked out in collaboration with neighbouring coastal states and fishing entities Usually this is done through the medium of an intergovernmental regional organisation set up for the purpose of coordinating the management of that stock Straddling stocks are usually pelagic rather than demersal Demersal species move less than pelagic species since they tend to relate to bottom topography Pelagic species are more mobile their movements influenced by ocean temperatures and the availability of zooplankton as food Example pelagic fish are capelin herring whiting mackerel and redfish There are however a few demersal species that are straddling such as the Greenland halibut migrates in feeding spawning migrations to Greenland in the west and to the Faeroes in the east 3 Straddling stock can be compared with transboundary stock Straddling stock range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas Transboundary stock range in the EEZs of at least two countries A stock can be both transboundary and straddling 4 Assessment edit nbsp Fish stocks indicators which is normalized as a 0 100 proximity to target score with 100 representing at target and 0 being furthest from the target See also Stock assessment In fisheries science and ecology stock assessment is an important tool in fisheries management In particular to ensure continued healthy fish stocks measurements of the Spawning Stock Biomass the stock population capable of reproducing allows sensible conservation strategies to be developed and maintained through the application of sustainable fishing quotas 5 The World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London jointly issued their Living Blue Planet Report on 16 September 2015 which states that there was a dramatic fall of 74 in world wide stocks of the important scombridae fish such as mackerel tuna and bonitos between 1970 and 2010 and the global overall population sizes of mammals birds reptiles amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years 6 It is hoped that global efforts like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 meets its targets aimed at reversing these trends 7 Fluctuations edit nbsp Two dead swordfish hanging from their tailsThe stocks for individual marine species can boom and bust in linked and compensatory ways For example in billfish longline fisheries the Atlantic catch of blue marlin declined in the 1960s This was accompanied by an increase in sailfish catch The sailfish catch then declined from the end of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s compensated by an increase in swordfish catch As a result the overall billfish catch remained fairly stable At Georges Bank a decline in cod during the 1960s was accompanied by a rise in flatfish and more recently with the collapse of the predatory Atlantic cod lobster catches in Maine have boomed 8 See also editList of harvested aquatic animals by weight OverfishingReferences edit sustainable development goals Straddling stocks Archived 2015 06 03 at the Wayback Machine Pelagic and straddling stocks FAO 2007 Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries permanent dead link Rome Fisheries Report No 829 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICES website Archived 2011 06 12 at the Wayback Machine Living Blue Planet Report wwf org au September 2015 Archived 2015 09 26 at the Wayback Machine Goal 14 targets UNDP Archived from the original on 2020 09 30 Retrieved 2020 09 24 Duffy J Emmett 2008 Marine biodiversity and food security Encyclopedia of Earth Updated 25 July 2008 Further reading editBegg GA Friedland KD and Pearce JB 1999 Stock identification and its role in stock assessment and fisheries management an overview Fisheries Research 43 1 8 Booke HE 1999 The stock concept revisited perspectives on its history in fisheries Fisheries Research 43 1 3 9 11 doi 10 1016 S0165 7836 99 00063 6 Cadrin SX Friedland KD and Waldman JR 2004 Stock Identification Methods Applications in Fishery Science ISBN 0 12 154351 X Pintassilgo P and Lindroos M Management of Straddling Fish Stocks A Bioeconomic Approach In Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems Volume 5 UNESCO External links editIdentification of stocks of horse macekerel Trachurus trachurus Identification of stocks of herring Clupea harengus FAO Fisheries Department and its SOFIA report addressing fish stocks Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fish stocks amp oldid 1199539739, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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