This article is about single dot diacritics. For diaeresis, umlaut etc, see two dots (diacritic).
When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot refers to the glyphs "combining dot above" (◌̇), and "combining dot below" (◌̣) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in a variety of languages. Similar marks are used with other scripts.
The Latin orthography for Chechen includes ċ, ç̇, ġ, q̇, and ẋ.
Traditional Irish typography, where the dot denotes lenition, and is called a ponc séimhithe or buailte "dot of lenition": ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter h, thus: bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th. In Old Irish orthography, the dot was used only for ḟ ṡ, while the following h was used for ch ph th; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following h when writing in antiqua. Thus ċ and ch represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish.
Lithuanian: ė is pronounced as [eː], as opposed to ę, which is pronounced a lower [æː] (formerly nasalised), or e, pronounced [ɛ,æː].
In the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics orthography for the Cree, Ojibwe, and Inuktitut languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii), placing a macron over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a circumflex over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô).
In Turkish, the dot above lowercase i and j (and uppercase İ) is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a tittle. I without an overdot is a separate letter.
In the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of r.
In a number of languages, an underdot indicates a raised or relatively high vowel, often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an ogonek or left unmarked.
In Romagnol, ẹ ọ are used to represent [e, o], e.g. part of Riminese dialect fradẹll, ọcc[fraˈdell,ˈotʃː] "brothers, eyes".
In academic notation of Old Latin, ẹ̄ (e with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably /eː/, that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ei. This vowel usually became ī in Classical Latin.
In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin, used in describing the development of the Romance languages, ẹ and ọ represent the close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/, in contrast with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which are represented as e and o with ogonek (ę ǫ).
Academic transcription of Middle English uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above.
In academic transcription of Serbo-Croatian dialects, ẹ ọ ạ (typically /e//o//ɐ/) represent higher vowels than standard e o a, and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a comma below, e̦ o̦ (typically /ɛ//ɔ/).
In Inari Sami, an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ, and ṿ. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only.
In the DIN 31636 and ALA-LCRomanization of Hebrew, ṿ represents vav (ו), while v without the underdot represents beth (ב). ḳ represents qoph (ק) while k represents kaph (כ)
The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩ represent the emphaticized sounds /d̪ˤħsˤt̪ˤzˤ/.
Vietnamese: The nặngtone (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ.
In Igbo, an underdot can be used on i, o, and u to make ị, ọ, and ụ. The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height.
In Yoruba, an underdot can be used on e and o to make ẹ and ọ, symbolizing a reduction in the vowel height, as well as on s to make ṣ, symbolizing a postalveolar articulation.
Underdots are used in the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system to denote a voiced s and special pronunciations of r and a.
In the Fiero-Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe and Odaawaa, in g̣, ḥ, and ḳ, underdot is used to indicate labialization when either ⟨o⟩ or ⟨w⟩ following them was lost in syncope.
In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in the Naskapi language representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, diaeresis when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter ᓴ. Additionally, in Northwestern Ojibwe, a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either ᣜ or ᣝ; there also is a raised dot "Final" (ᣟ), which represents /w/ in some Swampy Cree and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.
Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
February 15, 2024
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This article is about single dot diacritics For diaeresis umlaut etc see two dots diacritic When used as a diacritic mark the term dot refers to the glyphs combining dot above and combining dot below which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in a variety of languages Similar marks are used with other scripts DotU 0307 COMBINING DOT ABOVEU 0323 COMBINING DOT BELOWThis article contains special characters Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols This page uses orthographic and related notations For the notations and used in this article see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Contents 1 Overdot 2 Underdot 3 Raised dot and middle dot 4 Letters with dot 5 Encoding 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksOverdot editLanguage scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark In some forms of Arabic romanization ġ stands for ghayin غ The Latin orthography for Chechen includes ċ c ġ q and ẋ Traditional Irish typography where the dot denotes lenition and is called a ponc seimhithe or buailte dot of lenition ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ Alternatively lenition may be represented by a following letter h thus bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th In Old Irish orthography the dot was used only for ḟ ṡ while the following h was used for ch ph th lenition of other letters was not indicated Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following h when writing in antiqua Thus ċ and ch represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish Lithuanian e is pronounced as eː as opposed to e which is pronounced a lower aeː formerly nasalised or e pronounced ɛ aeː Livonian uses ȯ as one of its eight vowels Maltese ċ is used for a voiceless palato alveolar affricate ġ for a voiced palato alveolar affricate and z for a voiced alveolar sibilant Old English In modernized orthography ċ is used for a voiceless palato alveolar affricate t ʃ ġ for a palatal approximant j probably a voiced palatal fricative ʝ in the earliest texts and more rarely sċ for a voiceless palato alveolar fricative ʃ and cġ for a voiced palato alveolar affricate d ʒ Polish z is used for a voiced retroflex sibilant ʐ The Sioux languages such as Lakota Osage and Crow sometimes use the dot above to indicate ejective stops In the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics orthography for the Cree Ojibwe and Inuktitut languages a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol s vowel should be a long vowel the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel ᒥ mi ᒦ mii placing a macron over the vowel ᑲ ka ᑳ ka or placing a circumflex over the vowel ᓄ no ᓅ no In Turkish the dot above lowercase i and j and uppercase I is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter It is called a tittle I without an overdot is a separate letter In the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of r The Ulithian alphabet includes ȧ e and ȯ 1 The ISO 9 1968 Romanization of Cyrillic uses e ḟ and ẏ In the ISO 259 Romanization of Hebrew the overdot is used to transcribe the dagesh ḃ ḋ ġ ḣ ṁ ṅ ṙ ṡ ṥ ṧ ṩ ṫ ẇ transcribes the shuruk In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization transcribing languages of India ṅ is used to represent ŋ UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ṙ 1 In the Venda language ṅ is used to represent ŋ Some countries use the overdot as a decimal mark The overdot is also used in the Devanagari script where it is called anusvara In mathematics and physics when using Newton s notation the dot denotes the time derivative as in v x displaystyle v dot x nbsp In addition the overdot is one way used to indicate an infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation as in 0 3 displaystyle 0 dot 3 nbsp which is equal to the fraction 1 3 and 0 1 4 2 8 5 7 displaystyle 0 dot 1 dot 4 dot 2 dot 8 dot 5 dot 7 nbsp or 0 1 4285 7 displaystyle 0 dot 1 4285 dot 7 nbsp which is equal to 1 7 Underdot edit Ị redirects here Not to be confused with exclamation mark In a number of languages an underdot indicates a raised or relatively high vowel often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an ogonek or left unmarked In Rotuman ạ represents ɔ In Romagnol ẹ ọ are used to represent e o e g part of Riminese dialect fradẹll ọcc fraˈdell ˈotʃː brothers eyes In academic notation of Old Latin ẹ e with underdot and macron represents the long vowel probably eː that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ei This vowel usually became i in Classical Latin In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin used in describing the development of the Romance languages ẹ and ọ represent the close mid vowels e and o in contrast with the open mid vowels ɛ and ɔ which are represented as e and o with ogonek e ǫ Academic transcription of Middle English uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above In academic transcription of Serbo Croatian dialects ẹ ọ ạ typically e o ɐ represent higher vowels than standard e o a and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a comma below e o typically ɛ ɔ In Inari Sami an underdot denotes a half long voiced consonant đ j ḷ ṃ ṇ ṇj ŋ ṛ and ṿ The underdot is used in dictionaries textbooks and linguistic publications only In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization transcribing languages of India a dot below a letter distinguishes the retroflex consonants ṭ ḍ ṛ ḷ ṇ ṣ while m with underdot ṃ signifies an anusvara and h with underdot ḥ signifies a visarga Very frequently in modern transliterations of Sanskrit an underdot is used instead of the ring diacritic below the vocalic r and l In romanizations of some Afroasiatic languages particularly Semitic Languages and Berber Languages an underdot indicates an emphatic consonant The romanization of Arabic uses ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ In the DIN 31636 and ALA LC Romanization of Hebrew ṿ represents vav ו while v without the underdot represents beth ב ḳ represents qoph ק while k represents kaph כ The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization the underdotted consonants ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ represent the emphaticized sounds d ˤ ħ sˤ t ˤ zˤ In Asturian ḷḷ underdotted double ll represents the voiced retroflex plosive or the voiceless retroflex affricate depending on dialect and ḥ underdotted h the voiceless glottal fricative In O odham language Ḍ d with underdot represents a voiced retroflex stop Vietnamese The nặng tone low glottal is represented with a dot below the base vowel ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ In Igbo an underdot can be used on i o and u to make ị ọ and ụ The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height In Yoruba an underdot can be used on e and o to make ẹ and ọ symbolizing a reduction in the vowel height as well as on s to make ṣ symbolizing a postalveolar articulation In Americanist phonetic notation x with underdot x represents a voiceless uvular fricative Underdots are used in the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system to denote a voiced s and special pronunciations of r and a In the Fiero Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe and Odaawaa in g ḥ and ḳ underdot is used to indicate labialization when either o or w following them was lost in syncope The Sicilian nexus ḍḍ is used to represent ɖɖ In Kalabari ḅ and ḍ are used In Marshallese underdots on consonants represent velarization such as the velarized bilabial nasal ṃ UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ḍ g ḳ ṭ ẉ and ỵ 1 In Mizo ṭ represents t r The underdot is also used in the Devanagari script where it is called nukta Raised dot and middle dot editIn Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics in addition to the middle dot as a letter centred dot diacritic and dot above diacritic there also is a two dot diacritic in the Naskapi language representing w V which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically diaeresis when placed horizontally or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter ᓴ Additionally in Northwestern Ojibwe a small raised wi as w the middle dot is raised farther up as either ᣜ or ᣝ there also is a raised dot Final ᣟ which represents w in some Swampy Cree and y in some Northwestern Ojibwe Letters with dot edit Dot Latin Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡẠ ạ Ậ ậẶ ặḂ ḃ Ḅ ḅĊ ċ C c C c C c C c Ꜿ ꜿḊ ḋ Ḍ ḍĖ e Ė e Ė e Ẹ ẹỆ ệḞ ḟ F f Ġ ġ G g Ḣ ḣ Ḥ ḥIi i i į į Ị ị J j K k Ḳ ḳL l Ḷ ḷḸ ḹ Ŀ ŀṀ ṁ Ṃ ṃṄ ṅ Ṇ ṇȮ ȯ O o Ọ ọ Ộ ộȰ ȱ Ợ ợṖ ṗ P p Q q Q q Q q Q q Ṙ ṙ Ṛ ṛṜ ṝ Ṡ ṡẛ Ṡ ṡ Ṣ ṣ Ṥ ṥṦ ṧ Ṩ ṩṪ ṫ Ṭ ṭU u U u Ụ ụ Ự ựV v Ṿ ṿẆ ẇ Ẉ ẉẊ ẋ X x Ẏ ẏ Ỵ ỵZ z Ẓ ẓEncoding editIn Unicode the dot is encoded at U 0307 COMBINING DOT ABOVEand at U 0323 COMBINING DOT BELOW U 0358 COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT U 1DF8 COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFTThere is also U 02D9 DOT ABOVE amp DiacriticalDot amp dot U 18DF ᣟ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RAISED DOTPre composed characters U 0226 Ȧ U 0227 ȧ U 1EA0 Ạ U 1EA1 ạ U 1EB6 Ặ U 1EB7 ặ U 1E02 Ḃ U 1E03 ḃ U 010A Ċ U 010B ċ U 1E0A Ḋ U 1E0B ḋ U 0116 Ė U 0117 e U 1EC6 Ệ U 1EC7 ệ U 1E1E Ḟ U 1E1F ḟ U 0120 Ġ U 0121 ġ U 1E22 Ḣ U 1E23 ḣ U 0130 I U 0069 i U 1ECA Ị U 1ECB ị U 1E38 Ḹ U 1E39 ḹ U 1E40 Ṁ U 1E41 ṁ U 1E44 Ṅ U 1E45 ṅ U 022E Ȯ U 022F ȯ U 1ECC Ọ U 1ECD ọ U 0230 Ȱ U 0231 ȱ U 0298 ʘ U 1E56 Ṗ U 1E57 ṗ U 1E58 Ṙ U 1E59 ṙ U 1E5C Ṝ U 1E5D ṝ U 1E9B ẛ U 1E60 Ṡ U 1E62 Ṣ U 1E63 ṣ U 1E66 Ṧ U 1E67 ṧ U 1E6A Ṫ U 1E6B ṫ U 1EE4 Ụ U 1EE5 ụ U 1E86 Ẇ U 1E87 ẇ U 1E8A Ẋ U 1E8B ẋ U 1E8E Ẏ U 1E8F ẏ U 017B Z U 017C z U 01E0 Ǡ U 01E1 ǡ U 1EAC Ậ U 1EAD ậ U 1E04 Ḅ U 1E05 ḅ U A73E Ꜿ U A73F ꜿ U 1E0C Ḍ U 1E0D ḍ U 1EB8 Ẹ U 1EB9 ẹ U 1E24 Ḥ U 1E25 ḥ U 1E32 Ḳ U 1E33 ḳ U 1E36 Ḷ U 1E37 ḷ U 013F Ŀ U 0140 ŀ U 1E42 Ṃ U 1E43 ṃ U 1E46 Ṇ U 1E47 ṇ U 1ED8 Ộ U 1ED9 ộ U 1EE2 Ợ U 1EE3 ợ U 1E5A Ṛ U 1E5B ṛ U 1E60 Ṡ U 1E61 ṡ U 1E64 Ṥ U 1E65 ṥ U 1E68 Ṩ U 1E69 ṩ U 1E6C Ṭ U 1E6D ṭ U 1EF0 Ự U 1EF1 ự U 1E7E Ṿ U 1E7F ṿ U 1E88 Ẉ U 1E89 ẉ U 1EF4 Ỵ U 1EF5 ỵ U 1E92 Ẓ U 1E93 ẓ U 1F100 U 2488 U 2489 U 248A U 248B U 248C U 248D U 248E U 248F U 2490 U 237F U 2299 U 22A1 U 1404 ᐄ U 1410 ᐐ U 1411 ᐑ U 1406 ᐆ U 1414 ᐔ U 1415 ᐕ U 140B ᐋ U 1419 ᐙ U 141A ᐚ U 18B2 ᢲ U 1432 ᐲ U 143E ᐾ U 143F ᐿ U 1434 ᐴ U 1442 ᑂ U 1443 ᑃ U 1439 ᐹ U 1446 ᑆ U 1447 ᑇ U 144F ᑏ U 145B ᑛ U 145C ᑜ U 1451 ᑑ U 145F ᑟ U 1460 ᑠ U 1456 ᑖ U 1463 ᑣ U 1464 ᑤ U 146E ᑮ U 1478 ᑸ U 1479 ᑹ U 1470 ᑰ U 147C ᑼ U 147D ᑽ U 1473 ᑳ U 1480 ᒀ U 1481 ᒁ U 148C ᒌ U 1496 ᒖ U 1497 ᒗ U 148E ᒎ U 149A ᒚ U 149B ᒛ U 1491 ᒑ U 149E ᒞ U 149F ᒟ U 14A6 ᒦ U 14B0 ᒰ U 14B1 ᒱ U 14A8 ᒨ U 14B4 ᒴ U 14B5 ᒵ U 14AB ᒫ U 14B8 ᒸ U 14B9 ᒹ U 14C3 ᓃ U 18C8 ᣈ U 18C9 ᣉ U 14C5 ᓅ U 18CC ᣌ U 18CD ᣍ U 14C8 ᓈ U 14CD ᓍ U 14CE ᓎ U 14D6 ᓖ U 14E0 ᓠ U 14E1 ᓡ U 14D8 ᓘ U 14E4 ᓤ U 14E5 ᓥ U 14DB ᓛ U 14E8 ᓨ U 14E9 ᓩ U 14F0 ᓰ U 14FA ᓺ U 14FB ᓻ U 14F2 ᓲ U 14FE ᓾ U 14FF ᓿ U 14F5 ᓵ U 1502 ᔂ U 1503 ᔃ U 1512 ᔒ U 151B ᔛ U 151C ᔜ U 1514 ᔔ U 151F ᔟ U 1520 ᔠ U 1516 ᔖ U 1523 ᔣ U 1524 ᔤ U 1529 ᔩ U 1533 ᔳ U 1534 ᔴ U 152B ᔫ U 1537 ᔷ U 1538 ᔸ U 152E ᔮ U 153B ᔻ U 153C ᔼ U 1547 ᕇ U 1549 ᕉ U 154C ᕌ U 154E ᕎ U 154F ᕏ U 1556 ᕖ U 1558 ᕘ U 155A ᕚ U 155B ᕛ U 155C ᕜ U 1562 ᕢ U 1563 ᕣ U 1565 ᕥ U 1567 ᕧ U 1568 ᕨ U 1569 ᕩ U 1576 ᕶ U 1578 ᕸ U 157A ᕺ U 1580 ᖀ U 1582 ᖂ U 1584 ᖄ U 1590 ᖐ U 1592 ᖒ U 1594 ᖔ U 15A1 ᖡ U 15A3 ᖣ U 15A5 ᖥ U 15A9 ᖩ U 1679 ᙹ U 15AB ᖫ U 167B ᙻ U 15AD ᖭ U 167D ᙽ U 1672 ᙲ U 1674 ᙴ U 1676 ᙶ U 18D0 ᣐ U 18D2 ᣒ U 18E1 ᣡ U 18E2 ᣢ U 18E6 ᣦ U 18E7 ᣧ U 18E9 ᣩ U 18EB ᣫ U 18EC ᣬ U 18EE ᣮ U 18EF ᣯ U 18F1 ᣱ See also editAnunaasika Diacritic in Indic scriptsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Chandrabindu Diacritic mark typically denoting nazalization in Indian abugidas Interpunct Typographical symbol variously used as word delimiter currency decimal delimiter etc Tittle Diacritical mark the dot element of the letters i and j Two dots diacritic Diacritic that consists of two dots placed over a letter diaeresis diacritic Mark used to denote separation of vowels umlaut diacritic Diacritic mark to indicate sound shiftArabic alphabet Hebrew diacriticsDot disambiguation Two dots disambiguation Three dots disambiguation References edit a b c United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names 2007 Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names PDF New York United Nations p 169 ISBN 978 92 1 161500 5 External links editDiacritics Project All you need to design a font with correct accents Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dot diacritic amp oldid 1205254984, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
