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Ogonek

February 15, 2024

For the periodical, see Ogoniok. For the song, see Ogonek (song).

The ogonek (/əˈɡɒnɛk, -ək/; Polish: [ɔˈɡɔnɛk], "little tail", diminutive of ogon) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American languages. It is also placed on the lower right corner of consonants in some Latin transcriptions of various indigenous languages of the Caucasus mountains.[clarification needed]

◌̨
Ogonek
U+0328 ◌̨̨ COMBINING OGONEK
See also
U+02DB ˛ OGONEK (˛), spacing

An ogonek can also be attached to the bottom of a vowel in Old Norse–Icelandic to show length or vowel affection.[1] For example, in Old Norse, ǫ represents the Old Norwegian vowel [ɔ], which in Old Icelandic merges with ø ‹ö› and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letter å.

Use edit

Example in Polish:

Wół go pyta: „Panie chrząszczu,
Po cóż pan tak brzęczy w gąszczu?“
— The ox asks him: "Mr. beetle, why do you buzz like that in the thicket?"
— Jan Brzechwa, Chrząszcz

Example in Cayuga:

Ęyǫgwędę́hte[citation needed] — we will become poor

Example in Chickasaw:

Nǫwali - I am walking

Example in Dogrib:

dǫ sǫǫ̀łįį — native people

Example in Lithuanian:

Lydėdami gęstančią žarą vėlai
Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai
— Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, Margi sakalai

Example in Elfdalian:

"Ja, eð war įe plåg að gęslkallum, dar eð war slaik uondlostjyner i gęslun."
— Vikar Margit Andersdotter, I fäbodlivet i gamla tider.

Values edit

Nasalization edit

The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas. This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still, to the present day, follow this convention in phonetic transcription (see Americanist phonetic notation).

The ogonek is also used to indicate a nasalized vowel in Polish, academic transliteration of Proto-Germanic, Old Church Slavonic, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Tłįchǫ Yatiì, Slavey, Dëne Sųłiné and Elfdalian. In Polish, ę is nasalized e; however, ą is nasalized o, not a, because of a vowel shift: ą, originally a long nasal a, turned into a short nasal o when the distinction in vowel quantity disappeared.

Length edit

In Lithuanian, the nosinė (literally, "nasal") mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around late 17th and early 18th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding long non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently or not marked at all). The mark also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms with otherwise the same written form (often with a different word stress, which is not indicated directly in the standard orthography).

Lowered articulation edit

Between 1927 and 1989, the ogonek denoted lowering in vowels, and, since 1976, in consonants as well, in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). While the obsolete diacritic has also been identified as the left half ring diacritic ⟨◌̜⟩, many publications of the IPA used the ogonek.[4]

In Rheinische Dokumenta, it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Ää, Oo, Öö. In two cases, it can be combined with umlaut marks.

Similar diacritics edit

E caudata and o caudata edit

The E caudata (ę), a symbol similar to an e with ogonek, evolved from a ligature of a and e in medieval scripts, in Latin and Irish palaeography. The O caudata of Old Norse[5] (letter ǫ, with ǫ́)[6][7] is used to write the open-mid back rounded vowel, /ɔ/. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this 'hook' in both directions, in combination with several vowels.[8] Despite this distinction, the term 'ogonek' is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek. Similarly, the E caudata was sometimes used to designate the Norse vowel [ɛ] or [æ].

Cedilla and comma edit

The ogonek is functionally equivalent to the cedilla and comma diacritic marks. If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters, i.e. usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text, the marks may even look the same.

Superscript ogonek edit

In Old Norse and Old Icelandic manuscripts, there is an over-hook or curl that may be considered a variant of the ogonek. It occurs on the letters a᷎ e᷎ i᷎ o᷎ ø᷎ u᷎.

Letters with ogonek edit

  •  Ogonek ◌̨    Ą ą
  • Ą́ ą́
  • Ą̃ ą̃
  • Ą̈ ą̈
  • Ą̊ ą̊
  • Æ̨ æ̨
  • C̨ c̨
  • Ę ę
  • Ę́ ę́
  • Ę̃ ę̃
  • Į į
  • Į́ į́
  • Į̃ į̃
  • M̨ m̨
  • N̨ n̨
  • Ǫ ǫ
  • Ǭ ǭ
  • Ǫ̈ ǫ̈
  • Ǫ́ ǫ́
  • Ø̨ ø̨
  • T̨ t̨
  • Ų ų
  • Ų́ ų́
  • Ų̃ ų̃
  • Ų̈ ų̈
  • Y̨ y̨

Typographical notes edit

The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (relatively, its size in larger type may be significantly shorter), and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages.

Encoding edit

Because attaching an ogonek does not affect the shape of the base letter, Unicode covers it with a combining diacritic, U+0328. There are a number of precomposed legacy characters, but new ones are not being added to Unicode (e.g. for ⟨æ̨⟩ or ⟨ø̨⟩).


Character information
Preview ˛ ̨ ᷎
Unicode name OGONEK COMBINING OGONEK COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 731 U+02DB 808 U+0328 7630 U+1DCE
UTF-8 203 155 CB 9B 204 168 CC A8 225 183 142 E1 B7 8E
Numeric character reference ˛ ˛ ̨ ̨ ᷎ ᷎
Named character reference ˛


Character information
Preview Ą ą Ę ę
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 260 U+0104 261 U+0105 280 U+0118 281 U+0119
UTF-8 196 132 C4 84 196 133 C4 85 196 152 C4 98 196 153 C4 99
Numeric character reference Ą Ą ą ą Ę Ę ę ę
Named character reference Ą ą Ę ę
ISO 8859-2 / ISO 8859-4 202 CA 234 EA
ISO 8859-10 221 DD 253 FD
Named character reference Ą ą Ę ę


Character information
Preview Į į Ǫ ǫ
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 302 U+012E 303 U+012F 490 U+01EA 491 U+01EB
UTF-8 196 174 C4 AE 196 175 C4 AF 199 170 C7 AA 199 171 C7 AB
Numeric character reference Į Į į į Ǫ Ǫ ǫ ǫ
Named character reference Į į
Named character reference Į į


Character information
Preview Ǭ ǭ Ų ų
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
AND MACRON 		LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
AND MACRON 		LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 492 U+01EC 493 U+01ED 370 U+0172 371 U+0173
UTF-8 199 172 C7 AC 199 173 C7 AD 197 178 C5 B2 197 179 C5 B3
Numeric character reference Ǭ Ǭ ǭ ǭ Ų Ų ų ų
Named character reference Ų ų
Named character reference Ų ų

LaTeX2e edit

In LaTeX2e, macro \k will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding, e.g. \k{a} will typeset ą. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.)

However, \k{e} rather places the diacritic "right-aligned" with the carrying e (ę), suitably for Polish, while \textogonekcentered horizontally centers the diacritic with respect to the carrier, suitably for Native American Languages as well as for e caudata and o caudata. So \textogonekcentered{e} better fits the latter purposes. Actually, \k{o} (for ǫ) is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{o}, and \k{O} is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{O}.[9]

The package TIPA, activated by using the command "\usepackage{tipa}", offers a different way: "\textpolhook{a}" will produce ą.

References edit

  1. ^ "N3027: Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-01-30.
  2. ^ . Mauston, Wisconsin: Ho-Chunk Nation. Archived from the original on 2003-04-23. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  3. ^ "N3077: Response to UTC/US contribution N3037R (Feedback on N3027 Proposal to add medievalist characters)" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-03-31.
  4. ^ Whitley, M. Stanley (2003). "Rhotic representation: problems and proposals". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001166. S2CID 145538124. Page 84, note 2.
  5. ^ For this traditional and correct name, see e.g. Einar Haugen (ed. and trans.), First Grammatical Treatise, 2nd edition, Longman, 1972.
  6. ^ "Non-European and historic Latin". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  7. ^ Sebastian Kempgen (2006). "Unicode 4.1 and Slavic Philology Problems and Perspectives (I)" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  8. ^ . Medieval Unicode Font Initiative. 2003-02-05. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  9. ^ See t1enc.def in LaTeX2e distributions.

External links edit

 
Look up ogonek in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
  • Polish Diacritics — How To?
  • w3schools.com — UTF-8 Latin Extended A

February 15, 2024
ogonek, periodical, ogoniok, song, song, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, sc. For the periodical see Ogoniok For the song see Ogonek song This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ogonek news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message The ogonek e ˈ ɡ ɒ n ɛ k e k Polish ɔˈɡɔnɛk little tail diminutive of ogon is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages and directly under a vowel in several Native American languages It is also placed on the lower right corner of consonants in some Latin transcriptions of various indigenous languages of the Caucasus mountains clarification needed OgonekU 0328 COMBINING OGONEKSee alsoU 02DB OGONEK amp ogon spacingAn ogonek can also be attached to the bottom of a vowel in Old Norse Icelandic to show length or vowel affection 1 For example in Old Norse ǫ represents the Old Norwegian vowel ɔ which in Old Icelandic merges with o o and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letter a Contents 1 Use 2 Values 2 1 Nasalization 2 2 Length 2 3 Lowered articulation 3 Similar diacritics 3 1 E caudata and o caudata 3 2 Cedilla and comma 3 3 Superscript ogonek 4 Letters with ogonek 5 Typographical notes 5 1 Encoding 5 2 LaTeX2e 6 References 7 External linksUse editAvestan romanization letters a a m Cahto a e Cayuga e ǫ Chickasaw a į ǫ Chipewyan a aa e ee e e e i i i ǫ ǫǫ u uu Dadibi a e į ǫ Dogrib a aa e ee i i i ǫ ǫǫ u uu Elfdalian a e į u y and a some romanizations of Ancient Greek a e ǫ citation needed Ho Chunk a aa į įį u uu 2 etymological Interslavic e u Kashubian a scholarly transcriptions of Vulgar Latin and Proto Romance e ǫ Lithuanian a e į u Navajo a a aa a a e e ee e e į į įį į į ǫ ǫ ǫǫ ǫ ǫ Ojibwe in older Romanization standards representing either nasalization or vowel backing a aa a e įį ǫǫ scholarly transcriptions of Old Church Slavonic and Proto Slavic e ǫ Old Norse ǫ ɔ ǫ ɔː o ǫ 3 e ɛ ae ɛː Alternatively a etc instead represent any nasalized vowel a etc corresponding to the Norse runic letter Ass and the Proto Norse runic letter AnsuR Also t Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic ae o a e i o o u Onondaga dialects e ǫ Alternatively en and on can also be used u is sometimes used for ǫ Polish letters a e Rheinische Dokumenta a ǫ ǫ a a ǫǫ ǫ ǫ Sierra Otomi a į e ǫ u Tutchone į u u e a ǫ a Example in Polish Wol go pyta Panie chrzaszczu Po coz pan tak brzeczy w gaszczu The ox asks him Mr beetle why do you buzz like that in the thicket Jan Brzechwa Chrzaszcz dd Example in Cayuga eyǫgwede hte citation needed we will become poorExample in Chickasaw Nǫwali I am walkingExample in Dogrib dǫ sǫǫ lįį native peopleExample in Lithuanian Lydedami gestancia zara velai Pakilo į dangu margi sakalai Vincas Mykolaitis Putinas Margi sakalai dd Example in Elfdalian Ja ed war įe plag ad geslkallum dar ed war slaik uondlostjyner i geslun Vikar Margit Andersdotter I fabodlivet i gamla tider dd Values editNasalization edit The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages Later the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still to the present day follow this convention in phonetic transcription see Americanist phonetic notation The ogonek is also used to indicate a nasalized vowel in Polish academic transliteration of Proto Germanic Old Church Slavonic Navajo Western Apache Chiricahua Tlįchǫ Yatii Slavey Dene Suline and Elfdalian In Polish e is nasalized e however a is nasalized o not a because of a vowel shift a originally a long nasal a turned into a short nasal o when the distinction in vowel quantity disappeared Length edit In Lithuanian the nosine literally nasal mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around late 17th and early 18th century nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding long non nasal vowels in most dialects Thus the mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length the length of etymologically non nasal vowels is marked differently or not marked at all The mark also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms with otherwise the same written form often with a different word stress which is not indicated directly in the standard orthography Lowered articulation edit Between 1927 and 1989 the ogonek denoted lowering in vowels and since 1976 in consonants as well in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA While the obsolete diacritic has also been identified as the left half ring diacritic many publications of the IPA used the ogonek 4 In Rheinische Dokumenta it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Aa Oo Oo In two cases it can be combined with umlaut marks Similar diacritics editE caudata and o caudata edit The E caudata e a symbol similar to an e with ogonek evolved from a ligature of a and e in medieval scripts in Latin and Irish palaeography The O caudata of Old Norse 5 letter ǫ with ǫ 6 7 is used to write the open mid back rounded vowel ɔ Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this hook in both directions in combination with several vowels 8 Despite this distinction the term ogonek is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek Similarly the E caudata was sometimes used to designate the Norse vowel ɛ or ae Cedilla and comma edit The ogonek is functionally equivalent to the cedilla and comma diacritic marks If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters i e usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants In handwritten text the marks may even look the same Superscript ogonek edit In Old Norse and Old Icelandic manuscripts there is an over hook or curl that may be considered a variant of the ogonek It occurs on the letters a e i o o u Letters with ogonek edit Ogonek A aA a A a A a A a AE ae C c e ee e e e Į įĮ į Į į M m N n Ǫ ǫǬ ǭǪ ǫ Ǫ ǫ O o T t Ų uŲ u Ų u Ų u Y y Typographical notes editThe ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender relatively its size in larger type may be significantly shorter and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages Encoding edit Because attaching an ogonek does not affect the shape of the base letter Unicode covers it with a combining diacritic U 0328 There are a number of precomposed legacy characters but new ones are not being added to Unicode e g for ae or o Character information Preview Unicode name OGONEK COMBINING OGONEK COMBINING OGONEK ABOVEEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 731 U 02DB 808 U 0328 7630 U 1DCEUTF 8 203 155 CB 9B 204 168 CC A8 225 183 142 E1 B7 8ENumeric character reference amp 731 wbr amp x2DB wbr amp 808 wbr amp x328 wbr amp 7630 wbr amp x1DCE wbr Named character reference amp ogon Character information Preview A a e eUnicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEKEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 260 U 0104 261 U 0105 280 U 0118 281 U 0119UTF 8 196 132 C4 84 196 133 C4 85 196 152 C4 98 196 153 C4 99Numeric character reference amp 260 wbr amp x104 wbr amp 261 wbr amp x105 wbr amp 280 wbr amp x118 wbr amp 281 wbr amp x119 wbr Named character reference amp Aogon amp aogon amp Eogon amp eogon ISO 8859 2 ISO 8859 4 202 CA 234 EAISO 8859 10 221 DD 253 FDNamed character reference amp Aogon amp aogon amp Eogon amp eogon Character information Preview Į į Ǫ ǫUnicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEKEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 302 U 012E 303 U 012F 490 U 01EA 491 U 01EBUTF 8 196 174 C4 AE 196 175 C4 AF 199 170 C7 AA 199 171 C7 ABNumeric character reference amp 302 wbr amp x12E wbr amp 303 wbr amp x12F wbr amp 490 wbr amp x1EA wbr amp 491 wbr amp x1EB wbr Named character reference amp Iogon amp iogon Named character reference amp Iogon amp iogon Character information Preview Ǭ ǭ Ų uUnicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEKAND MACRON LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEKAND MACRON LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEKEncodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hexUnicode 492 U 01EC 493 U 01ED 370 U 0172 371 U 0173UTF 8 199 172 C7 AC 199 173 C7 AD 197 178 C5 B2 197 179 C5 B3Numeric character reference amp 492 wbr amp x1EC wbr amp 493 wbr amp x1ED wbr amp 370 wbr amp x172 wbr amp 371 wbr amp x173 wbr Named character reference amp Uogon amp uogon Named character reference amp Uogon amp uogon LaTeX2e edit In LaTeX2e macro k will typeset a letter with ogonek if it is supported by the font encoding e g k a will typeset a The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it but the newer T1 one does It may be enabled by saying usepackage T1 fontenc in the preamble However k e rather places the diacritic right aligned with the carrying e e suitably for Polish while textogonekcentered horizontally centers the diacritic with respect to the carrier suitably for Native American Languages as well as for e caudata and o caudata So textogonekcentered e better fits the latter purposes Actually k o for ǫ is defined to result in textogonekcentered o and k O is defined to result in textogonekcentered O 9 The package TIPA activated by using the command usepackage tipa offers a different way textpolhook a will produce a References edit N3027 Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS PDF ISO IEC JTC1 SC2 WG2 2006 01 30 Hoocak Waaziija Haci Language Division Mauston Wisconsin Ho Chunk Nation Archived from the original on 2003 04 23 Retrieved 2011 05 15 N3077 Response to UTC US contribution N3037R Feedback on N3027 Proposal to add medievalist characters PDF ISO IEC JTC1 SC2 WG2 2006 03 31 Whitley M Stanley 2003 Rhotic representation problems and proposals Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 1 81 86 doi 10 1017 S0025100303001166 S2CID 145538124 Page 84 note 2 For this traditional and correct name see e g Einar Haugen ed and trans First Grammatical Treatise 2nd edition Longman 1972 Non European and historic Latin Unicode Consortium Retrieved 2011 05 15 Sebastian Kempgen 2006 Unicode 4 1 and Slavic Philology Problems and Perspectives I PDF Retrieved 2016 11 12 Characters with a combining hook above Medieval Unicode Font Initiative 2003 02 05 Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2016 11 12 See t1enc def in LaTeX2e distributions External links edit nbsp Look up ogonek in Wiktionary the free dictionary Diacritics Project All you need to design a font with correct accents Polish Diacritics How To Forslag till en enhetlig stavning for alvdalska March 2005 w3schools com UTF 8 Latin Extended A Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ogonek amp oldid 1206309965, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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