fbpx
Wikipedia

Commuter rail

January 01, 1970

"Suburban train" redirects here. For the Tiësto song of the same name, see Suburban Train/Urban Train.

Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns.[1][2][3] Commuter rail systems are considered heavy rail, using electric or diesel trains.[2] Distance charges or zone pricing may be used.

Clockwise from top left:

The term can refer to systems with a wide variety of different features and service frequencies, but is often used in contrast to rapid transit or light rail.

Some services share similarities with both commuter rail and high-frequency rapid transit; examples being the German S-Bahn in some cities, the Réseau Express Régional (RER) in Paris, the S Lines in Milan, many Japanese commuter systems, the East Rail line in Hong Kong and some Australasian suburban networks, such as Sydney Trains. Some services, like British commuter rail, share tracks with other passenger services and freight.

In North America, commuter rail sometimes refers only to systems that primarily operate during peak periods and offer little to no service for the rest of the day, with regional rail being used to refer to systems that offer all-day service.[4][5][6]

Characteristics edit

 
Mumbai Suburban Railway carries more than 7.24 million commuters on a daily basis
 
Very short commuter train in push mode.
 
GO Transit serves the Greater Golden Horseshoe region surrounding Toronto. Its train services are transitioning from a peak direction commuter railway to a Regional Express Network.

Most commuter (or suburban) trains are built to main line rail standards,[7] differing from light rail or rapid transit (metro rail) systems by:

  • being larger
  • providing more seating and less standing room, owing to the longer distances involved
  • having (in most cases) a lower frequency of service
  • having scheduled services (i.e. trains run at specific times rather than at specific intervals)
  • serving lower-density suburban areas, typically connecting suburbs to the city center
  • sharing track or right-of-way with intercity and/or freight trains
  • not fully grade separated (containing at-grade crossings with crossing gates)
  • being able to skip certain stations as an express service due to normally being driver controlled

Train schedule edit

Compared to rapid transit (or metro rail), commuter/suburban rail often has lower frequency, following a schedule rather than fixed intervals, and fewer stations spaced further apart. They primarily serve lower density suburban areas (non inner-city), generally only having one or two stops in a city's central business district, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. [8] Some services operate only during peak hours and others use fewer departures during off peak hours and weekends. Average speeds are high, often 50 km/h (30 mph) or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved. Some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones.[citation needed]

The general range of commuter trains' travel distance varies between 15 and 200 km (10 and 125 miles), but longer distances can be covered when the trains run between two or several cities (e.g. S-Bahn in the Ruhr area of Germany). Distances between stations may vary, but are usually much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centres the train either has a terminal station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on-board trains and in stations.

Track edit

Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs. However, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network.

Most such trains run on the local standard gauge track. Some systems may run on a narrower or broader gauge. Examples of narrow gauge systems are found in Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Switzerland, in the Brisbane (Queensland Rail's City network) and Perth (Transperth) systems in Australia, in some systems in Sweden, and on the Genoa-Casella line in Italy. Some countries and regions, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco (BART) in the US and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track.

Distinction between other modes of rail edit

Metro edit

Metro rail and rapid transit usually cover smaller inner-urban areas within 12 to 20 km (7 to 12 mi) of city centers, with shorter stop spacing, use rolling stocks with larger standing spaces, lower top speed and higher acceleration, designed for short-distance travel. They also run more frequently, to a headway rather than a published timetable and use dedicated tracks (underground or elevated), whereas commuter rail often shares tracks, technology and the legal framework within mainline railway systems, and uses rolling stocks with more seating and higher speed for comfort on longer city-suburban journeys. [citation needed]

However, the classification as a metro or rapid rail can be difficult as both may typically cover a metropolitan area exclusively, run on separate tracks in the centre, and often feature purpose-built rolling stock. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries (even across English-speaking countries) further complicates matters. This distinction is most easily made when there are two (or more) systems such as New York's subway and the LIRR and Metro-North Railroad, Paris' Métro and RER along with Transilien, Washington D.C.'s Metro along with its MARC and VRE, London's tube lines of the Underground and the Overground, Elizabeth line, Thameslink along with other commuter rail operators, Madrid's Metro and Cercanías, Barcelona's Metro and Rodalies, and Tokyo's subway and the JR lines along with various privately owned and operated commuter rail systems.

Regional rail edit

Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does. Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities. It provides a service between smaller communities along the line that are often byproducts of ribbon developments, and also connects with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions, terminals, or larger towns along the line. Alternative names are "local train" or "stopping train". Examples include the former BR's Regional Railways, France's TER (Transport express régional),[9] Germany's Regionalexpress and Regionalbahn, and South Korea's Tonggeun and Mugunghwa-ho services.[10]

Inter-city rail edit

See also: Inter-city rail
 
A Sydney Trains B set with an upper and lower deck

In some European countries, the distinction between commuter trains and long-distance/intercity trains is subtle, due to the relatively short distances involved. For example, so-called "intercity" trains in Belgium and the Netherlands carry many commuters, while their equipment, range, and speeds are similar to those of commuter trains in some larger countries.

The United Kingdom has a privatised rail system, with different routes and services covered by different private operators. The distinction between commuter and intercity rail is not as clear as it was before privatisation (when InterCity existed as a brand of its own), but usually it is still possible to tell them apart. Some operators, for example Thameslink, focus solely on commuter services. Others, such as Avanti West Coast and LNER, run solely intercity services. Others still, such as GWR and EMR, run a mixture of commuter, regional and intercity services. Some of these operators use different branding for different types of service (for example EMR brands its trains as either "InterCity", "Connect" for London commuter services, and "Regional") but even for those operators that do not, the type of train, amenities offered, and stopping pattern, usually tell the services apart.

Russian commuter trains, on the other hand, frequently cover areas larger than Belgium itself, although these are still short distances by Russian standards. They have a different ticketing system from long-distance trains, and in major cities they often operate from a separate section of the train station.

Some consider "inter-city" service to be that which operates as an express service between two main city stations, bypassing intermediate stations. However, this term is used in Australia (Sydney for example) to describe the regional trains operating beyond the boundaries of the suburban services, even though some of these "inter-city" services stop all stations similar to German regional services. In this regard, the German service delineations and naming conventions are clearer and better used for academic purposes.

High-speed rail edit

 
A Tokyo-bound E4 Series Shinkansen train. As of October 2021 these have since been retired.

Sometimes high-speed rail can serve daily use of commuters. The Japanese Shinkansen high speed rail system is heavily used by commuters in the Greater Tokyo Area, who commute between 100 and 200 km (62 and 124 mi) by Shinkansen.[11] To meet the demand of commuters, JR sells commuter discount passes. Before 2021, they operated 16-car bilevel E4 Series Shinkansen trains at rush hour, providing a capacity of 1,600 seats.[12] Several lines in China, such as the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway and the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway, serve a similar role with many more under construction or planned.[13]

In South Korea, some sections of the high-speed rail network are also heavily used by commuters, such as the section between Gwangmyeong Station and Seoul Station on the KTX network (Gyeongbu HSR Line), or the section between Dongtan Station and Suseo station on the SRT Line.

The high-speed services linking Zürich, Bern and Basel in Switzerland (200 km/h (120 mph)) have brought the Central Business Districts (CBDs) of these three cities within 1 hour of each other. This has resulted in unexpectedly high demand for new commuter trips between the three cities and a corresponding increase in suburban rail passengers accessing the high-speed services at the main city-centre stations (Hauptbahnhof). The Regional-Express commuter service between Munich and Nuremberg in Germany runs at 200 km/h (120 mph) on the 300 km/h (186 mph) Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway.

The regional trains Stockholm–Uppsala, Stockholm–Västerås, Stockholm–Eskilstuna and Gothenburg–Trollhättan in Sweden reach 200 km/h (120 mph) and have many daily commuters.

In Great Britain, the HS1 domestic services between London and Ashford runs at a top speed of 225 km/h, and in peak hours the trains can be full with commuters standing.

The Athens Suburban Railway in Greece consists of five lines, 4 of which are electrified. The Kiato–Piraeus line and the Aigio–Airport lines reach speeds of up to 180 km/h (112 mph). The Athens–Chalcis line is also expected to attain speeds of up to 200 km/h (124 mph) upon upgrading of the SKA–Oinoi railway sector. These lines also have many daily commuters, with the number expected to rise even higher upon full completion of the Acharnes Railway Center.

Eskişehir-Ankara and Konya-Ankara high speed train routes serve as high speed commuter trains in Turkey.

Train types edit

Commuter/suburban trains are usually optimized for maximum passenger volume, in most cases without sacrificing too much comfort and luggage space, though they seldom have all the amenities of long-distance trains. Cars may be single- or double-level, and aim to provide seating for all. Compared to intercity trains, they have less space, fewer amenities and limited baggage areas.

Multiple unit type edit

Commuter rail trains are usually composed of multiple units, which are self-propelled, bidirectional, articulated passenger rail cars with driving motors on each (or every other) bogie. Depending on local circumstances and tradition they may be powered either by diesel engines located below the passenger compartment (diesel multiple units) or by electricity picked up from third rails or overhead lines (electric multiple units). Multiple units are almost invariably equipped with control cabs at both ends, which is why such units are so frequently used to provide commuter services, due to the associated short turn-around time.

Locomotive hauled services edit

 
An Altamont Corridor Express train operating along the San Francisco Bay; a MPI F40PH-2C locomotive hauls a consist of Bombardier BiLevel Coaches.

Locomotive hauled services are used in some countries or locations. This is often a case of asset sweating, by using a single large combined fleet for intercity and regional services. Loco hauled services are usually run in push-pull formation, that is, the train can run with the locomotive at the "front" or "rear" of the train (pushing or pulling). Trains are often equipped with a control cab at the other end of the train from the locomotive, allowing the train operator to operate the train from either end. The motive power for locomotive-hauled commuter trains may be either electric or diesel-electric, although some countries, such as Germany and some of the former Soviet-bloc countries, also use diesel-hydraulic locomotives.

Seat plans edit

In the US and some other countries, a three-and-two seat plan is used. Middle seats on these trains are often less popular because passengers feel crowded and uncomfortable.[14][15]

In Japan, South Korea and Indonesia, longitudinal (sideways window-lining) seating is widely used in many commuter rail trains to increase capacity in rush hours. Carriages are usually not organized to increase seating capacity (although in some trains at least one carriage would feature more doors to facilitate easier boarding and alighting and bench seats so that they can be folded up during rush hour to provide more standing room) even in the case of commuting longer than 50 km and commuters in the Greater Tokyo Area, Seoul metropolitan area, and Jabodetabek area have to stand in the train for more than an hour.

Commuter rail systems around the world edit

See also: List of suburban and commuter rail systems

Africa edit

See also: Template:Suburban railways in Africa
 
A Metrorail train pulling out of Kalk Bay station in Cape Town

Currently there are not many examples of commuter rail in Africa. Metrorail operates in the major cities of South Africa, and there are some commuter rail services in Algeria, Botswana, Kenya, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia. In Algeria, SNTF operates commuter rail lines between the capital Algiers and its southern and eastern suburbs. They also serve to connect Algiers' main universities to each other. The Dar es Salaam commuter rail offers intracity services in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In Botswana, the (Botswana Railways) "BR Express" has a commuter train between Lobatse and Gaborone.

Asia edit

East Asia edit

 
An E235 series train operating a through service on the JR East Yamanote Line, an example of high-density commuter rail in Japan.

In Japan, commuter rail systems have extensive network and frequent service and are heavily used. In many cases, Japanese commuter rail is operationally more like a typical metro system (frequent trains, an emphasis on standing passengers, short station spacings) than it is like commuter rail in other countries. Japanese commuter rail commonly interline with city center subway lines, with commuter rail trains continuing into the subway network, and then out onto different commuter rail systems on the other side of the city. Many Japanese commuter systems operate various stopping patterns to reduce the travel time to distant locations, often using station passing loops instead of dedicated express tracks. It is notable that the larger Japanese commuter rail systems are owned and operated by for-profit private railway companies, without public subsidy.

East Japan Railway Company operates a large suburban train network in Tokyo with various lines connecting the suburban areas to the city center. While the Yamanote Line, Keihin Tohoku Line, Chūō–Sōbu Line services arguably are more akin to rapid transit with frequent stops, simple stopping patterns (relative to other JR East lines) no branching services and largely serving the inner suburbs; other services along the Chūō Rapid Line, Sōbu Rapid Line/Yokosuka Line, Ueno–Tokyo Line, Shōnan–Shinjuku Line etc. are mid-distance services from suburban lines in the outer reaches of Greater Tokyo through operating into these lines to form a high frequency corridor though central Tokyo.

Other commuter rail routes in Japan include:

Commuter rail systems have been inaugurated in several cities in China such as Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and the Pearl River Delta. With plans for large systems in northeastern Zhejiang, Jingjinji, and Yangtze River Delta areas. The level of service varies considerably from line to line ranging high to near high speeds. More developed and established lines such as the Guangshen Railway have more frequent metro-like service.

The two MTR lines which are owned and formerly operated by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (East Rail line and Tuen Ma line which is integrated from the former West Rail line and Ma On Shan line in 2021), then the "KCR"), and MTR's own Tung Chung line connect the new towns in New Territories and the city centre Kowloon together with frequent intervals, and some New Territories-bound trains terminate at intermediate stations, providing more frequent services in Kowloon and the towns closer to Kowloon. They use rolling stocks with a faster maximum speed and have longer stop spacing compard to other lines which only run in the inner urban area, but in order to maximise capacity and throughput, these rolling stocks have longitudinal seatings, 5 pairs of doors in each carriage with large standing spaces like the urban lines, and run as frequent as well. Most of the sections of these four lines are overground and some sections of the East Rail Line share tracks with intercity trains to mainland China. The three KCR lines are integrated into the MTR network since 2008 and most passengers do not need to exit and re-enter the system through separate fare gates and purchase separate tickets to transfer between such lines and the rest of the network (the exceptions are between the Tuen Ma line's East Tsim Sha Tsui station and the Tsuen Wan line's Tsim Sha Tsui station.

In Taiwan, the Western line in the Taipei-Taoyuan Metropolitan Area, Taichung Metropolitan Area and Tainan-Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area as well as the Neiwan-Liujia line in the Hsinchu Area are considered commuter rail.

In South Korea, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway includes a total of 22 lines, and some of its lines are suburban lines. This is especially the case for lines operated by Korail, such as the Gyeongui-Jungang Line, the Gyeongchun Line, the Suin-Bundang Line, or the Gyeonggang Line. Even some lines not operated by Korail, such as the AREX Line, the Seohae Line or the Shinbundang Line mostly function as commuter rail. Lastly, even for the "numbered lines" (1–9) of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway which mostly travel in the dense parts of Seoul, some track sections extend far outside of the city, and operate large sections at ground level, such as on the Line 1, Line 3 and Line 4. In Busan, the Donghae Line, while part of the Busan Metro system, mostly functions as a commuter rail line.

Southeast Asia edit

 
The KRL Commuterline set 6000 series departing from Kebayoran station in Jakarta

In Indonesia, the KRL Commuterline is the largest commuter rail system in the country, serving the Greater Jakarta. It connects the Jakarta city center with surrounding cities and sub-urbans in Banten and West Java provinces, including Depok, Bogor, Tangerang, Serpong, Rangkasbitung, Bekasi and Cikarang. In July 2015, KRL Commuterline served more than 850,000 passengers per day, which is almost triple of the 2011 figures, but still less than 3.5% of all Jabodetabek commutes.[16] Other commuter rail systems in Indonesia include the Metro Surabaya Commuter Line, Commuter Line Bandung, KAI Commuter Yogyakarta–Solo Line, Kedung Sepur, and the Sri Lelawangsa.

In the Philippines, the Philippine National Railways has two commuter rail systems currently operational; the PNR Metro Commuter Line in the Greater Manila Area and the PNR Bicol Commuter in the Bicol Region. A new commuter rail line in Metro Manila, the North–South Commuter Railway, is currently under construction. Its North section is set to be partially opened by 2021.

In Malaysia, there are two commuter services operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu. They are the KTM Komuter that serves Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley area, and the KTM Komuter Northern Sector that serves Greater Penang, Perak, Kedah and Perlis in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia.

In Thailand, the Greater Bangkok Commuter rail and the Airport Rail Link serve the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The SRT Red Lines, a new commuter line in Bangkok, started construction in 2009. It opened in 2021.

Another commuter rail system in Southeast Asia is the Yangon Circular Railway in Myanmar.

South Asia edit

See also: Urban rail transit in India § Suburban rail, and Karachi Circular Railway
 
Chennai suburban railway

In India, commuter rail systems are present in major cities and form an important part of people's daily lives. Mumbai Suburban Railway, the oldest suburban rail system in Asia, carries more than 7.24 million commuters on a daily basis which constitutes more than half of the total daily passenger capacity of the Indian Railways itself. Kolkata Suburban Railway, one of the largest suburban railway networks in the world, consists of more than 450 stations and carries more than 3.5 million commuters per day. The Chennai Suburban Railway along with the Chennai MRTS, also covers over 300 stations and carries more than 2.5 million people daily to different areas in Chennai and its surroundings. Other commuter railways in India include the Hyderabad MMTS, Delhi Suburban Railway, Pune Suburban Railway and Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway.

 
Kolkata Suburban Railway is the largest suburban railway network in India.

In 2020, Government of India approved Bengaluru Suburban Railway to connect Bengaluru and its suburbs. It will be unique and first of its kind in India as it will have metro like facilities and rolling stock.

In Bangladesh, there is one suburban rail called the Chittagong Circular Railway. Another suburban railway called the Dhaka Circular Railway is currently proposed.

Karachi in Pakistan has a circular railway since 1969.

West Asia edit

In Iran, SYSTRA proposed 4 express lines similar to RER suburban lines in Paris. Tehran Metro is going to construct express lines. For instance, the Rahyab Behineh, a consultant for Tehran Metro, is studying Tehran Express Line 2. Tehran Metro currently has a commuter line, which is Line 5 between Tehran and Karaj. Isfahan has two lines to its suburbs Baharestan and Fuladshahr under construction, and a third line to Shahinshahr is planned.

In Turkey; Başkentray, İZBAN, Marmaray and Gaziray are well-known examples.

Europe edit

See also: Commuter rail in the United Kingdom and List of suburban and commuter rail systems
 
Type X60 at Stockholm Central in Sweden

Major metropolitan areas in most European countries are usually served by extensive commuter/suburban rail systems. Well-known examples include BG Voz in Belgrade (Serbia), S-Bahn in Germany, Austria and German-speaking areas of Switzerland, Proastiakos in Greece, RER in France and Belgium, Servizio ferroviario suburbano in Italy, Cercanías and Rodalies (Catalonia) in Spain, CP Urban Services in Portugal, Esko in Prague and Ostrava (Czech Republic), HÉV in Budapest (Hungary) and DART in Dublin (Ireland).

Western Europe edit

London has multiple commuter rail routes:

  • The Elizabeth line runs on a 22-kilometre (14-mile) (14 mi)-long east–west twin tunnel under central London (Crossrail project) as its central core section.
  • Thameslink brings together several branches from northern and southern suburbs and satellite towns in to a high frequency central tunnel underneath London.
  • The London Overground, by contrast, skirts through the inner suburbs with lines mostly independent of each other, although there are several branches. The Watford DC line, partly shared with underground trains, uses third rail, but parallels a main line using overhead wires. The East London Line and North London Line run at metro-like frequencies in inner London, which make them nearly indistinguishable from metro systems apart from the fact that the tracks are shared with freight trains.
  • The Metropolitan line, despite being part of the London Underground, is a commuter rail route as it links the City of London to commuter towns outside Greater London such as Rickmansworth, Amersham and Chesham, where it runs to a timetable, being the only London Underground line with a public timetable published. It also shares tracks with Chiltern Railways main line services between London and Aylesbury.

The Merseyrail network in Liverpool consists of two commuter rail routes powered by third rail, both of which branch out at one end. At the other, the Northern Line continues out of the city centre to a mainline rail interchange, while the Wirral Line has a city-centre loop.

Birmingham has four suburban routes, one of which is operated with diesel trains.

The Tyneside Electrics system in Newcastle existed from 1904 to 1967 using DC third rail. British Rail did not have the budget to maintain the ageing electrification system. The Riverside Branch was closed, while the remaining lines were de-electrified. 13 years later, they were re-electrified using DC overhead wires, and now form the Tyne & Wear Metro Yellow Line.

Many of the rail services around Glasgow are branded as Strathclyde Partnership for Transport. The network includes most electrified Scottish rail routes.

The Metro run eleven services which feed into Leeds, connecting the city with commuter areas and neighbouring urban centres in the West Yorkshire Connurbation.

MetroWest is a proposed network in Bristol, northern Somerset & southern Gloucestershire. The four-tracking of the line between Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway stations will enable local rail services to be separated from long-distance trains.

The Réseau express régional d'Île-de-France (RER) is a commuter rail network in the agglomeration of Paris. In the centre the RER has high frequency underground corridors where several suburban branches feed similar to a rapid transit system.

Commuter rail systems in Germany are called S-Bahn. While in some major cities S-Bahn services run on separate lines exclusively other systems use the existing regional rail tracks.

 
Milan suburban railway service in Italy. A TSR train at Milano Porta Venezia railway station on the Milan Passerby railway

In Italy fifteen cities have commuter rail systems:

Randstadspoor is a network of Sprinter train services in and around the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. For the realisation of this network, new stations were opened. Separate tracks have been built for these trains, so they can call frequently without disturbing high-frequent Intercity services parallel to these routes.[17] Similar systems are planned for The Hague and Rotterdam.

Northern Europe edit

In Sweden, electrified commuter rail systems known as Pendeltåg are present in the cities of Stockholm and Gothenburg. The Stockholm commuter rail system, which began in 1968, shares railway tracks with inter-city trains and freight trains, but for the most part runs on its own dedicated tracks. It is primarily used to transport passengers from nearby towns and other suburban areas into the city centre, not for transportation inside the city centre. The Gothenburg commuter rail system, which began in 1960, is similar to the Stockholm system, but does fully share tracks with long-distance trains.

In Norway, the Oslo commuter rail system mostly shares tracks with more long-distance trains, but also runs on some local railways without other traffic. Services converge on a primary main line between Asker and Lillestrøm. Oslo has the largest commuter rail system in the Nordic countries in terms of line lengths and number of stations. But some lines have travel times (over an hour from Oslo) and frequencies (once per hour) which are more like regional trains. Also Bergen, Stavanger and Trondheim have commuter rail systems. These have only one or two lines each and they share tracks with other trains.

In Finland, the Helsinki commuter rail network runs on dedicated tracks from Helsinki Central railway station to Leppävaara and Kerava. The Ring Rail Line serves Helsinki Airport and northern suburbs of Vantaa and is exclusively used by the commuter rail network. On 15 December 2019, the Tampere region got its own commuter rail service, with trains running from Tampere to Nokia, Lempäälä and Orivesi.

Southern Europe edit

In Spain, Cercanías networks exist in Madrid, Sevilla, Murcia/Alicante, San Sebastián, Cádiz, Valencia, Asturias, Santander, Zaragoza, Bilbao and Málaga. All these systems include underground sections in the city centre. There is also a network of narrow-gauge commuter systems in North Spain and Murcia.

 
Atocha is the main station in Spain mainly due to the Cercanías.

Cercanías Madrid is one of the most important train services in the country, more than 900,000 passengers move in the system. It has underground stations in Madrid like Recoletos, Sol or Nuevos Ministerios and in the metropolitan area in cities like Parla or Getafe.

 
Rodalies Renfe trains in Estació de França, Barcelona
 
Trains in circulation on the FGC Llobregat-Anoia line in 2009

In the autonomous community of Catalonia, and unlike the rest of Spain, the commuter service is not managed by Renfe Operadora.[18] Since 2010, the Government of Catalonia has managed all the regular commuter services with the "transfer of Rodalies".[19] There are two companies that manage the Catalan commuter network:

  • Rodalies de Catalunya, which after the transfer at the beginning of 2010 when, due to the "Catalan rail chaos" of 2007,[20][21] the Spanish government promised to transfer the Renfe commuter service to the Generalitat,[22] although it does not deal with the entire service; After the transfer, responsibilities for the commuter trains were divided into three parts: the Generalitat (management, regulation, planning, coordination and inspection of services and activities and power to charge), Renfe (train operator and its maintenance), and Adif (owner of the railway infrastructure).[23] Lines R1, R2, R2 Nord, R2 Sud, R3 (to Sant Quirze de Besora, from there to Puigcerdà or La Tor de Querol it is considered a regional route), R4, R7 and R8 run through Rodalies de Catalunya, all on Iberian gauge (1668 mm).

The Government of Catalonia will assume full control of the current R12 regional line in 2024 and it will be owned by the FGC.[27] It will eliminate the current line and replace it with the new commuter lines RL3 and RL4, towards Cervera and Manresa from Lleida respectively.

In Italy there are several commuter rail networks:

 
SKM train in Warsaw, Poland

Eastern Europe edit

In Poland, commuter rail systems exist in Tricity, Warsaw, Kraków (SKA) and Katowice (SKR). There is also a similar system planned in Wrocław and Szczecin.[31] The terms used are "Szybka Kolej Miejska" (fast urban rail) and "kolej aglomeracyjna" (agglomeration rail). These systems are:

The Proastiakos (Greek: Προαστιακός; "suburban") is Greece's suburban railway (commuter rail) services, which are run by TrainOSE, on infrastructure owned by the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE). There are three Proastiakos networks, servicing the country's three largest cities: Athens, Thessaloniki and Patras. In particular, the Athenian network is undergoing modifications to completely separate it from mainline traffic, by re-routing the tracks via a tunnel underneath the city center. A similar project is planned for the Patras network, whereas a new line is due to be constructed for the Thessalonian network.

In Romania, the first commuter trains were introduced in December 2019. They operate between Bucharest and Funduea or Buftea.

BG Voz is an urban rail system that serves Belgrade. It currently has only two routes, with plans for further expansion. Between early 1990s and mid-2010s, there was another system, known as Beovoz, that was used to provide mass-transit service within the Belgrade metropolitan area, as well as to nearby towns, similarly to RER in Paris. Beovoz had more lines and far more stops than the current system. However, it was abandoned in favor of more accurate BG Voz, mostly due to inefficiency. While current services rely mostly on the existing infrastructure, any further development means furthering capacities (railways expansion and new trains). Plans for further extension of system include another two lines, one of which should reach Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport.

In Russia, Ukraine and some other countries of the former Soviet Union, electrical multiple unit passenger suburban trains called Elektrichka are widespread. The first such system in Russia is the Oranienbaum Electric Line in St. Petersburg. In Moscow the Beskudnikovskaya railway branch existed between the 1940s and 1980s. The trains that shuttled along it did not go to the main lines, so it was a city transport. Today there are the Moscow Central Circle and the Moscow Central Diameters.

See also: Urban electric transport in Russia

In Turkey, Marmaray line stations from Sirkeci to Halkalı are located at the European side. Overground section between Kazlıçeşme and Sirkeci, stations such as Cankurtaran, are closed since 2013.

Americas edit

 
SEPTA Regional Rail serves Philadelphia and its suburbs.

North America edit

Main article: Commuter rail in North America

In the United States, Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Mexico regional passenger rail services are provided by governmental or quasi-governmental agencies, with the busiest and most expansive rail networks located in the Northeastern US, California, and Eastern Canada. Most North American commuter railways utilize diesel locomotive propulsion, with the exception of services in New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Denver, and Mexico City; New York's commuter rail lines use a combination of third rail and overhead wire power generation, while Chicago only has two out of twelve services that are electrified. Many newer and proposed systems in Canada and the United States are often are geared to serving peak-hour commutes as opposed to the all-day systems of Europe, East Asia, and Australia.

 
Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America.
 
The FrontRunner commuter rail system serves Utah's Wasatch Front.
 
WES Commuter Rail is a DMU operated commuter rail line in Oregon.
United States edit

Eight commuter rail systems in the United States carried over ten million trips in 2018, those being in descending order:

Other commuter rail systems in the United States (not in ridership order) are:

Canada edit
 
UP Express and GO Transit both serve the Toronto area.
Mexico edit
Central America edit

South America edit

 
The Mitre Line is part of the extensive Buenos Aires metropolitan rail system.

Examples include an 899 km (559 mi) commuter system in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, the 225 km (140 mi) long Supervia in Rio de Janeiro, the Metrotrén in Santiago, Chile, and the Valparaíso Metro in Valparaíso, Chile.

Another example is Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM) in Greater São Paulo, Brazil. CPTM has 94 stations with seven lines, numbered starting on 7 (the lines 1 to 6 and the line 15 belong to the São Paulo Metro), with a total length of 273 kilometres (170 mi). Trains operates at high frequencies on tracks used exclusively for commuter traffic. In Rio de Janeiro SuperVia provides electrified commuter rail services.

Oceania edit

See also: Rail transport in Australia
 
A Siemens Nexas used on the Metro Trains Melbourne network

The five major cities in Australia have suburban railway systems in their metropolitan areas. These networks have frequent services, with frequencies varying from every 10 to every 30 minutes on most suburban lines, and up to 3–5 minutes in peak on bundled underground lines in the city centres of Sydney, Brisbane, Perth and Melbourne. The networks in each state developed from mainline railways and have never been completely operationally separate from long distance and freight traffic, unlike metro systems. The suburban networks are almost completely electrified.

The main suburban rail networks in Australia are:

  • Melbourne's rail network features sixteen electrified commuter rail lines traversing the city centre in the underground City Loop providing a metro-like service in the central core. A second underground core is under construction, as the Metro Tunnel project. V/Line operates some commuter services between Melbourne and surrounding towns, as well as between Melbourne and some locations within the Melbourne metropolitan area.
  • Commuter rail services in Brisbane are provided under the Queensland Rail City network brand, featuring twelve electrified lines converging in the city centre. Cross River Rail is an under construction underground cross-city tunnel to relieve pressure on this network.

New Zealand has two frequent suburban rail services comparable to those in Australia: the Auckland rail network is operated by Auckland One Rail and the Wellington rail network is operated by Transdev Wellington.

Hybrid urban-suburban rail systems edit

Hybrid urban-suburban rail systems exhibiting characteristics of both rapid transit and commuter rail serving a metropolitan region are common in German-speaking countries, where they are known as S-Bahn. Other examples include: Lazio regional railways in Rome, the RER in France and the Elizabeth line, London Underground Metropolitan line, London Overground and Merseyrail in the UK. A comparable system in India, the Delhi RRTS, is also under construction.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Transportation Research Board (1989). "Urban Public Transportation Glossary" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-12.
  2. ^ a b American Public Transit Association (1994). "Glossary of Transit Terminology" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-12.
  3. ^ . 2013-11-13. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2019-10-12.
  4. ^ "What American Commuter Rail Can Learn From Paris". Streetsblog USA. 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2019-10-12.
  5. ^ Blumgart, Jake (23 April 2021). "Taking the 'Commuter' Out of America's Rail Systems". Governing. e.Republic LLC. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  6. ^ Spieler, Christof (24 Aug 2021). Trains, Buses, People, Second Edition: An Opinionated Atlas of US and Canadian Transit. Island Press. p. 54. ISBN 9781642832136.
  7. ^ "Commuter Rail |". Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  8. ^ "National Transit Database (NTD) Glossary". Federal Transit Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  9. ^ "Transport Express Régional (TER) – SNCF | train types | railcc". rail.cc. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  10. ^ "KORAIL". info.korail.com. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  11. ^ "Fact Sheet: High Speed Rail Development Worldwide | White Papers | EESI". www.eesi.org. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  12. ^ "JR East to Retire the Last Double-Decker Shinkansen Train – Japan Station". www.japanstation.com. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
  13. ^ "Metro closes the gap with areas across the border – SHINE". SHINE. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  14. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (31 May 2005). "For Train Riders, Middle Seat Isn't the Center of Attention". The New York Times.
  15. ^ "On the 8:02 Express, Three's a Crowd". The New York Times. 6 June 2005.
  16. ^ "PT KCJ: Keterlambatan KRL Sudah di Bawah 10 Menit". July 6, 2015.
  17. ^ "Spoorprojecten". Provincie Utrecht. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  18. ^ "¿De quién depende qué en Rodalies Renfe?". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  19. ^ "Generalitat i Govern central signen el traspàs del servei de Rodalies". beteve.cat (in Catalan). 2009-12-29. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  20. ^ "La protesta contra el caos ferroviari aplega mil manifestants". VilaWeb (in Catalan). Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  21. ^ 324cat (2007-11-05). "El cost del 'caos ferroviari' per les obres del TGV supera els 175 milions d'euros". CCMA (in Catalan). Retrieved 2023-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ 324cat (2007-07-03). "Zapatero traspassarà Rodalies a Catalunya i ajudarà les famílies amb 2.500 euros per fill". CCMA (in Catalan). Retrieved 2023-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Què són Rodalies de Catalunya". Rodalies de Catalunya (in Catalan). Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  24. ^ APP, Descarga nuestra. "Lines". Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  25. ^ APP, Descarga nuestra. "Línia Llobregat-Anoia". Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  26. ^ APP, Descarga nuestra. "Line Lleida-La Pobla". Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  27. ^ 324cat (2021-10-19). "Renfe perd Rodalies de Lleida, que gestionarà FGC a partir del 2024". CCMA (in Catalan). Retrieved 2023-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Suburban and Urban routes". www.trenord.it. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  29. ^ "Servizio Ferroviario Metropolitano -". www.sfmtorino.it. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  30. ^ "SFMBO". Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  31. ^ "Szczecińska Kolej Metropolitalna -".
  32. ^ pl:Szybka Kolej Miejska w Warszawie
  33. ^ Vuchich, Vukan; Kikuchi, Shinya (1984). General Operations Plan for the SEPTA Regional High Speed System. SEPTA. pp. 5–2.
  34. ^ Vukich, Vukan; Kikuchi, Shinya (1985). "Planning an Integrated Regional Rail Network: Philadelphia Case". Transportation Research Record: 52–57.

External links edit

  • Current news concerning commuter rail development and issues

January 01, 1970
commuter, rail, suburban, train, redirects, here, tiësto, song, same, name, suburban, train, urban, train, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made, adding, inline, citations, statements, consisting, only,. Suburban train redirects here For the Tiesto song of the same name see Suburban Train Urban Train This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed April 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Commuter rail news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this message Commuter rail or suburban rail is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns 1 2 3 Commuter rail systems are considered heavy rail using electric or diesel trains 2 Distance charges or zone pricing may be used Clockwise from top left A Metra service of double decker cars hauled by an F40PH in Chicago A renovated MI 79 of the Reseau Express Regional in Paris A CPTM train on the Coral Line in Sao Paulo A CityElefant train in Prague An AM class electric multiple unit used in Auckland Two N1000 series EMUs of the Keikyu railway pass each other in Tokyo The term can refer to systems with a wide variety of different features and service frequencies but is often used in contrast to rapid transit or light rail Some services share similarities with both commuter rail and high frequency rapid transit examples being the German S Bahn in some cities the Reseau Express Regional RER in Paris the S Lines in Milan many Japanese commuter systems the East Rail line in Hong Kong and some Australasian suburban networks such as Sydney Trains Some services like British commuter rail share tracks with other passenger services and freight In North America commuter rail sometimes refers only to systems that primarily operate during peak periods and offer little to no service for the rest of the day with regional rail being used to refer to systems that offer all day service 4 5 6 Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Train schedule 1 2 Track 1 3 Distinction between other modes of rail 1 3 1 Metro 1 3 2 Regional rail 1 3 3 Inter city rail 1 3 4 High speed rail 2 Train types 2 1 Multiple unit type 2 2 Locomotive hauled services 2 3 Seat plans 3 Commuter rail systems around the world 3 1 Africa 3 2 Asia 3 2 1 East Asia 3 2 2 Southeast Asia 3 2 3 South Asia 3 2 4 West Asia 3 3 Europe 3 3 1 Western Europe 3 3 2 Northern Europe 3 3 3 Southern Europe 3 3 4 Eastern Europe 3 4 Americas 3 4 1 North America 3 4 1 1 United States 3 4 1 2 Canada 3 4 1 3 Mexico 3 4 1 4 Central America 3 4 2 South America 3 5 Oceania 4 Hybrid urban suburban rail systems 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksCharacteristics edit nbsp Mumbai Suburban Railway carries more than 7 24 million commuters on a daily basis nbsp Very short commuter train in push mode nbsp GO Transit serves the Greater Golden Horseshoe region surrounding Toronto Its train services are transitioning from a peak direction commuter railway to a Regional Express Network Most commuter or suburban trains are built to main line rail standards 7 differing from light rail or rapid transit metro rail systems by being larger providing more seating and less standing room owing to the longer distances involved having in most cases a lower frequency of service having scheduled services i e trains run at specific times rather than at specific intervals serving lower density suburban areas typically connecting suburbs to the city center sharing track or right of way with intercity and or freight trains not fully grade separated containing at grade crossings with crossing gates being able to skip certain stations as an express service due to normally being driver controlled Train schedule edit Compared to rapid transit or metro rail commuter suburban rail often has lower frequency following a schedule rather than fixed intervals and fewer stations spaced further apart They primarily serve lower density suburban areas non inner city generally only having one or two stops in a city s central business district and often share right of way with intercity or freight trains 8 Some services operate only during peak hours and others use fewer departures during off peak hours and weekends Average speeds are high often 50 km h 30 mph or higher These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved Some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short distance ones citation needed The general range of commuter trains travel distance varies between 15 and 200 km 10 and 125 miles but longer distances can be covered when the trains run between two or several cities e g S Bahn in the Ruhr area of Germany Distances between stations may vary but are usually much longer than those of urban rail systems In city centres the train either has a terminal station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems Toilets are often available on board trains and in stations Track edit Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right of way can drastically reduce system construction costs However frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right of way to prevent delays especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network Most such trains run on the local standard gauge track Some systems may run on a narrower or broader gauge Examples of narrow gauge systems are found in Japan Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Taiwan Switzerland in the Brisbane Queensland Rail s City network and Perth Transperth systems in Australia in some systems in Sweden and on the Genoa Casella line in Italy Some countries and regions including Finland India Pakistan Russia Brazil and Sri Lanka as well as San Francisco BART in the US and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia use broad gauge track Distinction between other modes of rail edit Metro edit Metro rail and rapid transit usually cover smaller inner urban areas within 12 to 20 km 7 to 12 mi of city centers with shorter stop spacing use rolling stocks with larger standing spaces lower top speed and higher acceleration designed for short distance travel They also run more frequently to a headway rather than a published timetable and use dedicated tracks underground or elevated whereas commuter rail often shares tracks technology and the legal framework within mainline railway systems and uses rolling stocks with more seating and higher speed for comfort on longer city suburban journeys citation needed However the classification as a metro or rapid rail can be difficult as both may typically cover a metropolitan area exclusively run on separate tracks in the centre and often feature purpose built rolling stock The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries even across English speaking countries further complicates matters This distinction is most easily made when there are two or more systems such as New York s subway and the LIRR and Metro North Railroad Paris Metro and RER along with Transilien Washington D C s Metro along with its MARC and VRE London s tube lines of the Underground and the Overground Elizabeth line Thameslink along with other commuter rail operators Madrid s Metro and Cercanias Barcelona s Metro and Rodalies and Tokyo s subway and the JR lines along with various privately owned and operated commuter rail systems Regional rail edit Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter city rail does Regional rail operates outside major cities Unlike Inter city it stops at most or all stations between cities It provides a service between smaller communities along the line that are often byproducts of ribbon developments and also connects with long distance services at interchange stations located at junctions terminals or larger towns along the line Alternative names are local train or stopping train Examples include the former BR s Regional Railways France s TER Transport express regional 9 Germany s Regionalexpress and Regionalbahn and South Korea s Tonggeun and Mugunghwa ho services 10 Inter city rail edit See also Inter city rail nbsp A Sydney Trains B set with an upper and lower deck In some European countries the distinction between commuter trains and long distance intercity trains is subtle due to the relatively short distances involved For example so called intercity trains in Belgium and the Netherlands carry many commuters while their equipment range and speeds are similar to those of commuter trains in some larger countries The United Kingdom has a privatised rail system with different routes and services covered by different private operators The distinction between commuter and intercity rail is not as clear as it was before privatisation when InterCity existed as a brand of its own but usually it is still possible to tell them apart Some operators for example Thameslink focus solely on commuter services Others such as Avanti West Coast and LNER run solely intercity services Others still such as GWR and EMR run a mixture of commuter regional and intercity services Some of these operators use different branding for different types of service for example EMR brands its trains as either InterCity Connect for London commuter services and Regional but even for those operators that do not the type of train amenities offered and stopping pattern usually tell the services apart Russian commuter trains on the other hand frequently cover areas larger than Belgium itself although these are still short distances by Russian standards They have a different ticketing system from long distance trains and in major cities they often operate from a separate section of the train station Some consider inter city service to be that which operates as an express service between two main city stations bypassing intermediate stations However this term is used in Australia Sydney for example to describe the regional trains operating beyond the boundaries of the suburban services even though some of these inter city services stop all stations similar to German regional services In this regard the German service delineations and naming conventions are clearer and better used for academic purposes High speed rail edit nbsp A Tokyo bound E4 Series Shinkansen train As of October 2021 these have since been retired Sometimes high speed rail can serve daily use of commuters The Japanese Shinkansen high speed rail system is heavily used by commuters in the Greater Tokyo Area who commute between 100 and 200 km 62 and 124 mi by Shinkansen 11 To meet the demand of commuters JR sells commuter discount passes Before 2021 they operated 16 car bilevel E4 Series Shinkansen trains at rush hour providing a capacity of 1 600 seats 12 Several lines in China such as the Beijing Tianjin Intercity Railway and the Shanghai Nanjing High Speed Railway serve a similar role with many more under construction or planned 13 In South Korea some sections of the high speed rail network are also heavily used by commuters such as the section between Gwangmyeong Station and Seoul Station on the KTX network Gyeongbu HSR Line or the section between Dongtan Station and Suseo station on the SRT Line The high speed services linking Zurich Bern and Basel in Switzerland 200 km h 120 mph have brought the Central Business Districts CBDs of these three cities within 1 hour of each other This has resulted in unexpectedly high demand for new commuter trips between the three cities and a corresponding increase in suburban rail passengers accessing the high speed services at the main city centre stations Hauptbahnhof The Regional Express commuter service between Munich and Nuremberg in Germany runs at 200 km h 120 mph on the 300 km h 186 mph Nuremberg Ingolstadt high speed railway The regional trains Stockholm Uppsala Stockholm Vasteras Stockholm Eskilstuna and Gothenburg Trollhattan in Sweden reach 200 km h 120 mph and have many daily commuters In Great Britain the HS1 domestic services between London and Ashford runs at a top speed of 225 km h and in peak hours the trains can be full with commuters standing The Athens Suburban Railway in Greece consists of five lines 4 of which are electrified The Kiato Piraeus line and the Aigio Airport lines reach speeds of up to 180 km h 112 mph The Athens Chalcis line is also expected to attain speeds of up to 200 km h 124 mph upon upgrading of the SKA Oinoi railway sector These lines also have many daily commuters with the number expected to rise even higher upon full completion of the Acharnes Railway Center Eskisehir Ankara and Konya Ankara high speed train routes serve as high speed commuter trains in Turkey Train types editCommuter suburban trains are usually optimized for maximum passenger volume in most cases without sacrificing too much comfort and luggage space though they seldom have all the amenities of long distance trains Cars may be single or double level and aim to provide seating for all Compared to intercity trains they have less space fewer amenities and limited baggage areas Multiple unit type edit Commuter rail trains are usually composed of multiple units which are self propelled bidirectional articulated passenger rail cars with driving motors on each or every other bogie Depending on local circumstances and tradition they may be powered either by diesel engines located below the passenger compartment diesel multiple units or by electricity picked up from third rails or overhead lines electric multiple units Multiple units are almost invariably equipped with control cabs at both ends which is why such units are so frequently used to provide commuter services due to the associated short turn around time Locomotive hauled services edit nbsp An Altamont Corridor Express train operating along the San Francisco Bay a MPI F40PH 2C locomotive hauls a consist of Bombardier BiLevel Coaches Locomotive hauled services are used in some countries or locations This is often a case of asset sweating by using a single large combined fleet for intercity and regional services Loco hauled services are usually run in push pull formation that is the train can run with the locomotive at the front or rear of the train pushing or pulling Trains are often equipped with a control cab at the other end of the train from the locomotive allowing the train operator to operate the train from either end The motive power for locomotive hauled commuter trains may be either electric or diesel electric although some countries such as Germany and some of the former Soviet bloc countries also use diesel hydraulic locomotives Seat plans edit In the US and some other countries a three and two seat plan is used Middle seats on these trains are often less popular because passengers feel crowded and uncomfortable 14 15 In Japan South Korea and Indonesia longitudinal sideways window lining seating is widely used in many commuter rail trains to increase capacity in rush hours Carriages are usually not organized to increase seating capacity although in some trains at least one carriage would feature more doors to facilitate easier boarding and alighting and bench seats so that they can be folded up during rush hour to provide more standing room even in the case of commuting longer than 50 km and commuters in the Greater Tokyo Area Seoul metropolitan area and Jabodetabek area have to stand in the train for more than an hour Commuter rail systems around the world editSee also List of suburban and commuter rail systems This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2009 Africa edit See also Template Suburban railways in Africa nbsp A Metrorail train pulling out of Kalk Bay station in Cape Town Currently there are not many examples of commuter rail in Africa Metrorail operates in the major cities of South Africa and there are some commuter rail services in Algeria Botswana Kenya Morocco Egypt and Tunisia In Algeria SNTF operates commuter rail lines between the capital Algiers and its southern and eastern suburbs They also serve to connect Algiers main universities to each other The Dar es Salaam commuter rail offers intracity services in Dar es Salaam Tanzania In Botswana the Botswana Railways BR Express has a commuter train between Lobatse and Gaborone Asia edit East Asia edit nbsp An E235 series train operating a through service on the JR East Yamanote Line an example of high density commuter rail in Japan In Japan commuter rail systems have extensive network and frequent service and are heavily used In many cases Japanese commuter rail is operationally more like a typical metro system frequent trains an emphasis on standing passengers short station spacings than it is like commuter rail in other countries Japanese commuter rail commonly interline with city center subway lines with commuter rail trains continuing into the subway network and then out onto different commuter rail systems on the other side of the city Many Japanese commuter systems operate various stopping patterns to reduce the travel time to distant locations often using station passing loops instead of dedicated express tracks It is notable that the larger Japanese commuter rail systems are owned and operated by for profit private railway companies without public subsidy East Japan Railway Company operates a large suburban train network in Tokyo with various lines connecting the suburban areas to the city center While the Yamanote Line Keihin Tohoku Line Chuō Sōbu Line services arguably are more akin to rapid transit with frequent stops simple stopping patterns relative to other JR East lines no branching services and largely serving the inner suburbs other services along the Chuō Rapid Line Sōbu Rapid Line Yokosuka Line Ueno Tokyo Line Shōnan Shinjuku Line etc are mid distance services from suburban lines in the outer reaches of Greater Tokyo through operating into these lines to form a high frequency corridor though central Tokyo Other commuter rail routes in Japan include Hanshin Namba Line and Kintetsu Namba Line have a busy east west underground section that allow trains from both Hanshin Electric Railway and Kintetsu Railway to access Namba a major commercial center of Osaka and service destinations east and west of Osaka Osaka Metro Sakaisuji Line is a north south line that allows Hankyu services from the Senri Line Kyoto Main Line and Arashiyama Line to enter Osaka city center JR West Tozai Line is an underground east west corridor allowing trains from the Kobe Line Takarazuka Line and Gakkentoshi Line to access Umeda in central Osaka JR West Osaka Loop Line is a mostly elevated loop line that allows for services from the Yamatoji Line Hanwa Line and Sakurajima Line to loop around central Osaka JR West Kobe Line Kyoto Line is a four track corridor allowing Biwako Line Kosei Line Takarazuka Line San yō Main Line and Akō Line services to service Kyoto Osaka and Kobe A special private railway Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway owns two underground corridors a north south and east west line that allow for Sanyo Electric Railway Hankyu railway Hanshin Electric Railway and Kobe Electric Railway services to enter and cross Kobe city center Most of the trains on the Meitetsu network through operate into a high frequency trunk line on the Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line branching out to other lines on the other side of Nagoya Commuter rail systems have been inaugurated in several cities in China such as Beijing Shanghai Zhengzhou Wuhan Changsha and the Pearl River Delta With plans for large systems in northeastern Zhejiang Jingjinji and Yangtze River Delta areas The level of service varies considerably from line to line ranging high to near high speeds More developed and established lines such as the Guangshen Railway have more frequent metro like service The two MTR lines which are owned and formerly operated by the Kowloon Canton Railway Corporation East Rail line and Tuen Ma line which is integrated from the former West Rail line and Ma On Shan line in 2021 then the KCR and MTR s own Tung Chung line connect the new towns in New Territories and the city centre Kowloon together with frequent intervals and some New Territories bound trains terminate at intermediate stations providing more frequent services in Kowloon and the towns closer to Kowloon They use rolling stocks with a faster maximum speed and have longer stop spacing compard to other lines which only run in the inner urban area but in order to maximise capacity and throughput these rolling stocks have longitudinal seatings 5 pairs of doors in each carriage with large standing spaces like the urban lines and run as frequent as well Most of the sections of these four lines are overground and some sections of the East Rail Line share tracks with intercity trains to mainland China The three KCR lines are integrated into the MTR network since 2008 and most passengers do not need to exit and re enter the system through separate fare gates and purchase separate tickets to transfer between such lines and the rest of the network the exceptions are between the Tuen Ma line s East Tsim Sha Tsui station and the Tsuen Wan line s Tsim Sha Tsui station In Taiwan the Western line in the Taipei Taoyuan Metropolitan Area Taichung Metropolitan Area and Tainan Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area as well as the Neiwan Liujia line in the Hsinchu Area are considered commuter rail In South Korea the Seoul Metropolitan Subway includes a total of 22 lines and some of its lines are suburban lines This is especially the case for lines operated by Korail such as the Gyeongui Jungang Line the Gyeongchun Line the Suin Bundang Line or the Gyeonggang Line Even some lines not operated by Korail such as the AREX Line the Seohae Line or the Shinbundang Line mostly function as commuter rail Lastly even for the numbered lines 1 9 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway which mostly travel in the dense parts of Seoul some track sections extend far outside of the city and operate large sections at ground level such as on the Line 1 Line 3 and Line 4 In Busan the Donghae Line while part of the Busan Metro system mostly functions as a commuter rail line Southeast Asia edit nbsp The KRL Commuterline set 6000 series departing from Kebayoran station in Jakarta In Indonesia the KRL Commuterline is the largest commuter rail system in the country serving the Greater Jakarta It connects the Jakarta city center with surrounding cities and sub urbans in Banten and West Java provinces including Depok Bogor Tangerang Serpong Rangkasbitung Bekasi and Cikarang In July 2015 KRL Commuterline served more than 850 000 passengers per day which is almost triple of the 2011 figures but still less than 3 5 of all Jabodetabek commutes 16 Other commuter rail systems in Indonesia include the Metro Surabaya Commuter Line Commuter Line Bandung KAI Commuter Yogyakarta Solo Line Kedung Sepur and the Sri Lelawangsa In the Philippines the Philippine National Railways has two commuter rail systems currently operational the PNR Metro Commuter Line in the Greater Manila Area and the PNR Bicol Commuter in the Bicol Region A new commuter rail line in Metro Manila the North South Commuter Railway is currently under construction Its North section is set to be partially opened by 2021 In Malaysia there are two commuter services operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu They are the KTM Komuter that serves Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley area and the KTM Komuter Northern Sector that serves Greater Penang Perak Kedah and Perlis in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia In Thailand the Greater Bangkok Commuter rail and the Airport Rail Link serve the Bangkok Metropolitan Region The SRT Red Lines a new commuter line in Bangkok started construction in 2009 It opened in 2021 Another commuter rail system in Southeast Asia is the Yangon Circular Railway in Myanmar South Asia edit See also Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail and Karachi Circular Railway nbsp Chennai suburban railway In India commuter rail systems are present in major cities and form an important part of people s daily lives Mumbai Suburban Railway the oldest suburban rail system in Asia carries more than 7 24 million commuters on a daily basis which constitutes more than half of the total daily passenger capacity of the Indian Railways itself Kolkata Suburban Railway one of the largest suburban railway networks in the world consists of more than 450 stations and carries more than 3 5 million commuters per day The Chennai Suburban Railway along with the Chennai MRTS also covers over 300 stations and carries more than 2 5 million people daily to different areas in Chennai and its surroundings Other commuter railways in India include the Hyderabad MMTS Delhi Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway and Lucknow Kanpur Suburban Railway nbsp Kolkata Suburban Railway is the largest suburban railway network in India In 2020 Government of India approved Bengaluru Suburban Railway to connect Bengaluru and its suburbs It will be unique and first of its kind in India as it will have metro like facilities and rolling stock In Bangladesh there is one suburban rail called the Chittagong Circular Railway Another suburban railway called the Dhaka Circular Railway is currently proposed Karachi in Pakistan has a circular railway since 1969 West Asia edit In Iran SYSTRA proposed 4 express lines similar to RER suburban lines in Paris Tehran Metro is going to construct express lines For instance the Rahyab Behineh a consultant for Tehran Metro is studying Tehran Express Line 2 Tehran Metro currently has a commuter line which is Line 5 between Tehran and Karaj Isfahan has two lines to its suburbs Baharestan and Fuladshahr under construction and a third line to Shahinshahr is planned In Turkey Baskentray IZBAN Marmaray and Gaziray are well known examples Europe edit See also Commuter rail in the United Kingdom and List of suburban and commuter rail systems nbsp Type X60 at Stockholm Central in Sweden Major metropolitan areas in most European countries are usually served by extensive commuter suburban rail systems Well known examples include BG Voz in Belgrade Serbia S Bahn in Germany Austria and German speaking areas of Switzerland Proastiakos in Greece RER in France and Belgium Servizio ferroviario suburbano in Italy Cercanias and Rodalies Catalonia in Spain CP Urban Services in Portugal Esko in Prague and Ostrava Czech Republic HEV in Budapest Hungary and DART in Dublin Ireland Western Europe edit London has multiple commuter rail routes The Elizabeth line runs on a 22 kilometre 14 mile 14 mi long east west twin tunnel under central London Crossrail project as its central core section Thameslink brings together several branches from northern and southern suburbs and satellite towns in to a high frequency central tunnel underneath London The London Overground by contrast skirts through the inner suburbs with lines mostly independent of each other although there are several branches The Watford DC line partly shared with underground trains uses third rail but parallels a main line using overhead wires The East London Line and North London Line run at metro like frequencies in inner London which make them nearly indistinguishable from metro systems apart from the fact that the tracks are shared with freight trains The Metropolitan line despite being part of the London Underground is a commuter rail route as it links the City of London to commuter towns outside Greater London such as Rickmansworth Amersham and Chesham where it runs to a timetable being the only London Underground line with a public timetable published It also shares tracks with Chiltern Railways main line services between London and Aylesbury The Merseyrail network in Liverpool consists of two commuter rail routes powered by third rail both of which branch out at one end At the other the Northern Line continues out of the city centre to a mainline rail interchange while the Wirral Line has a city centre loop Birmingham has four suburban routes one of which is operated with diesel trains The Tyneside Electrics system in Newcastle existed from 1904 to 1967 using DC third rail British Rail did not have the budget to maintain the ageing electrification system The Riverside Branch was closed while the remaining lines were de electrified 13 years later they were re electrified using DC overhead wires and now form the Tyne amp Wear Metro Yellow Line Many of the rail services around Glasgow are branded as Strathclyde Partnership for Transport The network includes most electrified Scottish rail routes The Metro run eleven services which feed into Leeds connecting the city with commuter areas and neighbouring urban centres in the West Yorkshire Connurbation MetroWest is a proposed network in Bristol northern Somerset amp southern Gloucestershire The four tracking of the line between Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway stations will enable local rail services to be separated from long distance trains The Reseau express regional d Ile de France RER is a commuter rail network in the agglomeration of Paris In the centre the RER has high frequency underground corridors where several suburban branches feed similar to a rapid transit system Commuter rail systems in Germany are called S Bahn While in some major cities S Bahn services run on separate lines exclusively other systems use the existing regional rail tracks nbsp Milan suburban railway service in Italy A TSR train at Milano Porta Venezia railway station on the Milan Passerby railway In Italy fifteen cities have commuter rail systems Bari Bari metropolitan railway service 3 lines Bologna Bologna metropolitan railway service 8 lines Cagliari 1 line Catanzaro 2 lines Genoa Genoa urban railway service 3 lines Messina 1 line Milan Milan suburban railway service 12 lines Naples 8 lines Palermo Palermo metropolitan railway service 2 lines Perugia 1 line Potenza 1 line Reggio Calabria 1 line Rome FL lines 8 lines Salerno Salerno metropolitan railway service 1 line Turin Turin metropolitan railway service 8 lines Randstadspoor is a network of Sprinter train services in and around the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands For the realisation of this network new stations were opened Separate tracks have been built for these trains so they can call frequently without disturbing high frequent Intercity services parallel to these routes 17 Similar systems are planned for The Hague and Rotterdam Northern Europe edit In Sweden electrified commuter rail systems known as Pendeltag are present in the cities of Stockholm and Gothenburg The Stockholm commuter rail system which began in 1968 shares railway tracks with inter city trains and freight trains but for the most part runs on its own dedicated tracks It is primarily used to transport passengers from nearby towns and other suburban areas into the city centre not for transportation inside the city centre The Gothenburg commuter rail system which began in 1960 is similar to the Stockholm system but does fully share tracks with long distance trains In Norway the Oslo commuter rail system mostly shares tracks with more long distance trains but also runs on some local railways without other traffic Services converge on a primary main line between Asker and Lillestrom Oslo has the largest commuter rail system in the Nordic countries in terms of line lengths and number of stations But some lines have travel times over an hour from Oslo and frequencies once per hour which are more like regional trains Also Bergen Stavanger and Trondheim have commuter rail systems These have only one or two lines each and they share tracks with other trains In Finland the Helsinki commuter rail network runs on dedicated tracks from Helsinki Central railway station to Leppavaara and Kerava The Ring Rail Line serves Helsinki Airport and northern suburbs of Vantaa and is exclusively used by the commuter rail network On 15 December 2019 the Tampere region got its own commuter rail service with trains running from Tampere to Nokia Lempaala and Orivesi Southern Europe edit In Spain Cercanias networks exist in Madrid Sevilla Murcia Alicante San Sebastian Cadiz Valencia Asturias Santander Zaragoza Bilbao and Malaga All these systems include underground sections in the city centre There is also a network of narrow gauge commuter systems in North Spain and Murcia nbsp Atocha is the main station in Spain mainly due to the Cercanias Cercanias Madrid is one of the most important train services in the country more than 900 000 passengers move in the system It has underground stations in Madrid like Recoletos Sol or Nuevos Ministerios and in the metropolitan area in cities like Parla or Getafe nbsp Rodalies Renfe trains in Estacio de Franca Barcelona nbsp Trains in circulation on the FGC Llobregat Anoia line in 2009 In the autonomous community of Catalonia and unlike the rest of Spain the commuter service is not managed by Renfe Operadora 18 Since 2010 the Government of Catalonia has managed all the regular commuter services with the transfer of Rodalies 19 There are two companies that manage the Catalan commuter network Rodalies de Catalunya which after the transfer at the beginning of 2010 when due to the Catalan rail chaos of 2007 20 21 the Spanish government promised to transfer the Renfe commuter service to the Generalitat 22 although it does not deal with the entire service After the transfer responsibilities for the commuter trains were divided into three parts the Generalitat management regulation planning coordination and inspection of services and activities and power to charge Renfe train operator and its maintenance and Adif owner of the railway infrastructure 23 Lines R1 R2 R2 Nord R2 Sud R3 to Sant Quirze de Besora from there to Puigcerda or La Tor de Querol it is considered a regional route R4 R7 and R8 run through Rodalies de Catalunya all on Iberian gauge 1668 mm Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya or FGC is the railway company responsible for the Valles Llobregat Anoia and Lleida La Pobla de Segur lines 24 This company is mainly in charge of metro and suburban lines although it also has five commuter lines spread over two lines four on the Llobregat Anoia line R5 R50 R6 R60 on metre gauge 1000 mm 25 and a single line on the Lleida La Pobla de Segur line RL1 on Iberian gauge 1668 mm 26 FGC is in charge of the entire service unlike Rodalies de Catalunya which is not in charge of either the trains or the infrastructure The Government of Catalonia will assume full control of the current R12 regional line in 2024 and it will be owned by the FGC 27 It will eliminate the current line and replace it with the new commuter lines RL3 and RL4 towards Cervera and Manresa from Lleida respectively In Italy there are several commuter rail networks Roman FL lines cover most of the Latium regional railways Milan suburban railway service operated by Trenord has numerous services funneling into the underground Milan Passante railway 28 Turin metropolitan railway service operated by Trenitalia and GTT with an underground railway line running through the city used by most services 29 Naples Metro Line 2 is an underground corridor where commuter rail services operated by Trenitalia traverse and service the urban center Genoa urban railway service consists in three lines passing through the Giovi railway line and the Tyrrhenian railway lines Genoa Ventimiglia and Genoa Pisa Bologna metropolitan railway service The system comprises 8 lines 30 Bari metropolitan railway service Canton Tessin suburban railway reaches Italian cities like Como and Varese and the Malpensa Airport nbsp SKM train in Warsaw Poland Eastern Europe edit In Poland commuter rail systems exist in Tricity Warsaw Krakow SKA and Katowice SKR There is also a similar system planned in Wroclaw and Szczecin 31 The terms used are Szybka Kolej Miejska fast urban rail and kolej aglomeracyjna agglomeration rail These systems are Szybka Kolej Miejska w Warszawie in the Warsaw urban area with 4 lines and 46 stations 32 circular reference Lodzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna is located in the center of Poland connecting satellite towns in and around Lodz It also operates some trains between Lodz and Warsaw Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trojmiescie is located in the Tricity Trojmiasto urban area the three cities of Gdansk Gdynia and Sopot The Proastiakos Greek Proastiakos suburban is Greece s suburban railway commuter rail services which are run by TrainOSE on infrastructure owned by the Hellenic Railways Organisation OSE There are three Proastiakos networks servicing the country s three largest cities Athens Thessaloniki and Patras In particular the Athenian network is undergoing modifications to completely separate it from mainline traffic by re routing the tracks via a tunnel underneath the city center A similar project is planned for the Patras network whereas a new line is due to be constructed for the Thessalonian network In Romania the first commuter trains were introduced in December 2019 They operate between Bucharest and Funduea or Buftea BG Voz is an urban rail system that serves Belgrade It currently has only two routes with plans for further expansion Between early 1990s and mid 2010s there was another system known as Beovoz that was used to provide mass transit service within the Belgrade metropolitan area as well as to nearby towns similarly to RER in Paris Beovoz had more lines and far more stops than the current system However it was abandoned in favor of more accurate BG Voz mostly due to inefficiency While current services rely mostly on the existing infrastructure any further development means furthering capacities railways expansion and new trains Plans for further extension of system include another two lines one of which should reach Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport In Russia Ukraine and some other countries of the former Soviet Union electrical multiple unit passenger suburban trains called Elektrichka are widespread The first such system in Russia is the Oranienbaum Electric Line in St Petersburg In Moscow the Beskudnikovskaya railway branch existed between the 1940s and 1980s The trains that shuttled along it did not go to the main lines so it was a city transport Today there are the Moscow Central Circle and the Moscow Central Diameters See also Urban electric transport in Russia In Turkey Marmaray line stations from Sirkeci to Halkali are located at the European side Overground section between Kazlicesme and Sirkeci stations such as Cankurtaran are closed since 2013 Americas edit nbsp SEPTA Regional Rail serves Philadelphia and its suburbs North America edit Main article Commuter rail in North America In the United States Canada Costa Rica El Salvador and Mexico regional passenger rail services are provided by governmental or quasi governmental agencies with the busiest and most expansive rail networks located in the Northeastern US California and Eastern Canada Most North American commuter railways utilize diesel locomotive propulsion with the exception of services in New York City Philadelphia Chicago Denver and Mexico City New York s commuter rail lines use a combination of third rail and overhead wire power generation while Chicago only has two out of twelve services that are electrified Many newer and proposed systems in Canada and the United States are often are geared to serving peak hour commutes as opposed to the all day systems of Europe East Asia and Australia nbsp Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America nbsp The FrontRunner commuter rail system serves Utah s Wasatch Front nbsp WES Commuter Rail is a DMU operated commuter rail line in Oregon United States edit Eight commuter rail systems in the United States carried over ten million trips in 2018 those being in descending order Metropolitan Transportation Authority s Long Island Rail Road serving New York City and Long Island NJ Transit Rail Operations serving New York City New Jersey Newark Trenton and Philadelphia Metropolitan Transportation Authority s Metro North Railroad serving New York Yonkers and New York City and Southwest Connecticut New Haven Metra serving northeast Illinois Chicago and Kenosha Wisconsin The network consists of 11 services of which only the Electric District service runs on tracks exclusively used for passenger traffic The South Shore Line is a commuter line that serves the South Side and northern Indiana Although the line is operated by NICTD an agency separate from Metra the line runs along the Metra Electric Line north of Kensington 115th Street station SEPTA Regional Rail serving southeast Pennsylvania Philadelphia as well as Wilmington Delaware and Trenton New Jersey The network features a tunneled corridor through the city center and through routed services from several commuter lines The arrangement of services through the corridor was originally proposed by Vukan Vuchic and Shinya Kikuchi in 1984 and 1985 33 34 MBTA Commuter Rail serving Massachusetts Boston Worcester Lowell and Providence Rhode Island Caltrain serving California San Francisco San Jose and the San Francisco Peninsula Metrolink serving California Los Angeles Burbank Anaheim San Bernardino and Southern California Other commuter rail systems in the United States not in ridership order are CTRail serving Connecticut Hartford New Haven and New London Utah Transit Authority FrontRunner serving Utah Wasatch Front North County Transit District Coaster serving California San Diego County Maryland Area Regional Commuter serving Maryland Baltimore and Washington D C Regional Transportation District serving Colorado Denver Virginia Railway Express serving suburbs of Northern Virginia and Washington D C Sounder commuter rail serving Washington Seattle Tacoma Tri Rail serving Florida Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Trinity Railway Express serving Texas Dallas Fort Worth Westside Express Service serving Oregon Beaverton Wilsonville Altamont Corridor Express serving California San Jose Stockton SunRail serving Florida Orlando Poinciana New Mexico Rail Runner Express serving New Mexico Albuquerque Northstar Line serving Minnesota Big Lake and downtown Minneapolis Capital MetroRail serving Texas Austin A train serving Texas Denton County SMART serving California Sonoma and Marin counties WeGo Star serving Nashville and Lebanon Tennessee Denver s RTD four electrified commuter rail lines the A B G and N Lines run on segregated tracks In its entirety the system combines elements of tram train and commuter rail Canada edit nbsp UP Express and GO Transit both serve the Toronto area Exo in Montreal GO Transit in Toronto West Coast Express in Vancouver UP Express in Toronto Mexico edit Suburban Railway of the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area serving Mexico City Toluca Mexico City commuter rail serving Toluca and Mexico City Central America edit City Rail serving La Ceiba San Salvador Suburban Rail serving San Salvador and Santa Ana Rail Transport in Costa Rica serving San Jose South America edit nbsp The Mitre Line is part of the extensive Buenos Aires metropolitan rail system Examples include an 899 km 559 mi commuter system in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area the 225 km 140 mi long Supervia in Rio de Janeiro the Metrotren in Santiago Chile and the Valparaiso Metro in Valparaiso Chile Another example is Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos CPTM in Greater Sao Paulo Brazil CPTM has 94 stations with seven lines numbered starting on 7 the lines 1 to 6 and the line 15 belong to the Sao Paulo Metro with a total length of 273 kilometres 170 mi Trains operates at high frequencies on tracks used exclusively for commuter traffic In Rio de Janeiro SuperVia provides electrified commuter rail services Oceania edit See also Rail transport in Australia nbsp A Siemens Nexas used on the Metro Trains Melbourne network The five major cities in Australia have suburban railway systems in their metropolitan areas These networks have frequent services with frequencies varying from every 10 to every 30 minutes on most suburban lines and up to 3 5 minutes in peak on bundled underground lines in the city centres of Sydney Brisbane Perth and Melbourne The networks in each state developed from mainline railways and have never been completely operationally separate from long distance and freight traffic unlike metro systems The suburban networks are almost completely electrified The main suburban rail networks in Australia are The Sydney Trains suburban rail network consists of nine lines converging in the underground City Circle with frequencies as high as three minutes in this section 5 10 minutes at most major stations all day and 15 minutes at most minor stations all day The Sydney rail network operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney with connected suburban services in Newcastle and Wollongong run by its counterpart intercity operator NSW TrainLink Melbourne s rail network features sixteen electrified commuter rail lines traversing the city centre in the underground City Loop providing a metro like service in the central core A second underground core is under construction as the Metro Tunnel project V Line operates some commuter services between Melbourne and surrounding towns as well as between Melbourne and some locations within the Melbourne metropolitan area Commuter rail services in Brisbane are provided under the Queensland Rail City network brand featuring twelve electrified lines converging in the city centre Cross River Rail is an under construction underground cross city tunnel to relieve pressure on this network Railways in Perth fall under the Transperth network which are operated by the Public Transport Authority The Adelaide rail network operated by Adelaide Metro in Adelaide New Zealand has two frequent suburban rail services comparable to those in Australia the Auckland rail network is operated by Auckland One Rail and the Wellington rail network is operated by Transdev Wellington Hybrid urban suburban rail systems editThis section possibly contains original research Where are the sources that confirm this is an actual type of transit system Where are the references that confirm each example is actually what is stated here Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed June 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Hybrid urban suburban rail systems exhibiting characteristics of both rapid transit and commuter rail serving a metropolitan region are common in German speaking countries where they are known as S Bahn Other examples include Lazio regional railways in Rome the RER in France and the Elizabeth line London Underground Metropolitan line London Overground and Merseyrail in the UK A comparable system in India the Delhi RRTS is also under construction See also editList of suburban and commuter rail systems Public transport Commuting Cercanias the commuter rail systems of Spain s major metropolitan areas Commuter rail in the United Kingdom Commuter rail in North America Commuter rail in Australia S Bahn the combined city center and suburban railway system metro in Austria Germany Switzerland and DenmarkReferences edit Transportation Research Board 1989 Urban Public Transportation Glossary PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2019 10 12 a b American Public Transit Association 1994 Glossary of Transit Terminology PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2019 10 12 National Transit Database Glossary 2013 11 13 Archived from the original on 2013 11 13 Retrieved 2019 10 12 What American Commuter Rail Can Learn From Paris Streetsblog USA 2017 02 13 Retrieved 2019 10 12 Blumgart Jake 23 April 2021 Taking the Commuter Out of America s Rail Systems Governing e Republic LLC Retrieved 11 April 2023 Spieler Christof 24 Aug 2021 Trains Buses People Second Edition An Opinionated Atlas of US and Canadian Transit Island Press p 54 ISBN 9781642832136 Commuter Rail Retrieved 2020 06 06 National Transit Database NTD Glossary Federal Transit Administration Retrieved 12 August 2022 Transport Express Regional TER SNCF train types railcc rail cc Retrieved 2021 04 27 KORAIL info korail com Retrieved 2021 04 27 Fact Sheet High Speed Rail Development Worldwide White Papers EESI www eesi org Retrieved 2019 12 04 JR East to Retire the Last Double Decker Shinkansen Train Japan Station www japanstation com Retrieved 2021 08 11 Metro closes the gap with areas across the border SHINE SHINE Retrieved 2018 06 23 McGeehan Patrick 31 May 2005 For Train Riders Middle Seat Isn t the Center of Attention The New York Times On the 8 02 Express Three s a Crowd The New York Times 6 June 2005 PT KCJ Keterlambatan KRL Sudah di Bawah 10 Menit July 6 2015 Spoorprojecten Provincie Utrecht Retrieved 2021 02 09 De quien depende que en Rodalies Renfe La Vanguardia in Spanish 2016 02 09 Retrieved 2023 02 06 Generalitat i Govern central signen el traspas del servei de Rodalies beteve cat in Catalan 2009 12 29 Retrieved 2023 02 06 La protesta contra el caos ferroviari aplega mil manifestants VilaWeb in Catalan Retrieved 2023 02 06 324cat 2007 11 05 El cost del caos ferroviari per les obres del TGV supera els 175 milions d euros CCMA in Catalan Retrieved 2023 02 06 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link 324cat 2007 07 03 Zapatero traspassara Rodalies a Catalunya i ajudara les families amb 2 500 euros per fill CCMA in Catalan Retrieved 2023 02 06 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Que son Rodalies de Catalunya Rodalies de Catalunya in Catalan Retrieved 2023 02 06 APP Descarga nuestra Lines Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya Retrieved 2023 02 06 APP Descarga nuestra Linia Llobregat Anoia Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya Retrieved 2023 02 06 APP Descarga nuestra Line Lleida La Pobla Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya Retrieved 2023 02 06 324cat 2021 10 19 Renfe perd Rodalies de Lleida que gestionara FGC a partir del 2024 CCMA in Catalan Retrieved 2023 02 06 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Suburban and Urban routes www trenord it Retrieved 2022 01 26 Servizio Ferroviario Metropolitano www sfmtorino it Retrieved 2022 01 26 SFMBO Retrieved 2023 02 22 Szczecinska Kolej Metropolitalna pl Szybka Kolej Miejska w Warszawie Vuchich Vukan Kikuchi Shinya 1984 General Operations Plan for the SEPTA Regional High Speed System SEPTA pp 5 2 Vukich Vukan Kikuchi Shinya 1985 Planning an Integrated Regional Rail Network Philadelphia Case Transportation Research Record 52 57 External links editCommuter Rail amp Transit News Current news concerning commuter rail development and issues Portal nbsp Transport Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Commuter rail amp oldid 1220033232, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.