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Katowice

March 08, 2023

"Kattowitz" redirects here. For other uses, see Kattowitz (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Kotowice.

Katowice (UK: /ˌkætəˈviːtsə/ KAT-ə-VEET-sə,[3] US: /ˌkɑːt-/ KAHT-,[4] Polish: [katɔˈvitsɛ] (listen); Silesian: Katowicy;[5] German: Kattowitz; Yiddish: קאַטעוויץ, romanized: Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most populous city in Poland, while its urban area is the most populous in the country and one of the most populous in the European Union.

Katowice



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Katowice
Location of Katowice in the Silesia Province in mid-southern Poland
Katowice
Katowice (Silesian Voivodeship)
Coordinates: 50°15′30″N 19°01′39″E / 50.25833°N 19.02750°E / 50.25833; 19.02750
Country Poland
Voivodeship Silesian
Countycity county
Established16th century – 1598 first official information
City rights1865
Government
 • City mayorMarcin Krupa
Area
 • City164.64 km2 (63.57 sq mi)
 • Metro
5,400 km2 (2,100 sq mi)
Highest elevation
352 m (1,155 ft)
Lowest elevation
266 m (873 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2021)
 • City286,960 (11th)[1]
 • Density1,780/km2 (4,600/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,710,397
 • Metro
5,294,000[2]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal code
40-001 to 40–999
Area code+48 32
Vehicle registrationSK
Websitewww.katowice.eu

Katowice has a population of 286,960 according to a 31 December 2021 estimate. Katowice is a central part of the Metropolis GZM, with a population of 2.3 million, and a part of a larger Upper Silesian metropolitan area that extends into the Czech Republic and has a population of 5-5.3 million people.[6][2]

Throughout the mid-18th century, Katowice developed into a village following the discovery of rich coal reserves in the area. In the first half of the 19th century, intensive industrialization transformed local mills and farms into industrial steelworks, mines, foundries and artisan workshops. The city has since reshaped its economy from a heavy industry-based one to professional services, education and healthcare. The entire metropolitan area is the 16th most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union with an output amounting to $114.5 billion.

Katowice has been classified as a Gamma - global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network[7] and is a centre of commerce, business, transportation, and culture in southern Poland, with numerous public companies headquartered in the city or in its suburbs including energy group Tauron and metal industry corporation Fasing, important cultural institutions such as Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, award-winning music festivals such as Off Festival and Tauron New Music, and transportation infrastructure such as Katowice Korfanty Airport. It also hosts the finals of Intel Extreme Masters, an Esports video game tournament. Katowice is also home to several institutions of higher learning, notably the University of Silesia, the Silesian University of Technology and the Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music.

History

Further information: History of Katowice

Before the industrial revolution

 
A fragment from the Bogucice Parish visitation report from 1598 that mentions the name Katowice for the first time

The area around Katowice, in Upper Silesia, has been inhabited by ethnic Silesian tribes from its earliest documented history.[8] While the name Katowice (Katowicze) is mentioned for the first time in 1598, other villages and settlements that would eventually become parts of modern Katowice have been established earlier, with Dąb being the oldest, mentioned in 1299 for the first time in a document issued by Duke Casimir of Bytom. Bogucice, Ligota, Szopenice and Podlesie were all established in early 14th century. Aside from farming, people living in the area would also work in hammer mills: the first one, Kuźnica Bogucka, is mentioned in 1397.

The area which would become Katowice was initially ruled by the Polish Silesian Piast dynasty until its extinction.[9] From 1327, the region was under administration of the Kingdom of Bohemia under the Holy Roman Empire. As part of the Bohemian Crown, it was passed to the Habsburg monarchy of Austria in 1526.[10] In 1742, along with most of Silesia, it was seized by Prussia following the First Silesian War. The two subsequent Silesian Wars left the area severely depopulated and with economy in ruins. In 1838, Franz von Winckler bought Katowice from Karl Friedrich Lehmann and in 1841, he made it the headquarters of his estate.[11]

Emergence as an industrial centre

 
Baildon steelworks, 19th century

On 3 October 1846, the works of the final stage of the Breslau-Myslowitz (Wrocław-Mysłowice) rail line ended, built and operated by the Upper Silesian Railway (Oberschlesische Eisenbahn, OSE). It was opened by the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV.[12] A year later, on 6 August 1847, the first train arrived at the new Katowice station.

The railway connection with major European cities (Katowice gained connections to Berlin, Kraków, Vienna and Warsaw, among others, between 1847 and 1848) fostered economic and population growth. The population grew enough to erect the first Lutheran church on 29 September 1858 (Church of the Resurrection), and the first Catholic church two years later, on 11 November 1860. Katowice (then: Kattowitz) gained city status on 11 September 1865 in the Prussian Province of Silesia, by the act of the king Wilhelm I Hohenzollern.[8]

The city flourished due to large mineral (especially coal) deposits in the area. Extensive city growth and prosperity depended on the coal mining and steel industries, which took off during the Industrial Revolution. The city was inhabited mainly by Germans, Poles incl. Silesians, and Jews. In 1884, 36 Jewish Zionist delegates met here, forming the Hovevei Zion movement. Previously part of the Beuthen district, in 1873 it became the capital of the new Kattowitz district. On 1 April 1899, the city was separated from the district, becoming an independent city.

In 1882, the Upper Silesian Coal and Steelworks Company (Oberschlesischer Berg- und Hüttenmännischer Verein) moved its headquarters to Katowice, followed by creation of the Upper Silesian Coal Convention (Oberschlesische Kohlen – Konvention) in 1898. Civic development followed industrial development: in 1851, the first post office opens in Katowice, and in 1893 the current regional post office headquarters have been opened; in 1871 the first middle school was opened (later expanded to high school); in 1889, Katowice got a district court; in 1895, the city bath opened and regional headquarters of the Prussian state railways has been established in the city; in 1907, the city theater (currently the Silesian Theatre) opened.

 
Katowice in the 1930s

Under the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, the Upper Silesia plebiscite was organised by the League of Nations. Though Kattowitz proper voted 22,774 to remain in Germany and 3,900 for Poland,[13] it was attached to Poland as the larger district voted 66,119 for Poland and 52,992 for Germany.[14] Following the Silesian Uprisings of 1918–21 Katowice became part of the Second Polish Republic with some autonomy for the Silesian Parliament as a constituency and the Silesian Voivodeship Council as the executive body. In 1924, the surrounding villages and towns were incorporated into Katowice, and the number of inhabitants increased to over 112,000, since then the number of Poles exceeded the number of Germans - throughout the interwar period, the number of Germans decreased (in 1925 they constituted 12% of the inhabitants of Katowice, and in 1939 only 6%, while Poles constituted 93%). At the end of the interwar period, the number of inhabitants exceeded 134,000.

In the years 1926–1933, Katowice and the Polish part of Upper Silesia were connected with Gdynia and Polish part of Pomerania in the Polish Corridor through the Coal Trunk-Line (Polish: Magistrala Węglowa).

World War II

During the early stages of World War II and the Poland Campaign, Katowice was essentially abandoned by the Polish Land Forces, which had to position itself around Kraków. Nevertheless, the city was defended by local Poles, and the invading Germans immediately carried out massacres of captured Polish defenders.[15] In the following weeks the German Einsatzkommando 1 was stationed in the city, and its units were responsible for many crimes against Poles committed in the region.[16]

 
Parachute Tower, one of the symbols of the Polish Defense of Katowice

Under German occupation many of the city's historical and iconic monuments were destroyed, most notably the Great Katowice Synagogue, which was burned to the ground on 4 September 1939. This was followed by the alteration of street names and the introduction of strict rules. Additionally, the use of Polish in public conversations was banned. The German administration was also infamous for organising public executions of civilians[17] and by the middle of 1941, most of the Polish and Jewish population was expelled. The Germans established and operated a Nazi prison in the city,[18] and multiple forced labour camps within present-day city limits, including two camps solely for Poles (Polenlager),[19][20] four camps solely for Jews,[21][22][23][24] two subcamps (E734, E750) of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp,[25] and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp.[26] Eventually, Katowice was liberated by the Red Army in January 1945. Significant parts of the downtown and inner suburbs were demolished during the occupation. This, however, cannot be compared with Warsaw, where the level of destruction reached 85%.[27] As a result, the authorities were able to preserve the central district in its prewar character.

Postwar period

The postwar period of Katowice was characterised by the time of heavy industry development in the Upper Silesian region, which helped the city in regaining its status as the most industrialised Polish city and a major administrative centre. As the city developed so briskly, the 1950s marked a significant increase in its population and an influx of migrants from the Eastern Borderlands, the so-called Kresy. The city area began to quickly expand by incorporating the neighbouring communes and counties. However, the thriving industrial city also had a dark period in its short but meaningful history. Most notably, between 7 March 1953 and 10 December 1956, Katowice was called Stalinogród in honour of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union.[28] The change was brought upon by an issued decree of the State Council.[29] The date of the alteration of the city name was neither a coincidence or accidental as it happened on the day of Stalin's death. In this way, the Polish United Workers' Party and the socialist authority wanted to pay tribute to the dictator. The new name never got accepted by the citizens and in 1956 the former Polish name was restored.[30]

The following decades were more memorable in the history of Katowice. Regardless of its industrial significance, it started to become an important cultural and educational centre in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1968, the University of Silesia in Katowice, the largest and most valued college in the area, was founded. Simultaneously the construction of large housing estates began to evolve. Furthermore, many representative structures were erected at that time, including the Silesian Insurgents' Monument (1967) and Spodek (1971), which have become familiar landmarks and tourist sights. The 1960s and 1970s saw the evolution of modernist architecture and functionalism. Katowice eventually developed into one of the most modernist post-war cities of Poland.

 
3 Maja Street is one of the main promenades in the city

One of the most dramatic events in the history of the city occurred on 16 December 1981. It was then that 9 protesters died (7 were shot dead; 2 died from injury complications) and another 21 were wounded in the pacification of Wujek Coal Mine. The Special Platoon of the Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (ZOMO) was responsible for the brutal handling of strikers protesting against Wojciech Jaruzelski's declaration of martial law and the arrest of Solidarity trade union officials. On the 10th anniversary of the event, a memorial was unveiled by the President of Poland Lech Wałęsa.

In 1990, the first democratic local elections that took place marked a new period in the city's history. The economy of Katowice has been transforming from the heavy industry of steel and coal mines into "one of the most attractive investment areas for modern economy branches in Central Europe".[31] Recently, the city's efficient infrastructure, rapid progress in the overall development and an increase in office space has made Katowice a popular venue for conducting business. The Katowice Expo Centre (Katowickie Centrum Wystawiennicze) organises trade fairs or exhibitions and attracts investors from all over the world.[32] In 2018, the city was the host of the 24th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC COP24).[33] In 2022, the city hosted the 11th edition of the World Urban Forum, the world's most important conference on sustainable urbanization and development of cities.[34]

 
Katowice International Conference Centre, built in 2015

Geography

Katowice encompasses an area of 164.67 square kilometres (63.58 sq mi). The city is situated in the Silesian Highlands, about 50 km (31 mi) north of the Silesian Beskids (part of the Carpathian Mountains). Kłodnica and Rawa (tributaries of the Oder and the Vistula respectively) are the largest rivers in Katowice, and the border between catchment areas of Oder and Vistula goes through the city. With a minimal elevation of 245 metres (804 ft) and median elevation of 266 metres (873 ft) above sea level, Katowice has the highest elevation among large cities in Poland.[35]

Climate

Katowice has a temperate, ocean-moderated humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb/Cfb). The average temperature is 8.2 °Celsius (−2.0 °C or 28.4 °F in January and up to 17.9 °C or 64.2 °F in July). Yearly rainfall averages at 652.8 millimetres or 25.70 inches. Characteristic weak winds blow at about 2 metres per second (4.5 mph; 7.2 km/h; 3.9 kn) from the southwest, through the Moravian Gate.[36]

Climate data for Katowice (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		29.5
(85.1) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.7
(96.3) 		37.2
(99.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		37.2
(99.0)
Average high °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		8.2
(46.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		19.2
(66.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.7
(36.9) 		13.7
(56.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		0.1
(32.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.6
(65.5) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		9.0
(48.2)
Average low °C (°F) −4.3
(24.3) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.5
(38.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		4.4
(39.9)
Record low °C (°F) −27.4
(−17.3) 		−30.0
(−22.0) 		−20.8
(−5.4) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−30.0
(−22.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.8
(1.72) 		39.4
(1.55) 		47.7
(1.88) 		44.9
(1.77) 		75.7
(2.98) 		78.7
(3.10) 		103.8
(4.09) 		73.1
(2.88) 		69.9
(2.75) 		53.4
(2.10) 		49.0
(1.93) 		43.8
(1.72) 		723.2
(28.47)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 9.1
(3.6) 		8.2
(3.2) 		5.0
(2.0) 		2.3
(0.9) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.1) 		3.0
(1.2) 		4.9
(1.9) 		9.1
(3.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.50 15.97 14.77 12.00 14.73 14.30 14.83 12.23 12.37 14.07 14.23 16.43 173.44
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 17.7 15.2 6.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.4 13.1 58.1
Average relative humidity (%) 84.6 80.5 74.1 66.5 69.8 70.8 71.8 73.4 79.6 83.0 85.9 86.3 77.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 50.7 70.6 122.6 182.7 223.7 230.6 246.8 241.3 162.6 114.5 61.3 43.0 1,750.3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[45][46][47]

Neighborhoods

 

Katowice has 22 officially recognized neighborhoods. Śródmieście, Osiedle Paderewskiego-Muchowiec, Zawodzie and Koszutka form the dense central urban core where most cultural and educational institutions, businesses and administrative buildings are located.

Most Northern and Eastern neighborhoods around the downtown core are more working-class and developed from worker's estates build around large industry such as coal mines, manufactures and steelworks. Each of these neighborhoods has its own dense commercial strip surrounded by mid-rise apartment buildings and some single-family homes. Szopienice, located between downtown Katowice and Mysłowice, used to be a separate town until mid-1960s. Nikiszowiec, a former mine's town, has undergone strong gentrification in recent years, and emerged as a major tourist attraction in the region thanks to its unique architecture and art galleries.[48]

Western and Southern neighborhoods (with the exception of Brynów-Załęska Hałda, which is a working-class neighborhood built around a coal mine) are more suburban in nature, concentrating the city's middle and upper middle classes.

I. Central District
II. Northern District
III. Western District
IV. Eastern District
V. Southern District

Metropolitan area

Katowice lies in the centre of the largest conurbation in Poland, one of the largest in the European Union, numbering about 2.7 million. The Katowice urban area consists of about 40 adjacent cities and towns, the whole Silesian metropolitan area (mostly within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin) over 50 cities or towns. The metropolitan area has a population of 5,294,000. In 2006, Katowice and 14 adjacent cities united as the Upper Silesian Metropolis. Its population is 2 million and its area is 1,104 km2. In 2006–2007 the union planned to unite these cities in one city under the name "Silesia", but this proved unsuccessful.[49]

The Katowice conurbation comprises settlements which have evolved because of the mining of metal ores, coal and raw rock materials.[50] The establishment of mining and heavy industry which have developed for the past centuries has resulted in the unique character of the cityscape; its typical aspects are the red brick housing estates[51] constructed for the poorer working class, factory chimneys, manufacturing plants, power stations and quarries. The inhabitants of a large mining community like Katowice, and local administrations within the conurbation, which have only evolved due to mining, are a subject to overall decline after the liquidation of coal mines and factories. This is one of the reasons which led to the development of the service sector, including office spaces, shopping centres and tourism.

 
District Population[52] (30 June 2017) Area (km2) Density (km2)
Katowice 297,197 164.67 1,896
Sosnowiec 204,958 91.06 2,444
Gliwice 181,715 133.88 1,474
Zabrze 175,016 80.40 2,352
Bytom 168,968 69.44 2,661
Ruda Śląska 138,754 77.73 1,860
Tychy 128,191 81.64 1,590
Dąbrowa Górnicza 121,387 188.73 682
Chorzów 109,151 33.24 3,420
Jaworzno 92,215 152.67 626
Mysłowice 74,600 65.75 1,139
Siemianowice Śląskie 67,710 25.5 2,809
Piekary Śląskie 55,820 39.98 1,477
Świętochłowice 50,529 13.31 4,097

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1825675—    
18451,326+96.4%
18613,780+185.1%
187511,000+191.0%
189016,513+50.1%
191043,173+161.4%
192356,739+31.4%
1931127,044+123.9%
1938132,894+4.6%
1945107,735−18.9%
1950175,496+62.9%
1960269,926+53.8%
1970305,000+13.0%
1980355,117+16.4%
1990366,798+3.3%
2000330,625−9.9%
2010306,826−7.2%
2020290,553−5.3%
source [53]

The Polish Statistical Office estimates Katowice's population to be 292,774 as of 31 December 2020, with a population density of 1,778 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,600/sq mi). There were 139,274 males and 153,500 females. Age breakdown of people in Katowice is: 12.9% 0–14 years old, 13.7% 15–29 years old, 23.8% 30–44 years old, 19.5% 45–59 years old, 20.1% 60–74 years old, and 9.9% 75 years and older.

Katowice is a centre of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area, with a population of approx. 5.3 million. This metropolitan area extends into the neighboring Czechia, where the other centre is the city of Ostrava. 41 municipalities that constitute the core of the metropolitan area created the Silesian Metropolis association, which has 2.3 million people as of 2019.

Historical population

Katowice's population grew very fast between 1845 and 1960, fueled by the expansion of heavy industry and administrative functions. In the 60s, 70s and 80s, the city grew by another 100,000 people, reaching a height of 368,621 in 1988. Since then, the collapse of heavy industry, emigration, and suburbanization reversed the population development; Katowice lost approx. 75,000 people (20%) since the fall of communism in Poland.

Before World War II, Katowice was mainly inhabited by Poles and Germans. The 1905 Silesian demographic census has shown that Germans made up nearly 70-75% of the total population (with German Jews) and Poles constituted 25-30% of inhabitants of Katowice. After the plebiscite in Upper Silesia, Silesian uprisings and the incorporation of Katowice into Poland in 1922, and then the incorporation of several nearby villages and towns into the city, the number of inhabitants of Katowice increased significantly, but the number of Germans in Katowice fell to 12% in 1925 and to 6% in 1939 (most Germans left Poland, and areas with a Polish majority were incorporated). Thus, in 1939 Katowice was inhabited in 93% by Poles, 6% by Germans and 1% by Jews.

After the German aggression against Poland in 1939, some Poles were displaced from Katowice and settled with Germans, this process was interrupted during the occupation of Katowice by the Red Army in 1945, and then practically the entire German minority was displaced. After 1945, Polish exiles from Kresy (Eastern Borderlands) and Polish people from other work regions (including for work purposes) came to the city. Most pre-war citizens (excluding Poles) were forcibly expelled by the new authorities.

During the war, the Nazi occupant committed severe crimes against the local Roma and Jewish communities. Most of them were eventually killed or transported by cattle wagons to concentration camps such as Auschwitz for complete extermination.[54] This led to a population drop between 1939 and 1945.

Ethnic diversity

Currently, Katowice is one of the more diverse cities in Poland. According to the 2011 census, of 310,764 inhabitants, 81,500 (26.2%) declared a nationality other than Polish or Polish nationality and, at the same time, a different nationality (two nationalities can be declared in Polish censuses), with top other nationalities being the indigenous Silesians (78,838), but most of which declared both Silesian and Polish at the same time (possibility to declare two), and Germans (1,058). Additionally, 5,614 (1.8%) people either did not declare a nationality, or stated they have no nationality. When counting the declared two nationalities, 90.1% of the inhabitants of Katowice declared Polish nationality. Linguistic diversity is smaller in Katowice; 97.1% of people speak Polish at home, 2.9% speak only non-Polish language while 5.3% speak Polish and at least one other language. The most spoken minority languages include: Silesian (22,730, 7.3%), English (1,313, 0.4%) and German (969, 0.3%).[55]

Since the 2011 census, the international population have risen in Katowice with the post-2014 increase in immigration to Poland, with the primary nationality being Ukrainians. According to the Polish Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, there have been 20,527 foreigners (7% of official population figure) on a special worker permit for citizens of Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine in Katowice in 2020, 19,003 of them from Ukraine. By the end of 2021, this number has increased to 26,990, 23,207 of them from Ukraine.[56] Additionally, as of June 2022, 11,568 refugees settled in Katowice since the start of the Russian invasion on Ukraine.[57]

Socioeconomics

The 2011 census found out that, among population aged 25 and older, 26.7% of Katowice residents had a college degree, 35% had a high school degree but no college degree, 22.3% had trade school diploma, and the rest had primary or junior high school education only. In the 25-34 age group, college graduates share is 44.9%, and an additional 31.8% has a high school degree. According to Eurostat data, Katowice and its surrounding Silesian region had one of the highest share of people who have attained at least an upper secondary level of education (more than 90%), and one of the lowest share of school dropouts in Europe (less than 5%).[58]

There were 134,199 households in Katowice, as of the 2011 census, with an average household size of 2.3 people. 32.7% households were single-person households, 29.4% had two people, 20.5% had three people, 12.5% had four people and 4.9% had five people or more.

Katowice has the 3rd-highest wages in Poland, behind Jastrzębie-Zdrój and Warsaw only and slightly ahead of Gdańsk, at PLN 6,176 a month.[59] Poverty rate places Katowice on average with other big cities in Poland, at 4.09% of inhabitants eligible for welfare benefits as of 2019.

Religion

Roman Catholicism is the main religion in Katowice; as of the 2011 Polish census, 82.43% (256,166) people in Katowice declared to be Catholic. Other denominations with at least 1,000 worshippers include the Lutheran Church in Poland – 0.43% (1,336 people) and Jehovah's Witnesses – 0.42% (1,311 people). 4.47% (13,900) people in Katowice stated they are atheist, while 12% (37,029) people refused to state their religious affiliation. Other religions with presence and places of worship in the city include Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism, as well as other Protestant denominations.

Christianity

Katowice is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese, with the suffragan bishoprics of Gliwice and Opole, and around 1,477,900 Catholics. The Cathedral of Christ the King, constructed between 1927 and 1955 in a classicist style, is the largest cathedral in Poland. There are 36 Catholic churches in Katowice (including two basilicas), as well as 18 monasteries. Katowice is also a seat of a diocesan Catholic seminary, as well as one of the Order of Friars Minor. Katowice Archdiocese owns several media companies headquartered in Katowice: Księgarnia św. Jacka, a Catholic publishing company, and Instytut Gość Media, a multi-channeled media company that owns Radio eM, a regional Catholic radio, and a few magazines. Gość Niedzielny, owned by Instytut Gość Media and published in Katowice, is currently the most-popular Catholic magazine in the country with approx. 120,000 copies sold weekly.

Katowice is also the seat of a Lutheran Diocese which covers Upper Silesia, Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian region and has 12,934 adherents as of 2019.[60] Lutherans have two churches in Katowice, including a cathedral, which is the oldest church built originally in Katowice, completed on 29 September 1858. Historically, Lutheran population in Katowice was mostly German, and with the expulsion of Germans from Poland after the Second World War, number of Lutherans dropped in Katowice.

Other denominations with churches or praying houses in Katowice include Seventh Day Adventists, Baptists, Christ Church in Poland, Pentecostals and other evangelical groups.

Judaism

 
The Great Synagogue in Katowice was destroyed by the German Nazis during the invasion of Poland on 4 September 1939

Judaism has historically been present in Katowice since at least 1702.[61] First synagogue, designed by a local architect Ignatz Grünfeld, was consecrated on 4 September 1862, while the Jewish cemetery was established in 1868. Dr. Jacob Cohn was the first rabbi of Katowice, appointed to this function on 6 January 1872 and holding it until 1920s. Zionism was strong in Katowice, and in 1884 the city was the place of the Katowice Conference, the first public Zionist meeting in history. On 12 September 1900, the Great Synagogue was opened.

Following World War I and subsequent creation of the Polish state, most Katowice Jews, who identified with Germany, left the city and settled primarily in Bytom, a nearby city that was still part of Germany. They were partially replaced by Jews moving from the East, particularly the neighboring Dąbrowa Basin region that had a large Jewish population. In 1931, 60% of 5,716 Jews in Katowice were recent immigrants from other parts of Poland.[61] On 1 September 1939, Poland was attacked by Nazi Germany, and Katowice, a border city, surrendered on 3 September. The Great Synagogue was burned by the German army the same day, and in the following months, Katowice Jews were deported to ghettos in Dąbrowa Basin (primarily Sosnowiec and Będzin) or directly to various concentration and death camps where most of them perished in the Holocaust. After the war, around 1,500 Jews were living in Katowice, but most of them left Poland and emigrated to the United States and other Western countries.

Currently, Katowice has one Qahal with approximately 200 members. It owns houses of prayer in Katowice (along with a kosher cafeteria) and nearby Gliwice, and the current rabbi is Yehoshua Ellis.

Other religions

There are two buddhist groups in Katowice: Kwan Um School of Zen, first registered in 1982, and the Diamond Road of Karma Kagyu line association. Jehovah's Witnesses maintain 13 houses of prayer and one Kingdom Hall in Katowice. Aside from Polish-language congregations, there is one for English speakers and one for Ukrainian speakers.

Architecture and urban design

 
Neo-Renaissance Monopol Hotel opened in 1902
 
Neo-Gothic St. Mary's Church from the 19th century

Unlike most other large Polish cities, Katowice did not originate as a medieval town, therefore it does not have an old town with a street layout and architectural styles characteristic to cities founded on Magdeburg rights. Katowice's urban layout is a result of expansion and annexation of various towns, industrial worker estates, and villages.[62]

City centre

Katowice city centre has an axis design, along the main railway line, developed by an industrialist Friedrich Grundman in mid-19th century.[63][64] Most of the city centre in Katowice developed in late 19th and early 20th century, when it was part of the Kingdom of Prussia and had a German-speaking majority. As a result, architectural styles of that era are similar to those in other Prussian cities such as Berlin or Wrocław (then Breslau); primarily renaissance revival and baroque revival, with some buildings in gothic revival, romanesque revival, and art nouveau styles.[63]

Interwar architecture

 
Interwar panorama of Katowice with Drapacz Chmur visible in centre
 
Silesian Parliament

In 1922, Katowice and the eastern portion of Upper Silesia were reintegrated with reborn Poland, and an autonomous Silesian Voivodeship was established, with Katowice as its capital. This event has marked the beginning of a period of unprecedented architectural development in the city. Since most traditional styles, especially gothic and gothic revival, were perceived as connected to imperial Germany by the new Polish authorities, all new development was to be built in, at first in the neoclassical, and later in functionalist/Bauhaus style.[65] The city, which needed to build administrative buildings for the new authorities and housing for people working in regional administration, began expansion southward creating one of the largest complexes of modern architecture in Poland, comparable to Warsaw and Gdynia (newly built port on the Baltic Sea) only.[66]

The modernist district is centered around the monumental Silesian Parliament building (1923-1929), which architecture is mostly functionalist but still will neoclassical references on the facades. During World War II, the building became headquarters of the Reichsgau Oberschlesien and part of the interior was redesigned by Albert Speer, Hitler's favorite architect, to resemble the interior of the Reich Chancellery.[67] The nearby Cathedral of Christ the King (1927-1955, with dome lowered by 34 meters compared to original design) is also neoclassical but with an ascetic interior (including a tabernacle and a golden mosaic funded by future pope, Joseph Ratzinger).[68] Other buildings, designed in mid-to-late 1920s and 1930s, are mostly modernist or functionalist. A symbol of the city in the interwar period, Drapacz Chmur (literally: The Skyscraper), was the first skyscraper built in Poland after World War I, and the first building in the country to be based on a steel frame.[66]

Post-war architecture

 
Plac Grunwaldzki in Koszutka under construction, 1950s
 
Modernist Osiedle Gwiazdy built in late 1970s and the light cubes of the New Silesian Museum

After World War II, Katowice again expected a period of rapid growth, particularly under the regional leadership of Marshall Jerzy Ziętek. Pałac Młodzieży (Youth Palace) became the first major new building completed in Katowice after the war, erected in the socrealist style with elements of late modernism in 1949–1951.[69] The largest development of the 1950s in Katowice was the expansion of the Koszutka neighborhood, also in the socialist realist style, in early 1950s.[70]

Following the death of Stalin in 1956, and the end of socrealism, Jerzy Ziętek and city authorities commissioned a group of young architects and urbanists to create a project of the new urban design of Katowice. The collective, called Miastoprojekt Katowice, came up with a design heavily influenced by Le Corbusier's ideas.[71] The project was centered around a grand avenue (current Aleja Korfantego) surrounded by simple, modern blocks and monuments, scattered in distance to each other according to modernist ideals. The most important buildings from that time include:

  • Spodek Arena (1964–1971), widely considered the symbol of Katowice and ranked among the finest achievements of modern architecture in Poland;[72] one of the first buildings in the world with a tensegrity rooftop. Arena's unique design (resembling an UFO) comes from the need to accommodate different functions inside
  • Katowice Railway Station (1959–1972), considered to be the most outstanding example of brutalism in Poland,[73] controversially demolished in 2010 and partially rebuilt as an addition to the Galeria Katowicka shopping centre.
  • Superjednostka (1967–1972), a massive (187.5 meters length, 51 meters high) residential block heavily inspired by Le Corbusier's Unite d'habitation in Marseille
  • Osiedle Gwiazdy (1978–1985), a housing estate of eight 27-floor residential buildings on a plan resembling a star
  • Osiedle Tysiąclecia (1961–1982, later expanded), a large housing estate connecting to the Silesian Park, built with modernist principles (separation of foot and automobile traffic, vast green spaces, self-sufficiency in terms of schools, basic shops and healthcare). Later expansion of the estate includes Kukurydze high-rises, a group of 26-floor high residential towers inspired by Marina City in Chicago
  • Stalexport Towers (1979–1982), twin office towers with 22 and 20 floors, showing influences of postmodernism

Contemporary architecture

 
Scientific Information Centre and Academic Library
 
KTW Towers
 
Global Office Park
 
Face2Face Business Campus

Following the collapse of communism in Poland and other Eastern Bloc countries, and the centrally-planned economy with it, Katowice's economy suffered a downturn, due to reduced significance of heavy industry. As a result, except for residential (primarily suburban) construction, not many buildings were built. One of the most significant buildings of the 1990s was the new branch of the Silesian Library, in postmodernism style.

The situation changed in the early aughts, when several new notable developments were completed:

  • Chorzowska 50 (1999–2001) – first modern, A-grade office building in Katowice; currently owned and occupied by ING Bank Śląski
  • Altus, previously known as Uni Centrum (2001–2003) – for many years the highest skyscraper in Poland outside of Warsaw, at 125 meters (410 ft) high. Qubus Hotel, which was located in Altus, was one of the first four-star hotels in southern Poland.
  • Silesia City Center (2003–2005), the flagship brownfield development of the era, built in place a defunct coal mine Gottwald. It remains one of the largest shopping centres in Poland, at 86,000 m2 (930,000 sq ft), and also includes a housing estate and a chapel.
  • Dom z Ziemi Śląskiej (2001–2002), a modern suburban villa, nominated to Mies van der Rohe Award in 2002

Another wave of architectural revival came after Poland joined the European Union in 2004. European cohesion funds, along with private capital investment, flew into the city resulting in a number of architecturally interesting buildings and complexes, including:

  • Strefa Kultury (Zone of Culture, a brownfield urban redevelopment in downtown Katowice):
    • National Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra (NOSPR) building (2012–2014) contains two concert halls (for an audience of 1,800 or 300). Nominated to Mies van der Rohe Award in 2014, first prize in European Commercial Property Awards.[74][75]
    • Katowice International Conference Centre (2012–2015), the largest conference centre in Poland (capacity up to 12,000 people), connected to the Spodek Arena. The design of the centre, with a distinct canyon going through it in order to remove any obstruction from view of Spodek, has been hailed and the building was nominated to Mies van der Rohe award in 2017[76]
    • New Silesian Museum (2011–2013) located in place of a former coal mine, most of the museum is located underground, with only glass cubes that provide daylight, visible above ground. Shortlisted for Mies van der Rohe award in 2015.[77]
  • CINiBA (2009–2011) – academic library of the University of Silesia and Katowice University of Economics, shortlisted to Mies van der Rohe award in 2013.[78]
  • Krzysztof Kieślowski Film School at the University of Silesia (2014–2017) – awarded with Wienerberger Brick Award in 2020,[79] shortlisted to Mies van der Rohe award in 2019.[80] Located in a decayed neighborhood, the building aims at kick-starting an urban renewal process there.
  • KTW Towers (2018–2022), the taller tower, which is still under construction, is expected to become the tallest building in Katowice, at 135 meters (443 ft), and one of the tallest in Poland.

Tourist attractions

 
Nikiszowiec, a historic workers' housing estate
 
Spodek, a multipurpose arena from 1971
 
A historic tenement house in the city centre
  • Market square and adjacent streets: Warszawska, Teatralna, Dyrekcyjna, Staromiejska, Dworcowa, św. Jana, Pocztowa, Wawelska, 3 Maja, Stawowa, Mielęckiego, Starowiejska and Mickiewicza, the so-called "Great Market Square of Katowice" or "Old town of Katowice"—many historic (monument) buildings. This is a group of functional-architectural. On the market square and most of the above-mentioned streets are prohibitions or restrictions on cars. Streets: Staromiejska, Dyrekcyjna, Wawelska, Stawowa and Warszawska is lined decorative cobblestone creating a pedestrian zone. The authority plans to Katowice—Quarter streets: św. Jana, Dworcowa, Mariacka, Mielęckiego, Stanisława and Starowiejska is to become so "small market square".[81]
  • Nikiszowiec – historical settlement of Katowice, candidate to UNESCO
  • Cathedral of Christ the King
  • St Mary's Church
  • Church of the Resurrection, Evangelical-Augsburg, built in 1856–1858
  • Church of St Michael Archangel, the oldest church in the city, built in 1510
  • Drapacz Chmur, one of the first skyscrapers in Europe
  • Silesian Parliament, built in 1925–1929. For a very long time, it was the biggest structure in Poland
  • Modernist old town
  • Spodek (a large sports centre/concert hall, whose name translates as the 'saucer', from its distinctive shape resembling a UFO flying saucer)
  • Silesian Insurgents Monument (Polish: Pomnik Powstańców Śląskich), the largest and heaviest monument in Poland. It is a harmonious combination of architecture and sculpture with appropriate symbolism: the wings symbolize the three Silesian Uprisings (1920 – 1921) while the names of places that were battlefields are etched on the vertical slopes. The monument, which was funded by the people of Warsaw for Upper Silesia, is considered Katowice's landmark.
  • Silesian Theater, built in 1907
  • Rialto Cinetheater, built in 1912
  • Silesian Museum, built in 1899
  • Old train station in Katowice, built in 1906
  • The Goldstein Palace
  • The Załęże Palace
  • Parachute Tower, a 50 m (160 ft) tall lattice tower was built in 1937 for training parachutists. It was used in the first days of World War II and is the only parachute tower in Poland.

Other:

Economy

 
Galeria Katowicka shopping centre

Katowice has been classified as a Gamma - global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network[82] and is considered as an emerging metropolis.[83] Katowice's metropolitan area is the 16th most economically powerful urban area in the European Union by GDP, with an output amounting to $114.5 billion.[84] The city is one of the major industrial, commerce and financial hubs of Poland and has successfully transformed its economy from heavy industry-based to knowledge-based one.

Katowice has a diversified economy with one of the strongest job markets in Poland. 171,839 Katowice residents are employed as of 2019, and 113,830 commute to work in the city - making Katowice second only to Warsaw in terms of commuter inflows in the country.[85] Unemployment rate is extremely low at 1.8%, as of June 2022.[86] The broader Katowice subregion (NUTS-3 level in European statistics) which includes neighboring towns of Chorzów, Siemianowice Śląskie, Mysłowice, Ruda Śląska, and Świętochłowice had 377,600 employed persons as of 2019, of which 22% in industry, 6% in construction, 23% in retail and services, 5% in information and communication, 5% in finance and insurance, 2% in real estate, 10% in professional services and science, 23% in education, health and administration and 4% in arts and entertainment.[87]

As of 2018, Katowice had the 10th highest salaries in Poland, at PLN 5,698.98 per month, on average.[88]

Business and commerce

Katowice is a large business, convention and trade fair centre. Katowice is headquarters to 18 public companies traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, with total market value of PLN 24.2 billion as of 2016, with the largest being ING Bank Śląski.[89] As of 2019, 38 companies from Katowice make the list of 2000 largest enterprises in Poland according to Rzeczpospolita, with largest one being Tauron Polska Energia S.A. (10th place).[90] As of 2012, 44,050 companies were registered in Katowice, almost 10% of all companies in the Silesian Voivodeship.

Retail is a very strong sector in Katowice. The city is home to several shopping centres and department stores, with Silesia City Center and Galeria Katowicka being the largest ones. Silesia City Center, located on a brownfield in place of a former coal mine, is the largest shopping centre in Poland when number of stores is considered (310 different brands)[91] and 7th largest in terms of retail space for rent 86,000 m2 (930,000 sq ft).[92] It is also a part of a broader revitalization complex, that features an apartment complex and office space (under construction as of October 2020) as well.

Katowice is also the seat of Katowice Special Economic Zone (Katowicka Specjalna Strefa Ekonomiczna).

Industry

Since its creation, Katowice's development was tightly connected to heavy industry, especially coal mining, steelworks and machine production. In 1931, 49.5% of inhabitants worked in industry, and 12.5% in coal mining alone. In 1989 industry accounted for 36% of all jobs in the city (112,000 employees). As of 2018, 34,294 people worked in industry in Katowice, 20.4% of total, below the national average.

The first reported coal mine in Katowice (Murcki coal mine) was established in 1740, and in 1769 construction on Emanuelssegen mine started. As the demand for coal kept rising in the Kingdom of Prussia, further mines were opened: Beata (1801), Ferdinand (1823), Kleofas (1845). Later in 19th and early 20th century additional mines were opened: Katowice, Wujek, Eminenz (later renamed Gottwald and merged with Kleofas), Wieczorek, Boże Dary, Staszic and renewed Murcki. Currently only one (Murcki-Staszic) remains in operation. Katowice is also the seat of Polska Grupa Górnicza, the largest coal mining corporation in Europe. Metallurgy was another important part of Katowice's economy. In 1863 a dozen zinc metallurgy facilities were reported in Katowice, with Wilhelmina (founded in 1834) being the largest. In early 1900s, Wilhelmina (later renamed Huta Metali Niezależnych Szopienice) was enlarged and became the largest Silesian producer of non-ferrous metals and world's largest producer of cadmium. Two major steelworks existed in the city: Huta Baildon, established in 1823 by the Scottish engineer and industrialist John Baildon (declared bankruptcy in 2001), and Huta Ferrum, established in 1874 and operating to this date in limited capacity.

Culture

 
Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra building
 
The Main Concert Hall

A vibrant and progressive artistic communities, particularly around musical arts, make Katowice one of the leading cultural spots in Poland.[93] Since mid-2000s, Katowice has established a strategy to redevelop the post-industrial areas using culture - the pinnacle of which was a massive development on the site of a former coal mine known as Strefa Kultury (the "Zone of Culture"), where numerous cultural and convention institutions are located.

Performing arts

Katowice's status as the UNESCO City of Music, designated when Katowice joined UNESCO Creative Cities Network in 2015,[94] comes from a long and rich history of musical arts. Katowice is the seat of an internationally renowned Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music, whose faculty and graduates created the nationally important informal group called the Silesian school of composers. Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra has been located in Katowice since 1945 and has gotten a new internationally acclaimed concert hall in 2014, built on a site of a former coal mine near Katowice's city center. The Silesian Philharmonic also has its seat in Katowice. The city is a venue for numerous classical concerts and festivals, such as: the International Festival of Young Music Competition Laureates, Grzegorz Fitelberg International Competition for Conductors, Chamber Music Festival, Ars Cameralis Festival and Katowice's opera, operettas and most of all ballet.

There are currently 6 theater buildings in Katowice, and some theater groups without a permanent location. Teatr Śląski is the oldest still-functioning theater in Katowice, first opened for audience in 1907 and located on the main square. It was the first theater to give plays in Silesian dialect of Polish. Every first Monday of the month, the Silesian Opera singers from nearby Bytom give a performance there, as Katowice does not have an opera house of its own. Teatr Ateneum is an important puppetry theater, while Teatr Korez was one of the first non-public theaters in post-war Poland.

Katowice is home to many nationally and internationally renowned popular music festivals. Rawa Blues, named after a stream that passes through Katowice's city center, is one of the largest blues festivals in Europe. Electronic music's Mayday Festival takes place every year in early November and is a sister event to its namesake in Dortmund. OFF Festival, dedicated to alternative music, moved to Katowice in 2010 and has been held every August. Tauron Nowa Muzyka festival, oriented more towards dance and techno has been named one of the major European festivals to attend.[95] Other music festivals, such as the Silesian Jazz Festival, KatoHej (dedicated to chants and touristic music), and Gardens of Sound, are also organized. In 2019, 475,806 people attended various big cultural events such as concerts and festivals, which gave the city the third place in Poland, behind Warsaw and Kraków. Nearby Chorzów, with the Silesian Stadium right across the street from Katowice, gathered another 319,783 attendees.[96]

Museums and art galleries

 
New complex of the Silesian Museum with an original mine headframe
 
Exhibition hall of the museum

The Silesian Museum is the largest and most-important museum in Katowice. It originally opened in 1929, and its radically modern, Bauhaus-style new building was demolished immediately after the Nazis seized Katowice in 1939, considering it too degenerate and too Polish. The museum has been placed in temporary buildings with its collections dispersed until 2015, when a new, mostly underground building has been constructed in the Zone of Culture. The museum exhibits works by famous and renowned Polish artists like Józef Chełmoński, Artur Grottger, Tadeusz Makowski, Jacek Malczewski, Jan Matejko, Józef Mehoffer and Stanisław Wyspiański.[93] It is also well known for its collection of naïve art paintings, including local coal miners from Katowice area. The museum has a number of sketches of globally recognizable artists such as Albrecht Dürer and Rembrandt.

The City History Museum of Katowice exhibitions include: immersive typical urban apartments from early 20th century, naïve art paintings from local artists and the history of Katowice from a village to an industrial center. Other museums in Katowice include Museum of the History of Computers and Informatics and the Museum of Smallest Books in the World.

The BWA Contemporary Art Gallery in Katowice, established in 1949, is a notable institution concerning the Contemporary arts.[97] Every three years, it is responsible for organizing the Polish Graphic Art Triennial. Several other galleries feature exhibitions of the works by artists from abroad along with film screenings, workshops for children and public fairs.

Media

TV stations:
radio stations:
newspapers:

Festivals and events

Parks and squares

parks:
squares:
  •  
    Palms on Katowice market square during summer holidays
    Katowice market square (Rynek w Katowicach)
  • Freedom Square (Plac Wolności)
  • Andrzej Square (Plac Andrzeja)
  • Miarka Square (Plac Miarki)
  • Council of Europe Square (Plac Rady Europy)
  • Alfred Square (Plac Alfreda)
  • A. Budniok Square (Plac A. Brudnioka)
  • J. Londzin Square (Plac J. Londzina)
  • A. Hlond Square (Plac A. Hlonda)

Nature reserves and ecological areas

 
Las Murckowski
  • Nature reserve Las Murckowski
  • Nature reserve Ochojec
  • Szopienice-Borki
  • Źródła Kłodnicy
  • Staw Grunfeld
  • Stawy Na Tysiącleciu
  • Płone Bagno

Education

 
Silesian Library in Katowice
Main article: List of schools of higher education in Katowice

Katowice is a large scientific centre. It has over 20 schools of higher education, at which over 100,000 people study.

 
University of Silesia in Katowice – Faculty of Law and Administration

There are also:

Transportation

Public transportation

 
Pesa Twist tram in Katowice

The public transportation system of the Katowice consists of commuter and long-distance trains, trams, buses and city bikes. Around 38 percent of people in Katowice use trams and buses on their daily commute (40 percent if counted those using the park-and-ride facilities), 10 percent walk, 4 percent cycle, and 2 percent takes the train, according to a 2020 report.[101] There are also three park-and-ride centers in Katowice with over 1,000 parking spaces.

Tram and bus lines

The transit authority of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, Zarząd Transportu Metropolitalnego (ZTM), operates the city trams and buses.

The Silesian Interurban tram system is one of the largest and oldest in Europe, in operation since 1894 and covering over 200 km of rails, including 62 km in Katowice proper. The network in Katowice is mostly located in the northern part of the city has a star-like shape, with most lines converging on the Rynek square and expanding to all directions. There are 13 tram lines in Katowice, all but 2 expanding into neighboring cities. 116 tram stops are located in Katowice proper, as of 2020. A new tram line is planned to the southern suburbs since 2016.

In addition to trams, bus lines are organized by ZTM. There are currently 63 regular lines in Katowice (including night lines), and additional 10 express metropolitan lines, with 609 bus stops as of 2020. ZTM organizes a bus line to their airport as well, which runs every 30 minutes between 4am and 9:30pm and every hour at night.

Commuter trains

Koleje Śląskie (Silesian Railways), a regional railway authority, connects Katowice with its suburbs and other major cities in Silesian and Lesser Poland voivodeships: Gliwice, Rybnik, Częstochowa, Bielsko-Biała, Kraków, and Oświęcim, among others. It operates 9 regular lines and 1 tourist weekend line (to Zakopane).[102]

Polregio operates commuter trains from Katowice to cities and towns in Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie voivodeships: Trzebinia, Olkusz, and Kielce, among others.

Long-haul trains

Katowice is the main railway hub in southern Poland. Katowice's main railway station is the fifth-busiest train station in Poland as of 2019 (and third outside Warsaw), with 17.6 million passengers and growing 47 percent since 2015.[103] 16% of the passengers travelled on PKP Intercity train, the main long-distance train operator in Poland.

Katowice has a direct Express Intercity Premium (high-speed) connection to Warsaw through the Centralna Magistrala Kolejowa, with a run time of 2 hours 21 minutes. PKP Intercity also offers direct standard connections to Kraków (under 1 hour), Wrocław, Kielce and Ostrava (under 2 hours), Warsaw, Rzeszów, Olomouc, and Łódź (under 3 hours), Poznań (under 4 hours), Brno, Vienna and Bratislava (under 5 hours), as well as Prague, Budapest, and Berlin.[104]

 
City by bike bicycles in Józefowiec district

Long-haul coach lines

Katowice has a modern international bus station located close to the city center. There are over 400 connections on a typical weekday,[105] with the most-popular ones being domestic destinations in Poland and cities in Ukraine.

Cycling, walking and other

Cycling is becoming a more popular mode of transportation in Katowice. As of 2021, the city had 92.6 km (57.5 mi) of dedicated bicycle lanes, up from 60 km (37 miles) in 2015. The municipal bicycle system is operated by Nextbike and has 83 stations with over 600 bicycles.[106] Rides under 15 minutes are free, those 15–60 minutes are PLN 1 and each additional hour becomes more expensive.[107]

Bolt and Blinkee operate commercial systems of scooter share. Traficar and Panek Car Share operate commercial carshare systems.

Freeways, roads and streets

 
Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa (DK79) exiting the tunnel below Katowice city center

Katowice has an extensive network of freeways, roads and streets, totaling over 1,120 km in length.[108] The well-developed network supports over 200,000 cars registered in Katowice, and 49 percent of commuters that drive alone, a high share compared to other major cities in Poland.[101] Several freeways in Katowice are among the busiest in Poland: expressway S86 between Sosnowiec and Katowice's city center and highway A4 between Murckowska and Mikołowska interchanges both see over 100,000 cars passing each day.

Katowice has a ring around its city center, consisting of highway A4, Murckowska freeway, Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa (a freeway-style road connecting downtowns of cities in the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area) that partly goes in a tunnel underground and Bocheńskiego road. Many of the roads and freeways in Katowice expand radially from the city center and replaced old local roads.

Main roads

European route E40 passes through Katowice as highway A4. It enters the city from Chorzów and continues eastward, with three lanes in each direction on the main road and two to three lanes in parallel access roads. It meets Bocheńskiego road and continues towards Mikołowska interchange, which is one of the only combination interchanges in Poland and the main exit towards the city center. After that interchange, the highway loses its access roads due to lack of space in the dense urban area and continues east with four lanes in each direction. Access roads appear again (only on the south side, though) after around 500 meters and there is an exit towards Francuska Street. After another 1.5 kilometer, access roads appear again on the north side, too, and there is a tight exit towards Pułaskiego Street. The highway then runs into Murckowska interchange, before exiting the city.

National road 79 (DK79) enters Katowice from Chorzów and separates the Silesian Park and Osiedle Tysiąclecia in Katowice. It then merges with Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa (DTŚ) at the junction with Bocheńskiego road and Złota Street. It continues with DTŚ through the Katowice city center and descents into a tunnel under the Rondo roundabout. It then emerges overground again, right before an interchange with DK86. The road continues eastward as a freeway with exits towards Zawodzie and Szopienice neighborhoods for several more kilometers, before entering Mysłowice and becoming a standard-access road.

National road 81 (DK81) enters Katowice from Mikołów and runs through the southern residential neighborhoods as an arterial road with two lanes in each direction, named Kościuszki Street. In the Brynów neighborhood, Kościuszki Street continues towards Katowice's city center while NR 81 turns east, to run through the forest towards the interchange with DK86.

National road 86 (DK86) enters Katowice from Sosnowiec as expressway S86 up until Roździeńskiego interchange where it meets DK79 and loses its expressway status. It then continues south as Murckowska freeway east of the city center. It meets highway A4 and then passes by Giszowiec neighborhood and continues through the woods southward, with exits towards Murcki neighborhood (from which it gets its name) and Kostuchna. It bypasses Murcki from the east and continues south towards Tychy.

Tempo 30 Zone

In 2015, Katowice designated most of its city center as a 30 km/h (19 miles per hour) zone, in an effort to curb traffic fatalities and crashes. Within 3 years of operation, the number of accidents dropped by 41 percent, including 37 percent drop in accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists. The accidents are also less severe: there was a 55 percent drop in injured pedestrians and cyclists.[109]

Airports

Located approximately 30 km (19 mi) north of the city center, Katowice Airport is the main airport serving Katowice. The airport is a focus city for LOT Polish Airlines, Ryanair and its subsidiary Buzz, Wizz Air, Smartwings, and Enter Air. The busiest routes are: London, Dortmund, Antalya, Eindhoven, Warsaw and Frankfurt. Katowice is the largest leisure travel airport in Poland.[110] Long-haul flights are operated from Katowice to Varadero in Cuba, Bangkok in Thailand, Cancún in Mexico, Malé in Maldives and to Puerto Plata as well as Punta Cana in Dominican Republic. Katowice is also the second-largest cargo airport, after Warsaw Chopin. The airport is accessed through a metropolitan express bus line, running every 30 minutes between 4am and 9:30pm and every hour at night. A new train station at the airport is under construction, scheduled to be operational in 2023.

Katowice is also within an hour drive from Kraków Airport, which offers additional destinations and airlines such as Amsterdam (KLM), Paris (Air France), Helsinki (Finnair), Chicago and Newark (LOT Polish Airlines), Copenhagen and Stockholm (SAS) and Zurich (Swiss). The airport can be access through scheduled buses leaving from Katowice bus station every 30–60 minutes.

Sports

Katowice has a long sporting tradition and hosted the final of EuroBasket 2009 and 1975 European Athletics Indoor Championships, 1975 European Amateur Boxing Championships, 1976 World Ice Hockey Championships, 1957, 1985 European Weightlifting Championships, 1974, 1982 World Wrestling Championships, 1991 World Amateur Bodybuilding Championships, 2011 Women's European Union Amateur Boxing Championships, 2014 FIVB Men's World Championship and others.

The Stadion Śląski is between Chorzów and Katowice. It was a national stadium of Poland, with more than 50 international matches of the Poland national football team played here and around 30 matches in UEFA competitions. There were also a Speedway World Championship, Speedway Grand Prix of Europe and many concerts featuring international stars.

Tourists can relax playing tennis or squash, doing water sports also sailing (for example—in Dolina Trzech Stawów), horse-riding (in Wesoła Fala and Silesian culture and refreshment park), cycling or going to one of numerous excellently equipped fitness clubs. Near the city centre are sporting facilities like swimming pools (for example "Bugla", "Rolna") and in neighbourhood—Golf courses (in Siemianowice Śląskie).

Sports clubs

Defunct sports clubs:

  • Diana Kattowitz – football club
  • Germania Kattowitz – football club
  • KS Baildon Katowice – various sports, many medals in the Polish Championship in various sports
  • Pogoń Katowice – various sports, many medals in the Polish Championship in various sports

Sports events

 
Spanish fans at the EuroBasket 2009 in Katowice

Notable people

Main page: Category:People from Katowice

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Katowice is twinned with:[115]

See also

Notes

References

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External links

  • Interesting things and places in Katowice

Coordinates: 50°16′N 19°01′E / 50.267°N 19.017°E / 50.267; 19.017

March 08, 2023
katowice, kattowitz, redirects, here, other, uses, kattowitz, disambiguation, confused, with, kotowice, veet, ɑː, kaht, polish, katɔˈvitsɛ, listen, silesian, katowicy, german, kattowitz, yiddish, קא, טעוויץ, romanized, kattevitz, capital, city, silesian, voivo. Kattowitz redirects here For other uses see Kattowitz disambiguation Not to be confused with Kotowice Katowice UK ˌ k ae t e ˈ v iː t s e KAT e VEET se 3 US ˌ k ɑː t KAHT 4 Polish katɔˈvitsɛ listen Silesian Katowicy 5 German Kattowitz Yiddish קא טעוויץ romanized Kattevitz is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area It is the 11th most populous city in Poland while its urban area is the most populous in the country and one of the most populous in the European Union KatowiceLeft to right Spodek at night KTW office buildingsNOSPR buildingMCK International Congress CentreNew Silesian MuseumView of Katowice railway station from Szewczyk SquareFlagCoat of armsLogoKatowiceLocation of Katowice in the Silesia Province in mid southern PolandShow map of PolandKatowiceKatowice Silesian Voivodeship Show map of Silesian VoivodeshipCoordinates 50 15 30 N 19 01 39 E 50 25833 N 19 02750 E 50 25833 19 02750Country PolandVoivodeship SilesianCountycity countyEstablished16th century 1598 first official informationCity rights1865Government City mayorMarcin KrupaArea City164 64 km2 63 57 sq mi Metro5 400 km2 2 100 sq mi Highest elevation352 m 1 155 ft Lowest elevation266 m 873 ft Population 31 December 2021 City286 960 11th 1 Density1 780 km2 4 600 sq mi Urban2 710 397 Metro5 294 000 2 Time zoneUTC 01 00 CET Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST Postal code40 001 to 40 999Area code 48 32Vehicle registrationSKWebsitewww wbr katowice wbr euKatowice has a population of 286 960 according to a 31 December 2021 estimate Katowice is a central part of the Metropolis GZM with a population of 2 3 million and a part of a larger Upper Silesian metropolitan area that extends into the Czech Republic and has a population of 5 5 3 million people 6 2 Throughout the mid 18th century Katowice developed into a village following the discovery of rich coal reserves in the area In the first half of the 19th century intensive industrialization transformed local mills and farms into industrial steelworks mines foundries and artisan workshops The city has since reshaped its economy from a heavy industry based one to professional services education and healthcare The entire metropolitan area is the 16th most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union with an output amounting to 114 5 billion Katowice has been classified as a Gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 7 and is a centre of commerce business transportation and culture in southern Poland with numerous public companies headquartered in the city or in its suburbs including energy group Tauron and metal industry corporation Fasing important cultural institutions such as Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra award winning music festivals such as Off Festival and Tauron New Music and transportation infrastructure such as Katowice Korfanty Airport It also hosts the finals of Intel Extreme Masters an Esports video game tournament Katowice is also home to several institutions of higher learning notably the University of Silesia the Silesian University of Technology and the Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music Contents 1 History 1 1 Before the industrial revolution 1 2 Emergence as an industrial centre 1 3 World War II 1 4 Postwar period 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Neighborhoods 2 3 Metropolitan area 3 Demographics 3 1 Historical population 3 2 Ethnic diversity 3 3 Socioeconomics 3 4 Religion 3 4 1 Christianity 3 4 2 Judaism 3 4 3 Other religions 4 Architecture and urban design 4 1 City centre 4 1 1 Interwar architecture 4 1 2 Post war architecture 4 1 3 Contemporary architecture 4 2 Tourist attractions 5 Economy 5 1 Business and commerce 5 2 Industry 6 Culture 6 1 Performing arts 6 2 Museums and art galleries 6 3 Media 6 4 Festivals and events 6 5 Parks and squares 7 Nature reserves and ecological areas 8 Education 9 Transportation 9 1 Public transportation 9 1 1 Tram and bus lines 9 1 2 Commuter trains 9 1 3 Long haul trains 9 1 4 Long haul coach lines 9 1 5 Cycling walking and other 9 2 Freeways roads and streets 9 2 1 Main roads 9 2 2 Tempo 30 Zone 9 3 Airports 10 Sports 10 1 Sports clubs 10 2 Sports events 11 Notable people 12 Twin towns sister cities 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External linksHistory EditFurther information History of Katowice Before the industrial revolution Edit A fragment from the Bogucice Parish visitation report from 1598 that mentions the name Katowice for the first time The area around Katowice in Upper Silesia has been inhabited by ethnic Silesian tribes from its earliest documented history 8 While the name Katowice Katowicze is mentioned for the first time in 1598 other villages and settlements that would eventually become parts of modern Katowice have been established earlier with Dab being the oldest mentioned in 1299 for the first time in a document issued by Duke Casimir of Bytom Bogucice Ligota Szopenice and Podlesie were all established in early 14th century Aside from farming people living in the area would also work in hammer mills the first one Kuznica Bogucka is mentioned in 1397 The area which would become Katowice was initially ruled by the Polish Silesian Piast dynasty until its extinction 9 From 1327 the region was under administration of the Kingdom of Bohemia under the Holy Roman Empire As part of the Bohemian Crown it was passed to the Habsburg monarchy of Austria in 1526 10 In 1742 along with most of Silesia it was seized by Prussia following the First Silesian War The two subsequent Silesian Wars left the area severely depopulated and with economy in ruins In 1838 Franz von Winckler bought Katowice from Karl Friedrich Lehmann and in 1841 he made it the headquarters of his estate 11 Emergence as an industrial centre Edit Baildon steelworks 19th century On 3 October 1846 the works of the final stage of the Breslau Myslowitz Wroclaw Myslowice rail line ended built and operated by the Upper Silesian Railway Oberschlesische Eisenbahn OSE It was opened by the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV 12 A year later on 6 August 1847 the first train arrived at the new Katowice station The railway connection with major European cities Katowice gained connections to Berlin Krakow Vienna and Warsaw among others between 1847 and 1848 fostered economic and population growth The population grew enough to erect the first Lutheran church on 29 September 1858 Church of the Resurrection and the first Catholic church two years later on 11 November 1860 Katowice then Kattowitz gained city status on 11 September 1865 in the Prussian Province of Silesia by the act of the king Wilhelm I Hohenzollern 8 The city flourished due to large mineral especially coal deposits in the area Extensive city growth and prosperity depended on the coal mining and steel industries which took off during the Industrial Revolution The city was inhabited mainly by Germans Poles incl Silesians and Jews In 1884 36 Jewish Zionist delegates met here forming the Hovevei Zion movement Previously part of the Beuthen district in 1873 it became the capital of the new Kattowitz district On 1 April 1899 the city was separated from the district becoming an independent city In 1882 the Upper Silesian Coal and Steelworks Company Oberschlesischer Berg und Huttenmannischer Verein moved its headquarters to Katowice followed by creation of the Upper Silesian Coal Convention Oberschlesische Kohlen Konvention in 1898 Civic development followed industrial development in 1851 the first post office opens in Katowice and in 1893 the current regional post office headquarters have been opened in 1871 the first middle school was opened later expanded to high school in 1889 Katowice got a district court in 1895 the city bath opened and regional headquarters of the Prussian state railways has been established in the city in 1907 the city theater currently the Silesian Theatre opened Katowice in the 1930s Under the Treaty of Versailles after World War I the Upper Silesia plebiscite was organised by the League of Nations Though Kattowitz proper voted 22 774 to remain in Germany and 3 900 for Poland 13 it was attached to Poland as the larger district voted 66 119 for Poland and 52 992 for Germany 14 Following the Silesian Uprisings of 1918 21 Katowice became part of the Second Polish Republic with some autonomy for the Silesian Parliament as a constituency and the Silesian Voivodeship Council as the executive body In 1924 the surrounding villages and towns were incorporated into Katowice and the number of inhabitants increased to over 112 000 since then the number of Poles exceeded the number of Germans throughout the interwar period the number of Germans decreased in 1925 they constituted 12 of the inhabitants of Katowice and in 1939 only 6 while Poles constituted 93 At the end of the interwar period the number of inhabitants exceeded 134 000 In the years 1926 1933 Katowice and the Polish part of Upper Silesia were connected with Gdynia and Polish part of Pomerania in the Polish Corridor through the Coal Trunk Line Polish Magistrala Weglowa World War II Edit During the early stages of World War II and the Poland Campaign Katowice was essentially abandoned by the Polish Land Forces which had to position itself around Krakow Nevertheless the city was defended by local Poles and the invading Germans immediately carried out massacres of captured Polish defenders 15 In the following weeks the German Einsatzkommando 1 was stationed in the city and its units were responsible for many crimes against Poles committed in the region 16 Parachute Tower one of the symbols of the Polish Defense of Katowice Under German occupation many of the city s historical and iconic monuments were destroyed most notably the Great Katowice Synagogue which was burned to the ground on 4 September 1939 This was followed by the alteration of street names and the introduction of strict rules Additionally the use of Polish in public conversations was banned The German administration was also infamous for organising public executions of civilians 17 and by the middle of 1941 most of the Polish and Jewish population was expelled The Germans established and operated a Nazi prison in the city 18 and multiple forced labour camps within present day city limits including two camps solely for Poles Polenlager 19 20 four camps solely for Jews 21 22 23 24 two subcamps E734 E750 of the Stalag VIII B 344 prisoner of war camp 25 and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp 26 Eventually Katowice was liberated by the Red Army in January 1945 Significant parts of the downtown and inner suburbs were demolished during the occupation This however cannot be compared with Warsaw where the level of destruction reached 85 27 As a result the authorities were able to preserve the central district in its prewar character Postwar period Edit The postwar period of Katowice was characterised by the time of heavy industry development in the Upper Silesian region which helped the city in regaining its status as the most industrialised Polish city and a major administrative centre As the city developed so briskly the 1950s marked a significant increase in its population and an influx of migrants from the Eastern Borderlands the so called Kresy The city area began to quickly expand by incorporating the neighbouring communes and counties However the thriving industrial city also had a dark period in its short but meaningful history Most notably between 7 March 1953 and 10 December 1956 Katowice was called Stalinogrod in honour of Joseph Stalin leader of the Soviet Union 28 The change was brought upon by an issued decree of the State Council 29 The date of the alteration of the city name was neither a coincidence or accidental as it happened on the day of Stalin s death In this way the Polish United Workers Party and the socialist authority wanted to pay tribute to the dictator The new name never got accepted by the citizens and in 1956 the former Polish name was restored 30 The following decades were more memorable in the history of Katowice Regardless of its industrial significance it started to become an important cultural and educational centre in Central and Eastern Europe In 1968 the University of Silesia in Katowice the largest and most valued college in the area was founded Simultaneously the construction of large housing estates began to evolve Furthermore many representative structures were erected at that time including the Silesian Insurgents Monument 1967 and Spodek 1971 which have become familiar landmarks and tourist sights The 1960s and 1970s saw the evolution of modernist architecture and functionalism Katowice eventually developed into one of the most modernist post war cities of Poland 3 Maja Street is one of the main promenades in the city One of the most dramatic events in the history of the city occurred on 16 December 1981 It was then that 9 protesters died 7 were shot dead 2 died from injury complications and another 21 were wounded in the pacification of Wujek Coal Mine The Special Platoon of the Motorized Reserves of the Citizens Militia ZOMO was responsible for the brutal handling of strikers protesting against Wojciech Jaruzelski s declaration of martial law and the arrest of Solidarity trade union officials On the 10th anniversary of the event a memorial was unveiled by the President of Poland Lech Walesa In 1990 the first democratic local elections that took place marked a new period in the city s history The economy of Katowice has been transforming from the heavy industry of steel and coal mines into one of the most attractive investment areas for modern economy branches in Central Europe 31 Recently the city s efficient infrastructure rapid progress in the overall development and an increase in office space has made Katowice a popular venue for conducting business The Katowice Expo Centre Katowickie Centrum Wystawiennicze organises trade fairs or exhibitions and attracts investors from all over the world 32 In 2018 the city was the host of the 24th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC COP24 33 In 2022 the city hosted the 11th edition of the World Urban Forum the world s most important conference on sustainable urbanization and development of cities 34 Katowice International Conference Centre built in 2015Geography EditKatowice encompasses an area of 164 67 square kilometres 63 58 sq mi The city is situated in the Silesian Highlands about 50 km 31 mi north of the Silesian Beskids part of the Carpathian Mountains Klodnica and Rawa tributaries of the Oder and the Vistula respectively are the largest rivers in Katowice and the border between catchment areas of Oder and Vistula goes through the city With a minimal elevation of 245 metres 804 ft and median elevation of 266 metres 873 ft above sea level Katowice has the highest elevation among large cities in Poland 35 Climate Edit Katowice has a temperate ocean moderated humid continental climate Koppen climate classification Dfb Cfb The average temperature is 8 2 Celsius 2 0 C or 28 4 F in January and up to 17 9 C or 64 2 F in July Yearly rainfall averages at 652 8 millimetres or 25 70 inches Characteristic weak winds blow at about 2 metres per second 4 5 mph 7 2 km h 3 9 kn from the southwest through the Moravian Gate 36 Climate data for Katowice 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 14 7 58 5 18 8 65 8 22 8 73 0 29 5 85 1 32 2 90 0 34 6 94 3 35 7 96 3 37 2 99 0 34 4 93 9 26 6 79 9 20 9 69 6 18 2 64 8 37 2 99 0 Average high C F 1 8 35 2 3 7 38 7 8 2 46 8 14 9 58 8 19 6 67 3 22 9 73 2 24 9 76 8 24 6 76 3 19 2 66 6 13 7 56 7 7 8 46 0 2 7 36 9 13 7 56 7 Daily mean C F 1 6 29 1 0 1 32 2 3 6 38 5 9 3 48 7 13 8 56 8 17 3 63 1 19 1 66 4 18 6 65 5 13 7 56 7 8 9 48 0 4 2 39 6 0 0 32 0 9 0 48 2 Average low C F 4 3 24 3 3 4 25 9 0 7 30 7 3 5 38 3 8 0 46 4 11 7 53 1 13 4 56 1 12 9 55 2 8 9 48 0 4 6 40 3 0 9 33 6 2 9 26 8 4 4 39 9 Record low C F 27 4 17 3 30 0 22 0 20 8 5 4 8 2 17 2 3 4 25 9 0 3 31 5 4 8 40 6 3 1 37 6 3 4 25 9 8 0 17 6 16 3 2 7 24 4 11 9 30 0 22 0 Average precipitation mm inches 43 8 1 72 39 4 1 55 47 7 1 88 44 9 1 77 75 7 2 98 78 7 3 10 103 8 4 09 73 1 2 88 69 9 2 75 53 4 2 10 49 0 1 93 43 8 1 72 723 2 28 47 Average extreme snow depth cm inches 9 1 3 6 8 2 3 2 5 0 2 0 2 3 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 0 1 2 4 9 1 9 9 1 3 6 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 17 50 15 97 14 77 12 00 14 73 14 30 14 83 12 23 12 37 14 07 14 23 16 43 173 44Average snowy days 0 cm 17 7 15 2 6 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 4 13 1 58 1Average relative humidity 84 6 80 5 74 1 66 5 69 8 70 8 71 8 73 4 79 6 83 0 85 9 86 3 77 2Mean monthly sunshine hours 50 7 70 6 122 6 182 7 223 7 230 6 246 8 241 3 162 6 114 5 61 3 43 0 1 750 3Source 1 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Source 2 Meteomodel pl records relative humidity 1991 2020 45 46 47 Neighborhoods Edit Katowice has 22 officially recognized neighborhoods Srodmiescie Osiedle Paderewskiego Muchowiec Zawodzie and Koszutka form the dense central urban core where most cultural and educational institutions businesses and administrative buildings are located Most Northern and Eastern neighborhoods around the downtown core are more working class and developed from worker s estates build around large industry such as coal mines manufactures and steelworks Each of these neighborhoods has its own dense commercial strip surrounded by mid rise apartment buildings and some single family homes Szopienice located between downtown Katowice and Myslowice used to be a separate town until mid 1960s Nikiszowiec a former mine s town has undergone strong gentrification in recent years and emerged as a major tourist attraction in the region thanks to its unique architecture and art galleries 48 Western and Southern neighborhoods with the exception of Brynow Zaleska Halda which is a working class neighborhood built around a coal mine are more suburban in nature concentrating the city s middle and upper middle classes I Central District1 Srodmiescie 4 Osiedle Paderewskiego Muchowiec 12 Koszutka 13 BoguciceII Northern District7 Zaleze 8 Osiedle Witosa 9 Osiedle Tysiaclecia 10 Dab 11 Welnowiec JozefowiecIII Western District2 Brynow Zaleska Halda 5 Brynow Osiedle Zgrzebnioka 6 Ligota Panewniki IV Eastern District3 Zawodzie 14 Dabrowka Mala 15 Szopienice Burowiec 16 Janow Nikiszowiec 17 GiszowiecV Southern District18 Murcki 19 Piotrowice Ochojec 20 Zarzecze 21 Kostuchna 22 PodlesieMetropolitan area Edit Katowice lies in the centre of the largest conurbation in Poland one of the largest in the European Union numbering about 2 7 million The Katowice urban area consists of about 40 adjacent cities and towns the whole Silesian metropolitan area mostly within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin over 50 cities or towns The metropolitan area has a population of 5 294 000 In 2006 Katowice and 14 adjacent cities united as the Upper Silesian Metropolis Its population is 2 million and its area is 1 104 km2 In 2006 2007 the union planned to unite these cities in one city under the name Silesia but this proved unsuccessful 49 The Katowice conurbation comprises settlements which have evolved because of the mining of metal ores coal and raw rock materials 50 The establishment of mining and heavy industry which have developed for the past centuries has resulted in the unique character of the cityscape its typical aspects are the red brick housing estates 51 constructed for the poorer working class factory chimneys manufacturing plants power stations and quarries The inhabitants of a large mining community like Katowice and local administrations within the conurbation which have only evolved due to mining are a subject to overall decline after the liquidation of coal mines and factories This is one of the reasons which led to the development of the service sector including office spaces shopping centres and tourism District Population 52 30 June 2017 Area km2 Density km2 Katowice 297 197 164 67 1 896Sosnowiec 204 958 91 06 2 444Gliwice 181 715 133 88 1 474Zabrze 175 016 80 40 2 352Bytom 168 968 69 44 2 661Ruda Slaska 138 754 77 73 1 860Tychy 128 191 81 64 1 590Dabrowa Gornicza 121 387 188 73 682Chorzow 109 151 33 24 3 420Jaworzno 92 215 152 67 626Myslowice 74 600 65 75 1 139Siemianowice Slaskie 67 710 25 5 2 809Piekary Slaskie 55 820 39 98 1 477Swietochlowice 50 529 13 31 4 097Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 1825675 18451 326 96 4 18613 780 185 1 187511 000 191 0 189016 513 50 1 191043 173 161 4 192356 739 31 4 1931127 044 123 9 1938132 894 4 6 1945107 735 18 9 1950175 496 62 9 1960269 926 53 8 1970305 000 13 0 1980355 117 16 4 1990366 798 3 3 2000330 625 9 9 2010306 826 7 2 2020290 553 5 3 source 53 The Polish Statistical Office estimates Katowice s population to be 292 774 as of 31 December 2020 update with a population density of 1 778 inhabitants per square kilometre 4 600 sq mi There were 139 274 males and 153 500 females Age breakdown of people in Katowice is 12 9 0 14 years old 13 7 15 29 years old 23 8 30 44 years old 19 5 45 59 years old 20 1 60 74 years old and 9 9 75 years and older Katowice is a centre of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area with a population of approx 5 3 million This metropolitan area extends into the neighboring Czechia where the other centre is the city of Ostrava 41 municipalities that constitute the core of the metropolitan area created the Silesian Metropolis association which has 2 3 million people as of 2019 update Historical population Edit Katowice s population grew very fast between 1845 and 1960 fueled by the expansion of heavy industry and administrative functions In the 60s 70s and 80s the city grew by another 100 000 people reaching a height of 368 621 in 1988 Since then the collapse of heavy industry emigration and suburbanization reversed the population development Katowice lost approx 75 000 people 20 since the fall of communism in Poland Before World War II Katowice was mainly inhabited by Poles and Germans The 1905 Silesian demographic census has shown that Germans made up nearly 70 75 of the total population with German Jews and Poles constituted 25 30 of inhabitants of Katowice After the plebiscite in Upper Silesia Silesian uprisings and the incorporation of Katowice into Poland in 1922 and then the incorporation of several nearby villages and towns into the city the number of inhabitants of Katowice increased significantly but the number of Germans in Katowice fell to 12 in 1925 and to 6 in 1939 most Germans left Poland and areas with a Polish majority were incorporated Thus in 1939 Katowice was inhabited in 93 by Poles 6 by Germans and 1 by Jews After the German aggression against Poland in 1939 some Poles were displaced from Katowice and settled with Germans this process was interrupted during the occupation of Katowice by the Red Army in 1945 and then practically the entire German minority was displaced After 1945 Polish exiles from Kresy Eastern Borderlands and Polish people from other work regions including for work purposes came to the city Most pre war citizens excluding Poles were forcibly expelled by the new authorities During the war the Nazi occupant committed severe crimes against the local Roma and Jewish communities Most of them were eventually killed or transported by cattle wagons to concentration camps such as Auschwitz for complete extermination 54 This led to a population drop between 1939 and 1945 Ethnic diversity Edit Currently Katowice is one of the more diverse cities in Poland According to the 2011 census update of 310 764 inhabitants 81 500 26 2 declared a nationality other than Polish or Polish nationality and at the same time a different nationality two nationalities can be declared in Polish censuses with top other nationalities being the indigenous Silesians 78 838 but most of which declared both Silesian and Polish at the same time possibility to declare two and Germans 1 058 Additionally 5 614 1 8 people either did not declare a nationality or stated they have no nationality When counting the declared two nationalities 90 1 of the inhabitants of Katowice declared Polish nationality Linguistic diversity is smaller in Katowice 97 1 of people speak Polish at home 2 9 speak only non Polish language while 5 3 speak Polish and at least one other language The most spoken minority languages include Silesian 22 730 7 3 English 1 313 0 4 and German 969 0 3 55 Since the 2011 census the international population have risen in Katowice with the post 2014 increase in immigration to Poland with the primary nationality being Ukrainians According to the Polish Ministry of Development Labor and Technology there have been 20 527 foreigners 7 of official population figure on a special worker permit for citizens of Belarus Georgia Moldova Russia Serbia and Ukraine in Katowice in 2020 19 003 of them from Ukraine By the end of 2021 this number has increased to 26 990 23 207 of them from Ukraine 56 Additionally as of June 2022 update 11 568 refugees settled in Katowice since the start of the Russian invasion on Ukraine 57 Socioeconomics Edit The 2011 census found out that among population aged 25 and older 26 7 of Katowice residents had a college degree 35 had a high school degree but no college degree 22 3 had trade school diploma and the rest had primary or junior high school education only In the 25 34 age group college graduates share is 44 9 and an additional 31 8 has a high school degree According to Eurostat data Katowice and its surrounding Silesian region had one of the highest share of people who have attained at least an upper secondary level of education more than 90 and one of the lowest share of school dropouts in Europe less than 5 58 There were 134 199 households in Katowice as of the 2011 update census with an average household size of 2 3 people 32 7 households were single person households 29 4 had two people 20 5 had three people 12 5 had four people and 4 9 had five people or more Katowice has the 3rd highest wages in Poland behind Jastrzebie Zdroj and Warsaw only and slightly ahead of Gdansk at PLN 6 176 a month 59 Poverty rate places Katowice on average with other big cities in Poland at 4 09 of inhabitants eligible for welfare benefits as of 2019 update Religion Edit Roman Catholicism is the main religion in Katowice as of the 2011 update Polish census 82 43 256 166 people in Katowice declared to be Catholic Other denominations with at least 1 000 worshippers include the Lutheran Church in Poland 0 43 1 336 people and Jehovah s Witnesses 0 42 1 311 people 4 47 13 900 people in Katowice stated they are atheist while 12 37 029 people refused to state their religious affiliation Other religions with presence and places of worship in the city include Judaism Islam and Buddhism as well as other Protestant denominations Christianity Edit Cathedral of Christ the King seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Katowice Katowice is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese with the suffragan bishoprics of Gliwice and Opole and around 1 477 900 Catholics The Cathedral of Christ the King constructed between 1927 and 1955 in a classicist style is the largest cathedral in Poland There are 36 Catholic churches in Katowice including two basilicas as well as 18 monasteries Katowice is also a seat of a diocesan Catholic seminary as well as one of the Order of Friars Minor Katowice Archdiocese owns several media companies headquartered in Katowice Ksiegarnia sw Jacka a Catholic publishing company and Instytut Gosc Media a multi channeled media company that owns Radio eM a regional Catholic radio and a few magazines Gosc Niedzielny owned by Instytut Gosc Media and published in Katowice is currently the most popular Catholic magazine in the country with approx 120 000 copies sold weekly Katowice is also the seat of a Lutheran Diocese which covers Upper Silesia Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian region and has 12 934 adherents as of 2019 update 60 Lutherans have two churches in Katowice including a cathedral which is the oldest church built originally in Katowice completed on 29 September 1858 Historically Lutheran population in Katowice was mostly German and with the expulsion of Germans from Poland after the Second World War number of Lutherans dropped in Katowice Other denominations with churches or praying houses in Katowice include Seventh Day Adventists Baptists Christ Church in Poland Pentecostals and other evangelical groups Judaism Edit The Great Synagogue in Katowice was destroyed by the German Nazis during the invasion of Poland on 4 September 1939 Judaism has historically been present in Katowice since at least 1702 61 First synagogue designed by a local architect Ignatz Grunfeld was consecrated on 4 September 1862 while the Jewish cemetery was established in 1868 Dr Jacob Cohn was the first rabbi of Katowice appointed to this function on 6 January 1872 and holding it until 1920s Zionism was strong in Katowice and in 1884 the city was the place of the Katowice Conference the first public Zionist meeting in history On 12 September 1900 the Great Synagogue was opened Following World War I and subsequent creation of the Polish state most Katowice Jews who identified with Germany left the city and settled primarily in Bytom a nearby city that was still part of Germany They were partially replaced by Jews moving from the East particularly the neighboring Dabrowa Basin region that had a large Jewish population In 1931 60 of 5 716 Jews in Katowice were recent immigrants from other parts of Poland 61 On 1 September 1939 Poland was attacked by Nazi Germany and Katowice a border city surrendered on 3 September The Great Synagogue was burned by the German army the same day and in the following months Katowice Jews were deported to ghettos in Dabrowa Basin primarily Sosnowiec and Bedzin or directly to various concentration and death camps where most of them perished in the Holocaust After the war around 1 500 Jews were living in Katowice but most of them left Poland and emigrated to the United States and other Western countries Currently Katowice has one Qahal with approximately 200 members It owns houses of prayer in Katowice along with a kosher cafeteria and nearby Gliwice and the current rabbi is Yehoshua Ellis Other religions Edit There are two buddhist groups in Katowice Kwan Um School of Zen first registered in 1982 and the Diamond Road of Karma Kagyu line association Jehovah s Witnesses maintain 13 houses of prayer and one Kingdom Hall in Katowice Aside from Polish language congregations there is one for English speakers and one for Ukrainian speakers Architecture and urban design Edit Neo Renaissance Monopol Hotel opened in 1902 Neo Gothic St Mary s Church from the 19th century Unlike most other large Polish cities Katowice did not originate as a medieval town therefore it does not have an old town with a street layout and architectural styles characteristic to cities founded on Magdeburg rights Katowice s urban layout is a result of expansion and annexation of various towns industrial worker estates and villages 62 City centre Edit Katowice city centre has an axis design along the main railway line developed by an industrialist Friedrich Grundman in mid 19th century 63 64 Most of the city centre in Katowice developed in late 19th and early 20th century when it was part of the Kingdom of Prussia and had a German speaking majority As a result architectural styles of that era are similar to those in other Prussian cities such as Berlin or Wroclaw then Breslau primarily renaissance revival and baroque revival with some buildings in gothic revival romanesque revival and art nouveau styles 63 Interwar architecture Edit Interwar panorama of Katowice with Drapacz Chmur visible in centre Silesian Parliament In 1922 Katowice and the eastern portion of Upper Silesia were reintegrated with reborn Poland and an autonomous Silesian Voivodeship was established with Katowice as its capital This event has marked the beginning of a period of unprecedented architectural development in the city Since most traditional styles especially gothic and gothic revival were perceived as connected to imperial Germany by the new Polish authorities all new development was to be built in at first in the neoclassical and later in functionalist Bauhaus style 65 The city which needed to build administrative buildings for the new authorities and housing for people working in regional administration began expansion southward creating one of the largest complexes of modern architecture in Poland comparable to Warsaw and Gdynia newly built port on the Baltic Sea only 66 The modernist district is centered around the monumental Silesian Parliament building 1923 1929 which architecture is mostly functionalist but still will neoclassical references on the facades During World War II the building became headquarters of the Reichsgau Oberschlesien and part of the interior was redesigned by Albert Speer Hitler s favorite architect to resemble the interior of the Reich Chancellery 67 The nearby Cathedral of Christ the King 1927 1955 with dome lowered by 34 meters compared to original design is also neoclassical but with an ascetic interior including a tabernacle and a golden mosaic funded by future pope Joseph Ratzinger 68 Other buildings designed in mid to late 1920s and 1930s are mostly modernist or functionalist A symbol of the city in the interwar period Drapacz Chmur literally The Skyscraper was the first skyscraper built in Poland after World War I and the first building in the country to be based on a steel frame 66 Post war architecture Edit Plac Grunwaldzki in Koszutka under construction 1950s Modernist Osiedle Gwiazdy built in late 1970s and the light cubes of the New Silesian Museum After World War II Katowice again expected a period of rapid growth particularly under the regional leadership of Marshall Jerzy Zietek Palac Mlodziezy Youth Palace became the first major new building completed in Katowice after the war erected in the socrealist style with elements of late modernism in 1949 1951 69 The largest development of the 1950s in Katowice was the expansion of the Koszutka neighborhood also in the socialist realist style in early 1950s 70 Following the death of Stalin in 1956 and the end of socrealism Jerzy Zietek and city authorities commissioned a group of young architects and urbanists to create a project of the new urban design of Katowice The collective called Miastoprojekt Katowice came up with a design heavily influenced by Le Corbusier s ideas 71 The project was centered around a grand avenue current Aleja Korfantego surrounded by simple modern blocks and monuments scattered in distance to each other according to modernist ideals The most important buildings from that time include Spodek Arena 1964 1971 widely considered the symbol of Katowice and ranked among the finest achievements of modern architecture in Poland 72 one of the first buildings in the world with a tensegrity rooftop Arena s unique design resembling an UFO comes from the need to accommodate different functions inside Katowice Railway Station 1959 1972 considered to be the most outstanding example of brutalism in Poland 73 controversially demolished in 2010 and partially rebuilt as an addition to the Galeria Katowicka shopping centre Superjednostka 1967 1972 a massive 187 5 meters length 51 meters high residential block heavily inspired by Le Corbusier s Unite d habitation in Marseille Osiedle Gwiazdy 1978 1985 a housing estate of eight 27 floor residential buildings on a plan resembling a star Osiedle Tysiaclecia 1961 1982 later expanded a large housing estate connecting to the Silesian Park built with modernist principles separation of foot and automobile traffic vast green spaces self sufficiency in terms of schools basic shops and healthcare Later expansion of the estate includes Kukurydze high rises a group of 26 floor high residential towers inspired by Marina City in Chicago Stalexport Towers 1979 1982 twin office towers with 22 and 20 floors showing influences of postmodernismContemporary architecture Edit Scientific Information Centre and Academic Library KTW Towers Global Office Park Face2Face Business Campus Following the collapse of communism in Poland and other Eastern Bloc countries and the centrally planned economy with it Katowice s economy suffered a downturn due to reduced significance of heavy industry As a result except for residential primarily suburban construction not many buildings were built One of the most significant buildings of the 1990s was the new branch of the Silesian Library in postmodernism style The situation changed in the early aughts when several new notable developments were completed Chorzowska 50 1999 2001 first modern A grade office building in Katowice currently owned and occupied by ING Bank Slaski Altus previously known as Uni Centrum 2001 2003 for many years the highest skyscraper in Poland outside of Warsaw at 125 meters 410 ft high Qubus Hotel which was located in Altus was one of the first four star hotels in southern Poland Silesia City Center 2003 2005 the flagship brownfield development of the era built in place a defunct coal mine Gottwald It remains one of the largest shopping centres in Poland at 86 000 m2 930 000 sq ft and also includes a housing estate and a chapel Dom z Ziemi Slaskiej 2001 2002 a modern suburban villa nominated to Mies van der Rohe Award in 2002Another wave of architectural revival came after Poland joined the European Union in 2004 European cohesion funds along with private capital investment flew into the city resulting in a number of architecturally interesting buildings and complexes including Strefa Kultury Zone of Culture a brownfield urban redevelopment in downtown Katowice National Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra NOSPR building 2012 2014 contains two concert halls for an audience of 1 800 or 300 Nominated to Mies van der Rohe Award in 2014 first prize in European Commercial Property Awards 74 75 Katowice International Conference Centre 2012 2015 the largest conference centre in Poland capacity up to 12 000 people connected to the Spodek Arena The design of the centre with a distinct canyon going through it in order to remove any obstruction from view of Spodek has been hailed and the building was nominated to Mies van der Rohe award in 2017 76 New Silesian Museum 2011 2013 located in place of a former coal mine most of the museum is located underground with only glass cubes that provide daylight visible above ground Shortlisted for Mies van der Rohe award in 2015 77 CINiBA 2009 2011 academic library of the University of Silesia and Katowice University of Economics shortlisted to Mies van der Rohe award in 2013 78 Krzysztof Kieslowski Film School at the University of Silesia 2014 2017 awarded with Wienerberger Brick Award in 2020 79 shortlisted to Mies van der Rohe award in 2019 80 Located in a decayed neighborhood the building aims at kick starting an urban renewal process there KTW Towers 2018 2022 the taller tower which is still under construction is expected to become the tallest building in Katowice at 135 meters 443 ft and one of the tallest in Poland Tourist attractions Edit Nikiszowiec a historic workers housing estate Spodek a multipurpose arena from 1971 A historic tenement house in the city centre Market square and adjacent streets Warszawska Teatralna Dyrekcyjna Staromiejska Dworcowa sw Jana Pocztowa Wawelska 3 Maja Stawowa Mieleckiego Starowiejska and Mickiewicza the so called Great Market Square of Katowice or Old town of Katowice many historic monument buildings This is a group of functional architectural On the market square and most of the above mentioned streets are prohibitions or restrictions on cars Streets Staromiejska Dyrekcyjna Wawelska Stawowa and Warszawska is lined decorative cobblestone creating a pedestrian zone The authority plans to Katowice Quarter streets sw Jana Dworcowa Mariacka Mieleckiego Stanislawa and Starowiejska is to become so small market square 81 Nikiszowiec historical settlement of Katowice candidate to UNESCO Cathedral of Christ the King St Mary s Church Church of the Resurrection Evangelical Augsburg built in 1856 1858 Church of St Michael Archangel the oldest church in the city built in 1510 Drapacz Chmur one of the first skyscrapers in Europe Silesian Parliament built in 1925 1929 For a very long time it was the biggest structure in Poland Modernist old town Spodek a large sports centre concert hall whose name translates as the saucer from its distinctive shape resembling a UFO flying saucer Silesian Insurgents Monument Polish Pomnik Powstancow Slaskich the largest and heaviest monument in Poland It is a harmonious combination of architecture and sculpture with appropriate symbolism the wings symbolize the three Silesian Uprisings 1920 1921 while the names of places that were battlefields are etched on the vertical slopes The monument which was funded by the people of Warsaw for Upper Silesia is considered Katowice s landmark Silesian Theater built in 1907 Rialto Cinetheater built in 1912 Silesian Museum built in 1899 Old train station in Katowice built in 1906 The Goldstein Palace The Zaleze Palace Parachute Tower a 50 m 160 ft tall lattice tower was built in 1937 for training parachutists It was used in the first days of World War II and is the only parachute tower in Poland Other Franciscan Monastery in Panewniki Church of St Joseph Zaleze St Stephen s Church Church of Christ Resurrection The Monument to Marshal Pilsudski by Croatian sculptor Antun Augustincic 1937 39 It was commissioned in 1936 but brought to Poland in 1991 Monopol Hotel Katowice Rondo the large square roundabout reconstructed recently with the semi circular Galeria Rondo Sztuki in the centre The Altus Skyscraper the tallest skyscraperEconomy Edit Galeria Katowicka shopping centre Katowice has been classified as a Gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 82 and is considered as an emerging metropolis 83 Katowice s metropolitan area is the 16th most economically powerful urban area in the European Union by GDP with an output amounting to 114 5 billion 84 The city is one of the major industrial commerce and financial hubs of Poland and has successfully transformed its economy from heavy industry based to knowledge based one Katowice has a diversified economy with one of the strongest job markets in Poland 171 839 Katowice residents are employed as of 2019 and 113 830 commute to work in the city making Katowice second only to Warsaw in terms of commuter inflows in the country 85 Unemployment rate is extremely low at 1 8 as of June 2022 86 The broader Katowice subregion NUTS 3 level in European statistics which includes neighboring towns of Chorzow Siemianowice Slaskie Myslowice Ruda Slaska and Swietochlowice had 377 600 employed persons as of 2019 of which 22 in industry 6 in construction 23 in retail and services 5 in information and communication 5 in finance and insurance 2 in real estate 10 in professional services and science 23 in education health and administration and 4 in arts and entertainment 87 As of 2018 Katowice had the 10th highest salaries in Poland at PLN 5 698 98 per month on average 88 Business and commerce Edit Katowice is a large business convention and trade fair centre Katowice is headquarters to 18 public companies traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange with total market value of PLN 24 2 billion as of 2016 with the largest being ING Bank Slaski 89 As of 2019 38 companies from Katowice make the list of 2000 largest enterprises in Poland according to Rzeczpospolita with largest one being Tauron Polska Energia S A 10th place 90 As of 2012 44 050 companies were registered in Katowice almost 10 of all companies in the Silesian Voivodeship Retail is a very strong sector in Katowice The city is home to several shopping centres and department stores with Silesia City Center and Galeria Katowicka being the largest ones Silesia City Center located on a brownfield in place of a former coal mine is the largest shopping centre in Poland when number of stores is considered 310 different brands 91 and 7th largest in terms of retail space for rent 86 000 m2 930 000 sq ft 92 It is also a part of a broader revitalization complex that features an apartment complex and office space under construction as of October 2020 as well Katowice is also the seat of Katowice Special Economic Zone Katowicka Specjalna Strefa Ekonomiczna Industry Edit Since its creation Katowice s development was tightly connected to heavy industry especially coal mining steelworks and machine production In 1931 49 5 of inhabitants worked in industry and 12 5 in coal mining alone In 1989 industry accounted for 36 of all jobs in the city 112 000 employees As of 2018 34 294 people worked in industry in Katowice 20 4 of total below the national average The first reported coal mine in Katowice Murcki coal mine was established in 1740 and in 1769 construction on Emanuelssegen mine started As the demand for coal kept rising in the Kingdom of Prussia further mines were opened Beata 1801 Ferdinand 1823 Kleofas 1845 Later in 19th and early 20th century additional mines were opened Katowice Wujek Eminenz later renamed Gottwald and merged with Kleofas Wieczorek Boze Dary Staszic and renewed Murcki Currently only one Murcki Staszic remains in operation Katowice is also the seat of Polska Grupa Gornicza the largest coal mining corporation in Europe Metallurgy was another important part of Katowice s economy In 1863 a dozen zinc metallurgy facilities were reported in Katowice with Wilhelmina founded in 1834 being the largest In early 1900s Wilhelmina later renamed Huta Metali Niezaleznych Szopienice was enlarged and became the largest Silesian producer of non ferrous metals and world s largest producer of cadmium Two major steelworks existed in the city Huta Baildon established in 1823 by the Scottish engineer and industrialist John Baildon declared bankruptcy in 2001 and Huta Ferrum established in 1874 and operating to this date in limited capacity Culture Edit Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra building The Main Concert Hall A vibrant and progressive artistic communities particularly around musical arts make Katowice one of the leading cultural spots in Poland 93 Since mid 2000s Katowice has established a strategy to redevelop the post industrial areas using culture the pinnacle of which was a massive development on the site of a former coal mine known as Strefa Kultury the Zone of Culture where numerous cultural and convention institutions are located Performing arts Edit Katowice s status as the UNESCO City of Music designated when Katowice joined UNESCO Creative Cities Network in 2015 94 comes from a long and rich history of musical arts Katowice is the seat of an internationally renowned Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music whose faculty and graduates created the nationally important informal group called the Silesian school of composers Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra has been located in Katowice since 1945 and has gotten a new internationally acclaimed concert hall in 2014 built on a site of a former coal mine near Katowice s city center The Silesian Philharmonic also has its seat in Katowice The city is a venue for numerous classical concerts and festivals such as the International Festival of Young Music Competition Laureates Grzegorz Fitelberg International Competition for Conductors Chamber Music Festival Ars Cameralis Festival and Katowice s opera operettas and most of all ballet There are currently 6 theater buildings in Katowice and some theater groups without a permanent location Teatr Slaski is the oldest still functioning theater in Katowice first opened for audience in 1907 and located on the main square It was the first theater to give plays in Silesian dialect of Polish Every first Monday of the month the Silesian Opera singers from nearby Bytom give a performance there as Katowice does not have an opera house of its own Teatr Ateneum is an important puppetry theater while Teatr Korez was one of the first non public theaters in post war Poland Katowice is home to many nationally and internationally renowned popular music festivals Rawa Blues named after a stream that passes through Katowice s city center is one of the largest blues festivals in Europe Electronic music s Mayday Festival takes place every year in early November and is a sister event to its namesake in Dortmund OFF Festival dedicated to alternative music moved to Katowice in 2010 and has been held every August Tauron Nowa Muzyka festival oriented more towards dance and techno has been named one of the major European festivals to attend 95 Other music festivals such as the Silesian Jazz Festival KatoHej dedicated to chants and touristic music and Gardens of Sound are also organized In 2019 475 806 people attended various big cultural events such as concerts and festivals which gave the city the third place in Poland behind Warsaw and Krakow Nearby Chorzow with the Silesian Stadium right across the street from Katowice gathered another 319 783 attendees 96 Museums and art galleries Edit New complex of the Silesian Museum with an original mine headframe Exhibition hall of the museumThe Silesian Museum is the largest and most important museum in Katowice It originally opened in 1929 and its radically modern Bauhaus style new building was demolished immediately after the Nazis seized Katowice in 1939 considering it too degenerate and too Polish The museum has been placed in temporary buildings with its collections dispersed until 2015 when a new mostly underground building has been constructed in the Zone of Culture The museum exhibits works by famous and renowned Polish artists like Jozef Chelmonski Artur Grottger Tadeusz Makowski Jacek Malczewski Jan Matejko Jozef Mehoffer and Stanislaw Wyspianski 93 It is also well known for its collection of naive art paintings including local coal miners from Katowice area The museum has a number of sketches of globally recognizable artists such as Albrecht Durer and Rembrandt The City History Museum of Katowice exhibitions include immersive typical urban apartments from early 20th century naive art paintings from local artists and the history of Katowice from a village to an industrial center Other museums in Katowice include Museum of the History of Computers and Informatics and the Museum of Smallest Books in the World The BWA Contemporary Art Gallery in Katowice established in 1949 is a notable institution concerning the Contemporary arts 97 Every three years it is responsible for organizing the Polish Graphic Art Triennial Several other galleries feature exhibitions of the works by artists from abroad along with film screenings workshops for children and public fairs Media Edit TV stations TVP 3 Katowice TVS TV Silesia TVN24 department Katowice TVN24 oddzial Katowice radio stations Radio Katowice Antyradionewspapers Dziennik Zachodni Gazeta Wyborcza Katowice section Fakt Katowice section Metro International Katowice Nowy Przeglad KatowickiFestivals and events Edit Tauron New Music Festival Rawa Blues Festiwal Spodek Metalmania Spodek Off Festival Mayday Spodek International Competition of Conductors by Fitelberg International Cycling Film Festival International Festival of Military Orchestras International Exhibition of Graphic arts Intergrafia Esports tournament ESL One Katowice Tournament in 2015 98 Esports tournament Intel Extreme Masters World Championship one of the biggest esports events in the world 99 Poland hosted the 24th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC COP24 with the meeting held in Katowice 100 Parks and squares Edit Valley of Three Pondsparks Silesian Park Wojewodzki Park Kultury i Wypoczynku Kosciuszko Park Park im Tadeusza Kosciuszki Forest Park of Katowice Katowicki Park Lesny Valley of Three Ponds Dolina Trzech Stawow Zadole Parksquares Palms on Katowice market square during summer holidays Katowice market square Rynek w Katowicach Freedom Square Plac Wolnosci Andrzej Square Plac Andrzeja Miarka Square Plac Miarki Council of Europe Square Plac Rady Europy Alfred Square Plac Alfreda A Budniok Square Plac A Brudnioka J Londzin Square Plac J Londzina A Hlond Square Plac A Hlonda Nature reserves and ecological areas Edit Las Murckowski Nature reserve Las Murckowski Nature reserve Ochojec Szopienice Borki Zrodla Klodnicy Staw Grunfeld Stawy Na Tysiacleciu Plone BagnoEducation Edit Silesian Library in Katowice Main article List of schools of higher education in Katowice Katowice is a large scientific centre It has over 20 schools of higher education at which over 100 000 people study University of Silesia in Katowice Faculty of Law and Administration University of Silesia in Katowice University of Economics in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Silesian University of Technology University of Social Sciences and Humanities Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music Akademia Lospuma Training Institute Academy of Fine Arts in Katowice Academy of Physical Education im Jerzy Kukuczka in Katowice Higher Silesian Seminary in KatowiceThere are also around 80 high schools around 35 gimnasia around 55 primary schools around 50 libraries including the Silesian LibraryTransportation EditPublic transportation Edit Pesa Twist tram in Katowice The public transportation system of the Katowice consists of commuter and long distance trains trams buses and city bikes Around 38 percent of people in Katowice use trams and buses on their daily commute 40 percent if counted those using the park and ride facilities 10 percent walk 4 percent cycle and 2 percent takes the train according to a 2020 report 101 There are also three park and ride centers in Katowice with over 1 000 parking spaces Tram and bus lines Edit The transit authority of the Upper Silesian Metropolis Zarzad Transportu Metropolitalnego ZTM operates the city trams and buses The Silesian Interurban tram system is one of the largest and oldest in Europe in operation since 1894 and covering over 200 km of rails including 62 km in Katowice proper The network in Katowice is mostly located in the northern part of the city has a star like shape with most lines converging on the Rynek square and expanding to all directions There are 13 tram lines in Katowice all but 2 expanding into neighboring cities 116 tram stops are located in Katowice proper as of 2020 A new tram line is planned to the southern suburbs since 2016 Katowice railway station In addition to trams bus lines are organized by ZTM There are currently 63 regular lines in Katowice including night lines and additional 10 express metropolitan lines with 609 bus stops as of 2020 ZTM organizes a bus line to their airport as well which runs every 30 minutes between 4am and 9 30pm and every hour at night Commuter trains Edit Koleje Slaskie Silesian Railways a regional railway authority connects Katowice with its suburbs and other major cities in Silesian and Lesser Poland voivodeships Gliwice Rybnik Czestochowa Bielsko Biala Krakow and Oswiecim among others It operates 9 regular lines and 1 tourist weekend line to Zakopane 102 Polregio operates commuter trains from Katowice to cities and towns in Lesser Poland and Swietokrzyskie voivodeships Trzebinia Olkusz and Kielce among others Long haul trains Edit Katowice is the main railway hub in southern Poland Katowice s main railway station is the fifth busiest train station in Poland as of 2019 and third outside Warsaw with 17 6 million passengers and growing 47 percent since 2015 103 16 of the passengers travelled on PKP Intercity train the main long distance train operator in Poland Katowice has a direct Express Intercity Premium high speed connection to Warsaw through the Centralna Magistrala Kolejowa with a run time of 2 hours 21 minutes PKP Intercity also offers direct standard connections to Krakow under 1 hour Wroclaw Kielce and Ostrava under 2 hours Warsaw Rzeszow Olomouc and Lodz under 3 hours Poznan under 4 hours Brno Vienna and Bratislava under 5 hours as well as Prague Budapest and Berlin 104 City by bike bicycles in Jozefowiec district Long haul coach lines Edit Katowice has a modern international bus station located close to the city center There are over 400 connections on a typical weekday 105 with the most popular ones being domestic destinations in Poland and cities in Ukraine Cycling walking and other Edit Cycling is becoming a more popular mode of transportation in Katowice As of 2021 the city had 92 6 km 57 5 mi of dedicated bicycle lanes up from 60 km 37 miles in 2015 The municipal bicycle system is operated by Nextbike and has 83 stations with over 600 bicycles 106 Rides under 15 minutes are free those 15 60 minutes are PLN 1 and each additional hour becomes more expensive 107 Bolt and Blinkee operate commercial systems of scooter share Traficar and Panek Car Share operate commercial carshare systems Freeways roads and streets Edit Drogowa Trasa Srednicowa DK79 exiting the tunnel below Katowice city center Katowice has an extensive network of freeways roads and streets totaling over 1 120 km in length 108 The well developed network supports over 200 000 cars registered in Katowice and 49 percent of commuters that drive alone a high share compared to other major cities in Poland 101 Several freeways in Katowice are among the busiest in Poland expressway S86 between Sosnowiec and Katowice s city center and highway A4 between Murckowska and Mikolowska interchanges both see over 100 000 cars passing each day Katowice has a ring around its city center consisting of highway A4 Murckowska freeway Drogowa Trasa Srednicowa a freeway style road connecting downtowns of cities in the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area that partly goes in a tunnel underground and Bochenskiego road Many of the roads and freeways in Katowice expand radially from the city center and replaced old local roads Main roads Edit European route E40 passes through Katowice as highway A4 It enters the city from Chorzow and continues eastward with three lanes in each direction on the main road and two to three lanes in parallel access roads It meets Bochenskiego road and continues towards Mikolowska interchange which is one of the only combination interchanges in Poland and the main exit towards the city center After that interchange the highway loses its access roads due to lack of space in the dense urban area and continues east with four lanes in each direction Access roads appear again only on the south side though after around 500 meters and there is an exit towards Francuska Street After another 1 5 kilometer access roads appear again on the north side too and there is a tight exit towards Pulaskiego Street The highway then runs into Murckowska interchange before exiting the city National road 79 DK79 enters Katowice from Chorzow and separates the Silesian Park and Osiedle Tysiaclecia in Katowice It then merges with Drogowa Trasa Srednicowa DTS at the junction with Bochenskiego road and Zlota Street It continues with DTS through the Katowice city center and descents into a tunnel under the Rondo roundabout It then emerges overground again right before an interchange with DK86 The road continues eastward as a freeway with exits towards Zawodzie and Szopienice neighborhoods for several more kilometers before entering Myslowice and becoming a standard access road National road 81 DK81 enters Katowice from Mikolow and runs through the southern residential neighborhoods as an arterial road with two lanes in each direction named Kosciuszki Street In the Brynow neighborhood Kosciuszki Street continues towards Katowice s city center while NR 81 turns east to run through the forest towards the interchange with DK86 National road 86 DK86 enters Katowice from Sosnowiec as expressway S86 up until Rozdzienskiego interchange where it meets DK79 and loses its expressway status It then continues south as Murckowska freeway east of the city center It meets highway A4 and then passes by Giszowiec neighborhood and continues through the woods southward with exits towards Murcki neighborhood from which it gets its name and Kostuchna It bypasses Murcki from the east and continues south towards Tychy Tempo 30 Zone Edit In 2015 Katowice designated most of its city center as a 30 km h 19 miles per hour zone in an effort to curb traffic fatalities and crashes Within 3 years of operation the number of accidents dropped by 41 percent including 37 percent drop in accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists The accidents are also less severe there was a 55 percent drop in injured pedestrians and cyclists 109 Airports Edit Katowice Airport Located approximately 30 km 19 mi north of the city center Katowice Airport is the main airport serving Katowice The airport is a focus city for LOT Polish Airlines Ryanair and its subsidiary Buzz Wizz Air Smartwings and Enter Air The busiest routes are London Dortmund Antalya Eindhoven Warsaw and Frankfurt Katowice is the largest leisure travel airport in Poland 110 Long haul flights are operated from Katowice to Varadero in Cuba Bangkok in Thailand Cancun in Mexico Male in Maldives and to Puerto Plata as well as Punta Cana in Dominican Republic Katowice is also the second largest cargo airport after Warsaw Chopin The airport is accessed through a metropolitan express bus line running every 30 minutes between 4am and 9 30pm and every hour at night A new train station at the airport is under construction scheduled to be operational in 2023 Katowice is also within an hour drive from Krakow Airport which offers additional destinations and airlines such as Amsterdam KLM Paris Air France Helsinki Finnair Chicago and Newark LOT Polish Airlines Copenhagen and Stockholm SAS and Zurich Swiss The airport can be access through scheduled buses leaving from Katowice bus station every 30 60 minutes Sports EditKatowice has a long sporting tradition and hosted the final of EuroBasket 2009 and 1975 European Athletics Indoor Championships 1975 European Amateur Boxing Championships 1976 World Ice Hockey Championships 1957 1985 European Weightlifting Championships 1974 1982 World Wrestling Championships 1991 World Amateur Bodybuilding Championships 2011 Women s European Union Amateur Boxing Championships 2014 FIVB Men s World Championship and others The Stadion Slaski is between Chorzow and Katowice It was a national stadium of Poland with more than 50 international matches of the Poland national football team played here and around 30 matches in UEFA competitions There were also a Speedway World Championship Speedway Grand Prix of Europe and many concerts featuring international stars Tourists can relax playing tennis or squash doing water sports also sailing for example in Dolina Trzech Stawow horse riding in Wesola Fala and Silesian culture and refreshment park cycling or going to one of numerous excellently equipped fitness clubs Near the city centre are sporting facilities like swimming pools for example Bugla Rolna and in neighbourhood Golf courses in Siemianowice Slaskie Sports clubs Edit GKS Katowice men s football Polish Cup winner 1986 1991 1993 Polish SuperCup winner 1991 1995 1st league in 2003 2004 and 2004 2005 seasons ice hockey team Champion 1958 1960 1962 Gornik Katowice GKS 1965 1968 1970 1 FC Kattowitz football club vice champion of Poland 1927 champion of Upper Silesia 1907 1908 1909 1913 1922 1932 1945 AZS AWF Katowice various sports women s handball team playing in Polish Women s Handball Superleague men s basketball team playing in the second league fencing section many medals in the Polish Championship Naprzod Janow Katowice hockey club playing in Polish Hockey Superleague vice champion of Poland 5x 1971 1973 1977 1989 1992 bronze medal 7x 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1986 1987 Polish Cup 1x 1970 AZS US Katowice various sports many medals in the Polish Championship in various sports HKS Szopienice various sports many medals in the Polish and Europe and World Championship in weightlifting Silesia Miners American football club playing in Polish American Football League Polish champion in 2009 vice champion in 2007 Jango Katowice futsal club playing in Polish Futsal Superleague Polish Cup 1x 2007 bronze medal Polish Championship 2x 2001 2007 Rozwoj Katowice football club playing in Polish Third League MK Katowice football club playing in Polish Fourth League Hetman Szopienice chess club many medals in the Polish Championship Sparta Katowice various sports many medals in the Polish Championship in various sports Policyjny Klub Sportowy Katowice various sports many medals in the Polish Championship in various sports AWF Mickiewicz Katowice basketball club Silesian Flying club Aeroklub Slaski Defunct sports clubs Diana Kattowitz football club Germania Kattowitz football club KS Baildon Katowice various sports many medals in the Polish Championship in various sports Pogon Katowice various sports many medals in the Polish Championship in various sportsSports events Edit Spanish fans at the EuroBasket 2009 in Katowice 2012 FIVB Volleyball World League match in Katowice 1975 European Athletics Indoor Championships 1976 World Ice Hockey Championships FIVB World League 2001 FIVB World League 2007 Eurobasket 2009 Tour de Pologne 2010 BNP Paribas Katowice Open EMS One Katowice 2014 CS GO Major Championship IEM World Championship Katowice 2015 ESL One Katowice 2015 CS GO Major Championship IEM World Championship Katowice 2016 IEM World Championship Katowice 2017 Overwatch World Cup 2017 Qualifier IEM World Championship Katowice 2018 IEM World Championship Katowice 2019 CS GO Major Championship ESL One Katowice 2019 111 BWF World Senior Badminton Championships 2019 112 IEM Katowice 2020 113 Intel Extreme Masters Season XVI Katowice 114 Notable people Edit Maria Goeppert Mayer Wojciech Kilar Kazimierz Kutz Main page Category People from Katowice Hans Sachs 1877 1945 serologist Kurt Goldstein 1878 1965 neurologist Erich Przywara 1889 1972 priest Hans Mikosch 1898 1993 general Hans Kallner 1898 1945 general Franz Leopold Neumann 1900 1954 politician Willy Fritsch 1901 1973 actor Hans Bellmer 1902 1975 surrealist photographer Hans Christoph Seebohm 1903 1967 politician Maria Goeppert Mayer 1906 1972 physicist Nobel Prize winner Kurt Schwaen 1909 2007 composer Rudolf Schnackenburg 1914 2002 priest Georg Thomalla 1915 1999 actor Ernst Wilimowski 1916 1997 football player Ernst Plener 1919 2007 football player Anneli Cahn Lax 1922 1999 mathematician Richard Herrmann 1923 1962 football player Chaskel Besser 1923 2010 Orthodox rabbi Kazimierz Kutz 1929 2018 film director and politician Waldemar Swierzy 1931 2013 artist illustrator and cartoonist Wojciech Kilar 1932 2013 classical and film music composer Henryk Gorecki 1933 2010 classical composer Wladyslaw Maslowski 1933 1986 journalist and press researcher Janusz Sidlo 1933 1993 javelin thrower Josef Kompalla born 1936 ice hockey player and referee Henryk Broder born 1946 journalist Krzysztof Krawczyk 1946 2021 singer guitarist and composer Jerzy Kukuczka 1948 1989 alpine and high altitude climber Joanna Kluzik Rostkowska born 1963 politician Elzbieta Bienkowska born 1964 politician Alicja Kwade born 1979 contemporary visual artist Jan P Matuszynski born 1984 film director Grzegorz Kosok born 1986 volleyball player Zuzanna Bijoch born 1994 fashion modelTwin towns sister cities EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Katowice is twinned with 115 Cologne Germany Donetsk Ukraine Groningen Netherlands Kosice Slovakia Lviv Ukraine Miskolc Hungary Mobile United States Odense Denmark Opava Czech Republic Ostrava Czech Republic Pula Croatia Saint Etienne France Shenyang China South Dublin IrelandSee also Edit Poland portal European Union portalList of mayors of Katowice List of tallest buildings in KatowiceNotes EditReferences Edit Local Data Bank Statistics Poland Retrieved 18 July 2022 Data for territorial unit 2469000 a b Study on Urban Functions Project 1 4 3 Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion 2007 Katowice Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 22 March 2020 Katowice The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 2 August 2019 Reinhold Olesch Der Wortschatz der polnischen Mundart von Sankt Annaberg Berlin 1958 Redefining Global Cities Brookings Institution 30 November 2001 The World According to GaWC 2020 GaWC Research Network Globalization and World Cities Retrieved 3 September 2020 a b silnet pl Historia miasta i dzielnic Katowice Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 Retrieved 25 January 2017 Katowice Poland A City Guide Cracow Life Archived from the original on 16 March 2017 Retrieved 15 March 2017 History Katowice Archived from the original on 16 March 2017 Retrieved 15 March 2017 Moskal Jerzy 1993 Bogucice Zaleze et nova villa Katowice Rozwoj w czasie i przestrzeni Katowice Wydawnictwo Slask pp 23 25 ISBN 83 85831 35 5 Nadolski Przemyslaw Roszak Tomasz Soida Krzysztof Wieczorek Edward 2010 Wezel Kolejowy Gliwice Rybnik Eurosprinter ISBN 978 83 931006 1 3 Von Krakau bis Danzig in German Urban Thomas 2004 ISBN 9783406510823 Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 Retrieved 21 March 2009 Documents on British foreign policy 1919 1939 Great Britain Foreign Office Ernest Llewellyn Woodward page 44 Warzecha Bartlomiej 2003 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