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Bologna

January 18, 2023

This article is about the city in Italy. For the food, see Bologna sausage. For the city in Corsica, see Balogna. For other uses, see Bologna (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Boulogne (disambiguation).
"Bologne" and "Bolognese" redirect here. For other uses, see Bologne (disambiguation) and Bolognese (disambiguation).

Bologna (/bəˈloʊnjə/, UK also /bəˈlɒnjə/, Italian: [boˈloɲɲa] (listen); Emilian: Bulåggna [buˈlʌɲːa]; Latin: Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities.[4] Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1,000,000 people.[5] It is known as the Fat City for its rich cuisine, and the Red City for its Spanish-style red tiled rooftops and, more recently, its leftist politics. It is also called the Learned City because it is home to the oldest university in the world.[6]

Bologna
Bulåggna (Emilian)
Comune
Comune di Bologna
Clockwise from top: panorama of Bologna and the surrounding hills, San Petronio Basilica, Archiginnasio of Bologna, Fountain of Neptune, Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Unipol Tower and the Two Towers
Flag
Coat of arms
Bologna
Bologna
Bologna
Coordinates: 44°29′38″N 11°20′34″E / 44.49389°N 11.34278°E / 44.49389; 11.34278Coordinates: 44°29′38″N 11°20′34″E / 44.49389°N 11.34278°E / 44.49389; 11.34278
CountryItaly
RegionEmilia-Romagna
MetroBologna (BO)
Government
 • BodyBologna City Council
 • MayorMatteo Lepore (PD)
Area
[1]
 • Comune140.86 km2 (54.39 sq mi)
Elevation
54 m (177 ft)
Population
 (31 August 2020)[2]
 • Comune394,843
 • Density2,800/km2 (7,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
1,017,196
DemonymBolognese
Area code0039 051
Websitewww.comune.bologna.it
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Originally Etruscan, the city has been an important urban center for centuries, first under the Etruscans (who called it Felsina), then under the Celts as Bona, later under the Romans (Bonōnia), then again in the Middle Ages, as a free municipality and later signoria, when it was among the largest European cities by population. Famous for its towers, churches and lengthy porticoes, Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre, thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s.[7] Home to the oldest university in continuous operation,[8][9][10][11][12] the University of Bologna, established in AD 1088, the city has a large student population that gives it a cosmopolitan character. In 2000 it was declared European capital of culture[13] and in 2006, a UNESCO "City of Music" and became part of the Creative Cities Network.[14] In 2021 UNESCO recognized the lengthy porticoes of the city as a World Heritage Site.[15][16]

Bologna is an important agricultural, industrial, financial and transport hub, where many large mechanical, electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe. According to the most recent data gathered by the European Regional Economic Growth Index (E-REGI) of 2009, Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bologna.

Antiquity and Middle Ages

 
The iconic Due Torri
 
Porta Maggiore, one of the twelve medieval city gates of Bologna
 
Depiction of a 14th-century fight between the Guelf and Ghibelline factions in Bologna, from the Croniche of Giovanni Sercambi of Lucca

Traces of human habitation in the area of Bologna go back to the 3rd millennium BCE, with significant settlements from about the 9th century BCE (Villanovan culture). The influence of Etruscan civilization reached the area in the 7th to 6th centuries, and the Etruscan city of Felsina was established at the site of Bologna by the end of the 6th century. By the 4th century BCE, the site was occupied by the Gaulish Boii, and it became a Roman colony and municipium with the name of Bonōnia in 196 BCE.[17] During the waning years of the Western Roman Empire Bologna was repeatedly sacked by the Goths. It is in this period that legendary Bishop Petronius, according to ancient chronicles, rebuilt the ruined town and founded the basilica of Saint Stephen.[18] Petronius is still revered as the patron saint of Bologna.

In 727–28, the city was sacked and captured by the Lombards under King Liutprand, becoming part of that kingdom. These Germanic conquerors built an important new quarter, called "addizione longobarda" (Italian meaning "Longobard addition") near the complex of St. Stephen.[19] In the last quarter of the 8th century, Charlemagne, at the request of Pope Adrian I, invaded the Lombard Kingdom, causing its eventual demise. Occupied by Frankish troops in 774 on behalf of the papacy, Bologna remained under imperial authority and prospered as a frontier mark of the Carolingian empire.[20]

Bologna was the center of a revived study of law, including the scholar Irnerius[21] (c 1050 – after 1125) and his famous students, the Four Doctors of Bologna.

After the death of Matilda of Tuscany in 1115, Bologna obtained substantial concessions from Emperor Henry V. However, when Frederick Barbarossa subsequently attempted to strike down the deal, Bologna joined the Lombard League, which then defeated the imperial armies at the Battle of Legnano and established an effective autonomy at the Peace of Constance in 1183. Subsequently, the town began to expand rapidly and became one of the main commercial trade centres of northern Italy thanks to a system of canals that allowed barges and ships to come and go.[22] Believed to have been established in 1088, the University of Bologna is widely considered the world's oldest university in continuous operation.[11][12] The university originated as a centre for the study of medieval Roman law under major glossators, including Irnerius. It numbered Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarch among its students.[23] The medical school was especially renowned.[24] By 1200, Bologna was a thriving commercial and artisanal centre of about 10,000 people.[25]

During a campaign to support the imperial cities of Modena and Cremona against Bologna, Frederick II's son, King Enzo of Sardinia, was defeated and captured on 26 May 1249 at the Battle of Fossalta. Though the emperor demanded his release, Enzo was thenceforth kept a knightly prisoner in Bologna, in a palace that came to be named Palazzo Re Enzo after him. Every attempt to escape or to rescue him failed, and he died after more than 22 years in captivity.[26] After the death of his half-brothers Conrad IV in 1254, Frederick of Antioch in 1256 and Manfred in 1266, as well as the execution of his nephew Conradin in 1268, he was the last of the Hohenstaufen heirs.

During the late 1200s, Bologna was affected by political instability when the most prominent families incessantly fought for the control of the town. The free commune was severely weakened by decades of infighting, allowing the Pope to impose the rule of his envoy Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget in 1327. Du Pouget was eventually ousted by a popular rebellion and Bologna became a signoria under Taddeo Pepoli in 1334.[27] By the arrival of the Black Death in 1348, Bologna had 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, reduced to just 20,000 to 25,000 after the plague.[28]

In 1350, Bologna was conquered by archbishop Giovanni Visconti, the new lord of Milan. But following a rebellion by the town's governor, a renegade member of the Visconti family, Bologna was recuperated to the papacy in 1363 by Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz after a long negotiation involving a huge indemnity paid to Bernabò Visconti, Giovanni's heir, who died in 1354.[27] In 1376, Bologna again revolted against Papal rule and joined Florence in the unsuccessful War of the Eight Saints. However, extreme infighting inside the Holy See after the Western Schism prevented the papacy from restoring its domination over Bologna, so it remained relatively independent for some decades as an oligarchic republic. In 1401, Giovanni I Bentivoglio took power in a coup with the support of Milan, but the Milanese, having turned his back on them and allied with Florence, marched on Bologna and had Giovanni killed the following year. In 1442, Hannibal I Bentivoglio, Giovanni's nephew, recovered Bologna from the Milanese, only to be assassinated in a conspiracy plotted by Pope Eugene IV three years later. But the signoria of the Bentivoglio family was then firmly established, and the power passed to his cousin Sante Bentivoglio, who ruled until 1462, followed by Giovanni II. Giovanni II managed to resist the expansionist designs of Cesare Borgia for some time, but on 7 October 1506, Pope Julius II issued a bull deposing and excommunicating Bentivoglio and placing the city under interdict. When the papal troops, along with a contingent sent by Louis XII of France, marched against Bologna, Bentivoglio and his family fled. Julius II entered the city triumphantly on 10 November.

Early modern

 
Bologna in 1640

The period of Papal rule over Bologna (1506–1796) has been generally evaluated by historians as one of severe decline. However, this was not evident in the 1500s, which were marked by some major developments in Bologna. In 1530, Emperor Charles V was crowned in Bologna, the last of the Holy Roman Emperors to be crowned by the pope. In 1564, the Piazza del Nettuno and the Palazzo dei Banchi were built, along with the Archiginnasio, the main building of the university. The period of Papal rule saw also the construction of many churches and other religious establishments, and the restoration of older ones. At this time, Bologna had ninety-six convents, more than any other Italian city. Painters working in Bologna during this period established the Bolognese School which includes Annibale Carracci, Domenichino, Guercino and others of European fame.[29]

 
Engraving of the city of Bologna from Leandro Alberti's History of Bologna, 1590, showing the two surviving towers and several others

It was only towards the end of the 16th century that severe signs of decline began to manifest. A series of plagues in the late 16th to early 17th century reduced the population of the city from some 72,000 in the mid-16th century to about 47,000 by 1630. During the Italian Plague of 1629–31 alone, Bologna lost up to a third of its population.[30] In the mid-17th century, the population stabilized at roughly 60,000, slowly increasing to some 70,000 by the mid-18th century. The economy of Bologna started to show signs of severe decline as the global centres of trade shifted towards the Atlantic. The traditional silk industry was in a critical state.[31] The university was losing students, who once came from all over Europe, because of the illiberal attitudes of the Church towards culture (especially after the trial of Galileo).[32] Bologna continued to suffer a progressive deindustrialisation also in the 18th century.[33]

In the mid-1700s pope Benedict XIV, a Bolognese, tried to reverse the decline of the city with a series of reforms intended to stimulate the economy and promote the arts. However, these reforms achieved only mixed results. The pope's efforts to stimulate the decaying textile industry had little success, while he was more successful in reforming the tax system, liberalising trade[34] and relaxing the oppressive system of censorship.[35]

The economic and demographic decline of Bologna became even more noticeable starting in the second half of the 18th century. In 1790 the city had 72,000 inhabitants, ranking as the second largest in the Papal States; however, this figure had remained unchanged for decades.[36]

During this period, Papal economic policies included heavy customs duties and concessions of monopolies to single manufacturers.[36]

Modern history

 
Piazza del Nettuno in 1855, looking towards Piazza Maggiore

Napoleon entered Bologna on 19 June 1796. Napoleon briefly reinstated the ancient mode of government, giving power to the Senate, which however had to swear fealty to the short-lived Cispadane Republic, created as a client state of the French First Republic at the congress of Reggio (27 December 1796 – 9 January 1797) but succeeded by the Cisalpine Republic on 9 July 1797, later by the Italian Republic and finally the Kingdom of Italy. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored Bologna to the Papal States. Papal rule was contested in the uprisings of 1831. The insurrected provinces planned to unite as the Province Italiane Unite with Bologna as the capital. Pope Gregory XVI asked for Austrian help against the rebels. Metternich warned French king Louis Philippe I against intervention in Italian affairs, and in the spring of 1831, Austrian forces marched across the Italian peninsula, defeating the rebellion by 26 April.[37]

By the mid-1840s, unemployment levels were very high and traditional industries continued to languish or disappear; Bologna became a city of economic disparity with the top 10 percent of the population living off rent, another 20 percent exercising professions or commerce and 70 percent working in low-paid, often insecure manual jobs. The Papal census of 1841 reported 10,000 permanent beggars and another 30,000 (out of a total population of 70,000) who lived in poverty.[38] In the revolutions of 1848 the Austrian garrisons which controlled the city on behalf of the Pope were temporarily expelled, but eventually came back and crushed the revolutionaries.

Papal rule finally ended in the aftermath of Second War of Italian Independence, when the French and Piedmontese troops expelled the Austrians from Italian lands, on 11 and 12 March 1860, Bologna voted to join the new Kingdom of Italy. In the last decades of the 19th century, Bologna once again thrived economically and socially. In 1863 Naples was linked to Rome by railway, and the following year Bologna to Florence.[39] Bolognese moderate agrarian elites, that supported liberal insurgencies against the papacy and were admirers of the British political system and of free trade, envisioned a unified national state that would open a bigger market for the massive agricultural production of the Emilian plains.[40] Indeed, Bologna gave Italy one of its first prime ministers, Marco Minghetti.

After World War I, Bologna was heavily involved in the Biennio Rosso socialist uprisings. As a consequence, the traditionally moderate elites of the city turned their back on the progressive faction and gave their support to the rising Fascist movement of Benito Mussolini.[41] Dino Grandi, a high-ranking Fascist party official and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, remembered for being an Anglophile, was from Bologna. During the interwar years, Bologna developed into an important manufacturing centre for food processing, agricultural machinery and metalworking. The Fascist regime poured in massive investments, for example with the setting up of a giant tobacco manufacturing plant in 1937.[42]

World War II

 
Sappers of the 136 Indian Railway Maintenance Company repair some of the extensive damage to the railyards in 1945.

Bologna suffered extensive damage during World War II. The strategic importance of the city as an industrial and railway hub connecting northern and central Italy made it a target for the Allied forces. On 24 July 1943, a massive aerial bombardment destroyed a significant part of the historic city centre and killed about 200 people. The main railway station and adjoining areas were severely hit, and 44% of the buildings in the centre were listed as having been destroyed or severely damaged. The city was heavily bombed again on 25 September. The raids, which this time were not confined to the city centre, left 2,481 people dead and 2,000 injured.[43][44] By the end of the war, 43% of all buildings in Bologna had been destroyed or damaged.[45][46]

After the armistice of 1943, the city became a key centre of the Italian resistance movement. On 7 November 1944, a pitched battle around Porta Lame, waged by partisans of the 7th Brigade of the Gruppi d'Azione Patriottica against Fascist and Nazi occupation forces, did not succeed in triggering a general uprising, despite being one of the largest resistance-led urban conflicts in the European theatre.[47] Resistance forces entered Bologna on the morning of 21 April 1945. By this time, the Germans had already largely left the city in the face of the Allied advance, spearheaded by Polish forces advancing from the east during the Battle of Bologna which had been fought since 9 April. First to arrive in the centre was the 87th Infantry Regiment of the Friuli Combat Group under general Arturo Scattini, who entered the centre from Porta Maggiore to the south. Since the soldiers were dressed in British outfits, they were initially thought to be part of the allied forces; when the local inhabitants heard the soldiers were speaking Italian, they poured out onto the streets to celebrate.[citation needed]

Cold War period

 
Aftermath of the 1980 terrorist bombing

In the post-war years, Bologna became a thriving industrial centre as well as a political stronghold of the Italian Communist Party. Between 1945 and 1999, the city was helmed by an uninterrupted succession of mayors from the PCI and its successors, the Democratic Party of the Left and Democrats of the Left, the first of whom was Giuseppe Dozza. At the end of the 1960s the city authorities, worried by massive gentrification and suburbanisation, asked Japanese starchitect Kenzo Tange to sketch a master plan for a new town north of Bologna; however, the project that came out in 1970 was evaluated as too ambitious and expensive.[48] Eventually the city council, in spite of vetoing Tange's master plan, decided to keep his project for a new exhibition centre and business district.[49] At the end of 1978 the construction of a tower block and several diverse buildings and structures started.[50] In 1985 the headquarters of the regional government of Emilia-Romagna moved in the new district.[51]

In 1977, Bologna was the scene of rioting linked to the Movement of 1977, a spontaneous political movement of the time. The police shooting of a far-left activist, Francesco Lorusso, sparked two days of street clashes. On 2 August 1980, at the height of the "years of lead", a terrorist bomb was set off in the central railway station of Bologna killing 85 people and wounding 200, an event which is known in Italy as the Bologna massacre. In 1995, members of the neo-fascist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari were convicted for carrying out the attack, while Licio Gelli—Grand Master of the underground Freemason lodge Propaganda Due (P2)—was convicted for hampering the investigation, together with three agents of the secret military intelligence service SISMI (including Francesco Pazienza and Pietro Musumeci). Commemorations take place in Bologna on 2 August each year, culminating in a concert in the main square.

21st century

In 1999, the long tradition of left-wing mayors was interrupted by the victory of independent centre-right candidate Giorgio Guazzaloca. However, Bologna reverted to form in 2004 when Sergio Cofferati, a former trade union leader, unseated Guazzaloca. The next centre-left mayor, Flavio Delbono, elected in June 2009, resigned in January 2010 after being involved in a corruption scandal. After a 15-month period in which the city was administered under Anna Maria Cancellieri (as a state-appointed prefect), Virginio Merola was elected as mayor, leading a left-wing coalition comprising the Democratic Party, Left Ecology Freedom and Italy of Values.[52] In 2016, Merola was confirmed mayor, defeating the conservative candidate, Lucia Borgonzoni. In 2021, after ten years of Merola's mayorship, one of his closest allies, Matteo Lepore, was elected mayor with 61.9% of votes, becoming the most voted mayor of Bologna since the introduction of the direct elections in 1995.[53]

Geography

Territory

 
Aerial photograph of Bologna (from East to West).

Bologna is situated on the edge of the Po Plain at the foot of the Apennine Mountains, at the meeting of the Reno and Savena river valleys. As Bologna's two main watercourses flow directly to the sea, the town lies outside of the drainage basin of the River Po. The Province of Bologna stretches from the western edge of the Po Plain on the border with Ferrara to the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. The centre of the town is 54 metres (177 ft) above sea level (while elevation within the municipality ranges from 29 metres (95 ft) in the suburb of Corticella to 300 metres (980 ft) in Sabbiuno and the Colle della Guardia). The Province of Bologna stretches from the Po Plain into the Apennines; the highest point in the province is the peak of Corno alle Scale (in Lizzano in Belvedere) at 1,945 metres (6,381 ft) above sea level.

Climate

Bologna has a mid-latitude, four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

Annual precipitation oscillates between around 450 mm (18 in) and 900 mm (35 in),[54] with the majority generally falling in spring and autumn. Snow is not uncommon between late November and early March; one of the snowiest months of the past decade was February 2012.[55]

Climate data for Bologna (1971–2000, extremes 1946–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		40.1
(104.2) 		34.8
(94.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		40.1
(104.2)
Average high °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.8
(85.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		11.1
(52.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		18.3
(64.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		13.6
(56.5)
Average low °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		0.4
(32.7) 		8.8
(47.8)
Record low °C (°F) −18.8
(−1.8) 		−14.4
(6.1) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−18.8
(−1.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.0
(1.34) 		44.3
(1.74) 		54.2
(2.13) 		74.2
(2.92) 		58.0
(2.28) 		57.3
(2.26) 		40.5
(1.59) 		52.5
(2.07) 		67.5
(2.66) 		72.3
(2.85) 		68.0
(2.68) 		48.5
(1.91) 		671.3
(26.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.9 5.6 7.1 8.2 8.1 6.1 4.2 5.2 5.4 7.1 6.4 5.8 75.1
Average relative humidity (%) 83 78 70 71 69 68 65 66 69 76 84 84 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77.5 96.1 151.9 174.0 229.4 255.0 291.4 260.4 201.0 148.8 81.0 74.4 2,040.9
Source: Servizio Meteorologico (sun and humidity 1961–1990)[56][57][58]

Government

See also: Mayor of Bologna

Municipal government

 
Matteo Lepore, mayor of Bologna since 2021

The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale), which is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a corrected proportional system (granting the majority to the list or alliance of lists which receives more votes), contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale), composed by 12 assessors, that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor. The current mayor of Bologna is Matteo Lepore (PD), elected on 4 October 2021 with 61.9% of the votes.[53]

The municipality of Bologna is subdivided into six administrative Boroughs (Quartieri), down from the former nine before the 2015 administrative reform. Each Borough is governed by a Council (Consiglio) and a President, elected contextually to the city Mayor. The urban organization is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. 114). The Boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition, they are supplied with an autonomous founding to finance local activities.

Provincial and regional government

 
Fiera District, seat of the regional government of Emilia-Romagna

Bologna is the capital of the eponymous metropolitan city and of Emilia-Romagna, one of the twenty regions of Italy. While the Province of Bologna has a population of 1,007,644,[59] making it the twelfth most populated province of Italy, Emilia-Romagna ranks as the sixth most populated region of Italy, with about 4.5 million inhabitants, more than 7% of the national total. The seat of the regional government is Fiera District, a tower complex designed by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange in 1985.

According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation, the urban area of Bologna is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities (città metropolitane), new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015.[60] The new Metro municipalities, giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province, are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co-ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services (including transport, school and social programs) and environment protection.[61] In this policy framework, the Mayor of Bologna is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor (Sindaco metropolitano), presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 18 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality.

The Metropolitan City of Bologna is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (Sindaco metropolitano) and by the Metropolitan Council (Consiglio metropolitano). Since 21 June 2016 Virginio Merola, as mayor of the capital city, has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City.

Cityscape

Further information: Category:Buildings and structures in Bologna
 
Panoramic view of central Bologna
 
The colourful open-air market of Via Pescherie Vecchie
 
The porticoes of Bologna are a symbol of the city.

Until the late 19th century, when a large-scale urban renewal project was undertaken, Bologna was one of the few remaining large walled cities in Europe; to this day and despite having suffered considerable bombing damage in 1944, Bologna's 142 hectares (350 acres) historic centre is Europe's second largest,[62] containing an immense wealth of important medieval, renaissance, and baroque artistic monuments.

Bologna developed along the Via Emilia as an Etruscan and later Roman colony; the Via Emilia still runs straight through the city under the changing names of Strada Maggiore, Rizzoli, Ugo Bassi, and San Felice. Due to its Roman heritage, the central streets of Bologna, today largely pedestrianized, follow the grid pattern of the Roman settlement. The original Roman ramparts were supplanted by a high medieval system of fortifications, remains of which are still visible, and finally by a third and final set of ramparts built in the 13th century, of which numerous sections survive. No more than twenty medieval defensive towers remain out of up to 180 that were built in the 12th and 13th centuries before the arrival of unified civic government. The most famous of the towers of Bologna are the central "Due Torri" (Asinelli and Garisenda), whose iconic leaning forms provide a popular symbol of the town.[63]

The cityscape is further enriched by its elegant and extensive porticoes, for which the city is famous. In total, there are some 38 kilometres (24 miles) of porticoes in the city's historical centre[15] (over 45 km (28 mi) in the city proper), which make it possible to walk for long distances sheltered from the elements.

The Portico di San Luca is possibly the world's longest.[64] It connects Porta Saragozza (one of the twelve gates of the ancient walls built in the Middle Ages, which circled a 7.5 km (4.7 mi) part of the city) with the Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, a church begun in 1723 on the site of an 11th-century edifice which had already been enlarged in the 14th century, prominently located on a hill (289 metres (948 feet)) overlooking the town, which is one of Bologna's main landmarks. The windy 666 vault arcades, almost four kilometres (3,796 m or 12,454 ft) long, effectively links San Luca, as the church is commonly called, to the city centre. Its porticos provide shelter for the traditional procession which every year since 1433 has carried a Byzantine icon of the Madonna with Child attributed to Luke the Evangelist down to the Bologna Cathedral during the Feast of the Ascension.[15]

In 2021, the porticoes were named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[15]

San Petronio Basilica, built between 1388 and 1479 (but still unfinished), is the tenth-largest church in the world by volume, 132 metres long and 66 metres wide, while the vault reaches 45 metres inside and 51 metres in the facade. With its volume of 258,000 m3, it is the largest (Gothic or otherwise) church built of bricks of the world.[65] The Basilica of Saint Stephen and its sanctuary are among the oldest structures in Bologna, having been built starting from the 8th century, according to the tradition on the site of an ancient temple dedicated to Egyptian goddess Isis. The Basilica of Saint Dominic is an example of Romanic architecture from the 13th century, enriched by the monumental tombs of great Bolognese glossators Rolandino de'Passeggeri and Egidio Foscherari. Basilicas of St Francis, Santa Maria dei Servi and San Giacomo Maggiore are other magnificent examples of 14th-century architecture, the latter also featuring Renaissance artworks such as the Bentivoglio Altarpiece by Lorenzo Costa. Finally, the Church of San Michele in Bosco is a 15th-century religious complex located on a hill not far from the city's historical center.

 
View from the top of the Basilica di San Petronio: the dome of Santuario di Santa Maria della Vita dominates the foreground; the Asinelli (higher) and Garisenda towers ("Due Torri") are seen on the right.

Economy

 
Unipol Tower, at 127 m, is the city's tallest building.

In terms of total GDP, the Metropolitan City of Bologna generated a value of about €35 billion ($40.6 billion) in 2017, equivalent to €34,251 ($40,165) per capita, the third highest figure among Italian provinces (after Milan and Bolzano/Bozen).[66]

The economy of Bologna is characterized by a flourishing industrial sector, traditionally centered on the transformation of agricultural and zootechnical products (Eridania, Granarolo, Segafredo Zanetti, Conserve Italia [it]), machinery (Coesia [it], IMA, Sacmi), construction equipment (Maccaferri); energy (Hera Group), automotive (Ducati, Lamborghini), footwear, textile, engineering, chemical, printing and publishing (Cappelli, il Mulino, Monrif Group [it], Zanichelli).

In particular, Bologna is considered the centre of the so-called "packaging valley", an area well known for its high concentration of firms specialised in the manufacturing of automatic packaging machines (Coesia [it], IMA).[67] Furthermore, Bologna is well known for its dense network of cooperatives, a feature that dates back to the social struggles of farmers and workers in the 1800s and that today produces up to a third of its GDP[68] and occupies 265 thousand people in the Emilia-Romagna region.[69]

Transport

 
A Trolleybus of the urban trolleybus network managed by TPER, photographed in Via Saffi

Bologna is home to the Guglielmo Marconi International Airport, the seventh busiest Italian airport for passenger traffic (8 million passengers handled in 2017).

Bologna Centrale railway station is one of Italy's most important train hubs thanks to the city's strategic location as a crossroad between north–south and east–west routes. It serves 58 million passengers annually.[70] The city hosts several minor railway stations (see List of railway stations in Bologna).

Bologna San Donato classification yard, with 33 railway tracks, used to be the largest freight hub in Italy by size and traffic.[71] Since 2018, it has been repurposed as the Bologna San Donato railway test circuit.[72]

The city is also served by a large network of public bus lines, including trolleybus lines, operated since 2012 by Trasporto Passeggeri Emilia-Romagna (TPER).

A large commuter rail service is currently under development (see Bologna metropolitan railway service), and a four line tram network is also planned (see Trams in Bologna).[73]

Bologna public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bologna, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 53 min. 9% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min, while 16% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5.4 km, while 7% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[74]

Demographics

At the end of 2016, the city proper had a population of 388,254 (while 1 million live in the greater Bologna area), located in the province of Bologna, Emilia Romagna, of whom 46.7% were male and 53.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 12.86 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 27.02 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Bologna resident is 51 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Bologna grew by 0.0 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[75] The current birth rate of Bologna is 8.07 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

Education

 
The University of Bologna is the world's oldest institution of higher learning, founded in AD 1088.

The University of Bologna, conventionally said to have been founded in 1088 by glossators Irnerius and Pepo,[76] is the oldest university in continuous operation, and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation,[77][78][11][12] as well as one of the leading academic institutions in Italy and Europe.[79] It was an important centre of European intellectual life during the Middle Ages, attracting scholars from Italy and throughout Europe.[80] The Studium, as it was originally known, began as a loosely organized teaching system with each master collecting fees from students on an individual basis. The location of the early University was thus spread throughout the city, with various colleges being founded to support students of a specific nationality.

In the Napoleonic era, the headquarters of the university were moved to their present location on Via Zamboni, in the northeastern sector of the city centre. Today, the university's 11 schools, 33 departments, and 93 libraries are spread across the city and include four subsidiary campuses in nearby Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, and Rimini. Noteworthy students present at the university in centuries past included Dante, Petrarch, Thomas Becket, Pope Nicholas V, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Copernicus. Laura Bassi, appointed in 1732, became the first woman to officially teach at a university in Europe. In more recent history, Luigi Galvani, the discoverer of bioelectromagnetics, and Guglielmo Marconi, the pioneer of radio technology, also worked at the university. The University of Bologna remains one of the most respected and dynamic post-secondary educational institutions in Italy. To this day, Bologna is still very much a university town, with over 80,000 enrolled students in 2015. This community includes a great number of Erasmus, Socrates, and overseas students.[81] The university's botanical garden, the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna, was established in 1568; it is the fourth oldest in Europe.

Johns Hopkins University maintains its Bologna Center in the city, which hosts one of the overseas campuses of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). SAIS Bologna was founded in 1955 as the first campus of a US post-graduate school to open in Europe.[82] It was inspired by Marshall Plan efforts to build a cultural bridge between America and Europe.[83] Today, the Bologna Center also hosts the Associazione italo-americana "Luciano Finelli", which supports cross-cultural awareness and exchange between Italy and the United States.[84]

Dickinson College, Indiana University, Brown University, and the University of California also have campuses or antennas in the city.

In addition, Bologna hosts a music school, Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini, established in 1804, and an art school, Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna, founded in 1802. Both institutions were born as part of the reforms introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Culture

 
The International museum and library of music displays ancient musical instruments and unique musical scores from the 16th to the 20th centuries.

Over the centuries, Bologna has acquired many nicknames: "the fat" (la grassa) refers to its cuisine, in which the most famous specialities are prepared using rich meats (especially pork), egg pasta and dairy products, such as butter and Parmesan. Another nickname that has been given to the city is "the red" (la rossa), which was originally used as a reference to the colour of the buildings in the city centre, has later become connected with the communist ideology supported by the majority of the population, in particular after World War II: until the election of a centre-right mayor in 1999, the city was renowned as a bastion of the Italian Communist Party.[85] The centre-left regained power again in the 2004 mayoral elections, with the election of Sergio Cofferati. It was one of the first European cities to experiment with the concept of free public transport.[86] Bologna has also two other nicknames: the first one, "the towered" (la turrita) refers to the high number of medieval towers that can be found in the city, even if today only 24 towers are still standing. The second one, "the learned" (la dotta) is a reference to its university.

University

Bologna's university was founded in 1088 and it is considered the oldest university in the world. According to the QS University Rankings, Bologna university is the 4th-ranked Italian university and the 180th-ranked in the world.

The high number of students coming from all over Italy and the world (in Bologna there are several campuses of foreign universities such as Johns Hopkins University, Dickinson College, Indiana University, Brown University, University of California and more) has a considerable effect on everyday life. While it contributes to livening up the city centre (an area in which the average age of the residents is very high) and it also helps to promote cultural initiatives, on the other hand, it creates public order and waste management problems that stem from the lively nightlife of the university district.

Entertainment and performing arts

 
Façade of Arena del Sole theatre

The city of Bologna became a UNESCO City of Music on 26 May 2006. According to UNESCO, "As the first Italian city to be appointed to the Network, Bologna has demonstrated a rich musical tradition that is continuing to evolve as a vibrant factor of contemporary life and creation. It has also shown a strong commitment to promoting music as an important vehicle for inclusion in the fight against racism and in an effort to encourage economic and social development. Fostering a wide range of genres from classical to electronic, jazz, folk and opera, Bologna offers its citizens a musical vitality that deeply infiltrates the city's professional, academic, social and cultural facets."[87]

The theatre was a popular form of entertainment in Bologna until the 16th century. The first public theater was the Teatro alla Scala, active since 1547 in Palazzo del Podestà. An important figure of Italian Bolognese theatre was Alfredo Testoni, the playwright, and author of Cardinal Lambertini, which has had great theatrical success since 1905, repeated on screen by the Bolognese actor Gino Cervi. In 1998, the City of Bologna initiated the project "Bologna dei Teatri" (Bologna of the Theatres), an association of the major theatrical facilities in the city. This is a circuit of theatres which offer diverse theatrical opportunities, ranging from Bolognese dialect to contemporary dance, but with a communications strategy and promoting unity. Specifically, the shows on the bill in various theatres participating in the project are advertised weekly through a single poster. Bologna's opera house is the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. The Orchestra Mozart, whose music director was Claudio Abbado until his death in 2014, was created in 2004.

Bologna hosts a number of international music, art, dance and film festivals, including Angelica,[88] Bologna and Contemporanea (festivals on contemporary music),[89] Bolognafestival (international classical music festival),[90] Bologna Jazz Festival,[91] Biografilm Festival (devoted to biographical movies),[92] BilBolBul (a comics festival),[93] Danza Urbana (a street contemporary dance festival),[94] F.I.S.Co (festival on contemporary art, now merged into Live Arts Week), Future Film Festival (animation and special effects),[95] Il Cinema Ritrovato (film festival about rare and forgotten movies),[96] Live Arts Week, Gender Bender (festival on gender identity, sexual orientation, and body representation),[97] Homework festival (electronic music festival),[98] Human Rights Film Festival,[99] Some Prefer Cake (lesbian film festival),[100] Zecchino d'Oro (a children's song contest).

Cuisine

 
Tagliatelle al ragù bolognese, as served in Bologna

Bologna is renowned for its culinary tradition. It is the home of the famous Bolognese sauce, a meat-based pasta sauce. In Italy, it is called ragù and is substantially different from the variety found worldwide. In Bologna, the sauce is used only as a dressing for tagliatelle, and serving it with spaghetti is considered odd.[101]

Situated in the fertile Po River Valley, the rich local cuisine depends heavily on meats and cheeses. As in all of Emilia-Romagna, the production of cured pork meats such as prosciutto, mortadella and salumi is an important part of the local food industry.[102] Well-regarded nearby vineyards include Pignoletto dei Colli Bolognesi, Lambrusco di Modena and Sangiovese di Romagna.[103] Tagliatelle with ragù, lasagne, tortellini served in broth, and mortadella, the original Bologna sausage, are among the local specialties.[104]

Traditional Bolognese desserts are often linked to holidays, such as fave dei morti ("cookies of the dead"), multi-coloured almond paste cookies made for All Saints' Day, jam-filled raviole cookies that are served on Saint Joseph's Day, and carnival sweets known as sfrappole, a light and delicate fried pastry topped with powder sugar, certosino or panspeziale ("carthusian" or "apothecary-cake"), a spicy cake served on Christmas. Torta di riso, a custard-like cake made of almonds, rice and amaretto, is made throughout the year,[105] as well as the zuppa inglese.

Sport

 
The PalaDozza, Bologna's historic basketball arena

Differently from the vaste majority of Italian cities, in Bologna, basketball is the most followed sport. In fact, the sporting nickname for Bologna is Basket City in reference to the successes of the town's two rival historic basketball clubs, Virtus and Fortitudo.[106] Of the two, the former won, among others, 16 Italian basketball championships, two Euroleagues, one EuroCup and one FIBA Saporta Cup, making them one of the most influential European basketball clubs; the latter won two league titles between 1999 and 2005. The Italian Basketball League, which operates both Lega A and LegADue, has its headquarters in Bologna. There are two indoor arenas in the city: PalaDozza, the oldest one with a capacity of 5,570 seats, and Segafredo Arena, a temporary venue with a capacity of 9,980 seats.

 
The 32,000-capacity Stadio Renato Dall'Ara is the home of Bologna FC 1909.

Football also has a strong tradition in Bologna. The city's main club, Bologna F.C. 1909, have won seven Italian league championships (the latest in 1963–64), which makes them the sixth most successful team in the history of the league; in their heyday in the 1930s Bologna FC was called "Lo squadrone che tremare il mondo fa" (Italian for "The Team that Shakes the World"). The club play at the 38,000-capacity Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, which has hosted the Italian national team in both football and rugby union, as well as the San Marino national football team. It was also a venue at the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

Rugby union is also present in the city: Rugby Bologna 1928 is not only one of the oldest Italian rugby union clubs but also the first club affiliated to the Italian rugby union federation.[107] and, to date (2014) is Italy's oldest rugby union club still in operation. The club took part in the top tier of the Italian championship for the first 25 years of their history never winning the title but getting to the runner-up place several times; they returned to the top division (Serie A1 then Super 10), in the late 1990s and faced serious financial problems which led them to the relegation and almost to disappearance.[citation needed]

Gianni Falchi Stadium is a baseball stadium located in Bologna.[108][109][110] It is home to the home games of Fortitudo Baseball Bologna, in the Italian Baseball League.[108][111]

People

Main category: People from Bologna
 
Pope Benedict XIV, born in Bologna in 1675

In addition to the natives of the city listed above, the following have made Bologna their home:

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Bologna is twinned with:[112]

See also

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Bologna
  • Mancini, Giorgia, and Nicholas Penny, eds. The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings: Volume III: Ferrara and Bologna (National Gallery Catalogues) (2016).
  • Rashdall, Hastings. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris (2010).
  • Robertson, Anne Walters. Tyranny under the Mantle of St Peter: Pope Paul II and Bologna (2002)

Guide books

  • Grieco, Romy. Bologna: a city to discover(1976)
  • Insight Guides. Pocket Bologna (2016).
  • Noyes, Mary Tolaro. Bologna Reflections (2009).
  • Uras, Martina. "Bologna Photo Guide"

Older guides

  • "Bologna", Italy (2nd ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1870, OL 24140254M** "Bologna", Hand-book for Travellers in Northern Italy (16th ed.), London: John Murray, 1897, OCLC 2231483, OL 6936521M
  • T. Francis Bumpus (1900), "Ferrara and Bologna", The Cathedrals and Churches of Northern Italy, London: Laurie, OL 7201313M
  • "Bologna", Northern Italy (14th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1913, OL 16015532M

External links

  • Official website
  • Weather Bologna
  • International museum and library of music of Bologna
  • Bologna online cameras

January 18, 2023
bologna, this, article, about, city, italy, food, sausage, city, corsica, balogna, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, boulogne, disambiguation, bologne, bolognese, redirect, here, other, uses, bologne, disambiguation, bolognese, disambiguation, also,. This article is about the city in Italy For the food see Bologna sausage For the city in Corsica see Balogna For other uses see Bologna disambiguation Not to be confused with Boulogne disambiguation Bologne and Bolognese redirect here For other uses see Bologne disambiguation and Bolognese disambiguation Bologna b e ˈ l oʊ n j e UK also b e ˈ l ɒ n j e Italian boˈloɲɲa listen Emilian Bulaggna buˈlʌɲːa Latin Bononia is the capital and largest city of the Emilia Romagna region in Northern Italy It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400 000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities 4 Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1 000 000 people 5 It is known as the Fat City for its rich cuisine and the Red City for its Spanish style red tiled rooftops and more recently its leftist politics It is also called the Learned City because it is home to the oldest university in the world 6 Bologna Bulaggna Emilian ComuneComune di BolognaClockwise from top panorama of Bologna and the surrounding hills San Petronio Basilica Archiginnasio of Bologna Fountain of Neptune Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca Unipol Tower and the Two TowersFlagCoat of armsBolognaShow map of ItalyBolognaShow map of Emilia RomagnaBolognaShow map of EuropeCoordinates 44 29 38 N 11 20 34 E 44 49389 N 11 34278 E 44 49389 11 34278 Coordinates 44 29 38 N 11 20 34 E 44 49389 N 11 34278 E 44 49389 11 34278CountryItalyRegionEmilia RomagnaMetroBologna BO Government BodyBologna City Council MayorMatteo Lepore PD Area 1 Comune140 86 km2 54 39 sq mi Elevation54 m 177 ft Population 31 August 2020 2 Comune394 843 Density2 800 km2 7 300 sq mi Metro 3 1 017 196DemonymBologneseArea code0039 051Websitewww comune bologna itClick on the map for a fullscreen viewOriginally Etruscan the city has been an important urban center for centuries first under the Etruscans who called it Felsina then under the Celts as Bona later under the Romans Bonōnia then again in the Middle Ages as a free municipality and later signoria when it was among the largest European cities by population Famous for its towers churches and lengthy porticoes Bologna has a well preserved historical centre thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s 7 Home to the oldest university in continuous operation 8 9 10 11 12 the University of Bologna established in AD 1088 the city has a large student population that gives it a cosmopolitan character In 2000 it was declared European capital of culture 13 and in 2006 a UNESCO City of Music and became part of the Creative Cities Network 14 In 2021 UNESCO recognized the lengthy porticoes of the city as a World Heritage Site 15 16 Bologna is an important agricultural industrial financial and transport hub where many large mechanical electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe According to the most recent data gathered by the European Regional Economic Growth Index E REGI of 2009 Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate Contents 1 History 1 1 Antiquity and Middle Ages 1 2 Early modern 1 3 Modern history 1 3 1 World War II 1 3 2 Cold War period 1 3 3 21st century 2 Geography 2 1 Territory 2 2 Climate 3 Government 3 1 Municipal government 3 2 Provincial and regional government 4 Cityscape 5 Economy 6 Transport 6 1 Bologna public transportation statistics 7 Demographics 8 Education 9 Culture 9 1 University 9 2 Entertainment and performing arts 9 3 Cuisine 10 Sport 11 People 12 International relations 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 15 1 Guide books 15 2 Older guides 16 External linksHistory EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Bologna Antiquity and Middle Ages Edit The iconic Due Torri Porta Maggiore one of the twelve medieval city gates of Bologna Depiction of a 14th century fight between the Guelf and Ghibelline factions in Bologna from the Croniche of Giovanni Sercambi of Lucca Traces of human habitation in the area of Bologna go back to the 3rd millennium BCE with significant settlements from about the 9th century BCE Villanovan culture The influence of Etruscan civilization reached the area in the 7th to 6th centuries and the Etruscan city of Felsina was established at the site of Bologna by the end of the 6th century By the 4th century BCE the site was occupied by the Gaulish Boii and it became a Roman colony and municipium with the name of Bonōnia in 196 BCE 17 During the waning years of the Western Roman Empire Bologna was repeatedly sacked by the Goths It is in this period that legendary Bishop Petronius according to ancient chronicles rebuilt the ruined town and founded the basilica of Saint Stephen 18 Petronius is still revered as the patron saint of Bologna In 727 28 the city was sacked and captured by the Lombards under King Liutprand becoming part of that kingdom These Germanic conquerors built an important new quarter called addizione longobarda Italian meaning Longobard addition near the complex of St Stephen 19 In the last quarter of the 8th century Charlemagne at the request of Pope Adrian I invaded the Lombard Kingdom causing its eventual demise Occupied by Frankish troops in 774 on behalf of the papacy Bologna remained under imperial authority and prospered as a frontier mark of the Carolingian empire 20 Bologna was the center of a revived study of law including the scholar Irnerius 21 c 1050 after 1125 and his famous students the Four Doctors of Bologna After the death of Matilda of Tuscany in 1115 Bologna obtained substantial concessions from Emperor Henry V However when Frederick Barbarossa subsequently attempted to strike down the deal Bologna joined the Lombard League which then defeated the imperial armies at the Battle of Legnano and established an effective autonomy at the Peace of Constance in 1183 Subsequently the town began to expand rapidly and became one of the main commercial trade centres of northern Italy thanks to a system of canals that allowed barges and ships to come and go 22 Believed to have been established in 1088 the University of Bologna is widely considered the world s oldest university in continuous operation 11 12 The university originated as a centre for the study of medieval Roman law under major glossators including Irnerius It numbered Dante Boccaccio and Petrarch among its students 23 The medical school was especially renowned 24 By 1200 Bologna was a thriving commercial and artisanal centre of about 10 000 people 25 During a campaign to support the imperial cities of Modena and Cremona against Bologna Frederick II s son King Enzo of Sardinia was defeated and captured on 26 May 1249 at the Battle of Fossalta Though the emperor demanded his release Enzo was thenceforth kept a knightly prisoner in Bologna in a palace that came to be named Palazzo Re Enzo after him Every attempt to escape or to rescue him failed and he died after more than 22 years in captivity 26 After the death of his half brothers Conrad IV in 1254 Frederick of Antioch in 1256 and Manfred in 1266 as well as the execution of his nephew Conradin in 1268 he was the last of the Hohenstaufen heirs During the late 1200s Bologna was affected by political instability when the most prominent families incessantly fought for the control of the town The free commune was severely weakened by decades of infighting allowing the Pope to impose the rule of his envoy Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget in 1327 Du Pouget was eventually ousted by a popular rebellion and Bologna became a signoria under Taddeo Pepoli in 1334 27 By the arrival of the Black Death in 1348 Bologna had 40 000 to 50 000 inhabitants reduced to just 20 000 to 25 000 after the plague 28 In 1350 Bologna was conquered by archbishop Giovanni Visconti the new lord of Milan But following a rebellion by the town s governor a renegade member of the Visconti family Bologna was recuperated to the papacy in 1363 by Cardinal Gil Alvarez Carrillo de Albornoz after a long negotiation involving a huge indemnity paid to Bernabo Visconti Giovanni s heir who died in 1354 27 In 1376 Bologna again revolted against Papal rule and joined Florence in the unsuccessful War of the Eight Saints However extreme infighting inside the Holy See after the Western Schism prevented the papacy from restoring its domination over Bologna so it remained relatively independent for some decades as an oligarchic republic In 1401 Giovanni I Bentivoglio took power in a coup with the support of Milan but the Milanese having turned his back on them and allied with Florence marched on Bologna and had Giovanni killed the following year In 1442 Hannibal I Bentivoglio Giovanni s nephew recovered Bologna from the Milanese only to be assassinated in a conspiracy plotted by Pope Eugene IV three years later But the signoria of the Bentivoglio family was then firmly established and the power passed to his cousin Sante Bentivoglio who ruled until 1462 followed by Giovanni II Giovanni II managed to resist the expansionist designs of Cesare Borgia for some time but on 7 October 1506 Pope Julius II issued a bull deposing and excommunicating Bentivoglio and placing the city under interdict When the papal troops along with a contingent sent by Louis XII of France marched against Bologna Bentivoglio and his family fled Julius II entered the city triumphantly on 10 November Early modern Edit Bologna in 1640 The period of Papal rule over Bologna 1506 1796 has been generally evaluated by historians as one of severe decline However this was not evident in the 1500s which were marked by some major developments in Bologna In 1530 Emperor Charles V was crowned in Bologna the last of the Holy Roman Emperors to be crowned by the pope In 1564 the Piazza del Nettuno and the Palazzo dei Banchi were built along with the Archiginnasio the main building of the university The period of Papal rule saw also the construction of many churches and other religious establishments and the restoration of older ones At this time Bologna had ninety six convents more than any other Italian city Painters working in Bologna during this period established the Bolognese School which includes Annibale Carracci Domenichino Guercino and others of European fame 29 Engraving of the city of Bologna from Leandro Alberti s History of Bologna 1590 showing the two surviving towers and several others It was only towards the end of the 16th century that severe signs of decline began to manifest A series of plagues in the late 16th to early 17th century reduced the population of the city from some 72 000 in the mid 16th century to about 47 000 by 1630 During the Italian Plague of 1629 31 alone Bologna lost up to a third of its population 30 In the mid 17th century the population stabilized at roughly 60 000 slowly increasing to some 70 000 by the mid 18th century The economy of Bologna started to show signs of severe decline as the global centres of trade shifted towards the Atlantic The traditional silk industry was in a critical state 31 The university was losing students who once came from all over Europe because of the illiberal attitudes of the Church towards culture especially after the trial of Galileo 32 Bologna continued to suffer a progressive deindustrialisation also in the 18th century 33 In the mid 1700s pope Benedict XIV a Bolognese tried to reverse the decline of the city with a series of reforms intended to stimulate the economy and promote the arts However these reforms achieved only mixed results The pope s efforts to stimulate the decaying textile industry had little success while he was more successful in reforming the tax system liberalising trade 34 and relaxing the oppressive system of censorship 35 The economic and demographic decline of Bologna became even more noticeable starting in the second half of the 18th century In 1790 the city had 72 000 inhabitants ranking as the second largest in the Papal States however this figure had remained unchanged for decades 36 During this period Papal economic policies included heavy customs duties and concessions of monopolies to single manufacturers 36 Modern history Edit Piazza del Nettuno in 1855 looking towards Piazza Maggiore Napoleon entered Bologna on 19 June 1796 Napoleon briefly reinstated the ancient mode of government giving power to the Senate which however had to swear fealty to the short lived Cispadane Republic created as a client state of the French First Republic at the congress of Reggio 27 December 1796 9 January 1797 but succeeded by the Cisalpine Republic on 9 July 1797 later by the Italian Republic and finally the Kingdom of Italy After the fall of Napoleon the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored Bologna to the Papal States Papal rule was contested in the uprisings of 1831 The insurrected provinces planned to unite as the Province Italiane Unite with Bologna as the capital Pope Gregory XVI asked for Austrian help against the rebels Metternich warned French king Louis Philippe I against intervention in Italian affairs and in the spring of 1831 Austrian forces marched across the Italian peninsula defeating the rebellion by 26 April 37 By the mid 1840s unemployment levels were very high and traditional industries continued to languish or disappear Bologna became a city of economic disparity with the top 10 percent of the population living off rent another 20 percent exercising professions or commerce and 70 percent working in low paid often insecure manual jobs The Papal census of 1841 reported 10 000 permanent beggars and another 30 000 out of a total population of 70 000 who lived in poverty 38 In the revolutions of 1848 the Austrian garrisons which controlled the city on behalf of the Pope were temporarily expelled but eventually came back and crushed the revolutionaries Papal rule finally ended in the aftermath of Second War of Italian Independence when the French and Piedmontese troops expelled the Austrians from Italian lands on 11 and 12 March 1860 Bologna voted to join the new Kingdom of Italy In the last decades of the 19th century Bologna once again thrived economically and socially In 1863 Naples was linked to Rome by railway and the following year Bologna to Florence 39 Bolognese moderate agrarian elites that supported liberal insurgencies against the papacy and were admirers of the British political system and of free trade envisioned a unified national state that would open a bigger market for the massive agricultural production of the Emilian plains 40 Indeed Bologna gave Italy one of its first prime ministers Marco Minghetti After World War I Bologna was heavily involved in the Biennio Rosso socialist uprisings As a consequence the traditionally moderate elites of the city turned their back on the progressive faction and gave their support to the rising Fascist movement of Benito Mussolini 41 Dino Grandi a high ranking Fascist party official and Ministry of Foreign Affairs remembered for being an Anglophile was from Bologna During the interwar years Bologna developed into an important manufacturing centre for food processing agricultural machinery and metalworking The Fascist regime poured in massive investments for example with the setting up of a giant tobacco manufacturing plant in 1937 42 World War II Edit Sappers of the 136 Indian Railway Maintenance Company repair some of the extensive damage to the railyards in 1945 Bologna suffered extensive damage during World War II The strategic importance of the city as an industrial and railway hub connecting northern and central Italy made it a target for the Allied forces On 24 July 1943 a massive aerial bombardment destroyed a significant part of the historic city centre and killed about 200 people The main railway station and adjoining areas were severely hit and 44 of the buildings in the centre were listed as having been destroyed or severely damaged The city was heavily bombed again on 25 September The raids which this time were not confined to the city centre left 2 481 people dead and 2 000 injured 43 44 By the end of the war 43 of all buildings in Bologna had been destroyed or damaged 45 46 After the armistice of 1943 the city became a key centre of the Italian resistance movement On 7 November 1944 a pitched battle around Porta Lame waged by partisans of the 7th Brigade of the Gruppi d Azione Patriottica against Fascist and Nazi occupation forces did not succeed in triggering a general uprising despite being one of the largest resistance led urban conflicts in the European theatre 47 Resistance forces entered Bologna on the morning of 21 April 1945 By this time the Germans had already largely left the city in the face of the Allied advance spearheaded by Polish forces advancing from the east during the Battle of Bologna which had been fought since 9 April First to arrive in the centre was the 87th Infantry Regiment of the Friuli Combat Group under general Arturo Scattini who entered the centre from Porta Maggiore to the south Since the soldiers were dressed in British outfits they were initially thought to be part of the allied forces when the local inhabitants heard the soldiers were speaking Italian they poured out onto the streets to celebrate citation needed Cold War period Edit Aftermath of the 1980 terrorist bombing In the post war years Bologna became a thriving industrial centre as well as a political stronghold of the Italian Communist Party Between 1945 and 1999 the city was helmed by an uninterrupted succession of mayors from the PCI and its successors the Democratic Party of the Left and Democrats of the Left the first of whom was Giuseppe Dozza At the end of the 1960s the city authorities worried by massive gentrification and suburbanisation asked Japanese starchitect Kenzo Tange to sketch a master plan for a new town north of Bologna however the project that came out in 1970 was evaluated as too ambitious and expensive 48 Eventually the city council in spite of vetoing Tange s master plan decided to keep his project for a new exhibition centre and business district 49 At the end of 1978 the construction of a tower block and several diverse buildings and structures started 50 In 1985 the headquarters of the regional government of Emilia Romagna moved in the new district 51 In 1977 Bologna was the scene of rioting linked to the Movement of 1977 a spontaneous political movement of the time The police shooting of a far left activist Francesco Lorusso sparked two days of street clashes On 2 August 1980 at the height of the years of lead a terrorist bomb was set off in the central railway station of Bologna killing 85 people and wounding 200 an event which is known in Italy as the Bologna massacre In 1995 members of the neo fascist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari were convicted for carrying out the attack while Licio Gelli Grand Master of the underground Freemason lodge Propaganda Due P2 was convicted for hampering the investigation together with three agents of the secret military intelligence service SISMI including Francesco Pazienza and Pietro Musumeci Commemorations take place in Bologna on 2 August each year culminating in a concert in the main square 21st century Edit In 1999 the long tradition of left wing mayors was interrupted by the victory of independent centre right candidate Giorgio Guazzaloca However Bologna reverted to form in 2004 when Sergio Cofferati a former trade union leader unseated Guazzaloca The next centre left mayor Flavio Delbono elected in June 2009 resigned in January 2010 after being involved in a corruption scandal After a 15 month period in which the city was administered under Anna Maria Cancellieri as a state appointed prefect Virginio Merola was elected as mayor leading a left wing coalition comprising the Democratic Party Left Ecology Freedom and Italy of Values 52 In 2016 Merola was confirmed mayor defeating the conservative candidate Lucia Borgonzoni In 2021 after ten years of Merola s mayorship one of his closest allies Matteo Lepore was elected mayor with 61 9 of votes becoming the most voted mayor of Bologna since the introduction of the direct elections in 1995 53 Geography EditTerritory Edit Aerial photograph of Bologna from East to West Bologna is situated on the edge of the Po Plain at the foot of the Apennine Mountains at the meeting of the Reno and Savena river valleys As Bologna s two main watercourses flow directly to the sea the town lies outside of the drainage basin of the River Po The Province of Bologna stretches from the western edge of the Po Plain on the border with Ferrara to the Tuscan Emilian Apennines The centre of the town is 54 metres 177 ft above sea level while elevation within the municipality ranges from 29 metres 95 ft in the suburb of Corticella to 300 metres 980 ft in Sabbiuno and the Colle della Guardia The Province of Bologna stretches from the Po Plain into the Apennines the highest point in the province is the peak of Corno alle Scale in Lizzano in Belvedere at 1 945 metres 6 381 ft above sea level Climate Edit Bologna has a mid latitude four season humid subtropical climate Koppen climate classification Cfa Annual precipitation oscillates between around 450 mm 18 in and 900 mm 35 in 54 with the majority generally falling in spring and autumn Snow is not uncommon between late November and early March one of the snowiest months of the past decade was February 2012 55 Climate data for Bologna 1971 2000 extremes 1946 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 20 7 69 3 24 9 76 8 27 0 80 6 30 6 87 1 34 9 94 8 38 0 100 4 39 6 103 3 40 1 104 2 34 8 94 6 29 8 85 6 24 0 75 2 23 0 73 4 40 1 104 2 Average high C F 6 0 42 8 9 0 48 2 14 2 57 6 17 7 63 9 23 0 73 4 27 1 80 8 30 4 86 7 29 8 85 6 25 4 77 7 18 6 65 5 11 1 52 0 6 8 44 2 18 3 64 9 Daily mean C F 2 8 37 0 5 0 41 0 9 2 48 6 12 5 54 5 17 5 63 5 21 4 70 5 24 4 75 9 24 1 75 4 20 1 68 2 14 4 57 9 7 7 45 9 3 6 38 5 13 6 56 5 Average low C F 0 5 31 1 0 9 33 6 4 1 39 4 7 4 45 3 12 0 53 6 15 7 60 3 18 5 65 3 18 4 65 1 14 8 58 6 10 1 50 2 4 3 39 7 0 4 32 7 8 8 47 8 Record low C F 18 8 1 8 14 4 6 1 9 7 14 5 4 5 23 9 0 8 33 4 7 0 44 6 9 0 48 2 9 7 49 5 4 5 40 1 1 8 28 8 9 0 15 8 13 4 7 9 18 8 1 8 Average precipitation mm inches 34 0 1 34 44 3 1 74 54 2 2 13 74 2 2 92 58 0 2 28 57 3 2 26 40 5 1 59 52 5 2 07 67 5 2 66 72 3 2 85 68 0 2 68 48 5 1 91 671 3 26 43 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 5 9 5 6 7 1 8 2 8 1 6 1 4 2 5 2 5 4 7 1 6 4 5 8 75 1Average relative humidity 83 78 70 71 69 68 65 66 69 76 84 84 74Mean monthly sunshine hours 77 5 96 1 151 9 174 0 229 4 255 0 291 4 260 4 201 0 148 8 81 0 74 4 2 040 9Source Servizio Meteorologico sun and humidity 1961 1990 56 57 58 Government EditSee also Mayor of Bologna Municipal government Edit Matteo Lepore mayor of Bologna since 2021 The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council Consiglio Comunale which is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a corrected proportional system granting the majority to the list or alliance of lists which receives more votes contextually to the mayoral elections The executive body is the City Committee Giunta Comunale composed by 12 assessors that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor The current mayor of Bologna is Matteo Lepore PD elected on 4 October 2021 with 61 9 of the votes 53 The municipality of Bologna is subdivided into six administrative Boroughs Quartieri down from the former nine before the 2015 administrative reform Each Borough is governed by a Council Consiglio and a President elected contextually to the city Mayor The urban organization is governed by the Italian Constitution art 114 The Boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics environment construction public health local markets and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council in addition they are supplied with an autonomous founding to finance local activities Provincial and regional government Edit Fiera District seat of the regional government of Emilia Romagna Bologna is the capital of the eponymous metropolitan city and of Emilia Romagna one of the twenty regions of Italy While the Province of Bologna has a population of 1 007 644 59 making it the twelfth most populated province of Italy Emilia Romagna ranks as the sixth most populated region of Italy with about 4 5 million inhabitants more than 7 of the national total The seat of the regional government is Fiera District a tower complex designed by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange in 1985 According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation the urban area of Bologna is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities citta metropolitane new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015 60 The new Metro municipalities giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services including transport school and social programs and environment protection 61 In this policy framework the Mayor of Bologna is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor Sindaco metropolitano presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 18 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality The Metropolitan City of Bologna is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor Sindaco metropolitano and by the Metropolitan Council Consiglio metropolitano Since 21 June 2016 Virginio Merola as mayor of the capital city has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City Cityscape EditFurther information Category Buildings and structures in Bologna Panoramic view of central Bologna Piazza Maggiore with San Petronio Basilica Palazzo dei Banchi and Palazzo del Podesta The colourful open air market of Via Pescherie Vecchie Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca The porticoes of Bologna are a symbol of the city Until the late 19th century when a large scale urban renewal project was undertaken Bologna was one of the few remaining large walled cities in Europe to this day and despite having suffered considerable bombing damage in 1944 Bologna s 142 hectares 350 acres historic centre is Europe s second largest 62 containing an immense wealth of important medieval renaissance and baroque artistic monuments Bologna developed along the Via Emilia as an Etruscan and later Roman colony the Via Emilia still runs straight through the city under the changing names of Strada Maggiore Rizzoli Ugo Bassi and San Felice Due to its Roman heritage the central streets of Bologna today largely pedestrianized follow the grid pattern of the Roman settlement The original Roman ramparts were supplanted by a high medieval system of fortifications remains of which are still visible and finally by a third and final set of ramparts built in the 13th century of which numerous sections survive No more than twenty medieval defensive towers remain out of up to 180 that were built in the 12th and 13th centuries before the arrival of unified civic government The most famous of the towers of Bologna are the central Due Torri Asinelli and Garisenda whose iconic leaning forms provide a popular symbol of the town 63 The cityscape is further enriched by its elegant and extensive porticoes for which the city is famous In total there are some 38 kilometres 24 miles of porticoes in the city s historical centre 15 over 45 km 28 mi in the city proper which make it possible to walk for long distances sheltered from the elements The Portico di San Luca is possibly the world s longest 64 It connects Porta Saragozza one of the twelve gates of the ancient walls built in the Middle Ages which circled a 7 5 km 4 7 mi part of the city with the Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca a church begun in 1723 on the site of an 11th century edifice which had already been enlarged in the 14th century prominently located on a hill 289 metres 948 feet overlooking the town which is one of Bologna s main landmarks The windy 666 vault arcades almost four kilometres 3 796 m or 12 454 ft long effectively links San Luca as the church is commonly called to the city centre Its porticos provide shelter for the traditional procession which every year since 1433 has carried a Byzantine icon of the Madonna with Child attributed to Luke the Evangelist down to the Bologna Cathedral during the Feast of the Ascension 15 In 2021 the porticoes were named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site 15 San Petronio Basilica built between 1388 and 1479 but still unfinished is the tenth largest church in the world by volume 132 metres long and 66 metres wide while the vault reaches 45 metres inside and 51 metres in the facade With its volume of 258 000 m3 it is the largest Gothic or otherwise church built of bricks of the world 65 The Basilica of Saint Stephen and its sanctuary are among the oldest structures in Bologna having been built starting from the 8th century according to the tradition on the site of an ancient temple dedicated to Egyptian goddess Isis The Basilica of Saint Dominic is an example of Romanic architecture from the 13th century enriched by the monumental tombs of great Bolognese glossators Rolandino de Passeggeri and Egidio Foscherari Basilicas of St Francis Santa Maria dei Servi and San Giacomo Maggiore are other magnificent examples of 14th century architecture the latter also featuring Renaissance artworks such as the Bentivoglio Altarpiece by Lorenzo Costa Finally the Church of San Michele in Bosco is a 15th century religious complex located on a hill not far from the city s historical center View from the top of the Basilica di San Petronio the dome of Santuario di Santa Maria della Vita dominates the foreground the Asinelli higher and Garisenda towers Due Torri are seen on the right Economy Edit Unipol Tower at 127 m is the city s tallest building In terms of total GDP the Metropolitan City of Bologna generated a value of about 35 billion 40 6 billion in 2017 equivalent to 34 251 40 165 per capita the third highest figure among Italian provinces after Milan and Bolzano Bozen 66 The economy of Bologna is characterized by a flourishing industrial sector traditionally centered on the transformation of agricultural and zootechnical products Eridania Granarolo Segafredo Zanetti Conserve Italia it machinery Coesia it IMA Sacmi construction equipment Maccaferri energy Hera Group automotive Ducati Lamborghini footwear textile engineering chemical printing and publishing Cappelli il Mulino Monrif Group it Zanichelli In particular Bologna is considered the centre of the so called packaging valley an area well known for its high concentration of firms specialised in the manufacturing of automatic packaging machines Coesia it IMA 67 Furthermore Bologna is well known for its dense network of cooperatives a feature that dates back to the social struggles of farmers and workers in the 1800s and that today produces up to a third of its GDP 68 and occupies 265 thousand people in the Emilia Romagna region 69 Transport Edit A Trolleybus of the urban trolleybus network managed by TPER photographed in Via Saffi Bologna is home to the Guglielmo Marconi International Airport the seventh busiest Italian airport for passenger traffic 8 million passengers handled in 2017 Bologna Centrale railway station is one of Italy s most important train hubs thanks to the city s strategic location as a crossroad between north south and east west routes It serves 58 million passengers annually 70 The city hosts several minor railway stations see List of railway stations in Bologna Bologna San Donato classification yard with 33 railway tracks used to be the largest freight hub in Italy by size and traffic 71 Since 2018 it has been repurposed as the Bologna San Donato railway test circuit 72 The city is also served by a large network of public bus lines including trolleybus lines operated since 2012 by Trasporto Passeggeri Emilia Romagna TPER A large commuter rail service is currently under development see Bologna metropolitan railway service and a four line tram network is also planned see Trams in Bologna 73 Bologna public transportation statistics Edit The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bologna for example to and from work on a weekday is 53 min 9 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min while 16 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5 4 km while 7 travel for over 12 km in a single direction 74 Demographics EditAt the end of 2016 the city proper had a population of 388 254 while 1 million live in the greater Bologna area located in the province of Bologna Emilia Romagna of whom 46 7 were male and 53 3 were female Minors children ages 18 and younger totalled 12 86 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 27 02 percent This compares with the Italian average of 18 06 percent minors and 19 94 percent pensioners The average age of Bologna resident is 51 compared to the Italian average of 42 In the five years between 2002 and 2007 the population of Bologna grew by 0 0 percent while Italy as a whole grew by 3 56 percent 75 The current birth rate of Bologna is 8 07 births per 1 000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9 45 births Education Edit The University of Bologna is the world s oldest institution of higher learning founded in AD 1088 The University of Bologna conventionally said to have been founded in 1088 by glossators Irnerius and Pepo 76 is the oldest university in continuous operation and the first university in the sense of a higher learning and degree awarding institute as the word universitas was coined at its foundation 77 78 11 12 as well as one of the leading academic institutions in Italy and Europe 79 It was an important centre of European intellectual life during the Middle Ages attracting scholars from Italy and throughout Europe 80 The Studium as it was originally known began as a loosely organized teaching system with each master collecting fees from students on an individual basis The location of the early University was thus spread throughout the city with various colleges being founded to support students of a specific nationality Anatomical theatre of the Archiginnasio dating from 1637 In the Napoleonic era the headquarters of the university were moved to their present location on Via Zamboni in the northeastern sector of the city centre Today the university s 11 schools 33 departments and 93 libraries are spread across the city and include four subsidiary campuses in nearby Cesena Forli Ravenna and Rimini Noteworthy students present at the university in centuries past included Dante Petrarch Thomas Becket Pope Nicholas V Erasmus of Rotterdam Peter Martyr Vermigli and Copernicus Laura Bassi appointed in 1732 became the first woman to officially teach at a university in Europe In more recent history Luigi Galvani the discoverer of bioelectromagnetics and Guglielmo Marconi the pioneer of radio technology also worked at the university The University of Bologna remains one of the most respected and dynamic post secondary educational institutions in Italy To this day Bologna is still very much a university town with over 80 000 enrolled students in 2015 This community includes a great number of Erasmus Socrates and overseas students 81 The university s botanical garden the Orto Botanico dell Universita di Bologna was established in 1568 it is the fourth oldest in Europe Johns Hopkins University maintains its Bologna Center in the city which hosts one of the overseas campuses of the School of Advanced International Studies SAIS SAIS Bologna was founded in 1955 as the first campus of a US post graduate school to open in Europe 82 It was inspired by Marshall Plan efforts to build a cultural bridge between America and Europe 83 Today the Bologna Center also hosts the Associazione italo americana Luciano Finelli which supports cross cultural awareness and exchange between Italy and the United States 84 Dickinson College Indiana University Brown University and the University of California also have campuses or antennas in the city In addition Bologna hosts a music school Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini established in 1804 and an art school Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna founded in 1802 Both institutions were born as part of the reforms introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte Culture Edit The International museum and library of music displays ancient musical instruments and unique musical scores from the 16th to the 20th centuries Over the centuries Bologna has acquired many nicknames the fat la grassa refers to its cuisine in which the most famous specialities are prepared using rich meats especially pork egg pasta and dairy products such as butter and Parmesan Another nickname that has been given to the city is the red la rossa which was originally used as a reference to the colour of the buildings in the city centre has later become connected with the communist ideology supported by the majority of the population in particular after World War II until the election of a centre right mayor in 1999 the city was renowned as a bastion of the Italian Communist Party 85 The centre left regained power again in the 2004 mayoral elections with the election of Sergio Cofferati It was one of the first European cities to experiment with the concept of free public transport 86 Bologna has also two other nicknames the first one the towered la turrita refers to the high number of medieval towers that can be found in the city even if today only 24 towers are still standing The second one the learned la dotta is a reference to its university University Edit Bologna s university was founded in 1088 and it is considered the oldest university in the world According to the QS University Rankings Bologna university is the 4th ranked Italian university and the 180th ranked in the world The high number of students coming from all over Italy and the world in Bologna there are several campuses of foreign universities such as Johns Hopkins University Dickinson College Indiana University Brown University University of California and more has a considerable effect on everyday life While it contributes to livening up the city centre an area in which the average age of the residents is very high and it also helps to promote cultural initiatives on the other hand it creates public order and waste management problems that stem from the lively nightlife of the university district Entertainment and performing arts Edit Facade of Arena del Sole theatre The city of Bologna became a UNESCO City of Music on 26 May 2006 According to UNESCO As the first Italian city to be appointed to the Network Bologna has demonstrated a rich musical tradition that is continuing to evolve as a vibrant factor of contemporary life and creation It has also shown a strong commitment to promoting music as an important vehicle for inclusion in the fight against racism and in an effort to encourage economic and social development Fostering a wide range of genres from classical to electronic jazz folk and opera Bologna offers its citizens a musical vitality that deeply infiltrates the city s professional academic social and cultural facets 87 The theatre was a popular form of entertainment in Bologna until the 16th century The first public theater was the Teatro alla Scala active since 1547 in Palazzo del Podesta An important figure of Italian Bolognese theatre was Alfredo Testoni the playwright and author of Cardinal Lambertini which has had great theatrical success since 1905 repeated on screen by the Bolognese actor Gino Cervi In 1998 the City of Bologna initiated the project Bologna dei Teatri Bologna of the Theatres an association of the major theatrical facilities in the city This is a circuit of theatres which offer diverse theatrical opportunities ranging from Bolognese dialect to contemporary dance but with a communications strategy and promoting unity Specifically the shows on the bill in various theatres participating in the project are advertised weekly through a single poster Bologna s opera house is the Teatro Comunale di Bologna The Orchestra Mozart whose music director was Claudio Abbado until his death in 2014 was created in 2004 Bologna hosts a number of international music art dance and film festivals including Angelica 88 Bologna and Contemporanea festivals on contemporary music 89 Bolognafestival international classical music festival 90 Bologna Jazz Festival 91 Biografilm Festival devoted to biographical movies 92 BilBolBul a comics festival 93 Danza Urbana a street contemporary dance festival 94 F I S Co festival on contemporary art now merged into Live Arts Week Future Film Festival animation and special effects 95 Il Cinema Ritrovato film festival about rare and forgotten movies 96 Live Arts Week Gender Bender festival on gender identity sexual orientation and body representation 97 Homework festival electronic music festival 98 Human Rights Film Festival 99 Some Prefer Cake lesbian film festival 100 Zecchino d Oro a children s song contest Cuisine Edit Tagliatelle al ragu bolognese as served in Bologna Bologna is renowned for its culinary tradition It is the home of the famous Bolognese sauce a meat based pasta sauce In Italy it is called ragu and is substantially different from the variety found worldwide In Bologna the sauce is used only as a dressing for tagliatelle and serving it with spaghetti is considered odd 101 Situated in the fertile Po River Valley the rich local cuisine depends heavily on meats and cheeses As in all of Emilia Romagna the production of cured pork meats such as prosciutto mortadella and salumi is an important part of the local food industry 102 Well regarded nearby vineyards include Pignoletto dei Colli Bolognesi Lambrusco di Modena and Sangiovese di Romagna 103 Tagliatelle with ragu lasagne tortellini served in broth and mortadella the original Bologna sausage are among the local specialties 104 Traditional Bolognese desserts are often linked to holidays such as fave dei morti cookies of the dead multi coloured almond paste cookies made for All Saints Day jam filled raviole cookies that are served on Saint Joseph s Day and carnival sweets known as sfrappole a light and delicate fried pastry topped with powder sugar certosino or panspeziale carthusian or apothecary cake a spicy cake served on Christmas Torta di riso a custard like cake made of almonds rice and amaretto is made throughout the year 105 as well as the zuppa inglese Sport Edit The PalaDozza Bologna s historic basketball arena Differently from the vaste majority of Italian cities in Bologna basketball is the most followed sport In fact the sporting nickname for Bologna is Basket City in reference to the successes of the town s two rival historic basketball clubs Virtus and Fortitudo 106 Of the two the former won among others 16 Italian basketball championships two Euroleagues one EuroCup and one FIBA Saporta Cup making them one of the most influential European basketball clubs the latter won two league titles between 1999 and 2005 The Italian Basketball League which operates both Lega A and LegADue has its headquarters in Bologna There are two indoor arenas in the city PalaDozza the oldest one with a capacity of 5 570 seats and Segafredo Arena a temporary venue with a capacity of 9 980 seats The 32 000 capacity Stadio Renato Dall Ara is the home of Bologna FC 1909 Football also has a strong tradition in Bologna The city s main club Bologna F C 1909 have won seven Italian league championships the latest in 1963 64 which makes them the sixth most successful team in the history of the league in their heyday in the 1930s Bologna FC was called Lo squadrone che tremare il mondo fa Italian for The Team that Shakes the World The club play at the 38 000 capacity Stadio Renato Dall Ara which has hosted the Italian national team in both football and rugby union as well as the San Marino national football team It was also a venue at the 1990 FIFA World Cup Rugby union is also present in the city Rugby Bologna 1928 is not only one of the oldest Italian rugby union clubs but also the first club affiliated to the Italian rugby union federation 107 and to date 2014 is Italy s oldest rugby union club still in operation The club took part in the top tier of the Italian championship for the first 25 years of their history never winning the title but getting to the runner up place several times they returned to the top division Serie A1 then Super 10 in the late 1990s and faced serious financial problems which led them to the relegation and almost to disappearance citation needed Gianni Falchi Stadium is a baseball stadium located in Bologna 108 109 110 It is home to the home games of Fortitudo Baseball Bologna in the Italian Baseball League 108 111 People EditMain category People from Bologna Pope Benedict XIV born in Bologna in 1675 Ulisse Aldrovandi naturalist 1522 1605 Antonio Alessandrini anatomist and parasitologist 1786 1861 Maria Gaetana Agnesi mathematician and humanitarian 1718 1799 Amico Aspertini painter c 1474 1552 Pupi Avati director born 1938 Riccardo Bacchelli writer 1891 1985 Adriano Banchieri composer 1568 1634 Agostino Barelli architect 1627 1687 Massimiliano Bartoli chef restaurateur Antonio Basoli painter and scene designer 1774 1848 Laura Bassi scientist first female appointed to university chair in Europe 1711 1788 Ugo Bassi Italian nationalist hero executed for role in 1848 uprisings 1800 1849 Pier Francesco Battistelli painter of quadratura 17th century Stefano Benni writer born 1947 Benedict XIV Prospero Lambertini Pope 1740 58 Giovanni II Bentivoglio 1443 1508 Amedeo Biavati footballer 1915 1979 credited with the invention of the stepover World Champion 1938 played only for Bologna FC Simone Bolelli professional tennis player born 1985 Giacomo Bolognini painter 1664 1734 Rafael Bombelli mathematician 1526 1572 Rossano Brazzi actor 1916 1994 Floriano Buroni engraver 17th century Arcangelo Canetoli Roman Catholic priest canon regular 1460 1513 Alessandro Carloni director animator artist who worked on films like Kung Fu Panda and The Croods born 1978 Luca Carboni singer songwriter born 1962 Raffaella Carra singer 1943 2021 Annibale Carracci painter 1560 1609 Lodovico Carracci painter 1555 1619 Agostino Carracci painter 1557 1602 Corrado Casalini footballer born 1914 Chiara Caselli actress born 1967 Cristina D Avena actress and singer born 1964 Saint Catherine of Bologna Caterina de Vigri 1413 1463 Poor Claire nun writer mystic artist Pier Ferdinando Casini politician born 1955 Pietro Cataldi mathematician 1548 1626 Pierluigi Collina football referee born 1960 Carlo Colombara operatic bass born 1964 Giovanni Paolo Colonna composer 1637 1695 Alessandro Cortini musician born 1976 Cesare Cremonini songwriter 1980 Giuseppe Maria Crespi painter 1665 1747 Donato Creti painter 1671 1749 Giulio Cesare Croce cantastorie and writer 1550 1609 Scipione del Ferro mathematician solved the cubic equation 1465 1526 Francesco Francia Francesco Raibolini painter c 1450 1517 Lucio Dalla singer songwriter 1943 2012 Domenichino Domenico Zampieri painter 1581 1641 Elena Duglioli Roman Catholic aristocrat 1472 1520 Sara Errani tennis player born 1987 Gianfranco Fini politician born 1952 Aristotile Fioravanti architect c 1415 c 1486 Carlo Fornasini 1854 1931 micropalaeontologist who studied Foraminifera Luigi Galvani scientist discoverer of bioelectricity 1737 1798 Alessandro Gamberini footballer born 1981 Serena Grandi actress born 1958 Gregory XIII Ugo Boncompagni Pope 1572 85 instituted the Gregorian Calendar Gregory XV Alessandro Ludovisi Pope 1621 3 Il Guercino Giovanni Barbieri painter 1591 1666 Irnerius jurist c 1050 at least 1125 Blessed Imelda Lambertini Dominican novice Eucharistic mystic and child saint c 1322 1333 Claudio Lolli singer songwriter 1950 2018 Lucius II Gherardo Caccianemici dell Orso Pope 1144 5 Marcello Malpighi physiologist anatomist and histologist 1628 1694 Guglielmo Marconi engineer pioneer of wireless telegraphy Nobel prize for Physics 1874 1937 Giovanni Battista Martini musical theorist 1706 1784 Giuseppe Mezzofanti cardinal linguist and hyperpolyglot 1774 1839 Marco Minghetti economist and statesman 1818 1886 Giorgio Morandi painter 1890 1964 Gianni Morandi singer born 1944 Ludovico Morbioli Catholic layman declared Blessed 1433 1485 Edgardo Mortara Catholic priest that was the subject of the Mortara Case during the Risorgimento 1851 1940 Nella Nobili poet and writer 1926 1985 Gianluca Pagliuca footballer born 1966 Pier Paolo Pasolini writer poet director 1922 1975 James Primadicci Papal diplomat 1460 Agostino delle Prospettive painter 1525 Umberto Puppini 1884 1946 mathematician Roberto Regazzi luthier born 1956 Guido Reni painter 1575 1642 Ottorino Respighi composer 1879 1936 Francesco Ricci Bitti Italian sports administrator Augusto Righi physicist authority on electromagnetism 1850 1920 Carlo Ruini equine anatomist 1530 1598 Angelo Schiavio footballer 1905 1990 scored the winning goal in extra time in 1934 for Bologna Senhit singer born 1979 Elisabetta Sirani painter 1638 1665 Alberto Tomba skier born 1966 Ondina Valla first Italian woman Olympic gold medalist 1916 2006 Mariele Ventre teacher and educator founder of Piccolo Coro dell Antoniano choir 1939 1995 Christian Vieri footballer born 1973 Vitale da Bologna painter fl 1330 d 1361 Anteo Zamboni anarchist who at the age of 15 attempted to assassinate Benito Mussolini 1911 1926 Alex Zanardi racing driver born 1966 Marco Aurelio Zani de Ferranti writer musician and composer 1801 1878 In addition to the natives of the city listed above the following have made Bologna their home Giosue Carducci poet and academic Nobel Prize for Literature born near Lucca Tuscany 1835 1907 Carlo Felice Cillario Italian conductor of international renown founder of the Bologna Chamber Orchestra in 1946 7 February 1915 13 December 2007 Umberto Eco writer and academic born in Alessandria Piedmont 1932 2016 Enzio of Sardinia born c 1218 King of Sardinia and illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II was imprisoned in Palazzo Re Enzo from 1249 until his death in 1272 Vasco Errani politician born 1955 Farinelli Carlo Broschi castrato opera singer 1705 1782 William Girometti painter born in Milan 1924 1998 Alfonso Lombardi sculptor born in Ferrara c 1497 1537 Niccolo dell Arca sculptor born in Bari c 1435 1440 2 March 1494 Juan Ignacio Molina naturalist born in Chile 1740 1829 Giovanni Pascoli poet and academic born in San Mauro di Romagna 1855 1912 St Petronius San Petronio bishop of Bologna and patron saint of the city birthplace unknown died c 450 AD Romano Prodi economist politician born in Scandiano Reggio Emilia 1939 Giorgio Rosa engineer president of short lived micronation Republic of Rose Island 1925 2017 Gioachino Rossini opera composer born in Pesaro 1792 1868 Giuseppe Torelli composer born in Verona 1658 1709 Wu Ming collective of writers active since 2000 International relations EditSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Bologna is twinned with 112 Coventry England UK since 1984 Kharkiv Ukraine since 1966 Leipzig Germany since 1962 La Plata Argentina since 1988 Portland Oregon United States since 2003 Saint Louis Senegal since 1991 St Louis United States since 1987 San Carlos Nicaragua since 1988 Thessaloniki Greece since 1981 Toulouse France since 1981 Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1994 Valencia Spain since 1980 Zagreb Croatia since 1961 Prijepolje Serbia since 1966See also Edit Italy portal Cities portalBologna declaration Bologna metropolitan area Bologna Process Bolognese bell ringing art List of tallest buildings in Bologna Opera Pia Dei Poveri Mendicanti San Girolamo dell Arcoveggio Santa Maria Annunziata di FossoloReferences Edit ISTAT Rapporto UrBes 2015 Bologna PDF istat it Retrieved 11 May 2017 Vista par Signola Area in Italian Demo istat it Archived from the original on 24 July 2019 Retrieved 27 March 2020 Database Archived from the original on 24 July 2019 Retrieved 27 March 2020 click General and regional statistics Regional statistics by typology Metropolitan regions Demography statistics by metropolitan regions Population on 1 January by broad age group sex and metropolitan regions met pjanaggr3 Ufficio statistica regionale in Italian Regione Emilia Romagna 10 April 2019 Citta Metropolitana di Bologna in Italian tuttitalia it 30 November 2019 Archived from the original on 3 August 2010 Retrieved 27 March 2020 The red the fat and the learned The story behind Bologna s curious nicknames The Local Italy 12 June 2018 Retrieved 15 October 2021 Romy Grieco 1976 Bologna a city to discover pp 8 12 138 45 Top Universities Archived 17 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010 Our History Universita di Bologna Gaston Paul L 2012 The Challenge of Bologna What United States Higher Education Has to Learn from Europe and Why It Matters That We Learn It Stylus Publishing LLC p 18 ISBN 978 1 57922 502 5 a b c Hunt Janin The university in medieval life 1179 1499 McFarland 2008 ISBN 0 7864 3462 7 p 55f a b c de Ridder Symoens Hilde A History of the University in Europe Volume 1 Universities in the Middle Ages Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0 521 36105 2 pp 47 55 Bologna history Bologna culture Bologna attractions in Bologna art Bologna history guide Bologna Travelplan it Retrieved 19 April 2010 The Italian UNESCO Creative Cities under the lead of Bologna Bologna Citta della Musica cittadellamusica comune bologna it 26 October 2016 Archived from the original on 23 September 2020 Retrieved 3 October 2018 a b c d The Porticoes of Bologna World Heritage Site submission UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1 June 2006 Retrieved 29 June 2012 Dubois Silvia Maria 28 July 2021 I portici di Bologna sono stati nominati patrimonio dell Unesco in Italian Corriere della Sera Retrieved 28 July 2021 Hornblower Simon et al 2012 The Oxford classical dictionary 3rd ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 230 ISBN 978 0 19 954556 8 Butler Alban 1814 The Lives of the Fathers Martyrs And Other Principal Saints London John Murphy Heers Jacques 1995 La citta nel medioevo in Occidente paesaggi poteri e conflitti Milano Jaca Book p 63 ISBN 978 88 16 40374 1 Kleinhenz Christopher 2004 Medieval Italy an encyclopedia New York Routledge p 134 ISBN 978 0 415 93929 4 For a detailed account of how the relevant manuscripts and their transmission see Charles M Radding amp Antonio Ciaralli The Corpus iuris civilis in the Middle Ages Manuscripts and Transmission from the Sixth Century to the Juristic Revival Leiden Brill 2007 Luzzatto Gino 2015 An Economic History of Italy From the Fall of the Empire to the Beginning of the 16th Century 1st ed Abingdon on Thames Routledge p 111 ISBN 978 1 138 86495 5 Nove secoli di storia Universita di Bologna Nancy G Siraisi Taddeo Alderotti and his pupils two generations of Italian medical learning Princeton University Press 1981 Janin Hunt 2008 The university in medieval life 1179 1499 Jefferson NC McFarland amp Co p 56 ISBN 978 0 7864 3462 6 Arnaldi Girolamo 2008 Italy and its invaders Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press p 111 ISBN 978 0 674 03033 6 a b Partner Peter 1972 The lands of St Peter the papal state in the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance Berkeley Univ of California Pr pp 318 327 ISBN 978 0 520 02181 5 Wray Shona Kelly 2009 Communities and crisis Bologna during the Black Death Leiden Brill pp 95 96 ISBN 978 90 04 17634 8 Raimond Van Marle The Development of the Italian Schools of Painting Volume 4 1924 pp 394 481 Black Christopher F 2001 Early Modern Italy a Social History Online Ausg ed New York Routledge p 23 ISBN 978 0 415 21434 6 Pullan Brian ed 2006 Crisis and change in the Venetian economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries London Routledge p 132 ISBN 978 0 415 37700 3 Gross Hanns 2002 Rome in the Age of Enlightenment the Post Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Regime Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 238 ISBN 978 0 521 89378 7 Gross Hanns 2002 Rome in the Age of Enlightenment the Post Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Regime Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 89 ISBN 978 0 521 89378 7 Wright A D 2000 The early modern papacy from the Council of Trent to the French Revolution 1564 1789 Harlow England Longman p 261 ISBN 978 0 582 08747 7 Messberger Rebecca et al 2016 Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment Art Science and Spirituality Toronto University of Toronto Press p 211 ISBN 978 1 4426 3718 4 a b Hearder Harry 1994 Italy in the age of the Risorgimento 1790 1870 7 impr ed London Longman p 121 ISBN 978 0 582 49146 5 Italian unification Early revolutionary activity 1820 to 1830 Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 18 March 2014 Hughes Steven C 1993 Crime disorder and the Risorgimento the politics of policing in Bologna 1 publ ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 17 ISBN 978 0 521 44450 7 Toniolo Gianni 8 April 2016 An Economic History of Liberal Italy 1850 1918 Abingdon on Thames Routledge p 46 ISBN 978 1 138 83052 3 Cardoza Anthony L 2016 Agrarian Elites and Italian Fascism The Province of Bologna 1901 1926 Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press pp 32 40 ISBN 978 0 691 64140 9 Cardoza Anthony L 2016 Agrarian Elites and Italian Fascism The Province of Bologna 1901 1926 Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press pp 387 88 ISBN 978 0 691 64140 9 Sabel Charles F et al 1997 World of possibilities flexibility and mass production in western industrialization 1 publ ed Cambridge u a Cambridge Univ Press pp 382 88 ISBN 978 0 521 49555 4 Bombardamenti aerei subiti da Bologna Storia e Memoria di Bologna Manaresi Filippo D Ajutolo Testi di Franco 1999 Bologna ferita fotografie inedite 1943 1945 Bologna Ed Pendragon p 18 ISBN 978 88 8342 017 7 Salvati Bernardino 2003 Bologna trema 1943 1944 Edizioni Pendragon p 105 ISBN 978 88 8342 243 0 Baccolini Luca 2017 Storie segrete della storia di Bologna Newton Compton Editori p 38 ISBN 978 88 227 1332 2 7 novembre 1944 Battaglia di Porta Lame Il Museo Virtuale della Certosa in Italian Certosa cineca it Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 Retrieved 2 May 2012 Heath Tim et al 2001 Revitalizing historic urban quarters Reprinted ed Oxford Architectural Press p 107 ISBN 978 0 7506 2890 7 Ghirardo Diane Yvonne 2013 Italy Modern Architectures in History 1 publ ed London Reaktion p 283 ISBN 978 1 86189 864 7 Chronology of Bologna 1927 in Italian www bibliotecasalaborsa it Salaborsa Library Retrieved 30 November 2017 La Regione e la sua storia le sedi della regione in Italian www regione emilia romagna it Emilia Romagna region Retrieved 1 December 2017 See Virginio Merola Benvenuti a Bologna Welcome to Bologna Oct 18 2016 a b Elezioni 2021 Lepore vince a Bologna con una percentuale travolgente ANSA Dati statistici temperature e precipitazioni dal 1991 al 2009 comune bologna it Retrieved 24 January 2014 Febbraio 2012 ma quanta neve e caduta PDF ARPA Emilia Romagna Retrieved 5 March 2014 Bologna Borgo Panigale BO PDF Atlante climatico Servizio Meteorologico Retrieved 5 December 2014 STAZIONE 140 BOLOGNA medie mensili periodo 61 90 Servizio Meteorologico Retrieved 5 December 2014 Bologna Borgo Panigale Record mensili dal 1946 in Italian Servizio Meteorologico dell Aeronautica Militare Retrieved 11 December 2014 Demographic Balance for the year 2017 provisional data Istat Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 Retrieved 4 November 2017 Spending Review Act Italian Government Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 Retrieved 18 October 2012 Ferri Vittorio 2009 Metropolitan cities in Italy An institution of federalism PDF University of Milan Bicocca Retrieved 23 May 2011 dead link National League of Cities American Municipal Association 1976 Nation s cities Volume 14 United States National League of Cities The Two Towers Garisenda e degli Asinelli artcityemiliaromagna com Official tourism promotion website of Emilia Romagna region Retrieved 4 November 2017 Caird Joe 16 January 2009 Bologna city guide top five sights The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 1 June 2013 data from http www bolognawelcome com Basilica di San Petronio plus calculations as follows San Petronio de Bologna The floorplan of the building is a simple rectangle Area length of the building x width of the building 132 m x 60 m The volume without the roofs can be calculated as a sum of five cuboids one single the central nave and two pairs the aisles and the files of chapels The sum of each of the pairs can be calculated as one cuboid of double width Knowing the height of the central nave and the width of the building the measures of the sections can be calculated by measuring an orthograde photo of the facade Volume traverse section of the central nave width 22 m height 44 27 m sum of the traverse sections of the two aisles width 20 m height 29 06 m sum of the traverse sections of the two files of chapels width 18 m height 22 38 m x length of the building 132 m 973 94 581 2 402 84 x 132 1 957 98 x 132 258 453 36 Dossier on the Metropolitan City of Bologna PDF Istat Retrieved 4 November 2017 Fotis Marco et al 2014 The Automatic Packaging Machinery Sector in Italy and Germany Springer pp 1 2 ISBN 978 3 319 12762 0 Duda John 5 July 2016 The Italian Region Where Co ops Produce a Third of Its GDP YES Magazine Retrieved 4 November 2017 Caselli Guido Osservatorio della cooperazione in Emilia Romagna Chamber of Commerce of Emilia Romagna Retrieved 4 November 2017 Bologna Centrale Grandi Stazioni Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 Retrieved 30 December 2011 The Bologna Freight Village PDF Bologna Interporto S p a Archived from the original PDF on 12 December 2013 Retrieved 1 June 2013 Gian Guido Turchi Bologna San Donato metamorfosi di un impianto in I Treni 434 2020 pages 12 17 Editrice Trasporti su Rotaie ISSN 0392 4602 Four tram lines planned for Bologna Metro Report 13 March 2019 Retrieved 17 March 2019 Bologna Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Retrieved 19 June 2017 Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License istat Demo istat it Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 Retrieved 19 April 2010 Rashdall Hastings 2010 The universities of Europe in the Middle Ages Cambridge Cambridge university press pp 119 121 ISBN 978 1 108 01810 4 Top Universities Archived 17 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010 Paul L Gaston 2010 The Challenge of Bologna p 18 ISBN 978 1 57922 366 3 Retrieved 7 July 2016 Censis la classifica delle universita Bologna ancora prima 3 July 2017 Ridder Symoens Hilde de ed 2003 A history of the university in Europe 1st pbk ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 12 ISBN 978 0 521 54113 8 THE UNIVERSITY TODAY NUMBERS AND INNOVATION University of Bologna Retrieved 4 November 2017 American Centres University of Bologna Unibo it Retrieved 18 January 2016 Remarks at the 50th Anniversary of SAIS in Bologna 2001 2009 state gov 19 May 2005 Retrieved 18 January 2016 About Us Associazione Italo Americana Luciano Finelli Archived from the original on 21 January 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 The red the fat and the learned The story behind Bologna s curious nicknamess The Local 10 May 2017 Retrieved 4 November 2017 Repertoires of Democracy The Case for Public Transport PDF Archived from the original PDF on 25 March 2009 Retrieved 19 April 2010 The Creative Cities Network UNESCO Culture Sector Portal unesco org Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 Retrieved 19 April 2010 Angelica Aaa angelica com Retrieved 19 April 2010 Eventi Arte Contemporanea Bologna contemporanea Bolognacontemporanea it Retrieved 18 January 2016 Bolonafestival Bolognafestival it Retrieved 19 April 2010 BolognaJazzFestival BolognaJazzFestival it Retrieved 19 April 2010 Biografilm Festival in Italian Biografilm it Retrieved 19 April 2010 BilBolBul BilBolBul Retrieved 19 April 2010 Danza Urbana Danzaurbana it Retrieved 19 April 2010 futurefilmfestival Futurefilmfestival org Retrieved 19 April 2010 Il CInema Ritrovato Cinetecadibologna it Retrieved 19 April 2010 Gender Bender Genderbender it Retrieved 19 April 2010 homeworkfestival homeworkfestival Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 Retrieved 19 April 2010 Human Rights Film Festival Cinetecadibologna it Retrieved 19 April 2010 Some Prefer Cake Lesbian Film Festival Archived from the original on 9 February 2012 Retrieved 19 August 2011 Cesarato Monica 14 September 2016 Why you won t find spaghetti bolognese in Italy The Local Retrieved 5 November 2017 Pauls Dana Facaros amp Michael 2000 Italy Bologna amp Emilia Romagna London Cadogan p 57 ISBN 978 1 86011 977 4 Anderson Burton 2006 The Wines of Italy An endless adventure in taste 8th ed The Italian Trade Commission pp 85 89 ASIN B002H6TK9C Pauls Dana Facaros amp Michael 2000 Italy Bologna amp Emilia Romagna London Cadogan p 52 ISBN 978 1 86011 977 4 Pauls Dana Facaros amp Michael 2000 Italy Bologna amp Emilia Romagna London Cadogan p 60 ISBN 978 1 86011 977 4 Wolff Alexander 2003 6 Big Game Small World A Basketball Adventure Grand Central Publishing ISBN 978 0 446 67989 3 Zanasi Gianni 6 March 2009 Rugby Bologna 1928 quale futuro What Future for Rugby Bologna 1928 air it in Italian Associazione Italiana Rugbysti Archived from the original on 5 November 2014 Retrieved 5 November 2014 a b Fortitudo Baseball Bologna Stadio Gianni Falchi www fortitudobaseball com Welcome to Italy ESPN Punk Hits Baseball in the Old Country Baseball Prospectus 18 July 2012 Baseball Qualifier Europe Africa dal 18 al 22 Settembre a Bologna e Parma RoadToTokyo Gemellaggi del Comune di Bologna comune bologna it in Italian Bologna Retrieved 13 December 2019 Further reading EditSee also Bibliography of the history of Bologna Mancini Giorgia and Nicholas Penny eds The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings Volume III Ferrara and Bologna National Gallery Catalogues 2016 Rashdall Hastings The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages Volume 1 Salerno Bologna Paris 2010 Robertson Anne Walters Tyranny under the Mantle of St Peter Pope Paul II and Bologna 2002 Guide books Edit Grieco Romy Bologna a city to discover 1976 Insight Guides Pocket Bologna 2016 Noyes Mary Tolaro Bologna Reflections 2009 Uras Martina Bologna Photo Guide Older guides Edit Bologna Italy 2nd ed Coblenz Karl Baedeker 1870 OL 24140254M Bologna Hand book for Travellers in Northern Italy 16th ed London John Murray 1897 OCLC 2231483 OL 6936521M T Francis Bumpus 1900 Ferrara and Bologna The Cathedrals and Churches of Northern Italy London Laurie OL 7201313M Bologna Northern Italy 14th ed Leipzig Karl Baedeker 1913 OL 16015532MExternal links EditBologna at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website Weather Bologna Museum of the History of Bologna International museum and library of music of Bologna Bologna online cameras Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bologna amp oldid 1133422622, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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