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Genoa

Genoa (/ˈɛnə/ JEN-oh-ə; Italian: Genova [ˈdʒɛːnova] (listen); Ligurian: Zêna [ˈzeːna])[a] is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits.[3] As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Genoa, which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa,[4] had 855,834 resident persons.[5] Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera.[6]

Genoa
Genova (Italian)
Zêna (Ligurian)
Comune di Genova
From top to bottom, left to right: Piazza De Ferrari, XX Settembre Street, historical center, panorama view of the city from the Castelletto quarter.
Location of Genoa
Genoa
Location of Genoa in Liguria
Genoa
Genoa (Liguria)
Coordinates: 44°24′40″N 8°55′58″E / 44.41111°N 8.93278°E / 44.41111; 8.93278Coordinates: 44°24′40″N 8°55′58″E / 44.41111°N 8.93278°E / 44.41111; 8.93278
CountryItaly
RegionLiguria
Metropolitan cityGenoa (GE)
Government
 • MayorMarco Bucci
Area
 • Total240.29 km2 (92.78 sq mi)
Elevation
20 m (70 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2018)[2]
 • Total580,097
 • Density2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Genoese, Genovese
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
16121-16167
Dialing code010
ISTAT code010025
Patron saintJohn the Baptist
Saint day24 June
Websitecomune.genova.it
Official nameGenoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli
CriteriaCultural: (ii)(iv)
Reference1211
Inscription2006 (30th Session)
Area15.777 ha (38.99 acres)
Buffer zone113 ha (280 acres)

On the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea, Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean: it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union.[7][8]

Genoa was the capital of one of the most powerful maritime republics for over seven centuries, from the 11th century to 1797.[9] Particularly from the 12th century to the 15th century, the city played a leading role in the commercial trade in Europe, becoming one of the largest naval powers of the continent and considered among the wealthiest cities in the world.[10][11] It was also nicknamed la Superba ("the proud one") by Petrarch due to its glories on the seas and impressive landmarks.[12] The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century, and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages. The Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, is the oldest known state deposit bank in the world and has played an important role in the city's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century.[13][14]

The historical centre, also known as old town, of Genoa is one of the largest and most-densely populated in Europe.[15] Part of it was also inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 as Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli. Genoa's historical city centre is also known for its narrow lanes and streets that the locals call "caruggi".[16] Genoa is also home to the University of Genoa, which has a history going back to the 15th century, when it was known as Genuense Athenaeum. The city's rich cultural history in art, music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Guglielmo Embriaco, Christopher Columbus, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Mazzini, Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella, founder of the House of Grimaldi, among others.

Genoa, which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy, is one of the country's major economic centers.[17][18] A number of leading Italian companies are based in the city, including Fincantieri, Selex ES,[19] Ansaldo Energia,[20] Ansaldo STS, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, Mediterranean Shipping Company and Costa Cruises.

Name

The city's modern name may derive from the Latin word meaning "knee" (genu; plural, genua) but there are other theories. It could derive from the god Janus, because Genoa, like him, has two faces: a face that looks at the sea and another turned to the mountains. Or it could come from the Latin word ianua, also related to the name of the God Janus, and meaning "door", or "passage." Besides that, it may refer to its geographical position at the centre of the Ligurian coastal arch. The Latin name, oppidum Genua, is recorded by Pliny the Elder (Nat. Hist. 3.48) as part of the Augustean Regio IX Liguria.[21]

Another theory traces the name to the Etruscan word Kainua which means "New City", based on an inscription on a pottery sherd reading Kainua, which suggests that the Latin name may be a corruption of an older Etruscan one with an original meaning of "new town".[22]

History

Prehistory and Roman times

The city's area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.[23] In the fifth century BC the first town, or oppidum, was founded probably by the ancient Ligures (which gave the name to the modern region of Liguria) at the top of the hill today called Castello (Castle), which is now inside the medieval old town.[24][25] In this period the Genoese town, inhabited by the "Genuati" (a group of Ligure peoples), was considered "the emporium of the Ligurians", given its strong commercial character.[26]

The "Genoese oppidum" had an alliance with Rome through a foedus aequum (equal pact) in the course of the Second Punic War. The Carthaginians accordingly destroyed it in 209 BC. The town was rebuilt and, after the Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC, it received municipal rights. The original castrum then expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Trade goods included skins, timber, and honey. Goods were moved to and from Genoa's hinterland, including major cities like Tortona and Piacenza. An amphitheater was also found there among other archaeological remains from the Roman period.[27]

Middle Ages to early modern period

5th to 10th centuries

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths occupied Genoa. After the Gothic War, the Byzantines made it the seat of their vicar. When the Lombards invaded Italy in 568, Bishop Honoratus of Milan fled and held his seat in Genoa.[28] During this time and in the following century Genoa was little more than a small centre, slowly building its merchant fleet, which was to become the leading commercial carrier of the Western Mediterranean. In 934–35 the town was thoroughly sacked and burned by a Fatimid fleet under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi.[29]

Rise of the Genoese Republic

 
The port and fleet of Genoa in the early 14th century, by Quinto Cenni

Genoa started expanding during the First Crusade. At the time the city had a population of about 10,000. Twelve galleys, one ship and 1,200 soldiers from Genoa joined the crusade. The Genoese troops, led by noblemen de Insula and Avvocato, set sail in July 1097.[30] The Genoese fleet transported and provided naval support to the crusaders, mainly during the siege of Antioch in 1098, when the Genoese fleet blockaded the city while the troops provided support during the siege.[30] In the siege of Jerusalem in 1099 Genoese crossbowmen led by Guglielmo Embriaco acted as support units against the defenders of the city.

The Republic's role as a maritime power in the Mediterranean region secured many favorable commercial treaties for Genoese merchants. They came to control a large portion of the trade of the Byzantine Empire, Tripoli (Libya), the Principality of Antioch, Cilician Armenia, and Egypt.[30] Although Genoa maintained free-trading rights in Egypt and Syria, it lost some of its territorial possessions after Saladin's campaigns in those areas in the late 12th century.[31][32]

13th and 14th centuries

The commercial and cultural rivalry of Genoa and Venice was played out through the thirteenth century. Thanks to the major role played by the Republic of Venice in the Fourth Crusade, Venetian trading rights were enforced in the eastern Mediterranean and Venice was able to gain control of a large portion of maritime commerce in the region.[31]

To regain control of local commerce, the Republic of Genoa allied with Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor of Nicaea, who wanted to restore the Byzantine Empire by recapturing Constantinople. In March 1261 the treaty of the alliance was signed in Nymphaeum.[31] On 25 July 1261, Nicaean troops under Alexios Strategopoulos recaptured Constantinople.[31] As a result, the balance of favour tipped toward Genoa, which was granted free trade rights in the Nicene Empire.[31] The islands of Chios and Lesbos became commercial stations of Genoa as well as the city of Smyrna (Izmir). In the same century the Republic conquered many settlements in Crimea, known as Gazaria, where the Genoese colony of Caffa was established. The alliance with the restored Byzantine Empire increased the wealth and power of Genoa, and simultaneously decreased Venetian and Pisan commerce. The Byzantine Empire had granted the majority of free trading rights to Genoa.[33]

Around the 14th century, Genoa was also credited with the invention of blue jeans. Genoa's jean fabric was a fustian textile of "medium quality and of reasonable cost", very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous, and was "used for work clothes in general". The Genoese navy equipped its sailors with jeans, as they needed a fabric which could be worn wet or dry.[34][35]

As a result of the Genoese support to the Aragonese rule in Sicily, Genoa was granted free trading and export rights in the Kingdom. Genoese bankers also profited from loans to the new nobility of Sicily. While Corsica was formally annexed in 1347.[36]

15th and 16th centuries

 
View of Genoa, published in 1483

In the 15th century two of the earliest banks in the world were founded in Genoa: the Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, which was the oldest state deposit bank in the world at its closure in 1805 and the Banca Carige, founded in 1483 as a mount of piety, which still exists. Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa c. 1451, and donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the Americas for Spain to the Bank of Saint George in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many aristocratic Genoese families, such as the Balbi, Doria, Grimaldi, Pallavicini, and Serra, amassed tremendous fortunes. According to Felipe Fernandez-Armesto and others, the practices Genoa developed in the Mediterranean (such as chattel slavery) were crucial in the exploration and exploitation of the New World.[37]

 
Territories of the Republic of Genoa, around the Mediterranean & Black Sea coasts.

Thereafter, Genoa underwent something of an associate of the Spanish Empire, with Genoese bankers, in particular, financing many of the Spanish crown's foreign endeavors from their counting houses in Seville. Fernand Braudel has even called the period 1557 to 1627 the "age of the Genoese", "of a rule that was so discreet and sophisticated that historians for a long time failed to notice it" (Braudel 1984 p. 157). The Genoese bankers provided the unwieldy Habsburg system with fluid credit and a dependably regular income. In return the less dependable shipments of American silver were rapidly transferred from Seville to Genoa, to provide capital for further ventures. Genoa's trade, however, remained closely dependent on control of Mediterranean sealanes, and the loss of Chios to the Ottoman Empire (1566), struck a severe blow.[38]

17th and 18th centuries

From the 17th century, the Genoese Republic started a period of slow decline, in May 1625 a French-Savoian army briefly laid siege to Genoa. Though it was eventually lifted with the aid of the Spanish, the French would later bombard the city in May 1684 for its support of Spain during the War of the Reunions.[39] In-between, a plague killed as many as half of the inhabitants of Genoa in 1656–57.[40] Genoa continued its slow decline well into the 18th century, losing its last Mediterranean colony, the island fortress of Tabarka, to the Bey of Tunis in 1742.[41]

The Convention of Turin of 1742, in which Austria allied with the Kingdom of Sardinia, caused some consternation in the Republic. Consequently, the Republic of Genoa signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of Kingdom of France, Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples. On 26 June 1745, the Republic of Genoa declared war on the Kingdom of Sardinia. This decision would prove disastrous for Genoa, which later surrendered to the Austrians in September 1746 and was briefly occupied before a revolt liberated the city two months later.[42]

In 1780, the Confetteria Romanengo was founded.[43]

In a much weaker state, Genoa was forced to cede Corsica to the French in the 1768 Treaty of Versailles.

The direct intervention of Napoleon (during the Campaigns of 1796) and his representatives in Genoa was the final act that led to the fall of the Republic in early June, who overthrew the old elites which had ruled the state for all of its history, giving birth to the Ligurian Republic on 14 June 1797, under the watchful care of Napoleonic France. After Bonaparte's seizure of power in France, a more conservative constitution was enacted, but the Ligurian Republic's life was short—in 1805 it was annexed by France, becoming the départements of Apennins, Gênes, and Montenotte.[44]

Following the fall of Napoleon, Genoa regained an ephemeral independence, with the name of the Repubblica genovese, which lasted less than a year. However, the Congress of Vienna established the annexation of the whole territories of the former Genoese Republic to the Kingdom of Sardinia, governed by the House of Savoy, contravening the principle of restoring the legitimate governments and monarchies of the old Republic.[45]

19th century

In the 19th century, Genoa consolidated its role as a major seaport and an important steel and shipbuilding centre. In Genoa in 1853, Giovanni Ansaldo founded Gio. Ansaldo & C. whose shipyards would build some of the most beautiful ships in the world, such as ARA Garibaldi, SS Roma, MS Augustus, SS Rex, SS Andrea Doria, SS Cristoforo Colombo, MS Gripsholm, SS Leonardo da Vinci, SS Michelangelo, and SS SeaBreeze. In 1854, the ferry company Costa Crociere was founded. In 1861 the Registro Italiano Navale Italian register of shipping was created, and in 1879 the Yacht Club Italiano. The owner Raffaele Rubattino in 1881 was among the founders of the ferry company Navigazione Generale Italiana which then become the Italian Line.[46] In 1870 was founded Banca di Genova which in 1895 changed its name to Credito Italiano and in 1998 became Unicredit. In 1874 the city was completely connected by railway lines to France and the rest of Italy: Genoa-Turin, Genoa-Ventimiglia, Genoa-Pisa. In 1884 Rinaldo Piaggio founded Piaggio & C. that produced locomotives and railway carriages and then in 1923 began aircraft production. In 1888 the Banca Passadore was established. In 1898 the insurance company called Alleanza Assicurazioni was founded.

20th century

In 1917 Lloyd Italico insurance company was founded. In 1956 Genoa took part in the Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics. In 1962 Genoa International Boat Show was established. In 1966 Euroflora was established.[47] In 1970 Genoa was hit by a serious flood, which caused the Bisagno stream to overflow. In 1987 the Banco di San Giorgio was established. In 1992 Genoa celebrated the Colombiadi[48] or Genoa Expo '92, the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the American Continent by Christopher Columbus. The area of the ancient port of Genoa is restructured and expanded also with the works of the architect Renzo Piano.

21st century

The 27th G8 summit, that took place in July 2001, was hosted in the city of Genoa, however it was overshadowed by violent protests (Anti-globalisation movement), with one protester killed.[49] In 2003, the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) was established. In 2004, the European Union designated Genoa as the European Capital of Culture for that year, along with the French city of Lille.

On 14 August 2018 the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge for motor vehicles collapsed during a torrential downpour, leading to 43 deaths.[50] The remains of the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge were demolished in August 2019. The replacement bridge, the Genoa-Saint George Bridge was inaugurated in August 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2023 Genoa becomes the finish of The Ocean Race.[51]

Flag

 
St. George's flag flying on the Doge's Palace in Genoa

The flag of Genoa is a St. George's Cross, a red cross on a white field.

The patron saint of Genoa was Saint Lawrence until at least 958, but the Genoese transferred their allegiance to Saint George (and Saint John the Baptist) at some point during the 11th or 12th century, most likely with the rising popularity of the military saint during the Crusades. Genoa also had a banner displaying a cross since at latest 1218, possibly as early as 1113.[52] But the cross banner was not associated with the saint; indeed, the saint had his own flag, the vexillum beati Georgii (first mentioned 1198), a red flag showing George and the dragon. A depiction of this flag is shown in the Genoese annals under the year 1227. The Genoese flag with the red cross was used alongside this "Saint George's flag", from at least 1218, known as the insignia cruxata comunis Janue ("cross ensign of the commune of Genoa").

The saint's flag was the city's main war flag, but the cross flag was used alongside it in the 1240s.[53]

The Saint George's flag (i.e. the flag depicting the saint) remained the main flag of Genoa at least until the 1280s. The flag now known as the "St. George's Cross" seems to have replaced it as Genoa's main flag at some point during the 14th century. The Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms (c. 1385) shows it, inscribed with the word iustiçia, and described as:

And the lord of this place has as his ensign a white pennant with a red cross. At the top it is inscribed with 'justice', in this manner.[54]

There was also a historiographical tradition claiming[55] that the flag of England was adopted from the Genoese flag during the Third Crusade in 1190, however, it cannot be substantiated as historical.[56]

Geography

The city of Genoa covers an area of 243 square kilometres (94 sq mi) between the Ligurian Sea and the Apennine Mountains. The city stretches along the coast for about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the neighbourhood of Voltri to Nervi, and for 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the coast to the north along the valleys Polcevera and Bisagno. The territory of Genoa is popularly divided into 5 main zones: the centre, the west, the east, the Polcevera and the Bisagno Valley. Although much of the city centre is located at a low elevation, the territory surrounding it is mountainous with undeveloped land usually being in steep terrain.

Genoa is adjacent to two popular Ligurian vacation spots: Camogli and Portofino. In the metropolitan area of Genoa lies Aveto Natural Regional Park.

 
A panoramic view of Genoa

Climate

Genoa has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) in the Köppen climate classification, with plentiful precipitation due to its location on a common storm track.

The average yearly temperature is around 19 °C (66 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night. In the coldest months: December, January and February, the average temperature is 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 6 °C (43 °F) at night. In the warmest months – July and August – the average temperature is 27.5 °C (82 °F) during the day and 21 °C (70 °F) at night. The daily temperature range is limited, with an average range of about 6 °C (11 °F) between high and low temperatures. Genoa also sees significant moderation from the sea, in stark contrast to areas behind the Ligurian mountains such as Parma, where summers are hotter and winters are quite cold.

Annually, the average 2.9 of nights recorded temperatures of ≤0 °C (32 °F) (mainly in January). The coldest temperature ever recorded was −8 °C (18 °F) in February 2012; the highest temperature ever recorded during the day is 38.5 °C (101 °F) in August 2015. Average annual number of days with temperatures of ≥30 °C (86 °F) is about 8, average four days in July and August.[57]

Average annual temperature of the sea is 17.5 °C (64 °F), from 13 °C (55 °F) in the period January–March to 25 °C (77 °F) in August. In the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 19 °C (66 °F).[58]

Genoa is also a windy city, especially during winter when northern winds often bring cool air from the Po Valley (usually accompanied by lower temperatures, high pressure and clear skies). Another typical wind blows from southeast, mostly as a consequence of Atlantic disturbances and storms, bringing humid and warmer air from the sea. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost every year, albeit big amounts in the city centre are rare.[59][60] Genoa often receives heavy rainfall in autumn from strong convection. Even so, the overall number of precipitation days is quite modest for the annual yield.

Annual average relative humidity is 68%, ranging from 63% in February to 73% in May.[57]

Sunshine hours total above 2,200 per year, from an average 4 hours of sunshine duration per day in winter to average 9 hours in summer. This value is an average between the northern half of Europe and North Africa.[58]

Climate data for Genoa (1991–2020 normals), 2 m asl, sunshine 1971–2000, extremes since 1955
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.3
(68.5)
22.5
(72.5)
25.0
(77.0)
29.4
(84.9)
32.8
(91.0)
35.6
(96.1)
35.4
(95.7)
38.3
(100.9)
34.2
(93.6)
28.9
(84.0)
22.9
(73.2)
20.8
(69.4)
38.3
(100.9)
Average high °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8)
12.7
(54.9)
15.2
(59.4)
17.8
(64.0)
21.5
(70.7)
24.9
(76.8)
27.8
(82.0)
28.3
(82.9)
25.0
(77.0)
20.5
(68.9)
16.1
(61.0)
13.1
(55.6)
19.6
(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4)
9.6
(49.3)
12.1
(53.8)
14.6
(58.3)
18.4
(65.1)
22.0
(71.6)
24.7
(76.5)
25.1
(77.2)
21.8
(71.2)
17.6
(63.7)
13.3
(55.9)
10.1
(50.2)
16.6
(61.9)
Average low °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)
6.5
(43.7)
8.9
(48.0)
11.3
(52.3)
15.3
(59.5)
19.0
(66.2)
21.6
(70.9)
21.8
(71.2)
18.5
(65.3)
14.7
(58.5)
10.5
(50.9)
7.1
(44.8)
13.5
(56.3)
Record low °C (°F) −8.5
(16.7)
−5.0
(23.0)
−3.6
(25.5)
3.4
(38.1)
6.6
(43.9)
7.3
(45.1)
13.9
(57.0)
10.7
(51.3)
9.0
(48.2)
5.1
(41.2)
1.1
(34.0)
−3.6
(25.5)
−8.5
(16.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 76.4
(3.01)
57.9
(2.28)
73.8
(2.91)
83.6
(3.29)
57.8
(2.28)
51.2
(2.02)
26.2
(1.03)
47.6
(1.87)
115.9
(4.56)
149.7
(5.89)
200.2
(7.88)
99.4
(3.91)
1,039.7
(40.93)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 5.9 5.0 5.3 7.0 5.8 4.4 3.0 3.7 5.5 7.4 8.8 6.9 68.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 117.8 130.5 158.1 192.0 220.1 246.0 294.5 266.6 201.0 173.6 111.0 111.6 2,222.8
Source 1: Météo Climat[61]
Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico,[57] data of sunshine hours[62]
Climate data for Genoa (1971–2000 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 11.5
(52.7)
12.2
(54.0)
14.6
(58.3)
16.8
(62.2)
20.5
(68.9)
23.9
(75.0)
27.3
(81.1)
27.7
(81.9)
24.4
(75.9)
20.0
(68.0)
15.1
(59.2)
12.5
(54.5)
18.9
(66.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3)
9.1
(48.4)
11.4
(52.5)
13.7
(56.7)
17.4
(63.3)
20.8
(69.4)
24.1
(75.4)
24.4
(75.9)
21.1
(70.0)
16.9
(62.4)
12.2
(54.0)
9.5
(49.1)
15.7
(60.3)
Average low °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9)
6.0
(42.8)
8.2
(46.8)
10.5
(50.9)
14.2
(57.6)
17.6
(63.7)
20.9
(69.6)
21.0
(69.8)
17.9
(64.2)
13.8
(56.8)
9.2
(48.6)
6.5
(43.7)
12.6
(54.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 101.8
(4.01)
74.0
(2.91)
81.7
(3.22)
88.0
(3.46)
72.4
(2.85)
58.2
(2.29)
24.2
(0.95)
69.3
(2.73)
136.4
(5.37)
171.3
(6.74)
108.8
(4.28)
93.1
(3.67)
1,079.2
(42.49)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.7 5.6 6.9 8.1 7.0 5.0 2.8 5.0 6.0 8.0 7.1 6.5 75.7
Average snowy days 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 117.8 130.5 158.1 192.0 220.1 246.0 294.5 266.6 201.0 173.6 111.0 111.6 2,222.8
Source 1: Servizio Meteorologico,[57] data of sunshine hours[63]
Source 2: Rivista Ligure "La neve sulle coste del Maditerraneo" [64]

Government

Municipal government

The Municipal Council of Genoa is currently led by a right-wing majority, elected in June 2017. The mayor is Marco Bucci, expression of a right-wing alliance composed by Forza Italia, Lega Nord, Fratelli d'Italia and other minor lists. Genoa was traditionally considered a leftist city and Bucci is the first right-wing mayor since 1975.

Administrative subdivision

The city of Genoa is subdivided into nine municipi (administrative districts), as approved by the Municipal Council in 2007.[65]

 
The 9 districts of Genoa
Municipio Population (% of total) Quartieri
Centro-Est 91,402 (15.0%) Prè, Molo, Maddalena, Oregina [it], Lagaccio [it], San Nicola, Castelletto, Manin, San Vincenzo [it], Carignano [it]
Centro-Ovest 66,626 (10.9%) Sampierdarena, Belvedere, Campasso, San Bartolomeo, San Teodoro [it], Angeli
Bassa Val Bisagno 78,791 (12.9%) San Fruttuoso [it], Sant'Agata, Marassi [it], Quezzi [it], Fereggiano, Forte Quezzi
Media Val Bisagno 58,742 (9.6%) Staglieno [it] (Parenzo, San Pantaleo), Molassana [it], Sant'Eusebio, Montesignano, Struppa [it] (Doria, Prato)
Valpolcevera 62,492 (10.3%) Rivarolo, Borzoli Est, Certosa, Teglia, Begato, Bolzaneto, Morego, San Quirico [it], Pontedecimo
Medio Ponente 61,810 (10.1%) Sestri, Borzoli Ovest, San Giovanni Battista, Cornigliano, Campi, Calcinara,
Ponente 63,027 (10.3%) Voltri, Crevari, Pra', Palmaro, Ca' Nuova, Pegli, Multedo [it], Castelluccio
Medio Levante 61,759 (10.1%) Foce [it], Brignole, San Martino [it], Chiappeto, Albaro, San Giuliano, Lido, Puggia
Levante 66,155 (10.8%) Sturla, Quarto, Quartara, Castagna, Quinto al Mare [it], Nervi, Apparizione [it], Borgoratti [it], San Desiderio [it], Bavari [it], Sant'Ilario [it]

Cityscape

 
 
Nighttime view of the port of Genoa, which has brought trade, commerce and wealth to the city for centuries, greatly contributing to its cultural and historical heritage.

Main sights

 
Doge's Palace, ancient seat of the government of the oligarchic republic
 
Palace of Saint George, built in 1260

Notable to the city are the Palazzi dei Rolli, included in UNESCO World Heritage Site Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli. The world-famous Strade Nuove are via Garibaldi (Strada Nuova), via Cairoli (Strada Nuovissima) and via Balbi (Strada Balbi). Among the most important palaces are the Palazzo Rosso, Palazzo Bianco, Palazzo Podestà o di Nicolosio Lomellino, Palazzo Reale, Palazzo Angelo Giovanni Spinola, Palazzo Pietro Spinola di San Luca and Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria.

Genoa's historic centre is articulated in a maze of squares and narrow caruggi (typical Genoese alleys). It joins a medieval dimension with following 16th century and Baroque interventions (the ancient Via Aurea, now Via Garibaldi).

Near Via Garibaldi, through the public elevator Castelletto Levante, one can reach one of the most scenic places in the city, Belvedere Castelletto. The centre of Genoa is connected to its upper part by ancient paths caught between tall palaces, called creuze. Walking along these small paths one can reach magnificent places like the Santuario di Nostra Signora di Loreto. Very beautiful is the upper ring road so-called Circonvallazione a Monte that includes Corso Firenze, Corso Paganini, Corso Magenta, Via Solferino, and Corso Armellini.

San Lorenzo cathedral has a splendid portal and the dome designed by Galeazzo Alessi. Inside is found the treasure of the Cathedral where among other objects there is also what is said to be the Holy Chalice.

The symbols of the city are the Lanterna (the lighthouse) (117 metres (384 feet) high), old and standing lighthouse visible in the distance from the sea (beyond 30 kilometres (19 miles)), and the monumental fountain of Piazza De Ferrari, recently restored, out-and-out core of the city's life. Near Piazza De Ferrari and Teatro Carlo Felice is the Mazzini Gallery, a typical nineteenth-century structure with many elegant shops and coffee bars.

Another tourist destination is the ancient seaside district of Boccadasse (which means "the mouth of the donkey"), with its multicolour boats, set as a seal to Corso Italia, the promenade which runs along the Lido d'Albaro, and known for its ice-creams. After Boccadasse you can continue along the sea up to Sturla.

 
Medieval gates of Genoa are a rare survivor of the city's oldest buildings.
 
Royal Palace of Genoa, 16th century

Just out of the city centre, but still part of the 33 km (21 mi) of coast included in the municipality's territory, are Nervi, natural doorway to the Ligurian East Riviera, and Pegli, the point of access to the West Riviera. Nervi offers many attractions: the promenade overlooking the sea called Passeggiata Anita Garibaldi [it]; parks covered with lush tropical vegetation; numerous villas and palaces open to the public that now house museums (like GAM-Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Raccolte Frugone Museum, Museo Giannettino Luxoro and Wolfsoniana). (see also Parchi di Nervi [it]) The East Riviera of Genoa called Riviera di Levante is part of the Italian Riviera. East Riviera is full of interesting towns to visit, and then from Genoa to east are: Bogliasco, Pieve Ligure, Sori, Recco, Camogli, Portofino, Santa Margherita Ligure, Rapallo, Zoagli, Chiavari, Lavagna and Sestri Levante. In the west, Pegli is the site of the famous Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini and Arenzano is a seaside town at the foot of the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua.

The new Genoa based its rebirth upon the restoration of the green areas of the immediate inland parts, among them the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua, and upon the construction of facilities such as the Aquarium of Genoa in the Old Harbour – the biggest in Italy and one of the major in Europe – and its Marina (the tourist small port which holds hundreds of pleasure boats). All of these are inside the restored Expo Area, arranged in occasion of the Columbian Celebrations of 1992.

Near the city are Camogli and San Fruttuoso abbey accessible by a daily ferry from the Old Harbour (Porto Antico) of Genoa. In the seabed in front of the San Fruttuoso abbey there is the Christ of the Abyss. From the Old Harbour one can reach by boat other famous seaside places around Genoa such as Portofino or a little more distant, Lerici and the Cinque Terre.

The regained pride gave back to the city the consciousness of being capable of looking to the future without forgetting its past. The resumption of several flourishing hand-crafting activities, far-back absent from the caruggi of the old town, is a direct evidence of it. The restoration of many of Genoa's churches and palaces in the 1980s and the 1990s contributed to the city's rebirth. A notable example the Renaissance, Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, sitting on the top of the hill of Carignano and visible from almost every part of the city. The total restoration of Doge's Palace and of the Old Harbour, and the rebuilding of Teatro Carlo Felice, destroyed by bombing in the Second World War, were two more points of strength for the realisation of a new Genoa.

Genoa could not renounce, especially as from the 1960s, to a great renewal, which as happened in several other metropolis, should necessarily get through the realisation of big public housing complexes, whose quality, utility and functionality has been and still is controversial for those residents living there. Concerning this, the most known cases are those of the so-called "Biscione", a development in the shape of a long snake, situated on the hills of the populous district of Marassi, and the one of the group of houses known as "Le Lavatrici" (the washing machines), in the district of Prà.

Beyond a complete restyling of the area, the ancient port zone nearby the Mandraccio opening, in Porta Siberia, was enriched by Genoese architect Renzo Piano with a large sphere made of metal and glass, installed in the port's waters, not far from the Aquarium of Genoa, and unveiled in 2001 in occasion of the G8 Summit held in Genoa. The sphere (called by the citizens "Piano's bubble" or "The Ball"), after hosting an exposition of fens from Genoa's Botanical Gardens, currently houses the reconstruction of a tropical environment, with several plants, little animals and butterflies. Piano also designed the subway stations and, in the hills area, the construction – in collaboration with UNESCO – of Punta Nave, base of the Renzo Piano Building Workshop.

Nearby the Old Harbour is the so-called "Matitone", a skyscraper in shape of a pencil, that lays side by side with the group of the WTC towers, core of the San Benigno development, today base of part of the Municipality's administration and of several companies.

Churches

St. Lawrence Cathedral (Cattedrale di San Lorenzo) is the city's cathedral, built in a Gothic-Romanesque style. Other notable historical churches are the Commandery of the Saint John's Order called Commenda di San Giovanni di Prèl [it], San Matteo, San Donato, Santa Maria di Castello, Sant'Agostino (deconsecrated since the 19th century, sometimes is used for theatrical representations), Santo Stefano, Santi Vittore e Carlo, Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato, San Pietro in Banchi, Santa Maria delle Vigne, Nostra Signora della Consolazione, San Siro, Santa Maria Maddalena [it], Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano and Chiesa del Gesù. San Bartolomeo degli Armeni houses the Image of Edessa and San Pancrazio after the World War II was entrusted to the ligurian delegation of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. These churches and basilicas are built in Romanesque (San Donato, Santa Maria di Castello, Commenda di San Giovanni di Pré), Gothic (San Matteo, Santo Stefano, Sant'Agostino), Baroque (San Siro) or Renaissance (Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano, San Pietro in Banchi) appearance, or a mix of different styles (Nostra Signora della Consolazione, Santissima Annunziata del Vastato; this last has a Baroque interior and a Neoclassicist façade).

 
Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano

Another well known Genoese church is the shrine of Saint Francis of Paola, notable for the outer courtyard overlooking the port and the memorial to all those who died at sea. This church is of artistic mention in that the tile depictions of the Via Crucis Stations along the brick path to the church.

Near Genoa is found the Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia, (the sanctuary is said to have inspired the writer Umberto Eco in making his novel The Name of the Rose). Another interesting church in the neighborhoods of Genoa is San Siro di Struppa.

The city was the birthplace of several popes (Innocent IV, Adrian V, Innocent VIII, and Benedict XV) and various saints (Syrus of Genoa, Romulus of Genoa, Catherine of Genoa, and Virginia Centurione Bracelli). The Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine wrote the Golden Legend. Also from Genoa were: Giovanni Paolo Oliva, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus; Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni, the Archbishop of Aix; Ausonio Franchi, priest, philosopher, and theologian; Cardinal Giuseppe Siri; and the priests Francesco Repetto, Giuseppe Dossetti, Gianni Baget Bozzo, and Andrea Gallo. The present archbishop of Genoa, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, comes from a Genoese family but was born in Pontevico, near Brescia (see also Archdiocese of Genoa).

Buildings and palaces

 
The Mirror Gallery of the Royal Palace

The main features of central Genoa include the Piazza De Ferrari, around which are the Opera and the Palace of the Doges.

The Palazzo di San Giorgio was the headquarters of the Bank of Saint George and was the place where Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa composed The Travels of Marco Polo.

Outside the city walls is Christopher Columbus House, where Christopher Columbus is said to have lived as a child. The current building is an 18th-century reconstruction of the original which was destroyed by the French naval bombing of 1684.

 
Via Garibaldi by night

Strada Nuova (now Via Garibaldi), in the old city, was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006. This district was designed in the mid-16th century to accommodate Mannerist palaces of the city's most eminent families. In Genoa there are 114 noble palaces (see also Rolli di Genova): among these 42 are inscribed on the World Heritage List. Among the Palazzi dei Rolli the most famous are Palazzo Rosso (now a museum), Palazzo Bianco, Palazzo Tursi, Palazzo Gerolamo Grimaldi [it], Palazzo Podestà [it], Palazzo Reale, Palazzo Angelo Giovanni Spinola, Palazzo Pietro Spinola di San Luca, Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria, Palazzo Cicala. Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Rosso are also known as Musei di Strada Nuova. The famous art college is also located on this street. The Genoese artistic renaissance begins with the construction of Villa del Principe [it] commissioned by Andrea Doria: the architects were Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli and Giovanni Ponzello, the interior was painted by Perino del Vaga and the garden fountain was realised by Taddeo Carlone. In 1548 Galeazzo Alessi, with the project of Villa Giustiniani-Cambiaso [it], designed a new prototype of Genoese palace that would be an inspiration to other architects working in Genoa as Bartolomeo Bianco, Pietro Antonio Corradi, Rocco Lurago, Giovan Battista Castello, and Bernardino Cantone. Peter Paul Rubens wrote Palazzi di Genova in 1622, a book dedicated to the palaces of Genoa.

Scattered around the city are many villas, built between the fifteenth and the twentieth centuries. Among the best known are: Villa Brignole Sale Duchessa di Galliera [it], Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini, Villa Doria Centurione [it], Villa Durazzo Bombrini [it], Villa Serra [it], Villa Giustiniani-Cambiaso, Villa Rossi Martini [it], Villa Imperiale Scassi [it], Villa Grimaldi [it], Villa Negrone Moro [it], Villa Rosazza, Villetta Di Negro [it], Villa delle Peschiere, Villa Imperiale [it], Villa Saluzzo Bombrini [it], and Villa Grimaldi Fassio.

 
Staglieno: A monumental cemetery

As it regards the 19th century remember the architects Ignazio Gardella (senior), and Carlo Barabino which among other things, realises together with Giovanni Battista Resasco, the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno. The cemetery is renowned for its statues and sepulchral monuments that preserve the mortal remains of notable personalities, including Giuseppe Mazzini, Fabrizio De André, and Constance Lloyd (Oscar Wilde's wife). In the first half of the 19th century they are completed the Albergo dei Poveri [it] and the Acquedotto storico [it]. In 1901 Giovanni Antonio Porcheddu [it] realised the Silos Granari.

The city is rich in testimony of the Gothic Revival like Albertis Castle, Castello Bruzzo [it], Villa Canali Gaslini [it] and Mackenzie Castle designed by the architect Gino Coppedè. Genoa is also rich of Art Nouveau works, among which: Palazzo della Borsa [it], Via XX Settembre [it], Hotel Bristol Palace, Grand Hotel Miramare [it] and Stazione marittima [it]. Works of Rationalist architecture of the first half of the 20th century are Torre Piacentini and Piazza della Vittoria where Arco della Vittoria, both designed by the architect Marcello Piacentini. Other architects who have changed the face of Genoa in the 20th century are: Ignazio Gardella, Luigi Carlo Daneri [it] who realised the Piazza Rossetti and the residential complex so-called Il Biscione [it], Mario Labò [it], Aldo Rossi, Ludovico Quaroni [it], Franco Albini who designed the interiors of Palazzo Rosso, and Piero Gambacciani [it]. The Edoardo Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art, designed by Mario Labò, has one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe.

Other notable architectural works include: the Old Harbour's new design with the Aquarium, the Bigo [it] and the Biosfera [it] by Renzo Piano, the Palasport di Genova, the Matitone skyscraper, and the Padiglione B of Genoa Fair [it], by Jean Nouvel. Genoa was home to the Ponte Morandi by Riccardo Morandi, built in 1967, collapsed in 2018 and demolished February–June 2019.[66]

Old Harbour

 
The galleon Neptune in the Old Harbour

The Old Harbour ("Porto Antico" in Italian) is the ancient part of the port of Genoa. The harbour gave access to outside communities creating a good geographical situation for the city.[44] The city is spread out geographically along a section of the Liguria coast, which makes trading by ship possible. Before the development of car, train, and airplane travel, the main outside access for the city was the sea, as the surrounding mountains made trade north by land more difficult than coastal trade. Trade routes have always connected Genoa on an international scale, with increasingly farther reach starting from trade along Europe's coastline before the medieval period to today's connection across continents.[67] In its heyday the Genoese Navy was a prominent power in the Mediterranean.

As the Genoa harbour was so important to the merchants for their own economic success, other nearby harbours and ports were seen as competition for a landing point for foreign traders. In the 16th century, the Genovese worked to destroy the local shipping competition, the Savona harbour.[44] Taking matters into their own hands, the Genoa merchants and the politically powerful in Genoa attacked the harbour of Savona with stones.[44] This action was taken to preserve the economic stability and wealth of the city during the rise in prominence of Savona. The Genovese would go as far as to war with other coastal, trading cities such as Venice,[44] to protect the trade industry.

Renzo Piano redeveloped the area for public access, restoring the historical buildings (like the Cotton warehouses) and creating new landmarks like the Aquarium, the Bigo and recently the "Bolla" (the Sphere). The main touristic attractions of this area are the famous Aquarium and the Museum of the Sea (MuMA). In 2007 these attracted almost 1.7 million visitors.[68]

Walls and fortresses

 
The Porta Soprana

The city of Genoa during its long history at least since the ninth century had been protected by different lines of defensive walls. Large portions of these walls remain today, and Genoa has more and longer walls than any other city in Italy. The main city walls are known as "Ninth century walls", "Barbarossa Walls" (12th century), "Fourteenth century walls", "Sixteenth century walls" and "New Walls" ("Mura Nuove" in Italian). The more imposing walls, built in the first half of the 17th century on the ridge of hills around the city, have a length of almost 20 km (12 mi). Some fortresses stand along the perimeter of the "New Walls" or close them.

Parks

 

Genoa has 82,000 square metres (880,000 square feet) of public parks in the city centre, such as Villetta Di Negro which is right in the heart of the town, overlooking the historical centre. Many bigger green spaces are situated outside the centre: in the east are the Parks of Nervi (96,000 square metres or 1,030,000 square feet) overlooking the sea, in the west the beautiful gardens of Villa Durazzo Pallavicini and its Giardino botanico Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (265,000 square metres or 2,850,000 square feet). The numerous villas and palaces of the city also have their own gardens, like Palazzo del Principe, Villa Doria, Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Tursi, Palazzo Nicolosio Lomellino, Albertis Castle, Villa Rosazza, Villa Croce, Villa Imperiale Cattaneo, Villa Bombrini, Villa Brignole Sale Duchessa di Galliera, Villa Serra and many more.[69]

The city is surrounded by natural parks such as Parco naturale regionale dell'Antola, Parco naturale regionale del Beigua, Aveto Natural Regional Park and the Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary (a marine protected area).

Aquarium of Genoa

The Aquarium of Genoa (in Italian: Acquario di Genova) is the largest aquarium in Italy and among the largest in Europe. Built for Genoa Expo '92, it is an educational, scientific and cultural centre. Its mission is to educate and raise public awareness as regards conservation, management and responsible use of aquatic environments. It welcomes over 1.2 million visitors a year.

Control of the entire environment, including the temperature, filtration and lighting of the tanks was provided by local Automation Supplier Orsi Automazione, acquired in 2001 by Siemens. The Aquarium of Genoa is co-ordinating the AquaRing EU project. It also provides scientific expertise and a great deal of content for AquaRing, including documents, images, academic content and interactive online courses, via its Online Resource Centre.[70]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1115 50,000—    
1300 100,000+100.0%
1400 100,000+0.0%
1400+ 117,000+17.0%
1861 242,447+107.2%
1871 256,486+5.8%
1881 289,234+12.8%
1901 377,610+30.6%
1911 465,496+23.3%
1921 541,562+16.3%
1931 590,736+9.1%
1936 634,646+7.4%
1951 688,447+8.5%
1961 784,194+13.9%
1971 816,872+4.2%
1981 762,895−6.6%
1991 678,771−11.0%
2001 610,307−10.1%
2011 608,493−0.3%
2015 588,668−3.3%
Source: ISTAT 2001[71][72][73]

At the beginning of 2011, there were 608,493 people residing in Genoa, of whom 47% were male and 53% were female. The city is characterised by rapid aging and a long history of demographic decline, that has shown a partial slowdown in the last decade. Genoa has the lowest birth rate and is the most aged of any large Italian city. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled only 14.12% of the population compared to pensioners who number 26.67%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The median age of Genoa's residents is 47, compared to the Italian average of 42. The current birth rate of the city is only 7.49 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the national average of 9.45.

Economy

The Genoa metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $30.1 billion in 2011, or $33,003 per capita.[74]

 
San Benigno business district

Ligurian agriculture has increased its specialisation pattern in high-quality products (flowers, wine, olive oil) and has thus managed to maintain the gross value-added per worker at a level much higher than the national average (the difference was about 42% in 1999).[75] The value of flower production represents over 75% of the agriculture sector turnover, followed by animal farming (11.2%) and vegetable growing (6.4%).

Steel, once a major industry during the booming 1950s and 1960s, phased out after the late 1980s crisis, as Italy moved away from the heavy industry to pursue more technologically advanced and less polluting productions. So the Ligurian industry has turned towards a widely diversified range of high-quality and high-tech products (food, shipbuilding (in Sestri Ponente and in metropolitan area – Sestri Levante), electrical engineering and electronics, petrochemicals, aerospace etc.). Nonetheless, the regions still maintains a flourishing shipbuilding sector (yacht construction and maintenance, cruise liner building, military shipyards).[75]

In the services sector, the gross value-added per worker in Liguria is 4% above the national average. This is due to the increasing diffusion of modern technologies, particularly in commerce and tourism. A good motorway network (376 km (234 mi) in 2000) makes communications with the border regions relatively easy. The main motorway is located along the coastline, connecting the main ports of Nice (in France), Savona, Genoa and La Spezia. The number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants (524 in 2001) is below the national average (584). On average, about 17 million tonnes of cargo are shipped from the main ports of the region and about 57 million tonnes enter the region.[75] The Port of Genoa, with a trade volume of 58.6 million tonnes[76] ranks first in Italy,[77] second in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units after the transshipment port of Gioia Tauro, with a trade volume of over 2 million TEUs.[78] The main destinations for the cargo-passenger traffic are Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Barcelona, and the Canary Islands.

Some big companies based in Genoa include Ansaldo STS, Ansaldo Energia, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, Registro Italiano Navale, Banca Carige, SLAM, and Costa Cruises.

Education

 
University of Genoa's main building

The first organised forms of higher education in Genoa date back to the 13th century when private colleges were entitled to award degrees in medicine, philosophy, Theology, Law, Arts.[79] Today the University of Genoa, founded in the 15th century, is one of the largest in Italy, with 11 faculties, 51 departments and 14 libraries. In 2007–2008, the university had 41,000 students and 6,540 graduates.[80]

Genoa is also home to other Colleges, Academies or Museums:

The Italian Institute of Technology was established in 2003 jointly by the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance, to promote excellence in basic and applied research. The main fields of research of the Institute are Neuroscience, Robotics, Nanotechnology, Drug discovery. The central research labs and headquarters are located in Morego, in the neighbourhood of Bolzaneto.[81]

Clemson University, based in South Carolina, United States has a villa in Genoa where architecture students and students in related fields can attend for a semester or year-long study program.

Florida International University (FIU), based in Miami, Florida, United States also has a small campus in Genoa, with the University of Genoa, which offers classes within the FIU School of Architecture.

Science

 
The Italian astronaut Franco Malerba

Genoa is the birthplace of Giovanni Battista Baliani and Vincentio Reinieri, of the geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, of the Nobel Prize astrophysicist Riccardo Giacconi and of the astronaut Franco Malerba. The city is home to the Erzelli Hi-Tech Park, to the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, to the Istituto idrografico della Marina and annually hosts the Festival della Scienza. The city has an important tradition in the fields of the geology, paleontology, botany and naturalistic studies, among the most eminent personalities remember: Lorenzo Pareto, Luigi d'Albertis, Enrico Alberto d'Albertis, Giacomo Doria and Arturo Issel, we point the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Genova. Very important and renowned is the Istituto Giannina Gaslini.

In 1846 the city hosted the eighth Meeting of Italian Scientists and in 1902 Luigi Carnera discovered an asteroid and called it "485 Genua", dedicating it to the Latin name of Genoa.

Erzelli science technology park

 
Buildings in the Erzelli GREAT campus

The western area of Genoa hosts the Erzelli GREAT Campus, an under construction science technology park which houses the high-tech corporations Siemens, Ericsson, Esaote, and robotics laboratories of the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT).[82] The Erzelli GREAT Campus science park is undergoing a process of enlargement, and in the future will host the new Faculty of Engineering of University of Genoa. The project has been struggling in recent years with enterprises laying off their employees and no real growth.[83][84]

Transport

Ports

 
Panorama of port of Genoa

Several cruise and ferry lines serve the passenger terminals in the old port, with a traffic of 3.2 million passengers in 2007.[85] MSC Cruises chose Genoa as one of its main home ports, in competition with the Genoese company Costa Cruises, which moved its home port to Savona. The quays of the passenger terminals extend over an area of 250,000 square metres (2,700,000 square feet), with 5 equipped berths for cruise vessels and 13 for ferries, for an annual capacity of 4 million ferry passengers, 1.5 million cars and 250,000 trucks.[86]

The historical maritime station of Ponte dei Mille is today a technologically advanced cruise terminal, with facilities designed after the world's most modern airports, to ensure fast embarking and disembarking of latest generation ships carrying thousand passengers. A third cruise terminal is currently under construction in the redesigned area of Ponte Parodi, once a quay used for grain traffic.

The Costa Concordia cruise ship, owned by Costa Cruises, was docked at the port before being dismantled.[87]

 
A view of the commercial port of Genoa

Air transport

 
Genoa Airport, built on an artificial peninsula

The Airport of Genoa (IATA: GOA, ICAO: LIMJ) (Italian: Aeroporto di Genova) also named Christopher Columbus Airport (Italian: Aeroporto Cristoforo Colombo) is built on an artificial peninsula, 4 NM (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west[88] of the city. The airport is currently operated by Aeroporto di Genova S.P.A., which has recently upgraded the airport complex, that now connects Genoa with several daily flights to Rome, Naples, Paris, London, Madrid and Munich. In 2008, 1,202,168 passengers travelled through the airport,[89] with an increase of international destinations and charter flights.

Public transport

The main railway stations are Genoa Brignole in the east and Genoa Principe in the west. Genoa Brignole is close to the business districts and the exhibition centre, while the Principe is close to the port, the university and the historical centre. From these two stations depart the main trains connecting Genoa to France, Turin, Milan and Rome.

Genoa's third most important station is Genoa Sampierdarena, which serves the densely populated neighbourhood of Sampierdarena. 23 other local stations serve the other neighbourhoods on the 30-kilometre-long coast line from Nervi to Voltri and on the northern line through Bolzaneto and the Polcevera Valley.

The municipal administration of Genoa plans to transform these urban railway lines to be part of the rapid transit system, which now consists of the Metropolitana di Genova (Genoa Metro), a light metro connecting Brin to the city centre. The metro line was extended to Brignole Station in December 2012. Trains currently pass through Corvetto station between De Ferrari and Brignole without stopping. A possible further extension towards the eastern, densely populated boroughs was planned, but the municipal administration intends to improve the public transport by investing in new tram lines instead of completing the extension of the light metro.[90] The current stations of the metro line are Brin-Certosa, Dinegro, Principe, Darsena, San Giorgio, Sant'Agostino and De Ferrari, and the line is 5.3 km (3.3 mi) long.

The city's hilly nature has influenced its public transport. The city is served by two funicular railways (the Zecca–Righi funicular, the Sant'Anna funicular), the Quezzi inclined elevator, the Principe–Granarolo rack railway, and ten public lifts.[91]

The city's metro, bus and trolleybus network is operated by AMT (Azienda Mobilità e Trasporti S.p.A.). The Drin Bus is a demand responsive transport service that connects the hilly, low-density areas of Genoa.[92][93][94] The average time people spend commuting on public transit in Genova, for example to and from work, is 54 min on a weekday. 10% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min, while 13% of riders wait over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4 km, while 2% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[95]

 
Genoa's metro system

Culture

Visual arts

 
Portrait of a Young Man, by Albrecht Dürer. Gallery of Palazzo Rosso.

Genoese painters active in the 14th century include Barnaba da Modena and his local followers Nicolò da Voltri and at the same time, the sculptor Giovanni Pisano reached Genoa to make the monument for Margaret of Brabant, whose remains are today housed in the Museum of Sant'Agostino [it].

In the 16th century along with the flourishing trade between the Republic of Genoa and Flanders also grew the cultural exchanges. The painters Lucas and Cornelis de Wael lived in Genoa for a long time, where they played the role of a magnet for many Flemish painters like Jaan Roos, Giacomo Legi, Jan Matsys, Andries van Eertvelt and Vincent Malo.

This creative environment also attracted the two most important Flemish painters, Rubens and Van Dyck, who along with Bernardo Strozzi.[96] gave life to the Genoese Painting School of the 17th century.

Much of the city's art is found in its churches and palaces, where there are numerous Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo frescos. They are rich in works of art the Cathedral, the Chiesa del Gesù where The Circumcision and the "Miracles of St. Ignatius" by Rubens, the Assunzione della Vergine by Guido Reni. The Church of San Donato contains works of Barnaba da Modena, Nicolò da Voltri and Joos van Cleve,[96] the Church of Santo Stefano The Stoning of St. Stephen [it] by Giulio Romano and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta the sculptures by Filippo Parodi and Pierre Puget, very interesting is the Santa Maria di Castello. But most of the works are kept in the Palaces like Palazzo Bianco where "Ecce Homo" by Caravaggio, "Susannah and the Elders" by Veronese, and the Garden Party in Albaro by Magnasco are kept, Palazzo Rosso with the Portrait of Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale [it] by van Dyck, Cleopatra morente by Guercino and works of Dürer, Bernardo Strozzi, Mattia Preti, Veronese; Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria where the "Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback" by Rubens and Ecce Homo [it] by Antonello da Messina (see also the series of Ecce Homo by Antonello da Messina) are kept, Palazzo Tursi with the Penitent Magdalene by Canova, and Palazzo Reale which contains works of Strozzi, Gaulli, Tintoretto, van Dyck, Simon Vouet, Guercino.

The most important Genoese painters are: Luca Cambiaso, Bernardo and Valerio Castello, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, Domenico and Paolo Gerolamo Piola, Gregorio De Ferrari, Bernardo Strozzi, Giovanni Battista Gaulli and Alessandro Magnasco. Sculptors include Filippo Parodi, the wood sculptor Anton Maria Maragliano, Francesco Maria Schiaffino and Agostino Carlini who was member of the Royal Academy.

The famous humanist author, architect, poet and philosopher Leon Battista Alberti was born in Genoa on 14 February 1404. Simonetta Vespucci, considered the most beautiful woman of her time, was also born in Genoa. She is portrayed in The Birth of Venus and Primavera by Sandro Botticelli and in Portrait of Simonetta Vespucci by Piero di Cosimo.

Genoa is also famous for its numerous tapestries, which decorated the city's many salons. Whilst the patrician palaces and villas in the city were and still are austere and majestic, the interiors tended to be luxurious and elaborate, often full of tapestries, many of which were Flemish.[96] Famous is the Genoese lace called with its name of Turkish origin macramè. Very used in Genoa is the cobblestone called Risseu and a kind of azulejo called laggioni.

Genoa has been likened by many to a Mediterranean New York, perhaps for its high houses that in the Middle Ages were the equivalent of today's skyscrapers, perhaps for the sea route Genoa-New York which in past centuries has been travelled by millions of emigrants. The architect Renzo Picasso in his visionary designs reinforces this strange affinity between the two cities.

In the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno, you can admire some magnificent sculpture of the 19th century and early 20th century like Monteverde Angel by Giulio Monteverde, or works by artists such as Augusto Rivalta, Leonardo Bistolfi, Edoardo Alfieri, Santo Varni.

Amongst the most notable Genoese painters of the 19th century and of the first half of the 20th century are Tammar Luxoro, Ernesto Rayper, Rubaldo Merello, and Antonio Giuseppe Santagata. The sculptor Francesco Messina also grew up in Genoa.

In 1967 the Genoese historian, critic and curator Germano Celant coined the term Arte Povera. Enrico Accatino was another important art theorist and Emanuele Luzzati was the production designer and illustrator like Lorenzo Mongiardino, also a production designer and architect. Two other important artists are Emilio Scanavino and Vanessa Beecroft.

The yearly International Cartoonists Exhibition was founded in 1972 in Rapallo, near Genoa. A notable figure is the illustrator and comics artist Giovan Battista Carpi.

Literature

 

"Anonymous of Genoa" was one of the first authors in Liguria and Italy who wrote verses in the Vernacular. It explained that in Genoa Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa, in the prisons of Palazzo San Giorgio, wrote The Travels of Marco Polo. The Golden Legend is a collection of hagiographies written by the Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine. To animate the Genoese literary environment of the 16th century were Gabriello Chiabrera and "Ansaldo Cebà", the latter best known for his correspondence with Sara Copia Sullam. The city has been the birthplace of the historian Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone, of the poet "Martin Piaggio", of the famous historian, philosopher and journalist Giuseppe Mazzini, of the writer Piero Jahier, of the poet Nobel Prize Eugenio Montale. The writer and translator Fernanda Pivano, the journalist "Vito Elio Petrucci" and the poet Edoardo Sanguineti, the literary critic Carlo Bo instead was born in Sestri Levante near Genoa. We have also remember the dialet poet Edoardo Firpo [it], the dialect "poeta crepuscolare" Giambattista Vigo, and the symbolist Ceccardo Roccatagliata Ceccardi [it].

The city of Genoa has been an inspiration to many writers and poets among which: Dino Campana, Camillo Sbarbaro [it], Gaspare Invrea [it] who wrote "The mouth of the wolf" and Giorgio Caproni. Between the alleys of the historical centre there is the Old Libreria Bozzi. The "Berio Civic Library" houses the precious manuscript entitled "The Durazzo Book of Hours". In the first half of the 20th century, the Mazzini Gallery's was a meeting place of many artists, writers and intellectuals among which Guido Gozzano, Salvatore Quasimodo, Camillo Sbarbaro, Francesco Messina, Pierangelo Baratono [it], Eugenio Montale. In the thirties of the 20th century was active in Genoa the Circoli magazine and after the World War II the "Il Gallo" magazine. Coveted and known from the 1960s to the 1980s was the Genoese literary lounge animated by the writer Minnie Alzona [it]. Dutch writer Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer wrote "La Superba", a novel in which Genoa is prominently featured. This was followed by the autobiographical novel "Brieven uit Genua".

Since 1995, every June in Genoa the Genoa International Poetry Festival takes place, conceived by Claudio Pozzani [it] with the help of Massimo Bacigalupo.

Music

 
The neoclassical Teatro Carlo Felice

Genoa was a centre of Occitan culture in Italy and for this reason it developed an important school of troubadours: Lanfranc Cigala, Jacme Grils, Bonifaci Calvo, Luchetto Gattilusio, Guillelma de Rosers, and Simon Doria.

Genoa is the birthplace of the composer Simone Molinaro, violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini, violinist Camillo Sivori and composer Cesare Pugni. In addition, the famous violin maker Paolo de Barbieri. Paganini's violin, Il Cannone Guarnerius, is kept in Palazzo Tursi. The city is the site of the Niccolò Paganini Music Conservatory.

Alessandro Stradella, a composer of the middle baroque, lived in Genoa and was assassinated in 1682.

Felice Romani was a poet who wrote many librettos for the opera composers like Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini. Giovanni Ruffini was another poet known for writing the libretto of the opera Don Pasquale for its composer.

In 1847, Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro composed "Il Canto degli Italiani".

In 1857, debuted the work of Giuseppe Verdi entitled Simon Boccanegra inspired by the first Doge of Genoa, Simone Boccanegra.

Genoa is also the birthplace of the condcuctor Fabio Luisi and of many opera singers like Giuseppe Taddei, Margherita Carosio, Luciana Serra, Ottavio Garaventa, Luisa Maragliano and Daniela Dessì.

The Teatro Carlo Felice was built in 1828 in the city in the Piazza De Ferrari, and named for the monarch of the then Kingdom of Sardinia (which included the present regions of Sardinia, Piedmont and Liguria). The theatre was the centre of music and social life in the 19th century. On various occasions in the history of the theatre, presentations have been conducted by Mascagni, Richard Strauss, Hindemith and Stravinsky. Other Genoese theaters are the Politeama Genovese, Teatro Stabile in Genoa, Teatro della Tosse and Teatro Gustavo Modena.

On the occasion of the Christopher Columbus celebration in 1992, new musical life was given to the area around the old port, including the restoration of the house of Paganini and presentations of the trallalero, the traditional singing of Genoese dock workers.

The trallalero, traditional music in the Genoese dialect, is a polyphonic vocal music, performed by five men and several songs. The trallalero are ancient songs that have their roots in the Mediterranean tradition. Another aspect of the traditional Genoese music is the "Nostalgic Song". The principal authors and singers of the Nostalgic Song in Genoese dialect are Mario Cappello [it] who wrote the piece "Ma se ghe penso" (English: "But if I think about it"), a memory of Genoa by an emigrant to Argentina, Giuseppe Marzari [it], Agostino Dodero [it] up to I Trilli [it], Piero Parodi [it], Buby Senarega, Franca Lai [it]. The traditional Nostalgic Song will have a great influence on the so-called Scuola Genovese (Genoese School) of singer-songwriters that in some cases will mix the nostalgic feeling with pop and jazz atmospheres.

The singer Natalino Otto started the swing genre in Italy and his friend and colleague Pippo Barzizza was a composer, arranger, conductor and music director. Other musicians, composers and arrangers are Angelo Francesco Lavagnino, Gian Piero Reverberi, Gian Franco Reverberi, Oscar Prudente, Pivio and Aldo De Scalzi.

Genoa in the second half of the 20th century was famous for an important school of Italian singer-songwriters, so-called Scuola Genovese, that includes Umberto Bindi, Luigi Tenco", "Gino Paoli", "Bruno Lauzi", "Fabrizio de André, Ivano Fossati, Angelo Branduardi" and Francesco Baccini. Nino Ferrer was also born in Genoa. In the 70s there were formed in Genoa numerous bands of Italian progressive rock like New Trolls, Picchio dal Pozzo, Latte e Miele, and Delirium. Today we point the band Buio Pesto and The Banshee band.

Some songs about the city of Genoa are part of Italian popular culture, like "Via del Campo" and "La Città Vecchia", both by Fabrizio de André, "Genova per noi" by Paolo Conte, "La Casa in Via del Campo" the song also sung by Amalia Rodrigues and "Piazza Alimonda" the song about the facts of Genoa 2001 by Francesco Guccini.

Fabrizio de André in 1984 released the album Crêuza de mä, totally written in Genoese dialect.

I Madrigalisti di Genova is a vocal and instrumental group formed in 1958 which specialised in medieval and Renaissance repertoire

The city has numerous music festivals, among which are Concerts at San Fruttuoso abbey, Premio Paganini, I Concerti di San Torpete, International Music Festival Genova, We Love Jazz, Gezmatz Festival & Workshop, and Goa-Boa Festival. In the town of Santa Margherita Ligure the ancient abbey of Cervara is often the site of chamber music.

Giovine Orchestra Genovese, one of the oldest concert societies in Italy, was founded in Genoa in 1912.

Cinema

Genoa has been the set for many films and especially for the genre called Polizieschi. Notable directors born in Genoa include Pietro Germi and Giuliano Montaldo, the actors: Gilberto Govi, Vittorio Gassman, Paolo Villaggio, Alberto Lupo, the actresses: Lina Volonghi, Delia Boccardo, Rosanna Schiaffino, Eleonora Rossi Drago, Marcella Michelangeli and the pornographic actress Moana Pozzi. Before actor Bartolomeo Pagano's cinema career, he was a camallo, which means stevedore, at the port of Genoa. His cinema career began with the film Cabiria, one of the first and most famous kolossal. In 1985 were filmed in Genoa some scenes of Pirates by Roman Polanski, finished shooting they left in the Old Harbour the galleon Neptune.

Some films set in Genoa:

Language

The Genoese dialect (Zeneize) is the most important dialect of the Ligurian language, and is commonly spoken in Genoa alongside Italian. Ligurian is listed by Ethnologue as a language in its own right, of the Romance branch, the Ligurian Romance language, and not to be confused with the ancient Ligurian language. Like the languages of Lombardy, Piedmont, and surrounding regions, it is of Gallo-Italic derivation.

Sports

There are two major football teams in Genoa: Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria; the former is the oldest football club operating in Italy (see History of Genoa C.F.C.). The football section of the club was founded in 1893 by James Richardson Spensley, an English doctor. Genoa 1893 has won 9 championships (between 1898 and 1924) and 1 Coppa Italia (1936–37). U.C. Sampdoria was founded in 1946 from the merger of two existing clubs, Andrea Doria (founded in 1895) and Sampierdarenese (founded in 1911). Sampdoria has won one Italian championship (1990–91 Serie A), 4 Coppa Italia, 1 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1989–90) and 1 Supercoppa Italiana. Both Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria play their home games in the Luigi Ferraris Stadium, which holds 36,536 spectators. Deeply felt is the derby called Derby della Lanterna.

The international tennis tournament AON Open Challenger takes place in Genoa.

In rugby union the city is represented by CUS Genova Rugby, which is the rugby union team of the University of Genoa Sports Centre. CUS Genova had their peak in 1971–1973 when the team was runner-up of the Italian Serie A for three consecutive seasons and contested unsuccessfully the title to Petrarca Rugby. Amongst the CUS Genova players who represented Italy at international level the most relevant were Marco Bollesan and Agostino Puppo.

In 1947 was founded the CUS Genova Hockey and in 1968 the basketball club Athletic Genova. The city hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990, in 1988 the European Karate Championships and in 1992 the European Athletics Indoor Championships. In 2003 the indoor sporting arena, Vaillant Palace, was inaugurated.

The city lends its name to a particular type of a sailing boat so-called Genoa sail, in 2007 the city hosts the Tall Ships' Races.

Cuisine

 
Pesto, a popular Genoese sauce

Popular sauces of Genoese cuisine include Pesto sauce, garlic sauce called Agliata, "Walnut Sauce" called Salsa di noci [it], Green sauce, Pesto di fave [it], Pasta d'acciughe and the meat sauce called tócco,[97] not to be confused with the Genovese sauce, that in spite of the name is typical of the Neapolitan cuisine. The Genoese tradition includes many varieties of pasta as Trenette, Corzetti, Trofie, Pansoti [it], Croxetti, gnocchi and also: Farinata, Panissa [it] and Cuculli.

Key ingredient of Genoese cuisine is the Prescinsêua used among other things to prepare the Torta pasqualina [it] and the Barbagiuai and still Focaccia con le cipolle [it], Farinata di ceci [it], Focaccette al formaggio [it] and the Focaccia con il formaggio [it] which means "Focaccia with cheese" that is even being considered for European Union PGI status. Other key ingredients are many varieties of fish as Sardines, Anchovies (see also Acciughe ripiene [it] and Acciughe sotto sale [it]), Garfish, Swordfish, Tuna, Octopus, Squid, Mussels, the Stoccafisso which means Stockfish (see also Brandacujun [it]), the Musciame and Gianchetti.

Other elements of Genoese cuisine include the Ligurian Olive Oil, the cheeses like Brös, U Cabanin [it], San Stè cheese, Giuncata [it], the sausages like Testa in cassetta, Salame cotto [it] and the Genoa salami which is the style of Genoa salami. Fresh pasta (usually trofie, trenette) and "gnocchi" with pesto sauce are probably the most iconic among Genoese dishes. Pesto sauce is prepared with fresh Genovese basil, pine nuts, grated parmesan and pecorino mixed, garlic and olive oil pounded together.[98] Liguria wine such as Pigato, Riviera Ligure di Ponente Vermentino [it], Sciacchetrà [it], Rossese di Dolceacqua and Ciliegiolo del Tigullio [it] are popular. Dishes of Genoese tradition include the Tripe cooked in various recipes like Sbira, the Polpettone di melanzane, the Tomaxelle, the Minestrone alla genovese [it],[99] the Bagnun, the fish-consisting Ciuppin (the precursor to San Francisco's Cioppino), the Buridda, the Seppie in zimino [it] and the Preboggion [it].

Two sophisticated recipes of Genoese cuisine are: the Cappon magro and the Cima alla genovese [it] (a song by Fabrizio De André is titled 'A Çimma and is dedicated to this Genoese recipe). Originating in Genoa is Pandolce that gave rise to Genoa cake. The city lands its name to a special paste used to prepare cakes and pastries called Genoise and to the Pain de Gênes.

In Genoa there are many food markets in typical nineteenth-century iron structures as Mercato del Ferro, Mercato Dinegro, Mercato di Via Prè, Mercato di piazza Sarzano, Mercato del Carmine, Mercato della Foce, Mercato Romagnosi. The Mercato Orientale [it] instead is in masonry and has a circular structure.

People

 
Posthumous portrait of Christopher Columbus[b]

Genoa has left an extraordinary impression on many noted personalities. Friedrich Nietzsche loved Genoa and wrote some of his works there. Sigmund Freud and Ezra Pound lived near Genoa in Rapallo. Anton Chekhov said that Genoa "is the most beautiful city in the world," and Richard Wagner wrote: "I have never seen anything like this Genoa! it is something indescribably beautiful".

Among the personalities of the 19th and 20th centuries who wrote about Genoa were Heinrich Heine, Osip Mandelstam, Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen, Mary Shelley, Oscar Wilde, John Ruskin,[101] Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Gustave Flaubert, Alexandre Dumas, Louis Énault, Valery Larbaud, Albert Camus, Paul Valéry, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Paul Klee. Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, and Pietro Mascagni. Verdi in his work, Simon Boccanegra, is inspired by the medieval history of the city. The poets Dino Campana, Camillo Sbarbaro and Giorgio Caproni have made Genoa a recurring element of their poetic work.

Famous Genoese include: Sinibaldo and Ottobuono Fieschi (Popes Innocent IV and Adrian V), Giovanni Battista Cybo (Pope Innocent VIII) and Giacomo della Chiesa (Pope Benedict XV), navigators Christopher Columbus, Antonio de Noli, Enrico Alberto d'Albertis, Enrico de Candia (Henry, Count of Malta) and Andrea Doria, composers Niccolò Paganini and Michele Novaro, Italian patriots Giuseppe Mazzini, Goffredo Mameli and Nino Bixio, writer and translator Fernanda Pivano, poet Edoardo Sanguineti, Communist politician Palmiro Togliatti, architect Renzo Piano, art curator and critic Germano Celant, Physics 2002 Nobel Prize winner Riccardo Giacconi, Literature 1975 Nobel Prize winner Eugenio Montale, the court painter Giovanni Maria delle Piane (Il Mulinaretto) from the Delle Piane family, artists Vanessa Beecroft, Enrico Accatino, comedians Gilberto Govi, Paolo Villaggio, Beppe Grillo, Luca Bizzarri, Paolo Kessisoglu and Maurizio Crozza; singer-songwriters Fabrizio de André, Ivano Fossati, Umberto Bindi, Bruno Lauzi and Francesco Baccini, while Luigi Tenco and Gino Paoli are also known as Genoese singer-songwriters, although they are respectively from Cassine and Monfalcone; actor Vittorio Gassman, and actress Moana Pozzi, Giorgio Parodi who conceived the motorcycle company Moto Guzzi with Carlo Guzzi and Giovanni Ravelli.

Some reports say the navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) was also from Genoa, others say he was from Savona. Saints from Genoa include Romulus, Syrus, Catherine of Genoa. Among the latest generations, musicians like Andrea Bacchetti, Giulio Plotino, Sergio Ciomei, Lorenzo Cavasanti, Stefano Bagliano and Fabrizio Cipriani, as well as academics and authors like Michele Giugliano and Roberto Dillon, help in keeping the name of the city on the international spotlight in different fields among the arts, technology and culture.

Museums

Promenades

Corso Italia runs for 2.5 km (1.6 mi) in the quartiere of Albaro, linking two neighbourhoods of Foce and Boccadasse. The promenade, which was built in 1908, overlooks the sea, towards the promontory of Portofino. The main landmarks are the small lighthouse of Punta Vagno, the San Giuliano Abbey, and the Lido of Albaro.

Passeggiata Anita Garibaldi [it], promenade overlooking the sea and 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) long, Nervi.

Promenade of the upper ring road, so-called "Circonvallazione a Monte" that includes: Corso Firenze, Corso Paganini, Corso Magenta, Via Solferino, Corso Armellini.

Walks can be made from the centre of Genoa following one of the many ancient paths between tall palaces and the "Creuze" to reach the higher areas of the city where there are magnificent places like Belvedere Castelletto, the "Righi's district", the "Santuario di Nostra Signora di Loreto", the "Santuario della Madonnetta", the "Santuario di San Francesco da Paola".

Monte Fasce gives a complete view of the city.

To reach the hinterland of the Province of Genoa one can use the Genoa – Casella Old Railway, 25 kilometres (16 miles) of railway between the Genoese mountains.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Genoa is twinned with:[102][103]

Cooperation agreements

As of 2013, Genoa had bilateral agreements with:[104]

Consulates

[106]

  • Albania
  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Bangladesh
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Costa Rica
  • Cyprus
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Dominican Republic
  • Ecuador
  • El Salvador
  • Estonia
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Guinea
  • Haiti
  • Hungary
  • Kazakhstan
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • Malta
  • Monaco
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Panama
  • Peru
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Republic of the Congo
  • Romania
  • Russia
  • San Marino
  • Senegal
  • South Africa
  • South Korea
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • Thailand
  • Tunisia
  • Turkey
  • Uganda
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
  • Uruguay

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ English, historically, and Latin: Genua.
  2. ^ There are no known authentic portraits of Columbus.[100]

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Bibliography

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External links

genoa, this, article, about, italian, port, city, other, uses, disambiguation, genova, disambiguation, italian, genova, ˈdʒɛːnova, listen, ligurian, zêna, ˈzeːna, city, capital, italian, region, liguria, sixth, largest, city, italy, 2015, people, lived, within. This article is about the Italian port city For other uses see Genoa disambiguation and Genova disambiguation Genoa ˈ dʒ ɛ n oʊ e JEN oh e Italian Genova ˈdʒɛːnova listen Ligurian Zena ˈzeːna a is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth largest city in Italy In 2015 594 733 people lived within the city s administrative limits 3 As of the 2011 Italian census the Province of Genoa which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa 4 had 855 834 resident persons 5 Over 1 5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera 6 Genoa Genova Italian Zena Ligurian ComuneComune di GenovaFrom top to bottom left to right Piazza De Ferrari XX Settembre Street historical center panorama view of the city from the Castelletto quarter FlagCoat of armsLocation of GenoaGenoaLocation of Genoa in LiguriaShow map of ItalyGenoaGenoa Liguria Show map of LiguriaCoordinates 44 24 40 N 8 55 58 E 44 41111 N 8 93278 E 44 41111 8 93278 Coordinates 44 24 40 N 8 55 58 E 44 41111 N 8 93278 E 44 41111 8 93278CountryItalyRegionLiguriaMetropolitan cityGenoa GE Government MayorMarco BucciArea 1 Total240 29 km2 92 78 sq mi Elevation20 m 70 ft Population 1 January 2018 2 Total580 097 Density2 400 km2 6 300 sq mi Demonym s Genoese GenoveseTime zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code16121 16167Dialing code010ISTAT code010025Patron saintJohn the BaptistSaint day24 JuneWebsitecomune wbr genova wbr itUNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameGenoa Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei RolliCriteriaCultural ii iv Reference1211Inscription2006 30th Session Area15 777 ha 38 99 acres Buffer zone113 ha 280 acres On the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth busiest in the European Union 7 8 Genoa was the capital of one of the most powerful maritime republics for over seven centuries from the 11th century to 1797 9 Particularly from the 12th century to the 15th century the city played a leading role in the commercial trade in Europe becoming one of the largest naval powers of the continent and considered among the wealthiest cities in the world 10 11 It was also nicknamed la Superba the proud one by Petrarch due to its glories on the seas and impressive landmarks 12 The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages The Bank of Saint George founded in 1407 is the oldest known state deposit bank in the world and has played an important role in the city s prosperity since the middle of the 15th century 13 14 The historical centre also known as old town of Genoa is one of the largest and most densely populated in Europe 15 Part of it was also inscribed on the World Heritage List UNESCO in 2006 as Genoa Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli Genoa s historical city centre is also known for its narrow lanes and streets that the locals call caruggi 16 Genoa is also home to the University of Genoa which has a history going back to the 15th century when it was known as Genuense Athenaeum The city s rich cultural history in art music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture It is the birthplace of Guglielmo Embriaco Christopher Columbus Andrea Doria Niccolo Paganini Giuseppe Mazzini Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella founder of the House of Grimaldi among others Genoa which forms the southern corner of the Milan Turin Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy is one of the country s major economic centers 17 18 A number of leading Italian companies are based in the city including Fincantieri Selex ES 19 Ansaldo Energia 20 Ansaldo STS Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone Piaggio Aerospace Mediterranean Shipping Company and Costa Cruises Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Prehistory and Roman times 2 2 Middle Ages to early modern period 2 2 1 5th to 10th centuries 2 2 2 Rise of the Genoese Republic 2 2 3 13th and 14th centuries 2 2 4 15th and 16th centuries 2 2 5 17th and 18th centuries 2 3 19th century 2 4 20th century 2 5 21st century 3 Flag 4 Geography 4 1 Climate 5 Government 5 1 Municipal government 5 1 1 Administrative subdivision 6 Cityscape 6 1 Main sights 6 2 Churches 6 3 Buildings and palaces 6 4 Old Harbour 6 5 Walls and fortresses 6 6 Parks 6 7 Aquarium of Genoa 7 Demographics 8 Economy 9 Education 9 1 Science 9 1 1 Erzelli science technology park 10 Transport 10 1 Ports 10 2 Air transport 10 3 Public transport 11 Culture 11 1 Visual arts 11 2 Literature 11 3 Music 11 4 Cinema 11 5 Language 11 6 Sports 11 7 Cuisine 11 8 People 11 9 Museums 11 10 Promenades 12 International relations 12 1 Twin towns sister cities 12 2 Cooperation agreements 12 3 Consulates 13 Notable people 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External linksName EditThe city s modern name may derive from the Latin word meaning knee genu plural genua but there are other theories It could derive from the god Janus because Genoa like him has two faces a face that looks at the sea and another turned to the mountains Or it could come from the Latin word ianua also related to the name of the God Janus and meaning door or passage Besides that it may refer to its geographical position at the centre of the Ligurian coastal arch The Latin name oppidum Genua is recorded by Pliny the Elder Nat Hist 3 48 as part of the Augustean Regio IX Liguria 21 Another theory traces the name to the Etruscan word Kainua which means New City based on an inscription on a pottery sherd reading Kainua which suggests that the Latin name may be a corruption of an older Etruscan one with an original meaning of new town 22 History EditMain article History of Genoa For a chronological guide see Timeline of Genoa Prehistory and Roman times Edit The city s area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world 23 In the fifth century BC the first town or oppidum was founded probably by the ancient Ligures which gave the name to the modern region of Liguria at the top of the hill today called Castello Castle which is now inside the medieval old town 24 25 In this period the Genoese town inhabited by the Genuati a group of Ligure peoples was considered the emporium of the Ligurians given its strong commercial character 26 The Genoese oppidum had an alliance with Rome through a foedus aequum equal pact in the course of the Second Punic War The Carthaginians accordingly destroyed it in 209 BC The town was rebuilt and after the Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC it received municipal rights The original castrum then expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory Trade goods included skins timber and honey Goods were moved to and from Genoa s hinterland including major cities like Tortona and Piacenza An amphitheater was also found there among other archaeological remains from the Roman period 27 Middle Ages to early modern period Edit Main article Republic of Genoa 5th to 10th centuries Edit After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the Ostrogoths occupied Genoa After the Gothic War the Byzantines made it the seat of their vicar When the Lombards invaded Italy in 568 Bishop Honoratus of Milan fled and held his seat in Genoa 28 During this time and in the following century Genoa was little more than a small centre slowly building its merchant fleet which was to become the leading commercial carrier of the Western Mediterranean In 934 35 the town was thoroughly sacked and burned by a Fatimid fleet under Ya qub ibn Ishaq al Tamimi 29 Rise of the Genoese Republic Edit The port and fleet of Genoa in the early 14th century by Quinto Cenni Genoa started expanding during the First Crusade At the time the city had a population of about 10 000 Twelve galleys one ship and 1 200 soldiers from Genoa joined the crusade The Genoese troops led by noblemen de Insula and Avvocato set sail in July 1097 30 The Genoese fleet transported and provided naval support to the crusaders mainly during the siege of Antioch in 1098 when the Genoese fleet blockaded the city while the troops provided support during the siege 30 In the siege of Jerusalem in 1099 Genoese crossbowmen led by Guglielmo Embriaco acted as support units against the defenders of the city The Republic s role as a maritime power in the Mediterranean region secured many favorable commercial treaties for Genoese merchants They came to control a large portion of the trade of the Byzantine Empire Tripoli Libya the Principality of Antioch Cilician Armenia and Egypt 30 Although Genoa maintained free trading rights in Egypt and Syria it lost some of its territorial possessions after Saladin s campaigns in those areas in the late 12th century 31 32 13th and 14th centuries Edit The commercial and cultural rivalry of Genoa and Venice was played out through the thirteenth century Thanks to the major role played by the Republic of Venice in the Fourth Crusade Venetian trading rights were enforced in the eastern Mediterranean and Venice was able to gain control of a large portion of maritime commerce in the region 31 To regain control of local commerce the Republic of Genoa allied with Michael VIII Palaiologos emperor of Nicaea who wanted to restore the Byzantine Empire by recapturing Constantinople In March 1261 the treaty of the alliance was signed in Nymphaeum 31 On 25 July 1261 Nicaean troops under Alexios Strategopoulos recaptured Constantinople 31 As a result the balance of favour tipped toward Genoa which was granted free trade rights in the Nicene Empire 31 The islands of Chios and Lesbos became commercial stations of Genoa as well as the city of Smyrna Izmir In the same century the Republic conquered many settlements in Crimea known as Gazaria where the Genoese colony of Caffa was established The alliance with the restored Byzantine Empire increased the wealth and power of Genoa and simultaneously decreased Venetian and Pisan commerce The Byzantine Empire had granted the majority of free trading rights to Genoa 33 Around the 14th century Genoa was also credited with the invention of blue jeans Genoa s jean fabric was a fustian textile of medium quality and of reasonable cost very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous and was used for work clothes in general The Genoese navy equipped its sailors with jeans as they needed a fabric which could be worn wet or dry 34 35 As a result of the Genoese support to the Aragonese rule in Sicily Genoa was granted free trading and export rights in the Kingdom Genoese bankers also profited from loans to the new nobility of Sicily While Corsica was formally annexed in 1347 36 15th and 16th centuries Edit View of Genoa published in 1483 In the 15th century two of the earliest banks in the world were founded in Genoa the Bank of Saint George founded in 1407 which was the oldest state deposit bank in the world at its closure in 1805 and the Banca Carige founded in 1483 as a mount of piety which still exists Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa c 1451 and donated one tenth of his income from the discovery of the Americas for Spain to the Bank of Saint George in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods Under the ensuing economic recovery many aristocratic Genoese families such as the Balbi Doria Grimaldi Pallavicini and Serra amassed tremendous fortunes According to Felipe Fernandez Armesto and others the practices Genoa developed in the Mediterranean such as chattel slavery were crucial in the exploration and exploitation of the New World 37 Territories of the Republic of Genoa around the Mediterranean amp Black Sea coasts Thereafter Genoa underwent something of an associate of the Spanish Empire with Genoese bankers in particular financing many of the Spanish crown s foreign endeavors from their counting houses in Seville Fernand Braudel has even called the period 1557 to 1627 the age of the Genoese of a rule that was so discreet and sophisticated that historians for a long time failed to notice it Braudel 1984 p 157 The Genoese bankers provided the unwieldy Habsburg system with fluid credit and a dependably regular income In return the less dependable shipments of American silver were rapidly transferred from Seville to Genoa to provide capital for further ventures Genoa s trade however remained closely dependent on control of Mediterranean sealanes and the loss of Chios to the Ottoman Empire 1566 struck a severe blow 38 17th and 18th centuries Edit From the 17th century the Genoese Republic started a period of slow decline in May 1625 a French Savoian army briefly laid siege to Genoa Though it was eventually lifted with the aid of the Spanish the French would later bombard the city in May 1684 for its support of Spain during the War of the Reunions 39 In between a plague killed as many as half of the inhabitants of Genoa in 1656 57 40 Genoa continued its slow decline well into the 18th century losing its last Mediterranean colony the island fortress of Tabarka to the Bey of Tunis in 1742 41 The Convention of Turin of 1742 in which Austria allied with the Kingdom of Sardinia caused some consternation in the Republic Consequently the Republic of Genoa signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of Kingdom of France Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples On 26 June 1745 the Republic of Genoa declared war on the Kingdom of Sardinia This decision would prove disastrous for Genoa which later surrendered to the Austrians in September 1746 and was briefly occupied before a revolt liberated the city two months later 42 In 1780 the Confetteria Romanengo was founded 43 In a much weaker state Genoa was forced to cede Corsica to the French in the 1768 Treaty of Versailles The direct intervention of Napoleon during the Campaigns of 1796 and his representatives in Genoa was the final act that led to the fall of the Republic in early June who overthrew the old elites which had ruled the state for all of its history giving birth to the Ligurian Republic on 14 June 1797 under the watchful care of Napoleonic France After Bonaparte s seizure of power in France a more conservative constitution was enacted but the Ligurian Republic s life was short in 1805 it was annexed by France becoming the departements of Apennins Genes and Montenotte 44 Following the fall of Napoleon Genoa regained an ephemeral independence with the name of the Repubblica genovese which lasted less than a year However the Congress of Vienna established the annexation of the whole territories of the former Genoese Republic to the Kingdom of Sardinia governed by the House of Savoy contravening the principle of restoring the legitimate governments and monarchies of the old Republic 45 19th century Edit In the 19th century Genoa consolidated its role as a major seaport and an important steel and shipbuilding centre In Genoa in 1853 Giovanni Ansaldo founded Gio Ansaldo amp C whose shipyards would build some of the most beautiful ships in the world such as ARA Garibaldi SS Roma MS Augustus SS Rex SS Andrea Doria SS Cristoforo Colombo MS Gripsholm SS Leonardo da Vinci SS Michelangelo and SS SeaBreeze In 1854 the ferry company Costa Crociere was founded In 1861 the Registro Italiano Navale Italian register of shipping was created and in 1879 the Yacht Club Italiano The owner Raffaele Rubattino in 1881 was among the founders of the ferry company Navigazione Generale Italiana which then become the Italian Line 46 In 1870 was founded Banca di Genova which in 1895 changed its name to Credito Italiano and in 1998 became Unicredit In 1874 the city was completely connected by railway lines to France and the rest of Italy Genoa Turin Genoa Ventimiglia Genoa Pisa In 1884 Rinaldo Piaggio founded Piaggio amp C that produced locomotives and railway carriages and then in 1923 began aircraft production In 1888 the Banca Passadore was established In 1898 the insurance company called Alleanza Assicurazioni was founded 20th century Edit In 1917 Lloyd Italico insurance company was founded In 1956 Genoa took part in the Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics In 1962 Genoa International Boat Show was established In 1966 Euroflora was established 47 In 1970 Genoa was hit by a serious flood which caused the Bisagno stream to overflow In 1987 the Banco di San Giorgio was established In 1992 Genoa celebrated the Colombiadi 48 or Genoa Expo 92 the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the American Continent by Christopher Columbus The area of the ancient port of Genoa is restructured and expanded also with the works of the architect Renzo Piano 21st century Edit The 27th G8 summit that took place in July 2001 was hosted in the city of Genoa however it was overshadowed by violent protests Anti globalisation movement with one protester killed 49 In 2003 the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia IIT was established In 2004 the European Union designated Genoa as the European Capital of Culture for that year along with the French city of Lille On 14 August 2018 the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge for motor vehicles collapsed during a torrential downpour leading to 43 deaths 50 The remains of the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge were demolished in August 2019 The replacement bridge the Genoa Saint George Bridge was inaugurated in August 2020 during COVID 19 pandemic In 2023 Genoa becomes the finish of The Ocean Race 51 Flag Edit St George s flag flying on the Doge s Palace in Genoa The flag of Genoa is a St George s Cross a red cross on a white field The patron saint of Genoa was Saint Lawrence until at least 958 but the Genoese transferred their allegiance to Saint George and Saint John the Baptist at some point during the 11th or 12th century most likely with the rising popularity of the military saint during the Crusades Genoa also had a banner displaying a cross since at latest 1218 possibly as early as 1113 52 But the cross banner was not associated with the saint indeed the saint had his own flag the vexillum beati Georgii first mentioned 1198 a red flag showing George and the dragon A depiction of this flag is shown in the Genoese annals under the year 1227 The Genoese flag with the red cross was used alongside this Saint George s flag from at least 1218 known as the insignia cruxata comunis Janue cross ensign of the commune of Genoa The saint s flag was the city s main war flag but the cross flag was used alongside it in the 1240s 53 The Saint George s flag i e the flag depicting the saint remained the main flag of Genoa at least until the 1280s The flag now known as the St George s Cross seems to have replaced it as Genoa s main flag at some point during the 14th century The Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms c 1385 shows it inscribed with the word iusticia and described as And the lord of this place has as his ensign a white pennant with a red cross At the top it is inscribed with justice in this manner 54 There was also a historiographical tradition claiming 55 that the flag of England was adopted from the Genoese flag during the Third Crusade in 1190 however it cannot be substantiated as historical 56 Geography EditThe city of Genoa covers an area of 243 square kilometres 94 sq mi between the Ligurian Sea and the Apennine Mountains The city stretches along the coast for about 30 kilometres 19 mi from the neighbourhood of Voltri to Nervi and for 10 kilometres 6 2 mi from the coast to the north along the valleys Polcevera and Bisagno The territory of Genoa is popularly divided into 5 main zones the centre the west the east the Polcevera and the Bisagno Valley Although much of the city centre is located at a low elevation the territory surrounding it is mountainous with undeveloped land usually being in steep terrain Genoa is adjacent to two popular Ligurian vacation spots Camogli and Portofino In the metropolitan area of Genoa lies Aveto Natural Regional Park A panoramic view of Genoa Climate Edit Genoa has a Mediterranean climate Csa in the Koppen climate classification with plentiful precipitation due to its location on a common storm track The average yearly temperature is around 19 C 66 F during the day and 13 C 55 F at night In the coldest months December January and February the average temperature is 12 C 54 F during the day and 6 C 43 F at night In the warmest months July and August the average temperature is 27 5 C 82 F during the day and 21 C 70 F at night The daily temperature range is limited with an average range of about 6 C 11 F between high and low temperatures Genoa also sees significant moderation from the sea in stark contrast to areas behind the Ligurian mountains such as Parma where summers are hotter and winters are quite cold Annually the average 2 9 of nights recorded temperatures of 0 C 32 F mainly in January The coldest temperature ever recorded was 8 C 18 F in February 2012 the highest temperature ever recorded during the day is 38 5 C 101 F in August 2015 Average annual number of days with temperatures of 30 C 86 F is about 8 average four days in July and August 57 Average annual temperature of the sea is 17 5 C 64 F from 13 C 55 F in the period January March to 25 C 77 F in August In the period from June to October the average sea temperature exceeds 19 C 66 F 58 Genoa is also a windy city especially during winter when northern winds often bring cool air from the Po Valley usually accompanied by lower temperatures high pressure and clear skies Another typical wind blows from southeast mostly as a consequence of Atlantic disturbances and storms bringing humid and warmer air from the sea Snowfall is sporadic but does occur almost every year albeit big amounts in the city centre are rare 59 60 Genoa often receives heavy rainfall in autumn from strong convection Even so the overall number of precipitation days is quite modest for the annual yield Annual average relative humidity is 68 ranging from 63 in February to 73 in May 57 Sunshine hours total above 2 200 per year from an average 4 hours of sunshine duration per day in winter to average 9 hours in summer This value is an average between the northern half of Europe and North Africa 58 Climate data for Genoa 1991 2020 normals 2 m asl sunshine 1971 2000 extremes since 1955Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 20 3 68 5 22 5 72 5 25 0 77 0 29 4 84 9 32 8 91 0 35 6 96 1 35 4 95 7 38 3 100 9 34 2 93 6 28 9 84 0 22 9 73 2 20 8 69 4 38 3 100 9 Average high C F 12 1 53 8 12 7 54 9 15 2 59 4 17 8 64 0 21 5 70 7 24 9 76 8 27 8 82 0 28 3 82 9 25 0 77 0 20 5 68 9 16 1 61 0 13 1 55 6 19 6 67 3 Daily mean C F 9 1 48 4 9 6 49 3 12 1 53 8 14 6 58 3 18 4 65 1 22 0 71 6 24 7 76 5 25 1 77 2 21 8 71 2 17 6 63 7 13 3 55 9 10 1 50 2 16 6 61 9 Average low C F 6 0 42 8 6 5 43 7 8 9 48 0 11 3 52 3 15 3 59 5 19 0 66 2 21 6 70 9 21 8 71 2 18 5 65 3 14 7 58 5 10 5 50 9 7 1 44 8 13 5 56 3 Record low C F 8 5 16 7 5 0 23 0 3 6 25 5 3 4 38 1 6 6 43 9 7 3 45 1 13 9 57 0 10 7 51 3 9 0 48 2 5 1 41 2 1 1 34 0 3 6 25 5 8 5 16 7 Average precipitation mm inches 76 4 3 01 57 9 2 28 73 8 2 91 83 6 3 29 57 8 2 28 51 2 2 02 26 2 1 03 47 6 1 87 115 9 4 56 149 7 5 89 200 2 7 88 99 4 3 91 1 039 7 40 93 Average precipitation days 1 mm 5 9 5 0 5 3 7 0 5 8 4 4 3 0 3 7 5 5 7 4 8 8 6 9 68 7Mean monthly sunshine hours 117 8 130 5 158 1 192 0 220 1 246 0 294 5 266 6 201 0 173 6 111 0 111 6 2 222 8Source 1 Meteo Climat 61 Source 2 Servizio Meteorologico 57 data of sunshine hours 62 Climate data for Genoa 1971 2000 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 11 5 52 7 12 2 54 0 14 6 58 3 16 8 62 2 20 5 68 9 23 9 75 0 27 3 81 1 27 7 81 9 24 4 75 9 20 0 68 0 15 1 59 2 12 5 54 5 18 9 66 0 Daily mean C F 8 5 47 3 9 1 48 4 11 4 52 5 13 7 56 7 17 4 63 3 20 8 69 4 24 1 75 4 24 4 75 9 21 1 70 0 16 9 62 4 12 2 54 0 9 5 49 1 15 7 60 3 Average low C F 5 5 41 9 6 0 42 8 8 2 46 8 10 5 50 9 14 2 57 6 17 6 63 7 20 9 69 6 21 0 69 8 17 9 64 2 13 8 56 8 9 2 48 6 6 5 43 7 12 6 54 7 Average rainfall mm inches 101 8 4 01 74 0 2 91 81 7 3 22 88 0 3 46 72 4 2 85 58 2 2 29 24 2 0 95 69 3 2 73 136 4 5 37 171 3 6 74 108 8 4 28 93 1 3 67 1 079 2 42 49 Average rainy days 1 0 mm 7 7 5 6 6 9 8 1 7 0 5 0 2 8 5 0 6 0 8 0 7 1 6 5 75 7Average snowy days 0 9 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 117 8 130 5 158 1 192 0 220 1 246 0 294 5 266 6 201 0 173 6 111 0 111 6 2 222 8Source 1 Servizio Meteorologico 57 data of sunshine hours 63 Source 2 Rivista Ligure La neve sulle coste del Maditerraneo 64 Government EditMunicipal government Edit The Municipal Council of Genoa is currently led by a right wing majority elected in June 2017 The mayor is Marco Bucci expression of a right wing alliance composed by Forza Italia Lega Nord Fratelli d Italia and other minor lists Genoa was traditionally considered a leftist city and Bucci is the first right wing mayor since 1975 Administrative subdivision Edit The city of Genoa is subdivided into nine municipi administrative districts as approved by the Municipal Council in 2007 65 The 9 districts of Genoa Municipio Population of total QuartieriCentro Est 91 402 15 0 Pre Molo Maddalena Oregina it Lagaccio it San Nicola Castelletto Manin San Vincenzo it Carignano it Centro Ovest 66 626 10 9 Sampierdarena Belvedere Campasso San Bartolomeo San Teodoro it AngeliBassa Val Bisagno 78 791 12 9 San Fruttuoso it Sant Agata Marassi it Quezzi it Fereggiano Forte QuezziMedia Val Bisagno 58 742 9 6 Staglieno it Parenzo San Pantaleo Molassana it Sant Eusebio Montesignano Struppa it Doria Prato Valpolcevera 62 492 10 3 Rivarolo Borzoli Est Certosa Teglia Begato Bolzaneto Morego San Quirico it PontedecimoMedio Ponente 61 810 10 1 Sestri Borzoli Ovest San Giovanni Battista Cornigliano Campi Calcinara Ponente 63 027 10 3 Voltri Crevari Pra Palmaro Ca Nuova Pegli Multedo it CastelluccioMedio Levante 61 759 10 1 Foce it Brignole San Martino it Chiappeto Albaro San Giuliano Lido PuggiaLevante 66 155 10 8 Sturla Quarto Quartara Castagna Quinto al Mare it Nervi Apparizione it Borgoratti it San Desiderio it Bavari it Sant Ilario it Cityscape Edit A view of Piazza de Ferrari Nighttime view of the port of Genoa which has brought trade commerce and wealth to the city for centuries greatly contributing to its cultural and historical heritage Main sights Edit Doge s Palace ancient seat of the government of the oligarchic republic Palace of Saint George built in 1260 Notable to the city are the Palazzi dei Rolli included in UNESCO World Heritage Site Genoa Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli The world famous Strade Nuove are via Garibaldi Strada Nuova via Cairoli Strada Nuovissima and via Balbi Strada Balbi Among the most important palaces are the Palazzo Rosso Palazzo Bianco Palazzo Podesta o di Nicolosio Lomellino Palazzo Reale Palazzo Angelo Giovanni Spinola Palazzo Pietro Spinola di San Luca and Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria Genoa s historic centre is articulated in a maze of squares and narrow caruggi typical Genoese alleys It joins a medieval dimension with following 16th century and Baroque interventions the ancient Via Aurea now Via Garibaldi Near Via Garibaldi through the public elevator Castelletto Levante one can reach one of the most scenic places in the city Belvedere Castelletto The centre of Genoa is connected to its upper part by ancient paths caught between tall palaces called creuze Walking along these small paths one can reach magnificent places like the Santuario di Nostra Signora di Loreto Very beautiful is the upper ring road so called Circonvallazione a Monte that includes Corso Firenze Corso Paganini Corso Magenta Via Solferino and Corso Armellini San Lorenzo cathedral has a splendid portal and the dome designed by Galeazzo Alessi Inside is found the treasure of the Cathedral where among other objects there is also what is said to be the Holy Chalice The symbols of the city are the Lanterna the lighthouse 117 metres 384 feet high old and standing lighthouse visible in the distance from the sea beyond 30 kilometres 19 miles and the monumental fountain of Piazza De Ferrari recently restored out and out core of the city s life Near Piazza De Ferrari and Teatro Carlo Felice is the Mazzini Gallery a typical nineteenth century structure with many elegant shops and coffee bars Another tourist destination is the ancient seaside district of Boccadasse which means the mouth of the donkey with its multicolour boats set as a seal to Corso Italia the promenade which runs along the Lido d Albaro and known for its ice creams After Boccadasse you can continue along the sea up to Sturla Medieval gates of Genoa are a rare survivor of the city s oldest buildings Royal Palace of Genoa 16th century Just out of the city centre but still part of the 33 km 21 mi of coast included in the municipality s territory are Nervi natural doorway to the Ligurian East Riviera and Pegli the point of access to the West Riviera Nervi offers many attractions the promenade overlooking the sea called Passeggiata Anita Garibaldi it parks covered with lush tropical vegetation numerous villas and palaces open to the public that now house museums like GAM Galleria d Arte Moderna Raccolte Frugone Museum Museo Giannettino Luxoro and Wolfsoniana see also Parchi di Nervi it The East Riviera of Genoa called Riviera di Levante is part of the Italian Riviera East Riviera is full of interesting towns to visit and then from Genoa to east are Bogliasco Pieve Ligure Sori Recco Camogli Portofino Santa Margherita Ligure Rapallo Zoagli Chiavari Lavagna and Sestri Levante In the west Pegli is the site of the famous Villa Durazzo Pallavicini and Arenzano is a seaside town at the foot of the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua The new Genoa based its rebirth upon the restoration of the green areas of the immediate inland parts among them the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua and upon the construction of facilities such as the Aquarium of Genoa in the Old Harbour the biggest in Italy and one of the major in Europe and its Marina the tourist small port which holds hundreds of pleasure boats All of these are inside the restored Expo Area arranged in occasion of the Columbian Celebrations of 1992 Near the city are Camogli and San Fruttuoso abbey accessible by a daily ferry from the Old Harbour Porto Antico of Genoa In the seabed in front of the San Fruttuoso abbey there is the Christ of the Abyss From the Old Harbour one can reach by boat other famous seaside places around Genoa such as Portofino or a little more distant Lerici and the Cinque Terre The regained pride gave back to the city the consciousness of being capable of looking to the future without forgetting its past The resumption of several flourishing hand crafting activities far back absent from the caruggi of the old town is a direct evidence of it The restoration of many of Genoa s churches and palaces in the 1980s and the 1990s contributed to the city s rebirth A notable example the Renaissance Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta sitting on the top of the hill of Carignano and visible from almost every part of the city The total restoration of Doge s Palace and of the Old Harbour and the rebuilding of Teatro Carlo Felice destroyed by bombing in the Second World War were two more points of strength for the realisation of a new Genoa Genoa could not renounce especially as from the 1960s to a great renewal which as happened in several other metropolis should necessarily get through the realisation of big public housing complexes whose quality utility and functionality has been and still is controversial for those residents living there Concerning this the most known cases are those of the so called Biscione a development in the shape of a long snake situated on the hills of the populous district of Marassi and the one of the group of houses known as Le Lavatrici the washing machines in the district of Pra Beyond a complete restyling of the area the ancient port zone nearby the Mandraccio opening in Porta Siberia was enriched by Genoese architect Renzo Piano with a large sphere made of metal and glass installed in the port s waters not far from the Aquarium of Genoa and unveiled in 2001 in occasion of the G8 Summit held in Genoa The sphere called by the citizens Piano s bubble or The Ball after hosting an exposition of fens from Genoa s Botanical Gardens currently houses the reconstruction of a tropical environment with several plants little animals and butterflies Piano also designed the subway stations and in the hills area the construction in collaboration with UNESCO of Punta Nave base of the Renzo Piano Building Workshop Nearby the Old Harbour is the so called Matitone a skyscraper in shape of a pencil that lays side by side with the group of the WTC towers core of the San Benigno development today base of part of the Municipality s administration and of several companies Churches Edit St Lawrence Cathedral St Lawrence Cathedral Cattedrale di San Lorenzo is the city s cathedral built in a Gothic Romanesque style Other notable historical churches are the Commandery of the Saint John s Order called Commenda di San Giovanni di Prel it San Matteo San Donato Santa Maria di Castello Sant Agostino deconsecrated since the 19th century sometimes is used for theatrical representations Santo Stefano Santi Vittore e Carlo Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato San Pietro in Banchi Santa Maria delle Vigne Nostra Signora della Consolazione San Siro Santa Maria Maddalena it Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano and Chiesa del Gesu San Bartolomeo degli Armeni houses the Image of Edessa and San Pancrazio after the World War II was entrusted to the ligurian delegation of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta These churches and basilicas are built in Romanesque San Donato Santa Maria di Castello Commenda di San Giovanni di Pre Gothic San Matteo Santo Stefano Sant Agostino Baroque San Siro or Renaissance Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano San Pietro in Banchi appearance or a mix of different styles Nostra Signora della Consolazione Santissima Annunziata del Vastato this last has a Baroque interior and a Neoclassicist facade Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano Another well known Genoese church is the shrine of Saint Francis of Paola notable for the outer courtyard overlooking the port and the memorial to all those who died at sea This church is of artistic mention in that the tile depictions of the Via Crucis Stations along the brick path to the church Near Genoa is found the Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia the sanctuary is said to have inspired the writer Umberto Eco in making his novel The Name of the Rose Another interesting church in the neighborhoods of Genoa is San Siro di Struppa The city was the birthplace of several popes Innocent IV Adrian V Innocent VIII and Benedict XV and various saints Syrus of Genoa Romulus of Genoa Catherine of Genoa and Virginia Centurione Bracelli The Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine wrote the Golden Legend Also from Genoa were Giovanni Paolo Oliva the Superior General of the Society of Jesus Girolamo Grimaldi Cavalleroni the Archbishop of Aix Ausonio Franchi priest philosopher and theologian Cardinal Giuseppe Siri and the priests Francesco Repetto Giuseppe Dossetti Gianni Baget Bozzo and Andrea Gallo The present archbishop of Genoa Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco comes from a Genoese family but was born in Pontevico near Brescia see also Archdiocese of Genoa Buildings and palaces Edit The Mirror Gallery of the Royal Palace The main features of central Genoa include the Piazza De Ferrari around which are the Opera and the Palace of the Doges The Palazzo di San Giorgio was the headquarters of the Bank of Saint George and was the place where Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa composed The Travels of Marco Polo Outside the city walls is Christopher Columbus House where Christopher Columbus is said to have lived as a child The current building is an 18th century reconstruction of the original which was destroyed by the French naval bombing of 1684 Via Garibaldi by night Strada Nuova now Via Garibaldi in the old city was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006 This district was designed in the mid 16th century to accommodate Mannerist palaces of the city s most eminent families In Genoa there are 114 noble palaces see also Rolli di Genova among these 42 are inscribed on the World Heritage List Among the Palazzi dei Rolli the most famous are Palazzo Rosso now a museum Palazzo Bianco Palazzo Tursi Palazzo Gerolamo Grimaldi it Palazzo Podesta it Palazzo Reale Palazzo Angelo Giovanni Spinola Palazzo Pietro Spinola di San Luca Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria Palazzo Cicala Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Rosso are also known as Musei di Strada Nuova The famous art college is also located on this street The Genoese artistic renaissance begins with the construction of Villa del Principe it commissioned by Andrea Doria the architects were Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli and Giovanni Ponzello the interior was painted by Perino del Vaga and the garden fountain was realised by Taddeo Carlone In 1548 Galeazzo Alessi with the project of Villa Giustiniani Cambiaso it designed a new prototype of Genoese palace that would be an inspiration to other architects working in Genoa as Bartolomeo Bianco Pietro Antonio Corradi Rocco Lurago Giovan Battista Castello and Bernardino Cantone Peter Paul Rubens wrote Palazzi di Genova in 1622 a book dedicated to the palaces of Genoa Scattered around the city are many villas built between the fifteenth and the twentieth centuries Among the best known are Villa Brignole Sale Duchessa di Galliera it Villa Durazzo Pallavicini Villa Doria Centurione it Villa Durazzo Bombrini it Villa Serra it Villa Giustiniani Cambiaso Villa Rossi Martini it Villa Imperiale Scassi it Villa Grimaldi it Villa Negrone Moro it Villa Rosazza Villetta Di Negro it Villa delle Peschiere Villa Imperiale it Villa Saluzzo Bombrini it and Villa Grimaldi Fassio Staglieno A monumental cemetery As it regards the 19th century remember the architects Ignazio Gardella senior and Carlo Barabino which among other things realises together with Giovanni Battista Resasco the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno The cemetery is renowned for its statues and sepulchral monuments that preserve the mortal remains of notable personalities including Giuseppe Mazzini Fabrizio De Andre and Constance Lloyd Oscar Wilde s wife In the first half of the 19th century they are completed the Albergo dei Poveri it and the Acquedotto storico it In 1901 Giovanni Antonio Porcheddu it realised the Silos Granari Arco della Vittoria The city is rich in testimony of the Gothic Revival like Albertis Castle Castello Bruzzo it Villa Canali Gaslini it and Mackenzie Castle designed by the architect Gino Coppede Genoa is also rich of Art Nouveau works among which Palazzo della Borsa it Via XX Settembre it Hotel Bristol Palace Grand Hotel Miramare it and Stazione marittima it Works of Rationalist architecture of the first half of the 20th century are Torre Piacentini and Piazza della Vittoria where Arco della Vittoria both designed by the architect Marcello Piacentini Other architects who have changed the face of Genoa in the 20th century are Ignazio Gardella Luigi Carlo Daneri it who realised the Piazza Rossetti and the residential complex so called Il Biscione it Mario Labo it Aldo Rossi Ludovico Quaroni it Franco Albini who designed the interiors of Palazzo Rosso and Piero Gambacciani it The Edoardo Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art designed by Mario Labo has one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe Other notable architectural works include the Old Harbour s new design with the Aquarium the Bigo it and the Biosfera it by Renzo Piano the Palasport di Genova the Matitone skyscraper and the Padiglione B of Genoa Fair it by Jean Nouvel Genoa was home to the Ponte Morandi by Riccardo Morandi built in 1967 collapsed in 2018 and demolished February June 2019 66 Old Harbour Edit The galleon Neptune in the Old Harbour The Old Harbour Porto Antico in Italian is the ancient part of the port of Genoa The harbour gave access to outside communities creating a good geographical situation for the city 44 The city is spread out geographically along a section of the Liguria coast which makes trading by ship possible Before the development of car train and airplane travel the main outside access for the city was the sea as the surrounding mountains made trade north by land more difficult than coastal trade Trade routes have always connected Genoa on an international scale with increasingly farther reach starting from trade along Europe s coastline before the medieval period to today s connection across continents 67 In its heyday the Genoese Navy was a prominent power in the Mediterranean As the Genoa harbour was so important to the merchants for their own economic success other nearby harbours and ports were seen as competition for a landing point for foreign traders In the 16th century the Genovese worked to destroy the local shipping competition the Savona harbour 44 Taking matters into their own hands the Genoa merchants and the politically powerful in Genoa attacked the harbour of Savona with stones 44 This action was taken to preserve the economic stability and wealth of the city during the rise in prominence of Savona The Genovese would go as far as to war with other coastal trading cities such as Venice 44 to protect the trade industry Renzo Piano redeveloped the area for public access restoring the historical buildings like the Cotton warehouses and creating new landmarks like the Aquarium the Bigo and recently the Bolla the Sphere The main touristic attractions of this area are the famous Aquarium and the Museum of the Sea MuMA In 2007 these attracted almost 1 7 million visitors 68 Walls and fortresses Edit Main article Walls of Genoa The Porta Soprana The city of Genoa during its long history at least since the ninth century had been protected by different lines of defensive walls Large portions of these walls remain today and Genoa has more and longer walls than any other city in Italy The main city walls are known as Ninth century walls Barbarossa Walls 12th century Fourteenth century walls Sixteenth century walls and New Walls Mura Nuove in Italian The more imposing walls built in the first half of the 17th century on the ridge of hills around the city have a length of almost 20 km 12 mi Some fortresses stand along the perimeter of the New Walls or close them Parks Edit Main article The Parks of Genoa The gardens of Villa Durazzo Pallavicini Genoa has 82 000 square metres 880 000 square feet of public parks in the city centre such as Villetta Di Negro which is right in the heart of the town overlooking the historical centre Many bigger green spaces are situated outside the centre in the east are the Parks of Nervi 96 000 square metres or 1 030 000 square feet overlooking the sea in the west the beautiful gardens of Villa Durazzo Pallavicini and its Giardino botanico Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi 265 000 square metres or 2 850 000 square feet The numerous villas and palaces of the city also have their own gardens like Palazzo del Principe Villa Doria Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Tursi Palazzo Nicolosio Lomellino Albertis Castle Villa Rosazza Villa Croce Villa Imperiale Cattaneo Villa Bombrini Villa Brignole Sale Duchessa di Galliera Villa Serra and many more 69 The city is surrounded by natural parks such as Parco naturale regionale dell Antola Parco naturale regionale del Beigua Aveto Natural Regional Park and the Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary a marine protected area Aquarium of Genoa Edit The Aquarium of Genoa in Italian Acquario di Genova is the largest aquarium in Italy and among the largest in Europe Built for Genoa Expo 92 it is an educational scientific and cultural centre Its mission is to educate and raise public awareness as regards conservation management and responsible use of aquatic environments It welcomes over 1 2 million visitors a year Control of the entire environment including the temperature filtration and lighting of the tanks was provided by local Automation Supplier Orsi Automazione acquired in 2001 by Siemens The Aquarium of Genoa is co ordinating the AquaRing EU project It also provides scientific expertise and a great deal of content for AquaRing including documents images academic content and interactive online courses via its Online Resource Centre 70 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 111550 000 1300100 000 100 0 1400100 000 0 0 1400 117 000 17 0 1861242 447 107 2 1871256 486 5 8 1881289 234 12 8 1901377 610 30 6 1911465 496 23 3 1921541 562 16 3 1931590 736 9 1 1936634 646 7 4 1951688 447 8 5 1961784 194 13 9 1971816 872 4 2 1981762 895 6 6 1991678 771 11 0 2001610 307 10 1 2011608 493 0 3 2015588 668 3 3 Source ISTAT 2001 71 72 73 At the beginning of 2011 there were 608 493 people residing in Genoa of whom 47 were male and 53 were female The city is characterised by rapid aging and a long history of demographic decline that has shown a partial slowdown in the last decade Genoa has the lowest birth rate and is the most aged of any large Italian city Minors children ages 18 and younger totalled only 14 12 of the population compared to pensioners who number 26 67 This compares with the Italian average of 18 06 minors and 19 94 pensioners The median age of Genoa s residents is 47 compared to the Italian average of 42 The current birth rate of the city is only 7 49 births per 1 000 inhabitants compared to the national average of 9 45 Economy EditThe Genoa metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to 30 1 billion in 2011 or 33 003 per capita 74 San Benigno business district Genoa exhibition centre Ligurian agriculture has increased its specialisation pattern in high quality products flowers wine olive oil and has thus managed to maintain the gross value added per worker at a level much higher than the national average the difference was about 42 in 1999 75 The value of flower production represents over 75 of the agriculture sector turnover followed by animal farming 11 2 and vegetable growing 6 4 Steel once a major industry during the booming 1950s and 1960s phased out after the late 1980s crisis as Italy moved away from the heavy industry to pursue more technologically advanced and less polluting productions So the Ligurian industry has turned towards a widely diversified range of high quality and high tech products food shipbuilding in Sestri Ponente and in metropolitan area Sestri Levante electrical engineering and electronics petrochemicals aerospace etc Nonetheless the regions still maintains a flourishing shipbuilding sector yacht construction and maintenance cruise liner building military shipyards 75 In the services sector the gross value added per worker in Liguria is 4 above the national average This is due to the increasing diffusion of modern technologies particularly in commerce and tourism A good motorway network 376 km 234 mi in 2000 makes communications with the border regions relatively easy The main motorway is located along the coastline connecting the main ports of Nice in France Savona Genoa and La Spezia The number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants 524 in 2001 is below the national average 584 On average about 17 million tonnes of cargo are shipped from the main ports of the region and about 57 million tonnes enter the region 75 The Port of Genoa with a trade volume of 58 6 million tonnes 76 ranks first in Italy 77 second in terms of twenty foot equivalent units after the transshipment port of Gioia Tauro with a trade volume of over 2 million TEUs 78 The main destinations for the cargo passenger traffic are Sicily Sardinia Corsica Barcelona and the Canary Islands Some big companies based in Genoa include Ansaldo STS Ansaldo Energia Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone Piaggio Aerospace Registro Italiano Navale Banca Carige SLAM and Costa Cruises Education Edit University of Genoa s main building The first organised forms of higher education in Genoa date back to the 13th century when private colleges were entitled to award degrees in medicine philosophy Theology Law Arts 79 Today the University of Genoa founded in the 15th century is one of the largest in Italy with 11 faculties 51 departments and 14 libraries In 2007 2008 the university had 41 000 students and 6 540 graduates 80 Genoa is also home to other Colleges Academies or Museums The University of Genoa The CNR Area della Ricerca di Genova The Accademia ligustica di belle arti The Accademia Ligure di scienze e lettere The Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia The ISICT istituto superiore di studi in tecnologie dell informazione e della comunicazione The Renzo Piano Building Workshop The OBR Open Building Research The Accademia Italiana della Marina Mercantile The Niccolo Paganini Conservatory The Italian Hydrographic Institute The Deledda International School The Deutsche Schule Genua The Genoa Comics Academy The International School in Genoa The Russian Ballet College The Italian Institute of Technology was established in 2003 jointly by the Italian Ministry of Education Universities and Research and the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance to promote excellence in basic and applied research The main fields of research of the Institute are Neuroscience Robotics Nanotechnology Drug discovery The central research labs and headquarters are located in Morego in the neighbourhood of Bolzaneto 81 Clemson University based in South Carolina United States has a villa in Genoa where architecture students and students in related fields can attend for a semester or year long study program Florida International University FIU based in Miami Florida United States also has a small campus in Genoa with the University of Genoa which offers classes within the FIU School of Architecture Science Edit The Italian astronaut Franco Malerba Genoa is the birthplace of Giovanni Battista Baliani and Vincentio Reinieri of the geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza of the Nobel Prize astrophysicist Riccardo Giacconi and of the astronaut Franco Malerba The city is home to the Erzelli Hi Tech Park to the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia to the Istituto idrografico della Marina and annually hosts the Festival della Scienza The city has an important tradition in the fields of the geology paleontology botany and naturalistic studies among the most eminent personalities remember Lorenzo Pareto Luigi d Albertis Enrico Alberto d Albertis Giacomo Doria and Arturo Issel we point the Orto Botanico dell Universita di Genova Very important and renowned is the Istituto Giannina Gaslini In 1846 the city hosted the eighth Meeting of Italian Scientists and in 1902 Luigi Carnera discovered an asteroid and called it 485 Genua dedicating it to the Latin name of Genoa Erzelli science technology park Edit Buildings in the Erzelli GREAT campus The western area of Genoa hosts the Erzelli GREAT Campus an under construction science technology park which houses the high tech corporations Siemens Ericsson Esaote and robotics laboratories of the Italian Institute of Technology IIT 82 The Erzelli GREAT Campus science park is undergoing a process of enlargement and in the future will host the new Faculty of Engineering of University of Genoa The project has been struggling in recent years with enterprises laying off their employees and no real growth 83 84 Transport EditPorts Edit Main article Port of Genoa Panorama of port of Genoa Several cruise and ferry lines serve the passenger terminals in the old port with a traffic of 3 2 million passengers in 2007 85 MSC Cruises chose Genoa as one of its main home ports in competition with the Genoese company Costa Cruises which moved its home port to Savona The quays of the passenger terminals extend over an area of 250 000 square metres 2 700 000 square feet with 5 equipped berths for cruise vessels and 13 for ferries for an annual capacity of 4 million ferry passengers 1 5 million cars and 250 000 trucks 86 The historical maritime station of Ponte dei Mille is today a technologically advanced cruise terminal with facilities designed after the world s most modern airports to ensure fast embarking and disembarking of latest generation ships carrying thousand passengers A third cruise terminal is currently under construction in the redesigned area of Ponte Parodi once a quay used for grain traffic The Costa Concordia cruise ship owned by Costa Cruises was docked at the port before being dismantled 87 A view of the commercial port of Genoa Air transport Edit Genoa Airport built on an artificial peninsula Main article Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport The Airport of Genoa IATA GOA ICAO LIMJ Italian Aeroporto di Genova also named Christopher Columbus Airport Italian Aeroporto Cristoforo Colombo is built on an artificial peninsula 4 NM 7 4 km 4 6 mi west 88 of the city The airport is currently operated by Aeroporto di Genova S P A which has recently upgraded the airport complex that now connects Genoa with several daily flights to Rome Naples Paris London Madrid and Munich In 2008 1 202 168 passengers travelled through the airport 89 with an increase of international destinations and charter flights Public transport Edit Main article Railway stations in Genoa Genova Brignole railway station Genova Piazza Principe railway station The main railway stations are Genoa Brignole in the east and Genoa Principe in the west Genoa Brignole is close to the business districts and the exhibition centre while the Principe is close to the port the university and the historical centre From these two stations depart the main trains connecting Genoa to France Turin Milan and Rome Genoa s third most important station is Genoa Sampierdarena which serves the densely populated neighbourhood of Sampierdarena 23 other local stations serve the other neighbourhoods on the 30 kilometre long coast line from Nervi to Voltri and on the northern line through Bolzaneto and the Polcevera Valley The municipal administration of Genoa plans to transform these urban railway lines to be part of the rapid transit system which now consists of the Metropolitana di Genova Genoa Metro a light metro connecting Brin to the city centre The metro line was extended to Brignole Station in December 2012 Trains currently pass through Corvetto station between De Ferrari and Brignole without stopping A possible further extension towards the eastern densely populated boroughs was planned but the municipal administration intends to improve the public transport by investing in new tram lines instead of completing the extension of the light metro 90 The current stations of the metro line are Brin Certosa Dinegro Principe Darsena San Giorgio Sant Agostino and De Ferrari and the line is 5 3 km 3 3 mi long The city s hilly nature has influenced its public transport The city is served by two funicular railways the Zecca Righi funicular the Sant Anna funicular the Quezzi inclined elevator the Principe Granarolo rack railway and ten public lifts 91 The city s metro bus and trolleybus network is operated by AMT Azienda Mobilita e Trasporti S p A The Drin Bus is a demand responsive transport service that connects the hilly low density areas of Genoa 92 93 94 The average time people spend commuting on public transit in Genova for example to and from work is 54 min on a weekday 10 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min while 13 of riders wait over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4 km while 2 travel for over 12 km in a single direction 95 Genoa s metro systemCulture EditVisual arts Edit See also Genoese School painting and Genoese Baroque and Rococo artists Portrait of a Young Man by Albrecht Durer Gallery of Palazzo Rosso Sculpture in the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno Genoese painters active in the 14th century include Barnaba da Modena and his local followers Nicolo da Voltri and at the same time the sculptor Giovanni Pisano reached Genoa to make the monument for Margaret of Brabant whose remains are today housed in the Museum of Sant Agostino it In the 16th century along with the flourishing trade between the Republic of Genoa and Flanders also grew the cultural exchanges The painters Lucas and Cornelis de Wael lived in Genoa for a long time where they played the role of a magnet for many Flemish painters like Jaan Roos Giacomo Legi Jan Matsys Andries van Eertvelt and Vincent Malo This creative environment also attracted the two most important Flemish painters Rubens and Van Dyck who along with Bernardo Strozzi 96 gave life to the Genoese Painting School of the 17th century Much of the city s art is found in its churches and palaces where there are numerous Renaissance Baroque and Rococo frescos They are rich in works of art the Cathedral the Chiesa del Gesu where The Circumcision and the Miracles of St Ignatius by Rubens the Assunzione della Vergine by Guido Reni The Church of San Donato contains works of Barnaba da Modena Nicolo da Voltri and Joos van Cleve 96 the Church of Santo Stefano The Stoning of St Stephen it by Giulio Romano and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta the sculptures by Filippo Parodi and Pierre Puget very interesting is the Santa Maria di Castello But most of the works are kept in the Palaces like Palazzo Bianco where Ecce Homo by Caravaggio Susannah and the Elders by Veronese and the Garden Party in Albaro by Magnasco are kept Palazzo Rosso with the Portrait of Anton Giulio Brignole Sale it by van Dyck Cleopatra morente by Guercino and works of Durer Bernardo Strozzi Mattia Preti Veronese Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria where the Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback by Rubens and Ecce Homo it by Antonello da Messina see also the series of Ecce Homo by Antonello da Messina are kept Palazzo Tursi with the Penitent Magdalene by Canova and Palazzo Reale which contains works of Strozzi Gaulli Tintoretto van Dyck Simon Vouet Guercino The most important Genoese painters are Luca Cambiaso Bernardo and Valerio Castello Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione Domenico and Paolo Gerolamo Piola Gregorio De Ferrari Bernardo Strozzi Giovanni Battista Gaulli and Alessandro Magnasco Sculptors include Filippo Parodi the wood sculptor Anton Maria Maragliano Francesco Maria Schiaffino and Agostino Carlini who was member of the Royal Academy The famous humanist author architect poet and philosopher Leon Battista Alberti was born in Genoa on 14 February 1404 Simonetta Vespucci considered the most beautiful woman of her time was also born in Genoa She is portrayed in The Birth of Venus and Primavera by Sandro Botticelli and in Portrait of Simonetta Vespucci by Piero di Cosimo Genoa is also famous for its numerous tapestries which decorated the city s many salons Whilst the patrician palaces and villas in the city were and still are austere and majestic the interiors tended to be luxurious and elaborate often full of tapestries many of which were Flemish 96 Famous is the Genoese lace called with its name of Turkish origin macrame Very used in Genoa is the cobblestone called Risseu and a kind of azulejo called laggioni Genoa has been likened by many to a Mediterranean New York perhaps for its high houses that in the Middle Ages were the equivalent of today s skyscrapers perhaps for the sea route Genoa New York which in past centuries has been travelled by millions of emigrants The architect Renzo Picasso in his visionary designs reinforces this strange affinity between the two cities In the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno you can admire some magnificent sculpture of the 19th century and early 20th century like Monteverde Angel by Giulio Monteverde or works by artists such as Augusto Rivalta Leonardo Bistolfi Edoardo Alfieri Santo Varni Amongst the most notable Genoese painters of the 19th century and of the first half of the 20th century are Tammar Luxoro Ernesto Rayper Rubaldo Merello and Antonio Giuseppe Santagata The sculptor Francesco Messina also grew up in Genoa In 1967 the Genoese historian critic and curator Germano Celant coined the term Arte Povera Enrico Accatino was another important art theorist and Emanuele Luzzati was the production designer and illustrator like Lorenzo Mongiardino also a production designer and architect Two other important artists are Emilio Scanavino and Vanessa Beecroft The yearly International Cartoonists Exhibition was founded in 1972 in Rapallo near Genoa A notable figure is the illustrator and comics artist Giovan Battista Carpi Literature Edit Golden Legend 1290 Anonymous of Genoa was one of the first authors in Liguria and Italy who wrote verses in the Vernacular It explained that in Genoa Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa in the prisons of Palazzo San Giorgio wrote The Travels of Marco Polo The Golden Legend is a collection of hagiographies written by the Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine To animate the Genoese literary environment of the 16th century were Gabriello Chiabrera and Ansaldo Ceba the latter best known for his correspondence with Sara Copia Sullam The city has been the birthplace of the historian Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone of the poet Martin Piaggio of the famous historian philosopher and journalist Giuseppe Mazzini of the writer Piero Jahier of the poet Nobel Prize Eugenio Montale The writer and translator Fernanda Pivano the journalist Vito Elio Petrucci and the poet Edoardo Sanguineti the literary critic Carlo Bo instead was born in Sestri Levante near Genoa We have also remember the dialet poet Edoardo Firpo it the dialect poeta crepuscolare Giambattista Vigo and the symbolist Ceccardo Roccatagliata Ceccardi it The city of Genoa has been an inspiration to many writers and poets among which Dino Campana Camillo Sbarbaro it Gaspare Invrea it who wrote The mouth of the wolf and Giorgio Caproni Between the alleys of the historical centre there is the Old Libreria Bozzi The Berio Civic Library houses the precious manuscript entitled The Durazzo Book of Hours In the first half of the 20th century the Mazzini Gallery s was a meeting place of many artists writers and intellectuals among which Guido Gozzano Salvatore Quasimodo Camillo Sbarbaro Francesco Messina Pierangelo Baratono it Eugenio Montale In the thirties of the 20th century was active in Genoa the Circoli magazine and after the World War II the Il Gallo magazine Coveted and known from the 1960s to the 1980s was the Genoese literary lounge animated by the writer Minnie Alzona it Dutch writer Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer wrote La Superba a novel in which Genoa is prominently featured This was followed by the autobiographical novel Brieven uit Genua Since 1995 every June in Genoa the Genoa International Poetry Festival takes place conceived by Claudio Pozzani it with the help of Massimo Bacigalupo Music Edit Main article Music of Genoa The neoclassical Teatro Carlo Felice Genoa was a centre of Occitan culture in Italy and for this reason it developed an important school of troubadours Lanfranc Cigala Jacme Grils Bonifaci Calvo Luchetto Gattilusio Guillelma de Rosers and Simon Doria Genoa is the birthplace of the composer Simone Molinaro violinist and composer Niccolo Paganini violinist Camillo Sivori and composer Cesare Pugni In addition the famous violin maker Paolo de Barbieri Paganini s violin Il Cannone Guarnerius is kept in Palazzo Tursi The city is the site of the Niccolo Paganini Music Conservatory Alessandro Stradella a composer of the middle baroque lived in Genoa and was assassinated in 1682 Felice Romani was a poet who wrote many librettos for the opera composers like Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini Giovanni Ruffini was another poet known for writing the libretto of the opera Don Pasquale for its composer In 1847 Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro composed Il Canto degli Italiani In 1857 debuted the work of Giuseppe Verdi entitled Simon Boccanegra inspired by the first Doge of Genoa Simone Boccanegra Genoa is also the birthplace of the condcuctor Fabio Luisi and of many opera singers like Giuseppe Taddei Margherita Carosio Luciana Serra Ottavio Garaventa Luisa Maragliano and Daniela Dessi The Teatro Carlo Felice was built in 1828 in the city in the Piazza De Ferrari and named for the monarch of the then Kingdom of Sardinia which included the present regions of Sardinia Piedmont and Liguria The theatre was the centre of music and social life in the 19th century On various occasions in the history of the theatre presentations have been conducted by Mascagni Richard Strauss Hindemith and Stravinsky Other Genoese theaters are the Politeama Genovese Teatro Stabile in Genoa Teatro della Tosse and Teatro Gustavo Modena On the occasion of the Christopher Columbus celebration in 1992 new musical life was given to the area around the old port including the restoration of the house of Paganini and presentations of the trallalero the traditional singing of Genoese dock workers The trallalero traditional music in the Genoese dialect is a polyphonic vocal music performed by five men and several songs The trallalero are ancient songs that have their roots in the Mediterranean tradition Another aspect of the traditional Genoese music is the Nostalgic Song The principal authors and singers of the Nostalgic Song in Genoese dialect are Mario Cappello it who wrote the piece Ma se ghe penso English But if I think about it a memory of Genoa by an emigrant to Argentina Giuseppe Marzari it Agostino Dodero it up to I Trilli it Piero Parodi it Buby Senarega Franca Lai it The traditional Nostalgic Song will have a great influence on the so called Scuola Genovese Genoese School of singer songwriters that in some cases will mix the nostalgic feeling with pop and jazz atmospheres The singer Natalino Otto started the swing genre in Italy and his friend and colleague Pippo Barzizza was a composer arranger conductor and music director Other musicians composers and arrangers are Angelo Francesco Lavagnino Gian Piero Reverberi Gian Franco Reverberi Oscar Prudente Pivio and Aldo De Scalzi Genoa in the second half of the 20th century was famous for an important school of Italian singer songwriters so called Scuola Genovese that includes Umberto Bindi Luigi Tenco Gino Paoli Bruno Lauzi Fabrizio de Andre Ivano Fossati Angelo Branduardi and Francesco Baccini Nino Ferrer was also born in Genoa In the 70s there were formed in Genoa numerous bands of Italian progressive rock like New Trolls Picchio dal Pozzo Latte e Miele and Delirium Today we point the band Buio Pesto and The Banshee band Some songs about the city of Genoa are part of Italian popular culture like Via del Campo and La Citta Vecchia both by Fabrizio de Andre Genova per noi by Paolo Conte La Casa in Via del Campo the song also sung by Amalia Rodrigues and Piazza Alimonda the song about the facts of Genoa 2001 by Francesco Guccini Fabrizio de Andre in 1984 released the album Creuza de ma totally written in Genoese dialect I Madrigalisti di Genova is a vocal and instrumental group formed in 1958 which specialised in medieval and Renaissance repertoireThe city has numerous music festivals among which are Concerts at San Fruttuoso abbey Premio Paganini I Concerti di San Torpete International Music Festival Genova We Love Jazz Gezmatz Festival amp Workshop and Goa Boa Festival In the town of Santa Margherita Ligure the ancient abbey of Cervara is often the site of chamber music Giovine Orchestra Genovese one of the oldest concert societies in Italy was founded in Genoa in 1912 Cinema Edit Genoa has been the set for many films and especially for the genre called Polizieschi Notable directors born in Genoa include Pietro Germi and Giuliano Montaldo the actors Gilberto Govi Vittorio Gassman Paolo Villaggio Alberto Lupo the actresses Lina Volonghi Delia Boccardo Rosanna Schiaffino Eleonora Rossi Drago Marcella Michelangeli and the pornographic actress Moana Pozzi Before actor Bartolomeo Pagano s cinema career he was a camallo which means stevedore at the port of Genoa His cinema career began with the film Cabiria one of the first and most famous kolossal In 1985 were filmed in Genoa some scenes of Pirates by Roman Polanski finished shooting they left in the Old Harbour the galleon Neptune Some films set in Genoa Agata and the Storm Amore che vieni amore che vai from the novel Un destino ridicolo Attention Bandits Behind Closed Shutters The Blue Eyed Bandit Carlo Giuliani Boy The Case of the Bloody Iris The Conspiracy in Genoa Days and Clouds Di che segno sei Diaz Don t Clean Up This Blood Father and Son General Della Rovere Genova High Crime In the Beginning There Was Underwear The Magistrate Mare Matto Mark Shoots First Mean Frank and Crazy Tony Merciless Man The Mouth of the Wolf Onde The Police Serve the Citizens Processo contro ignoti Scent of a Woman Street Law Stregati The Walls of Malapaga The Yellow Rolls Royce Language Edit Main article Genoese dialect The Genoese dialect Zeneize is the most important dialect of the Ligurian language and is commonly spoken in Genoa alongside Italian Ligurian is listed by Ethnologue as a language in its own right of the Romance branch the Ligurian Romance language and not to be confused with the ancient Ligurian language Like the languages of Lombardy Piedmont and surrounding regions it is of Gallo Italic derivation Sports Edit Luigi Ferraris Stadium There are two major football teams in Genoa Genoa C F C and U C Sampdoria the former is the oldest football club operating in Italy see History of Genoa C F C The football section of the club was founded in 1893 by James Richardson Spensley an English doctor Genoa 1893 has won 9 championships between 1898 and 1924 and 1 Coppa Italia 1936 37 U C Sampdoria was founded in 1946 from the merger of two existing clubs Andrea Doria founded in 1895 and Sampierdarenese founded in 1911 Sampdoria has won one Italian championship 1990 91 Serie A 4 Coppa Italia 1 UEFA Cup Winners Cup 1989 90 and 1 Supercoppa Italiana Both Genoa C F C and U C Sampdoria play their home games in the Luigi Ferraris Stadium which holds 36 536 spectators Deeply felt is the derby called Derby della Lanterna The international tennis tournament AON Open Challenger takes place in Genoa In rugby union the city is represented by CUS Genova Rugby which is the rugby union team of the University of Genoa Sports Centre CUS Genova had their peak in 1971 1973 when the team was runner up of the Italian Serie A for three consecutive seasons and contested unsuccessfully the title to Petrarca Rugby Amongst the CUS Genova players who represented Italy at international level the most relevant were Marco Bollesan and Agostino Puppo In 1947 was founded the CUS Genova Hockey and in 1968 the basketball club Athletic Genova The city hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 in 1988 the European Karate Championships and in 1992 the European Athletics Indoor Championships In 2003 the indoor sporting arena Vaillant Palace was inaugurated The city lends its name to a particular type of a sailing boat so called Genoa sail in 2007 the city hosts the Tall Ships Races Cuisine Edit This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions September 2017 Pesto a popular Genoese sauce Popular sauces of Genoese cuisine include Pesto sauce garlic sauce called Agliata Walnut Sauce called Salsa di noci it Green sauce Pesto di fave it Pasta d acciughe and the meat sauce called tocco 97 not to be confused with the Genovese sauce that in spite of the name is typical of the Neapolitan cuisine The Genoese tradition includes many varieties of pasta as Trenette Corzetti Trofie Pansoti it Croxetti gnocchi and also Farinata Panissa it and Cuculli Key ingredient of Genoese cuisine is the Prescinseua used among other things to prepare the Torta pasqualina it and the Barbagiuai and still Focaccia con le cipolle it Farinata di ceci it Focaccette al formaggio it and the Focaccia con il formaggio it which means Focaccia with cheese that is even being considered for European Union PGI status Other key ingredients are many varieties of fish as Sardines Anchovies see also Acciughe ripiene it and Acciughe sotto sale it Garfish Swordfish Tuna Octopus Squid Mussels the Stoccafisso which means Stockfish see also Brandacujun it the Musciame and Gianchetti Other elements of Genoese cuisine include the Ligurian Olive Oil the cheeses like Bros U Cabanin it San Ste cheese Giuncata it the sausages like Testa in cassetta Salame cotto it and the Genoa salami which is the style of Genoa salami Fresh pasta usually trofie trenette and gnocchi with pesto sauce are probably the most iconic among Genoese dishes Pesto sauce is prepared with fresh Genovese basil pine nuts grated parmesan and pecorino mixed garlic and olive oil pounded together 98 Liguria wine such as Pigato Riviera Ligure di Ponente Vermentino it Sciacchetra it Rossese di Dolceacqua and Ciliegiolo del Tigullio it are popular Dishes of Genoese tradition include the Tripe cooked in various recipes like Sbira the Polpettone di melanzane the Tomaxelle the Minestrone alla genovese it 99 the Bagnun the fish consisting Ciuppin the precursor to San Francisco s Cioppino the Buridda the Seppie in zimino it and the Preboggion it Two sophisticated recipes of Genoese cuisine are the Cappon magro and the Cima alla genovese it a song by Fabrizio De Andre is titled A Cimma and is dedicated to this Genoese recipe Originating in Genoa is Pandolce that gave rise to Genoa cake The city lands its name to a special paste used to prepare cakes and pastries called Genoise and to the Pain de Genes In Genoa there are many food markets in typical nineteenth century iron structures as Mercato del Ferro Mercato Dinegro Mercato di Via Pre Mercato di piazza Sarzano Mercato del Carmine Mercato della Foce Mercato Romagnosi The Mercato Orientale it instead is in masonry and has a circular structure People Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Genoa news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Posthumous portrait of Christopher Columbus b Genoa has left an extraordinary impression on many noted personalities Friedrich Nietzsche loved Genoa and wrote some of his works there Sigmund Freud and Ezra Pound lived near Genoa in Rapallo Anton Chekhov said that Genoa is the most beautiful city in the world and Richard Wagner wrote I have never seen anything like this Genoa it is something indescribably beautiful Among the personalities of the 19th and 20th centuries who wrote about Genoa were Heinrich Heine Osip Mandelstam Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen Mary Shelley Oscar Wilde John Ruskin 101 Charles Dickens Mark Twain Joseph Conrad Vicente Blasco Ibanez Gustave Flaubert Alexandre Dumas Louis Enault Valery Larbaud Albert Camus Paul Valery F Scott Fitzgerald Paul Klee Giuseppe Verdi Giacomo Puccini and Pietro Mascagni Verdi in his work Simon Boccanegra is inspired by the medieval history of the city The poets Dino Campana Camillo Sbarbaro and Giorgio Caproni have made Genoa a recurring element of their poetic work Famous Genoese include Sinibaldo and Ottobuono Fieschi Popes Innocent IV and Adrian V Giovanni Battista Cybo Pope Innocent VIII and Giacomo della Chiesa Pope Benedict XV navigators Christopher Columbus Antonio de Noli Enrico Alberto d Albertis Enrico de Candia Henry Count of Malta and Andrea Doria composers Niccolo Paganini and Michele Novaro Italian patriots Giuseppe Mazzini Goffredo Mameli and Nino Bixio writer and translator Fernanda Pivano poet Edoardo Sanguineti Communist politician Palmiro Togliatti architect Renzo Piano art curator and critic Germano Celant Physics 2002 Nobel Prize winner Riccardo Giacconi Literature 1975 Nobel Prize winner Eugenio Montale the court painter Giovanni Maria delle Piane Il Mulinaretto from the Delle Piane family artists Vanessa Beecroft Enrico Accatino comedians Gilberto Govi Paolo Villaggio Beppe Grillo Luca Bizzarri Paolo Kessisoglu and Maurizio Crozza singer songwriters Fabrizio de Andre Ivano Fossati Umberto Bindi Bruno Lauzi and Francesco Baccini while Luigi Tenco and Gino Paoli are also known as Genoese singer songwriters although they are respectively from Cassine and Monfalcone actor Vittorio Gassman and actress Moana Pozzi Giorgio Parodi who conceived the motorcycle company Moto Guzzi with Carlo Guzzi and Giovanni Ravelli Some reports say the navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto John Cabot was also from Genoa others say he was from Savona Saints from Genoa include Romulus Syrus Catherine of Genoa Among the latest generations musicians like Andrea Bacchetti Giulio Plotino Sergio Ciomei Lorenzo Cavasanti Stefano Bagliano and Fabrizio Cipriani as well as academics and authors like Michele Giugliano and Roberto Dillon help in keeping the name of the city on the international spotlight in different fields among the arts technology and culture Museums Edit Accademia Ligustica di Belle Arti Albertis Castle Doge s Palace Genoa Edoardo Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art Galata Museo del mare Galleria d arte moderna GAM Lighthouse of Genoa Mackenzie Castle Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova Museo diocesano Museo di Santa Maria di Castello Museo Giannettino Luxoro it Museum of Contemporary Art Villa Croce Museo del Risorgimento e istituto mazziniano it Museum of Sant Agostino it Museo navale di Pegli it Palazzo Bianco Palazzo Reale Palazzo Rosso Palazzi dei Rolli Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria Via del Campo 29 rosso Raccolte Frugone Villa Durazzo Pallavicini Wolfsoniana it Promenades Edit Corso Italia Corso Italia runs for 2 5 km 1 6 mi in the quartiere of Albaro linking two neighbourhoods of Foce and Boccadasse The promenade which was built in 1908 overlooks the sea towards the promontory of Portofino The main landmarks are the small lighthouse of Punta Vagno the San Giuliano Abbey and the Lido of Albaro Passeggiata Anita Garibaldi it promenade overlooking the sea and 2 kilometres 1 2 miles long Nervi Promenade of the upper ring road so called Circonvallazione a Monte that includes Corso Firenze Corso Paganini Corso Magenta Via Solferino Corso Armellini Walks can be made from the centre of Genoa following one of the many ancient paths between tall palaces and the Creuze to reach the higher areas of the city where there are magnificent places like Belvedere Castelletto the Righi s district the Santuario di Nostra Signora di Loreto the Santuario della Madonnetta the Santuario di San Francesco da Paola Monte Fasce gives a complete view of the city To reach the hinterland of the Province of Genoa one can use the Genoa Casella Old Railway 25 kilometres 16 miles of railway between the Genoese mountains International relations EditTwin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Genoa is twinned with 102 103 Columbus United States Marseille France Murcia Spain Odesa Ukraine Rijeka Croatia Ryazan Russia Cooperation agreements Edit As of 2013 Genoa had bilateral agreements with 104 Acqui Terme Italy Athens Greece Azuchi Japan Barcelona Spain Belem Brazil Bogota Colombia Buenos Aires Argentina Capo di Ponte Italy Castelsardo Italy Constanța Romania Cremona Italy Dalian China Deva Romania Guayaquil Ecuador Havana Cuba Kaolack Senegal Kyiv Ukraine Latakia Syria Lille France Lyon France Mantua Italy El Mina Lebanon Moscow Russia Nice France Ovada Italy La Paz Bolivia Pizzo Calabro Italy Pointe Noire Congo Polokwane South Africa Saint Petersburg Russia Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Siena Italy Sousse Tunisia Sumqayit Azerbaijan 105 Turin Italy Tursi Italy Valparaiso Chile Varna Bulgaria Yekaterinburg Russia Consulates Edit 106 Albania Austria Belgium Bangladesh Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Guinea Haiti Hungary Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Panama Peru Poland Portugal Republic of the Congo Romania Russia San Marino Senegal South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Kingdom United States UruguayNotable people EditMain pages List of people from Genoa and Category People from GenoaSee also Edit Italy portal EU portalList of tallest buildings in GenoaNotes Edit English historically and Latin Genua There are no known authentic portraits of Columbus 100 References Edit Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011 Italian National Institute of Statistics Retrieved 16 March 2019 Popolazione Residente al 1 Gennaio 2018 Italian National Institute of Statistics Retrieved 16 March 2019 UNdata United Nations United Nations Statistic Division 3 February 2017 Retrieved 24 March 2017 Addio alle vecchie Province Il Sole 24 ORE Il Sole 24 Ore Retrieved 24 March 2017 Resident population and present population Istat Statistics ISTAT Retrieved 24 March 2017 Urbanismi Cluster urbani e aree metropolitane volume primo Italia PDF in Italian Archived from the original PDF on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 23 February 2013 Genoa Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica inc Retrieved 24 March 2017 Maritime ports freight and passenger statistics Eurostat Eurostat Retrieved 24 March 2017 Genoa a bloody history a beguiling present Italy London Times Online 25 April 2004 Retrieved 11 April 2009 This City Once Ruled the Mediterranean Now It s Eyeing a Comeback Bloomberg com 19 February 2019 Retrieved 15 November 2020 Genoa Geography History Facts amp Points of Interest Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 11 December 2020 Genova la Superba l origine del soprannome GenovaToday in Italian Retrieved 11 December 2020 Macesich George 2000 Issues in Money and Banking Greenwood Publishing Group p 42 ISBN 978 0 275 96777 2 Alta Macadam Northern Italy From the Alps to Bologna Blue Guides 10th edn London A amp C Black 1997 Centro storico di Genova caruggi citta vecchia vicoli Genova di de Andre Visitgenoa it Historic centre www visitgenoa it Retrieved 17 August 2020 Belford Ros Dunford Martin Woolfrey Celia 2003 Rough Guide to Italy p 114 ISBN 9781843530602 retrieved 22 October 2021 Genoa Economy Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine World66 com Italy Industry Encyclopedia of the Nations Advameg Inc Selex ES Company profile LinkedIn Corporation Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 Ansaldo Energia Company profile LinkedIn Corporation Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 Petracco Sicardi Giulia Toponomastica storica della Liguria in Italian SAGEP Melli Piera Genova preromana Citta portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a C in Italian Frilli 2007 Archeologia Metropolitana Museo di Archeologia Ligure Genova 1995 2015 undo net in Italian Retrieved 11 December 2020 The objects found during the works for the underground had been exposed in the exhibition Archeologia Metropolitana Piazza Brignole e Acquasola held at the Ligurian Archeology Museum 30 November 2009 14 February 2010 1 Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Melli Piera Genova preromana Citta portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a C in Italian Frilli I Liguri L Oltre Po www robertomarchese it Retrieved 30 January 2022 Alla scoperta di Genova Genova romana danielea altervista org Retrieved 27 December 2021 Paul the Deacon Historia Langobardorum II 25 Steven A Epstein 2002 Genoa and the Genoese 958 1528 The University of North Carolina Press p 14 a b c Steven A Epstein 2002 Genoa and the Genoese 958 1528 UNC Press pp 28 32 ISBN 0 8078 4992 8 a b c d e Alexander A Vasiliev 1958 History of the Byzantine Empire 324 1453 University of Wisconsin Press pp 537 38 ISBN 0 299 80926 9 Robert H Bates 1998 Analytic Narratives Princeton University Press p 27 ISBN 0 691 00129 4 William Ledyard Rodgers 1967 Naval warfare under oars 4th to 16th centuries a study of strategy tactics and ship design Naval Institute Press pp 132 34 ISBN 0 87021 487 X Howard Michael C 2011 Transnationalism and Society An Introduction McFarland ISBN 9780786486250 Jeans facweb cs depaul edu Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 Retrieved 14 August 2017 Encyclopaedia Britannica 1910 Volume 7 page 201 Before Columbus Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229 1492 Philip P Argenti Chius Vincta or the Occupation of Chios by the Turks 1566 and Their Administration of the Island 1566 1912 Described in Contemporary Diplomatic Reports and Official Dispatches Cambridge 1941 Part I Genoa 1684 World History at KMLA Early modern Italy 16th to 18th centuries The 17th century crisis Encyclopaedia Britannica Alberti Russell Janice The Italian community in Tunisia 1861 1961 a viable minority pag 142 S Browning Reed WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION Griffin p 205 Pietro Romanengo Confectionery a sweet tradition since 1780 romanengo com romanengo com Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b c d e Shaw C 2012 Genoa In A Gamberini amp I Lazzarini Eds The Italian Renaissance State Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press LIGUSTICO GIORNALE LA CADUTA DELLA REPUBBLICA DI GENOVA PDF Tonizzi Maria Elisabetta 2007 Genoa The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195130751 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 513075 1 Euroflora history euroflora genova it Comune di Genova Retrieved 28 November 2022 colombiadi repubblica it repubblica it Retrieved 28 November 2022 TG24 Sky G8 di Genova da Carlo Giuliani alla Diaz cosa accadde 20 anni fa tg24 sky it in Italian Retrieved 29 December 2021 Crollo Genova trovato l ultimo disperso sotto le macerie e l operaio Mirko Muore uno dei feriti le vittime totali sono 43 la Repubblica 18 August 2018 Retrieved 21 August 2018 The Ocean Race per la prima volta in Italia nel 2023 a Genova il Grand Finale smart comune genova it Comune di Genova 22 November 2022 Retrieved 29 November 2022 Perrin British Flags 1922 22 25 Aldo Ziggioto Genova in Vexilla Italica 1 XX 1993 Aldo Ziggioto Le Bandiere degli Stati Italiani in Armi Antiche 1994 cited after Pier Paolo Lugli 18 July 2000 on Flags of the World transcription after the edition by Joaquin Rubio Tovar 2005 E g Richard Coeur de Lion embarked on Genoese galleys under their banner of the Red Cross and the flag of St George which he brought home to become the patron of Old England The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society Volumes 7 8 1891 p 139 There are variants in another version Richard is impressed with the Genoese at Acre I have been unable to find any solid ground for the common belief that the cross of St George was introduced as the national emblem of England by Richard I and am of opinion that it did not begin to attain that position until the first years of the reign of Edward I Perrin 1922 p 15 Australian Flag 21 04 1993 ADJ NSW Parliament www parliament nsw gov au Retrieved 25 June 2016 a b c d Tabelle climatiche 1971 2000 della stazione meteorologica di Genova Sestri Ponente dall Atlante Climatico 1971 2000 Servizio Meteorologico dell Aeronautica Militare a b Genoa Climate Guide Weather2travel com Archived from the original on 23 November 2011 Retrieved 14 August 2018 La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo Nimbus it Retrieved 14 August 2018 Appunti di statistica meteorologica Nimbus it Retrieved 14 August 2018 Meteo climat stats Moyennes 1991 2020 Italie page 1 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Public Transportation Statistics Global Public Transit Index by Moovit Retrieved 19 June 2017 Material was copied from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License a b c Art And Culture In And Around Genoa Premier net Retrieved 12 April 2011 Giovanni Casaccia Dizionario Genovese Italiano Genova 1851 Pesto Genovese Mangiareinliguria it Retrieved 12 April 2011 Article about Genoese Cuisine Portofinoworld com 24 March 2009 Retrieved 12 April 2011 Lester Paul M January 1993 Looks are deceiving The portraits of Christopher Columbus Visual Anthropology 5 3 4 211 227 doi 10 1080 08949468 1993 9966590 The Diaries of John Ruskin Selected and edited by Joan Severn and John Howard Whitehouse Clarendon Press Oxford 1956 P99 to P102 Relazioni internazionali comune genova it in Italian Genoa Retrieved 16 September 2020 Gemellaggio Genova Murcia presto un collegamento aereo diretto comune genova it in Italian Genoa 7 May 2018 Retrieved 16 September 2020 Relazioni internazionali International relations in Italian Comune di Genova Archived from the original on 28 October 2013 Retrieved 11 November 2013 Twin cities of Azerbaijan Azerbaijans com Retrieved 9 August 2013 Foreign consulates in Genoa EmbassyPages Retrieved 16 September 2020 Bibliography EditSee also it Bibliografia su Genova Gino Benvenuti Le repubbliche marinare Amalfi Pisa Genova e Venezia Netwon Compton Rome 1989 Steven A Epstein Genoa amp the Genoese 958 1528 University of North Carolina Press 1996 online edition Steven A Epstein Labour and Port Life in Medieval Genoa Mediterranean Historical Review 3 1988 114 40 Steven A Epstein Business Cycles and the Sense of Time in Medieval Genoa Business History Review 62 1988 238 60 Face Richard Secular History in Twelfth Century Italy Caffaro of Genoa Journal of Medieval History 6 1980 169 84 Hughes Diane Owen Kinsmen and Neighbors in Medieval Genoa In The Medieval City edited by Harry A Miskimin David Herlihy and Adam L Udovitch 1977 3 28 Hughes Diane Owen Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa Past and Present 66 1975 3 28 Lopez Robert S Genoa In Dictionary of the Middle Ages pp 383 87 1982 Vitale Vito Breviario della storia di Genova Vols 1 2 Genoa 1955 Giuseppe Felloni Guido Laura Genova e la storia della finanza una serie di primati Genoa and the history of finance a series of firsts 9 November 2004 ISBN 88 87822 16 6 www giuseppefelloni it Van Doosselaere Quentin Commercial Agreements and Social Dynamics in Medieval Genoa New York Cambridge University Press 2009 Gavrilenko O A Sivalnov O M Cibulkin V V Genuezka spadshina na terenah Ukrayini etnoderzhavoznavchij vimir Harkiv Tochka 2017 260 s ISBN 978 617 669 209 6External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Genoa Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Genoa Official Site https whc unesco org en list 1211 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Genoa amp oldid 1145443199, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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