Urban rail transit in India
Urban rail transit in India plays an important role in intracity transportation in the major cities which are highly populated. It consists of rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail, and tram systems.
According to a report published in 2021, a total of 2.63 billion people traveled annually in metro systems across India's seventeen major cities, placing the country as one of the busiest urban rapid transit hubs in the world in terms of commuters. The combined length of 905 kilometres (562 miles) of metro systems in India makes it the third longest in operation in the world.[1]
The Ministry of Urban Development's Urban Transport wing is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal, and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development are carried out as per the provisions of the National Urban Transport Policy, 2006.[2]
The Delhi Meerut RRTS is the fastest Urban Transit system in India currently that can run at a speed of 160 kmph with average operational speed of 100 kmph.
Terminology edit
Indian cities have various types of urban transit systems operational, under construction and planned. These systems are being implemented based on the population of a city, financial feasibility and demand.
| Urban transit type | Capacity | Speed | Frequency of stations / stops | Right of way | Rail based | Cost to build and operate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metro | High | Moderate | High | Yes | Yes | High |
| Suburban Railway | High | Moderate | Medium | No † | Yes | Moderate |
| Medium-capacity metro | Medium | Moderate | High | Yes | Yes | High |
| Light rail | Medium | Moderate | High | Partial ‡ | Yes | Moderate |
| Monorail | Medium | Moderate | High | Yes | Yes | High |
| Regional rapid rail | High | High | Low | Yes | Yes | High |
| Tram | Low | Slow | High | No | Yes | Low |
| Bus Rapid Transit | Low | Moderate | High | Yes | No | Low |
| Metro Neo | Low | Moderate | High | Yes | No | Moderate |
| Water Metro | Low | Slow | Medium | Yes | No | Low |
† Note: Suburban rail in India utilises the broad gauge network of Indian Railways and mostly shares the network and infrastructure with the rest of Indian Railway services.
‡ Note: Light Rail systems are mostly fenced and can be built with complete right of way if preferred so.
- Rapid transit: The rapid transit or popularly known as metro in India, is an urban high-capacity rail system, commonly operated in metropolitan cities. These systems are segregated from Indian Railways and have their right-of-way.
- Suburban Railway: Suburban rail or popularly known as local train system in India, is an urban rail transit system where the suburbs are connected to the city's centre. These systems are linked to and operated by Indian Railways. Example: Mumbai Suburban Railway
- Medium-capacity rail: It is a rapid transit (metro) system which has a capacity higher than light rail but lower than rapid transit system to serve a medium demand. It is built considering the future rise in demand, so that it can be converted into a regular metro. Example: Rapid Metro Gurgaon
- Light rail: Light rail which is also known as Metro Lite is used in cities that have low demand. It is a combination of rapid transit and tram systems. It has a higher capacity and speed compared to tram services and has dedicated tracks that are mostly fenced. Example: Srinagar Metro
- Monorail: This system has trains running on a single rail/beam. It has found its application in medium capacity transport, but due to low efficiency and high costs, it has been sidelined in India. Example: Mumbai Monorail
- Regional rapid rail: This system is operated either between two similarly sized cities, which are close to each other or between an urban city and smaller cities lying nearby. Example: Delhi–Meerut RRTS
- Tram: These systems are one of the oldest modes of urban transport in India. They are low capacity, slow-moving trains which run on tracks that are embedded in the urban streets. Example: Kolkata Tram
Non-rail based urban transit edit
- Bus Rapid Transit : The Bus Rapid Transit systems in India use conventional buses or high capacity buses and have their own right-of-way, separated from the rest of the traffic. Example: Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System
- Metro Neo : These are the Bus Rapid Transit systems that use overhead wires with power supply, similar to a trolleybus but with a higher capacity. They also have either a complete or partial right-of-way. Example: Greater Nashik Metro
- Water Metro : A water-based urban transit system usually implemented in cities which are situated on river banks. These systems are basically integrated ferry systems. Example: Kochi Water Metro
History edit
Early history edit
The first-ever mode of the urban rail transit system in India was commuter rail (or suburban rail), built in Mumbai on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train was flagged off from Bori Bunder (present-day Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai) from where it travelled to Thane, covering a distance of 34 km in an hour and fifteen minutes. This made it the Asia's first suburban railway.[3] At the turn of the 20th century, tram systems began to sprawl across the four major cities of India, viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai, and helped local population to meet their intracity transportation needs. Horse-drawn tram was first introduced in Kolkata in 1873 and the electric trams began to operate in Chennai in 1895, later the cities of Mumbai, Kanpur, and Delhi saw trams being introduced. These services were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for Kolkata where they operate on streets to the present day as heritage.[4]
Metro and mass rapid transit edit
In September 1919, during a session of the Imperial Legislative Council at Shimla, a committee was set up by W. E. Crum that recommended a metro line for Kolkata.[5] The next proposal for a metro system was mooted by government of West Bengal in 1949-50 and a survey was conducted by French experts. However, the proposal could not be brought into the effect and India had to wait for its first metro service. It was twenty three years later when the foundation stone was laid in Kolkata in 1972 to commence the construction of the ambitious metro system. On 24 October 1984, India saw its first metro system operational in Kolkata. After several struggles and bureaucratic hurdles, a stretch of 3.4 km was opened with five stations on the line.[6] On 1 November 1995, the Chennai MRTS began its operations, becoming the first elevated railway line in India and also the country's longest elevated mass rapid transit corridor spanning 17 km.[7][8]
The first concept of an urban rapid transit system in Delhi came out during 1969,[9] when a traffic and travel characteristics study was conducted. The bus systems which catered the public transportation in the city soon began to run out of capacity and the traffic was on the rise, this soon became a growing concern. The concepts for an urban transit system were considered as the need for the country's capital.[9] After planning, a proposal was made in 1984, which revealed plans for constructing three underground corridors and augmentation of the existing suburban rail system. The construction began on 1 October 1998 and the first line was operational on 24 December 2002.[6][10] With 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi), the Delhi Metro went on to be the longest and by far the busiest metro system in India, which also served as a role model to other Indian cities.[11]
Monorails and their replacement edit
While the political capital of India was expanding on its success by constructing new metro lines, suburban railways remained as the dominant mode of transport in the financial capital, Mumbai. According to Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) the city bus services operating in narrow and crowded areas of the city were slow-moving and caused traffic congestion hence a rapid transit system was necessary. Since the city already had planned metro services and since the suburban railways also connected major parts of the city, a feeder system to these services was proposed in the form of Monorail.[12] After the construction was completed, On 1 February 2014, Mumbai Monorail became the first of its kind in India.[13][14]
In the early 2010s, many cities had conceived the plan to build monorails as the major urban transportation solution to their cities. However, Mumbai's monorail soon began to reveal the underlying problems of a monorail system.[15] The issues such as low ridership, inefficient track maintenance (accessibility of the tracks during maintenance as well as the time taken to repair the tracks), train slowing down at the switches and for the fact that the monorail tracks had to be entirely elevated with a dedicated depot and set of rolling stocks, raised the concerns on feasibility, cost of construction and operation of the new lines significantly. Hence, almost all of the monorail systems around the world are seen in amusement parks or similar theme parks instead as a solution to the urban public transportation.[16] A traditional light rail system soon emerged as the efficient mode but with cheaper cost and greater capacity than what monorail offered. As a result, many Indian cities replaced their monorail projects with either a regular metro or a light rail system.[17]
Rapid transit edit
There are currently 17 operational rapid transit (Officially and popularly known as 'Metro') systems in seventeen cities across India, with Delhi Metro being the largest.[18] As of March 2024, India has 902.4 kilometres (560.7 miles) of operational metro lines in 17 cities.[19][20] India's metro network is the third longest in the world, behind USA and China. A further 779.27 km of lines are under construction.
Apart from the Kolkata Metro (which has its own zone under Indian Railways),[21] these rapid transit metro lines are not operated by Indian Railways, but a separate set of local authorities. In addition to their metro systems, the cities of Chennai and Hyderabad have mass transit systems operated by the Indian Railways, known as the Chennai MRTS and the Hyderabad MMTS, respectively. The first rapid transit system in India is the Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. Kolkata Metro also currently has the only underwater metro line in the country. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country.[22]
Implementation edit
In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy had proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of at least 20 lakh (2 million) people.[23][24]
From 2002 to 2014, the Indian metro infrastructure expanded by 248 km.[1]
Later on 11 August 2014, Union Government had announced that it would provide financial assistance for the implementation of a metro rail system to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.[25][26] In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities, with the majority of the planned projects were to be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government would invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$63 billion).[27][28]
In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.[29] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to the new metro rail project unless some sort of private partnership is involved.[30][31][32]
List of systems edit
- As of 6 March 2024
- OP + U/C = Operational & Under-construction combined
- OP + U/C+ Planned = Operational, Under-construction & Planned Combined
| System | Metro Area | Lines Operational | Stations | Length | Operator(s) | Opened | Annual Ridership (in millions) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operational | Under Construction | Planned | ||||||||
| 1 | Delhi Metro | NCR | 10[33] | 231[a] | 351.28 km (218.28 mi)[b] | 65.20 km (40.51 mi) | 65.03 km (40.41 mi) | DMRC | 24 December 2002[34] | 2032.3[35] |
| 2 | Namma Metro | BMR | 2 | 66[36] | 72.17 km (44.84 mi) | 101.73 km (63.21 mi) | 146.2 km (90.8 mi) | BMRCL | 20 October 2011[37] | 177.02 (2022-2023)[38] |
| 3 | Hyderabad Metro | HMR | 3 | 57 | 67.21 km (41.76 mi) | 345.5 km (214.7 mi) | HMRL | 29 November 2017[39] | 178 (2023)[1] | |
| 4 | Kolkata Metro | KMA | 4 | 50 | 67.19 km (41.75 mi) | 146.14 km (90.81 mi) | 205.52 km (127.70 mi) | MRK KMRC | 24 October 1984[40] | 192.5[41] |
| 5 | Chennai Metro | CMA | 2 | 42[42] | 54.65 km (33.96 mi)[43] | 118.9 km (73.9 mi) | 154 km (96 mi) | CMRL | 29 June 2015[44] | 70.7 (2022–23)[45] |
| 6 | Mumbai Metro | MMR | 3 | 43 | 46.5 km (28.9 mi)[46] | 146.08 km (90.77 mi) | 151.75 km (94.29 mi) | MMOPL MMMOCL | 8 June 2014[46] | 273[47] |
| 7 | Ahmedabad Metro | AMR | 2 | 31 | 40.03 km (24.87 mi) | 28.26 km (17.56 mi) | 7.41 km (4.60 mi) | GMRC | 4 March 2019[48][49] | 18.6[50][c] |
| 8 | Nagpur Metro | Nagpur | 2 | 36 | 38.22 km (23.75 mi) | 43 km (27 mi)[51] | 48.30 km (30.01 mi) | MahaMetro | 8 March 2019[52] | 50.4[1] |
| 9 | Pune Metro | PMR | 2 | 20 | 29.77 km (18.50 mi)[53] | 52.95 km (32.90 mi) | 129 km (80 mi) | MahaMetro | 6 March 2022[54] | 9.3 (2023) [55] |
| 10 | Noida Metro | NCR | 1 | 21 | 29.70 km (18.45 mi) | - | 84.95 km (52.79 mi) | DMRC | 25 January 2019[56] | 16.7[57] |
| 11 | Kochi Metro | Kochi | 1 | 25 | 28.13 km (17.48 mi) | 11.2 km (7.0 mi) | 59.16 km (36.76 mi) | KMRL | 17 June 2017[58] | 31.1[59] |
| 12 | Lucknow Metro | Lucknow | 1 | 21 | 22.89 km (14.22 mi) | - | 85.00 km (52.82 mi) | UPMRC | 5 September 2017[60] | 22[1] |
| 13 | Rapid Metro Gurgaon | NCR | 1 | 11 | 12.85 km (7.98 mi)[61] | - | 198.99 km (123.65 mi) | DMRC | 14 November 2013[62] | 18[1] |
| 14 | Jaipur Metro | Jaipur | 1[63] | 11[63] | 11.98 km (7.44 mi) | 2.85 km (1.77 mi)[64] | 26.36 km (16.38 mi) | JMRC | 3 June 2015[63] | 22[65] |
| 15 | Navi Mumbai Metro | MMR | 1[66] | 11[66] | 11.10 km (6.90 mi)[66] | - | 12.30 km (7.6 mi) | CIDCO | 17 November 2023 | – |
| 16 | Kanpur Metro | Kanpur | 1 | 9 | 8.98 km (5.58 mi) | 15.05 km (9.35 mi) | 8.6 km (5.3 mi) | UPMRC | 28 December 2021 | – |
| 17 | Agra Metro | Agra | 1 | 6 | 7.00 km (4.35 mi)[67] | 6.70 km (4.16 mi)[68] | 15.40 km (9.56 mi) | UPMRC | 6 March 2024 | _ |
| Total | 17 | 38 | 715 | 902.39 km (560.72 mi) | 593.56 km (368.82 mi) | 1,289.069 km (799.083 mi) | 16 | 2.708 billion | ||
Systems in development edit
- As of 5 February 2024
Under construction
Approved
Proposed
| System | Locale | State / Union Territory | Lines | Stations | Length (Under Construction) | Length (Planned) | Construction began | Planned Opening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhoj Metro | Bhopal | Madhya Pradesh | 2 | 28 | 27.87 km (17.32 mi) | 80 km (50 mi) | 2018 | 2024[69] |
| Indore Metro | Indore | Madhya Pradesh | 5 | 89 | 33.53 km (20.83 mi) | 248 km (154 mi) | 2018 | 2024[69] |
| Meerut Metro | Meerut | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | 24 | 25 km (16 mi) | 20 km (12 mi) | 2019 | 2025[70] |
| Patna Metro | Patna | Bihar | 2 | 26 | 16.86 km (10.48 mi) | 30.91 km (19.21 mi) | 2020 | 2025[71] |
| Surat Metro | Surat | Gujarat | 2 | 38 | 40.35 km (25.07 mi) | 40.35 km (25.07 mi) | 2021 | 2027[72] |
| Bhubaneswar Metro | Odisha | 1 | 20 | 26 km (16 mi) | 26 km (16 mi) | 2024[73] | 2028[74] | |
| Visakhapatnam Metro | Visakhapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | 3 | 54 | 76.90 km (47.78 mi) | 2024 | 2028[75] | |
| Chandigarh Metro | Chandigarh Capital Region | 5 | 50+ | 154.5 km (95 mi) | TBD | TBD[76] | ||
| Vadodara Metro | Vadodara | Gujarat | 2 | TBD | 43.20 km (26.84 mi) | TBD | TBD[77] | |
| Thane Metro | Thane | Maharashtra | 1 | 22 | 30 km (19 mi) | TBD | TBD[78] | |
| Guwahati Metro | Guwahati | Assam | 4 | 54 | 61.42 km (38.16 mi) | TBD | TBD | |
| Ranchi Metro | Ranchi | Jharkhand | 1 | 20 | 16 km (9.9 mi) | TBD | TBD[79] | |
| Thiruvananthapuram Metro | Thiruvananthapuram | Kerala | 1 | 19 | 21 km (13 mi) | TBD | TBD | |
| Aurangabad Metro | Aurangabad | Maharashtra | 2 | TBD | 25 km (16 mi) | TBD | TBD[80][81] | |
| Coimbatore Metro | Coimbatore | Tamil Nadu | 5 | 147 | 147 km (91 mi) | TBD | TBD | |
| Madurai Metro | Madurai | Tamil Nadu | 1 | 20 | 31 km (19 mi) | TBD | TBD | |
| Tiruchirappalli Metro | Trichy | Tamil Nadu | 2 | 45 | 45.00 km (27.96 mi) | TBD | TBD | |
| Salem Metro | Salem | Tamil Nadu | 2 | 38 | 35.19 km (21.87 mi) | TBD | TBD | |
| Tirunelveli Metro | Tirunelveli | Tamil Nadu | 3 | 39 | 40.03 km (24.87 mi) | TBD | TBD | |
| Total | 44 | 700+ | 185.71 km (115.39 mi) | 1,184.955 km (736.297 mi) |
Abandoned systems edit
Scrapped
| System | Locale | State / Union Territory | Length | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Railway Elevated Corridor | Mumbai | Maharashtra | 63.27 km (39.31 mi) | Rejected due to infeasibility.[82] |
| Ludhiana Metro | Ludhiana | Punjab | 28.30 km (17.58 mi) | Rejected and replaced by bus rapid transit system.[83] |
| Skybus Metro | Margao | Goa | 1.5 km (0.93 mi) | Scrapped and Dismantled [84] |
List of lines edit
- As of 6 March 2024
India has a total of 38 lines of metro under operation.
| Urban rapid rail transit lines | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line | System | Length | Stations | Rolling stock | Commencement | Latest extension | ||
| Blue Line | Kolkata | 32.33 km (20.09 mi) | 28 | ICF, CRRC Dalian | 24 October 1984 | 22 February 2021 | ||
| Green Line | 19.85 km (12.33 mi) | 12 | BEML Limited | 13 February 2020 | 6 March 2024 | |||
| Purple Line | 7.75 km (4.82 mi) | 7 | ICF | 30 December 2022 | 6 March 2024 | |||
| Orange Line | 5.4 km (3.4 mi) | 5 | ICF | 6 March 2024 | – | |||
| Red Line | Delhi | 34.69 km (21.56 mi) | 29 | Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited | 25 December 2002 | 8 March 2019 | ||
| Yellow Line | 49.31 km (30.64 mi) | 37 | Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem, BEML Limited and Bombardier Movia | 20 December 2004 | 10 November 2015 | |||
| Blue Line (Main) | 56.61 km (35.18 mi) | 50 | 31 December 2005 | 9 March 2019 | ||||
| Blue Line (Branch) | 8.74 km (5.43 mi) | 8 | 10 May 2009 | 14 July 2011 | ||||
| Green Line (Main) | 28.79 km (17.89 mi) | 24 | Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited | 3 April 2010 | 24 June 2018 | |||
| Violet Line | 46.63 km (28.97 mi) | 34 | 3 October 2010 | 19 November 2018 | ||||
| Airport Express | 22.70 km (14.11 mi) | 6 | CAF | 23 February 2011 | ||||
| Pink Line | 58.43 km (36.31 mi) | 38 | Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited | 14 March 2018 | 6 August 2021 | |||
| Magenta Line | 37.46 km (23.28 mi) | 25 | Hyundai Rotem | 25 December 2017 | 28 May 2018 | |||
| Grey Line | 5.19 km (3.22 mi) | 4 | 4 October 2019 | 18 September 2021 | ||||
| Purple Line | Bengaluru | 43.49 km (27.02 mi) | 37 | BEML Limited | 20 October 2011 | 9 October 2023 | ||
| Green Line | 30.37 km (18.87 mi) | 29 | 1 March 2014 | 15 January 2021 | ||||
| Line 1 | Gurgaon | 11.70 km (7.27 mi) | 11 | Siemens | 14 November 2013 | 31 March 2017 | ||
| Blue Line 1 | Mumbai | 10.81 km (6.72 mi) | 12 | CRRC Nanjing Puzhen | 8 June 2014 | – | ||
| Yellow Line 2 | 18.58 km (11.55 mi) | 17 | BEML | 2 April 2022 | 19 January 2023 | |||
| Red Line 7 | 16.50 km (10.25 mi) | 14 | 2 April 2022 | 19 January 2023 | ||||
| Pink Line | Jaipur | 11.97 km (7.44 mi) | 11 | BEML Limited | 3 June 2015 | 23 September 2020 | ||
| Blue Line | Chennai | 32.65 km (20.29 mi) | 25 | Alstom | 21 September 2016 | 13 March 2022 | ||
| Green Line | 22.00 km (13.67 mi) | 17 | 29 June 2015 | 25 May 2018 | ||||
| Line 1 | Kochi | 32.10 km (19.95 mi) | 22 | Alstom Metropolis | 17 June 2017 | 6 March 2024 | ||
| Red Line | Lucknow | 22.87 km (14.21 mi) | 21 | Alstom | 5 September 2017 | 8 March 2019 | ||
| Red Line | Hyderabad | 29 km (18 mi) | 27 | Hyundai Rotem | 29 November 2017 | 24 September 2018 | ||
| Blue Line | 27 km (17 mi) | 23 | 29 November 2017 | 29 November 2019 | ||||
| Green Line | 11 km (6.8 mi) | 10 | 7 February 2020 | – | ||||
| Aqua Line | Noida | 29.7 km (18.5 mi) | 21 | CRRC | 25 January 2019 | – | ||
| Blue Line | Ahmedabad | 19.38 km (12.04 mi) | 16 | Hyundai Rotem | 4 March 2019 | 1 October 2022 | ||
| Red Line | 18.52 km (11.51 mi) | 16 | 1 October 2022 | |||||
| Orange Line | Nagpur | 15.60 km (9.69 mi) | 13 | CRRC | 8 March 2019 | 21 August 2021 | ||
| Aqua Line | 11.0 km (6.8 mi) | 11 | 28 January 2020 | 6 April 2021 | ||||
| Orange Line | Kanpur | 8.98 km (5.58 mi) | 9 | Alstom | 28 December 2021 | – | ||
| Purple Line | Pune | 7 km (4.3 mi) | 5 | Titagarh Firema | 6 March 2022 | – | ||
| Aqua Line | 5 km (3.1 mi) | 5 | 6 March 2022 | – | ||||
| Line 1 | Navi Mumbai | 11.10 km (6.90 mi) | 11 | CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive | 17 November 2023 | – | ||
| Yellow Line | Agra | 5.2 km (3.2 miles) | 6 | Alstom Movia | 6 March 2024 | – | ||
Note : Only operational lines are listed.
Suburban rail edit
Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. These services are operated by Indian Railways. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long-distance trains. The suburban rail system of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long-distance trains.
The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country. The Chennai Suburban Railway started its operations in 1931.
Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25 kV AC.[85] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers.[86] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.[87] [88]
- As of 5 September 2021
| System | Locale | State / Union Territory | Lines | Stations | Length | Opened | Annual Ridership (in Billions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kolkata Suburban Railway | West Bengal | 24 | 458 | 1,501 km (933 mi) | 15 August 1854[89] | 3.7 | |
| Chennai Suburban Railway | Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry | 8 | 300+ | 1,200 km (750 mi) | 1931[90] | 1.1 | |
| Mumbai Suburban Railway | Maharashtra | 7 | 150 | 450.90 km (280.18 mi) | 16 April 1853[3] | 2.0 | |
| Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
| Telangana | 5 | 44 | 90 km (56 mi) | 9 August 2003[91] | 0.8 | |
| Delhi Suburban Railway | National Capital Region | Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana | 1 | 46 | 85 km (53 mi) | 1 October 1975[92] | – |
| Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railways | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | 23 (NR) 28 (NER) | 101 km (NR) 109 km (NER) | 1867 | _ | |
| Pune Suburban Railway | Maharashtra | 2 | 17 | 63 km (39 mi) | 11 March 1978[93] | 0.3 | |
| Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System | Chennai | Tamil Nadu | 2 | 18 | 19.34 km (12.02 mi) | 1 November 1995[94] | 0.1 |
| Total | 8 | 8 | 48 | 1017 | 3,319.84 km (2,062.85 mi) | 5.5 |
Systems in development edit
- As of 24 April 2024
Under construction
Proposed
| System | Locale | State / Union Territory | Lines | Stations | Length | Planned Opening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengaluru Suburban Railway | Bengaluru | Karnataka | 4 | 57 | 148.17 km (92.07 mi) | 2026[95][96] |
| Ahmedabad Suburban Railway | Ahmedabad | Gujarat | 2 | 41 | 52.96 km (32.91 mi) | TBD[97] |
| Nagpur broad-gauge Metro | Nagpur | Maharashtra | 4[98] | TBD | 268.63 km (166.92 mi) | TBD[99][100] |
| Coimbatore Suburban Railway | Coimbatore | Tamil Nadu | 5 | TBD | TBD | TBD[101] |
Regional rapid rail edit
Regional Rapid Transit systems in India are passenger rail services that operate beyond the limits of urban areas, and either connect similarly sized cities, or metropolitan cities and surrounding towns/cities, outside at the outer rim of a suburban belt at higher speeds.
The following list excludes passenger train services provided by Indian Railways.
The Delhi-Meerut RRTS, also known as RapidX, is a partly operational and under-construction semi-high-speed rail line connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut is the only operational system currently.
Maximum speed of 180 km/h (110 mph), operating speed of 160 km/h (100 mph), average speed of 100 km/h (62 mph) considering it stops at various station and wait times.
| System | Metro Area | Stations | Length | Planned Stations | Planned Length | Operator(s) | Opened |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delhi–Meerut RAPIDX | NCR | 9 | 34 km (21 mi) | 22 | 82.15 km (51.05 mi) | NCRTC | 20 October 2023 (priority corridor)[102][103] |
Systems in development edit
- As of 17 November 2023
Under construction
Approved
Proposed
| System | State / Union Territory | Stations | Length | Planned Opening |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delhi–Alwar RAPIDX | Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan | 22 | 164 km (102 mi) | 2025[104] |
| Delhi–Panipat RAPIDX | Delhi and Haryana | 15 | 103 km (64 mi) | 2028[105] |
| Delhi–Rohtak RAPIDX | Delhi and Haryana | 70 km (43 mi) | 2032 | |
| Delhi–Palwal RAPIDX | Delhi and Haryana | 60 km (37 mi) | 2032 | |
| Delhi-Baraut RAPIDX | Delhi and Uttar Pradesh | 54 km (34 mi) | 2032 | |
| Ghaziabad–Bulandshahr-Khurja RRTS | Uttar Pradesh | 83 km (52 mi) | 2032 | |
| Ghaziabad–Hapur RRTS | Uttar Pradesh | 57 km (35 mi) | 2032 | |
| Delhi–Jewar RAPIDX | Delhi and Uttar Pradesh | 67 km (42 mi) | TBD | |
| Hyderabad–Warangal RRTS | Telangana | TBD | TBD[106] | |
| Hyderabad–Vijayawada RRTS | Telangana and Andhra Pradesh | TBD | TBD[106] | |
| Vijaywada–Amaravati–Guntur–Tenali semi-high speed circular railway | Andhra Pradesh | TBD | TBD[107] |
Monorail edit
The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014, is the first and only operational monorail system used for urban transit in India.[108] Many other Indian cities had planned monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, but after the Mumbai monorail failed with multiple issues, other cities are reconsidering the plan and may go ahead with much efficient and proven modes of transport such as the Light rail transit system.[17][15]
| System | Locale | State / Union Territory | Lines | Stations | Length | Opened | Annual Ridership (in millions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mumbai Monorail | Mumbai | Maharashtra | 1 | 17 | 19.53 km (12.14 mi) | 2 February 2014[13] | 1.2 |
Systems in development edit
Approved
Proposed
| System | Locale | State / Union Territory | Lines | Stations | Length | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmedabad-Dholera SIR Monorail | Gujarat | 1 | 7 | 40.3 km (25.0 mi) | Approved in January 2021. Set to open three or four years after commencement of construction.[109][110] | |
| Warangal Monorail | Warangal | Telangana | 1 | TBD | 15 km (9.3 mi) | Metro or Metro Neo is under consideration.[111] |
| Aizawl Monorail | Aizawl | Mizoram | 1 | TBD | 5 km (3.1 mi) | On paper since 2012.[112] |
Abandoned systems edit
Defunct
Replaced with other modes
| System | Locale | State / Union Territory | Length | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skybus Metro | Madgaon | Goa | 1.60 km (0.99 mi) | Defunct and Scrapped after the operation. Deemed unsafe by KRC.[113] |
| Chennai Monorail | Chennai | Tamil Nadu | 57 km (35 mi) | Replaced with Metro.[114] |
| Coimbatore Monorail | Coimbatore | Tamil Nadu | 44 km (27 mi) | Replaced with Metro Project. |
| Kolkata Monorail | Kolkata | West Bengal | 177 km (110 mi) | New Town route was converted into a Ropeway & Light Rail/Tram project.[115] |
| Kanpur Monorail | Kanpur | Uttar Pradesh | 63 km (39 mi) | Scrapped in favour of Metro system[116] |
| Madurai Monorail | Madurai | Tamil Nadu | TBD | Monorail is replaced with Metro Project.[117] |
| Tiruchirappalli Monorail | Tiruchirapalli | Tamil Nadu | TBD | Monorail proposal is replaced with Metro Proposal.[118][119] |
Light rail edit
Light rail transit (LRT) or popularly known as Metrolite in India, is a form of urban rail transit characterized by a combination of rapid transit and tram systems. It usually operates at a higher capacity than trams, and often on an exclusive right-of-way similar to rapid transit. Several tier-2 cities in India have opted it since it is a cheap and efficient mode of urban transit which serves for a lower demand. This list excludes Trolleybus or 'Metro Neo' systems which do not use rails.
Approved
Proposed
Tram edit
In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in the late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Kolkata Tram is currently the only tram system in the country. Due to construction of Kolkata Metro Green line from Salt Lake to Howrah, just 19.53 kilometres (12.14 mi) of Tramline is operational in Kolkata.
| System | City | State / Union Territory | Lines | Stops | Length | Opened |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kolkata Tram | Kolkata | West Bengal | 3 | N/A | 19.53 km (12.14 mi) | 1873[134] |
Abandoned systems edit
Defunct
| System | City | State / Union Territory | Lines | Stops | Length | Opened | Discontinued |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mumbai Tram | Mumbai | Maharashtra | 1873 | 1964 | |||
| Nashik Tram | Nashik | Maharashtra | 1 | 10 km (6.2 mi) | 1889 | 1931 | |
| Chennai Tram | Chennai | Tamil Nadu | 1892 | 1953 | |||
| Patna Tram | Patna | Bihar | 1903 | ||||
| Kanpur Tram | Kanpur | Uttar Pradesh | 6.04 km (3.75 mi) | 1907 | 16 May 1933 | ||
| Kochi Tram | Kochi | Kerala | 1907 | 1963 | |||
| Delhi Tram | Delhi | Delhi | 1908 | 1963 | |||
| Bhavnagar Tram | Bhavnagar | Gujarat | 1926 | 1960s |
Standardisation edit
Track gauge edit
Unlike Broad gauge which form majority of the railway tracks in the sub-continent, metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines, but to procure modern foreign rakes and to adopt international standard, India went ahead with standard gauge for all the following lines.[135]
NCMC edit
Part of the 'One Nation, One Card' policy of the Government of India, the National Common Mobility Card is an inter-operable transport card that enables users to pay for multiple kinds of transport charges like metros and buses, as well as do other things like retail shopping and money withdrawal.[136][137] It is enabled through the RuPay card mechanism. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs have been working on the card since 2006, when it was envisaged as a cashless fare payment system in accordance with the National Urban Transport Policy, 2006 (NUTP-2006). Its aim was to provide seamless connectivity to passengers across transit systems, leading to convenience, higher digital payments penetration, savings on closed loop card lifecycle management cost, and reduced operating cost.[138][139]
Manufacturing edit
There are multiple metro manufacturers in India, Under the Union Government's Make in India program, about 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.[140]
| Company | Customer | Total coaches |
|---|---|---|
| BEML[141][142] | Delhi Metro | 1,444 |
| Mumbai Metro | 576 | |
| Namma Metro | 300 | |
| Kolkata Metro | 102 | |
| Jaipur Metro | 40 | |
| BEML Total | 5 | 2,462 |
| Bombardier[143][144][145] | Delhi Metro | 816 |
| Agra Metro | 87 | |
| Kanpur Metro | 114 | |
| Meerut Metro | 30 | |
| Bombardier Total | 4 | 1,047 |
| Alstom[146] | Chennai Metro | 286 |
| Kochi Metro | 75 | |
| Lucknow Metro | 80 | |
| Mumbai Metro | 248 | |
| Delhi Metro | 312 | |
| Indore Metro | 75 | |
| Bhopal Metro | 81 | |
| Pune Metro | 66 | |
| Meerut Metro | 4 | |
| Delhi Meerut RRTS | 80 | |
| Alstom Total | 8 | 1,223 |
| Hyundai Rotem[147][148][149][150][151] | Delhi Metro | 486 |
| Ahmedabad Metro | 96 | |
| Namma Metro | 150 | |
| Hyderabad Metro | 171 | |
| Hyundai Rotem Total | 4 | 903 |
| ICF[citation needed] | Kolkata Metro | 1072 |
| ICF Total | 1 | 1072 |
| Titagarh Rail Systems[152][153] | Namma Metro | 216 |
| Pune Metro | 102 | |
| Surat Metro | 72 | |
| Titagarh Total | 3 | 390 |
| CRRC[154][155][156][157][158][159] | Namma Metro | 216 |
| Rapid Metro Gurgaon | 36 | |
| Kolkata Metro | 112 | |
| Mumbai Metro | 48 | |
| Nagpur Metro | 69 | |
| Noida Metro | 76 | |
| Navi Mumbai Metro | 24 | |
| CRRC Total | 7 | 581 |
| 7 | 20 | 7678 |
Summary edit
Northern Region edit
Delhi NCR edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delhi Metro | Locale | Delhi | Phase 4 | DMRCL | ||
| Began operation | 24 December 2002 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 9 | |||||
| No. of stations | 255 | |||||
| Network length | 348.12 km (216 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 1.79 billion (2019) | |||||
| Delhi Suburban Railway | Locale | Delhi | Delhi EMU | |||
| Began operation | 1975 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 21 | |||||
| Network length | 35 km (22 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 44,400 (2019) | |||||
Delhi Regional Rapid Transit | Locale | National Capital Region | NCRTC | |||
| Began operation | 2023 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 0 (1 UC) | |||||
| No. of stations | 51 | |||||
| Network length | 349 km (217 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | NA | |||||
| Noida Metro | Locale | Noida | NMRC | |||
| Began operation | 29 December 2019 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 21 | |||||
| Network length | 29.7 km (18 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 0.58 million(2022) | |||||
Rapid Metro Gurgaon | Locale | Gurgaon | Kol Metro | |||
| Began operation | 14 November 2013 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 11 | |||||
| Network length | 12.85 km (8 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 0.19 million(2018) | |||||
Rajasthan edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jaipur Metro | Locale | Jaipur | JMRC | |||
| Began operation | 3 June 2015 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 21 | |||||
| Network length | 11.97 km (7 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 7.5 million | |||||
Uttar Pradesh edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucknow Metro | Locale | Lucknow | UPMRC | |||
| Began operation | 5 September 2017 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 21 | |||||
| Network length | 22.878 km (14 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 22 million | |||||
| Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway | Locale | Uttar Pradesh | — | |||
| Began operation | 1867 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 16 | |||||
| Network length | 37 km (23 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
| Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway | Locale | Uttar Pradesh | — | |||
| Began operation | 30 June 2013 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 10 | |||||
| Network length | 72 km (45 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
| Kanpur Metro | Locale | Kanpur | Expansion 1 Eastern extension (Naubasta) | UPMRC | ||
| Began operation | 28 December 2021 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 9 | |||||
| Network length | 8.98 km (6 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | - | |||||
| Agra Metro | Locale | Agra | 1 | UPMRC | ||
| Began operation | 2024 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 0 (1 UC) | |||||
| No. of stations | 30 | |||||
| Network length | 29.65 km (18 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | - | |||||
Central Region edit
Madhya Pradesh edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhoj Metro (Bhopal) | Locale | Bhopal | — | MPMRCL | ||
| Began operation | 2024 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 0 (1 UC) | |||||
| No. of stations | 8 | |||||
| Network length | 6.22 km (4 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
| Indore Metro | Locale | Indore | — | MPMRCL | ||
| Began operation | 2024 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 0 (1 UC) | |||||
| No. of stations | 16 | |||||
| Network length | 16.21 km (10 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
Western Region edit
Gujarat edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmedabad Metro | Locale | Ahmedabad | Expansion | GMRC | ||
| Began operation | 4 March 2019 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 2 | |||||
| No. of stations | 29 | |||||
| Network length | 38.63 km (24 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
Surat Metro | Locale | Surat | — | GMRC | ||
| Began operation | 2027 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 0 (2 UC) | |||||
| No. of stations | 38 | |||||
| Network length | 40.35 km (25 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
Maharashtra edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mumbai Metro | Locale | Mumbai Metropolitan Region | Expansion | MMRDA | ||
| Began operation | 8 June 2014 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 3 | |||||
| No. of stations | 43 | |||||
| Network length | 46.4 km (29 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 0.54 million (2019) | |||||
| Mumbai Suburban Railway | Locale | Mumbai Metropolitan Region | Central Harbour Nerul–Uran Trans-Harbour Vasai Road–Roha Western | Central Railway Western Railway | ||
| Began operation | 16 April 1853 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 7 | |||||
| No. of stations | 150 | |||||
| Network length | 427.5 km (266 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 2.92 billion (2019) | |||||
| Mumbai Monorail | Locale | Mumbai | — | MMRDA | ||
| Began operation | 2 February 2014 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 27 | |||||
| Network length | 19.54 km (12 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
| Navi Mumbai Metro | Locale | Navi Mumbai Metro | CIDCO | |||
| Began operation | 17 November 2023 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 11 | |||||
| Network length | 11.10 km (7 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
| Pune Metro | Locale | Pune Metropolitan Region | Expansion | — | PMR | |
| Began operation | 6 March 2022 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 27 | |||||
| Network length | 19.54 km (12 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
| Pune Suburban Railway | Locale | Pune Metropolitan Region | — | |||
| Began operation | 11 March 1978 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 2 | |||||
| No. of stations | 37 | |||||
| Network length | 63 km (39 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | ||||||
| Nagpur Metro | Locale | Nagpur | metrorailnagpur | |||
| Began operation | 8 March 2019 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 2 | |||||
| No. of stations | 36 | |||||
| Network length | 40 km (25 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 0.73 (million) | |||||
Eastern Region edit
West Bengal edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kolkata Metro | Locale | Kolkata metropolitan area | Expansion
| KMRC | ||
| Began operation | 24 October 1984 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 4 | |||||
| No. of stations | 52 | |||||
| Network length | 59.38 km (37 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 1.887 billion | |||||
| Kolkata Suburban Railway | Locale | Kolkata metropolitan area | South Eastern Railway Eastern Railway | |||
| Began operation | 15 August 1854 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 5 | |||||
| No. of stations | 458 | |||||
| Network length | 1,501 km (933 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 2.1 billion (2019) | |||||
| Trams in Kolkata | Locale | Kolkata | Tollygunge – Ballygunge Gariahat – Esplanade Shyambazar – Esplanade 15 Routes non-operational due to ongoing 2 construction | — | ||
| Began operation | 24 February 1873 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 3 | |||||
| No. of stations | N/A | |||||
| Network length | 19.53 km (12 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 15 thousand | |||||
Southern Region edit
Karnataka edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Namma Metro (Bengaluru) | Locale | Bengaluru | BMRC | |||
| Began operation | 20 October 2011 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 2 | |||||
| No. of stations | 64 | |||||
| Network length | 73.81 km (46 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 1 billion (2020) | |||||
Kerala edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kochi Metro | Locale | Kochi | KMRC | |||
| Began operation | 17 June 2017 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 24 | |||||
| Network length | 27.4 km (17 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 20 million | |||||
Tamil Nadu edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chennai Metro | Locale | Chennai | Expansion | CMRL | ||
| Began operation | 29 June 2015 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 2 | |||||
| No. of stations | 42 | |||||
| Network length | 54.65 km (34 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 0.8 billion | |||||
| Chennai MRTS | Locale | Chennai | Expansion towards North | CMDA | ||
| Began operation | 1 November 1995 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 1 | |||||
| No. of stations | 18 | |||||
| Network length | 19.34 km (12 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 164.25 million | |||||
| Chennai Suburban Railway | Locale | Chennai | North Line West Line West-North Line West-South Line South Line South-West Line Chennai MRTS Circular Line | SR | ||
| Began operation | 1931 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 8 | |||||
| No. of stations | 300+ | |||||
| Network length | 1,200 km (746 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 912.57 million | |||||
Telangana edit
| System | Information | Currently operational | Currently under construction | Map | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyderabad Metro | Locale | Hyderabad | HMRL | |||
| Began operation | 29 November 2017 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 3 | |||||
| No. of stations | 57 | |||||
| Network length | 67.21 km (42 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 178 million | |||||
| Hyderabad MMTS | Locale | Hyderabad | — | |||
| Began operation | 9 August 2003 | |||||
| Lines in operation | 5 | |||||
| No. of stations | 44 | |||||
| Network length | 90 km (56 mi) | |||||
| Ridership | 0.8 billion | |||||
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 287 stations.[11]
- ^ The total length of Delhi Metro is 351.28 kilometres (218.28 mi). The operations & maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC, so the total length operated by DMRC is 392.44 kilometres (243.85 mi).[11]
- ^ October 2022-September 2023
References edit
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- ^ "Urban Transport". Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
- ^ a b "The History of Mumbai's Local Trains in 1 Minute". The Culture Tip. 13 September 2016.
- ^ Smith, R.V. (17 February 2013). "When trams plied". The Hindu.
- ^ "Kolkata's Tube Railway plan nipped in bud a century ago". The Times of India. 5 February 2020.
- ^ a b "History of Metro rail in India: Trams to driverless metro". Urban Transport News. 21 May 2021.
- ^ Year Book 2009. Bright Publications. p. 569.
- ^ "Country's first elevated railway track gets operational at Rohtak". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ a b Siemiatycki, Matti (June 2006). "Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 30 (2): 277–292. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00664.x.
- ^ "History of Delhi Metro". DMRC. from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
- ^ a b c "Delhi metro map". delhimetrorail.com. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "Mumbai monorail to run in two years". The Times of India. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
- ^ a b "First mono runs crowded like the good old local". Mumbai Mirror. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Ateeq Shaikh (1 February 2014). "India's first monorail flagged off by Maharashtra's Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan". DNA. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ a b "Mumbai: Despite govt taking over operations, Monorail continues to be plagued with problems". The Times of India. 22 August 2021.
- ^ "Why cities rarely build monorails, explained". Greater Greater Washington. 1 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Failure of Mumbai's Monorail Holds Lessons for Urban Planners Everywhere". The Wire. 10 January 2019.
- ^ Sood, Jyotika (26 July 2017). "How metro rail networks are spreading across India". livemint.com.
- ^ "Metro Rail Projects in India - Quick Snapshot". The Metro Rail Guy. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Metros in India have less than 50% projected ridership, says IIT-D report". The Business Standard. 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Organization Structure of Indian Railways" (PDF). Indian Railways. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ Tanwar, Sangeeta (13 August 2019). "As India readies an underwater line, here's a look at its various metro networks". Quartz.
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- ^ . Press Information Bureau of India. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ^ Nair, Sobhana (16 August 2017). "Union Cabinet approves new metro rail policy". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ^ Nair, Shalini (17 August 2017). "For Metro rail, states must bring private players: Govt". The Indian Express. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ^ "Present Network". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Indian PM launches Delhi metro". BBC News. 24 December 2002. from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
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- ^ . The New Indian Express. 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
- ^ "South India's first underground Metro launch on April 29". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^ "BMRCL Annual Report 2022-23" (PDF).
- ^ "Hyderabad Metro rail flagged off today: See fares, timings, routes and other features". The Indian Express. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ "Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd". Kmrc.in. from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal". mtp.indianrailways.gov.in. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ "Stations in Chennai Metro rails Phase I extension will be renamed". The Hindu. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
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- ^ "Chennai's First Metro rail ride begins". The Hindu. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ^ "16th Annual Report, 2022-23" (PDF). chennaimetrorail.org. CMRL. 22 September 2023. p. 9. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Mumbai Metro Blue Line 1 starts for public". India Today. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ "BEST Strike Pushes daily metro ridership over 5 lakh for first time". The Times of India. 15 January 2019.
- ^ "Ahmedabad Metro to open for public on Wednesday". The Times of India. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ "PM Modi inaugurates Ahmedabad Metro first phase, takes a ride". The Economic Times. 4 March 2019.
- ^ DeshGujarat (29 September 2023). "Ahmedabad Metro Rail completes one year; Average upto 90,000 daily passengers riding it". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Nagpur metro work begins on 43-km phase 2 connecting satellite cities".
- ^ ANI (7 March 2019). "Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi flags-off Nagpur Metro via video conferencing.pic.twitter.com/0n6ohgcok3". @ANI (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Metro Rail Projects in India - Quick Snapshot". The Metro Rail Guy. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Sarang Dastane (4 March 2022). "Pune: Metro for people on 2 routes after Sunday flag-off by PM Narendra Modi | Pune News". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ "Over 93 lakh Pune citizens travelled in Metro in 2023". Pune Pulse.
- ^ "Aqua Line ready for launch, nod awaited from UP". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Reporter, Staff (27 January 2024). "Noida Metro Celebrates 5th Anniversary with An Average Daily Ridership of Over 45K". Metro Rail News. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Kochi Metro a 'futuristic infrastructure that will contribute to India's growth': What PM Modi said at inauguration". The Indian Express. 17 June 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- ^ Service, Express News (10 January 2024). "Average monthly ridership 25 lakh in 2023, Kochi Metro guns for more". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ Rawat, Virendra Singh (16 November 2015). "Lucknow Metro Rail fastest and most economical project in India". Business Standard. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ "Gurgaon's own Metro". Hindustan Times. 15 July 2009.
- ^ . Railway Gazette. 15 November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- ^ a b c (PDF). JMRC. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Rajasthan govt. to start work on Jaipur Metro Phase 1 extension". Metro Rail News. 28 November 2022.
- ^ . DT Next. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021.
- ^ https://themetrorailguy.com/agra-metro-information-map-updates/
- ^ https://themetrorailguy.com/agra-metro-information-map-updates/
- ^ a b "Bhopal, Indore Metro Likely to Start Operations By May 2024: MP CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan". www.news18.com. 27 August 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
- ^ "Meerut Metro – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates". themetrorailguy.com. The Metro Rail Guy. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ "30% of metro rail priority corridor works completed in Patna". The Times of India. 18 January 2023.
- ^ "Surat Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates". TheMetroRailGuy. 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik lays foundation stone of ₹6225 crore Bhubaneswar Metro project". The Hindu. 1 January 2023.
- ^ "Bhubaneswar Metro – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates". TheMetrorailguy. 1 January 2023.
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Last week on Monday, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) silently welcomed its first new Hyundai Rotem train at the 38.235 km Magenta line's Kalindi Kunj Depot! This train is part of an 81 train-set (486 coach) order which the DMRC had placed in 2013 under contract RS10 for running services on the new Pink & Magenta lines of the Phase 3 project.
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DMRC would have to use the Hyundai-supplied 81 train sets (486 coaches) as it was advised by the government and Attorney General Mukul Rohatgi against cancellation of the contract.
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In the first phase of acquisition, BMRCL purchased 50 three-coach trains for a sum of Rs 1,700 crore. While the first five were built by Hyundai Rotem, Korea, the rest were manufactured in India by BRMM -a consortium of BEML, Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Electric and Mitsubishi Corporation.
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For the Hyderabad Metro Rail Project, a total of 171 cars (57 trains) have been ordered for a total value of Rs 1,800 crore approximately.
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In 2019, a Chinese company obtained a ₹1,578-crore contract to deliver 216 coaches to BMRCL.
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Keeping pace with technological advancement and with the aim of providing more comfort to commuters, one China-made CRRC Dalian rake (MR-500 series) has been inducted in the Metro fleet on 17.03.2023. 13 such rakes will be procured for the Metro fleet in the near future.
- ^ Jog, Sanjay (15 October 2016). "China Railway Rolling Stock Corp bags Rs 851 cr Nagpur Metro contract". business-standard.com. Business Standard. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation (CRRC) has bagged the contract for the supply of 69 coaches to the Nagpur Metro, by beating BEML and Titaghar Wagon with the lowest bid of Rs 851 crore.
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The purchase order covers 19 complete vehicles (76 cars in all), the train is made of stainless steel, and comprises 2 motor train units, 2 trailers, and applies 4 marshalling units, and has a total passenger capacity of 1,034 persons. This is the second major purchase order of CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co., Ltd. in India market after Mumbai Metro Line 1.
- ^ Newton, Jonathan (28 November 2023). "Navi Mumbai opens first metro line eight years late". railjournal.com. International Rail Journal. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
While only eight three-car CRRC trains are currently being operate, Navi Mumbai's new metro has already become a great success, carrying over 100,000 passengers during its first 10 days in operation.
External links edit
- Government webpage
- Ministry of Housing and Urban affairs
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