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Gdańsk

January 31, 2023

"Danzig" redirects here. For other uses, see Danzig (disambiguation).

Gdańsk (/ɡəˈdænsk/ gə-DANSK, also US: /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ gə-DAHNSK;[2] Polish: [ɡdaj̃sk] (listen); German: Danzig [ˈdantsɪç] (listen); Kashubian: Gduńsk;[3] Latin: Gedanum, Dantiscum)[a][5] is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland. With a population of 470,621,[1] Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is Poland's principal seaport and the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.[6][5]

Gdańsk
Flag
Coat of arms
Grand coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Nec temere, nec timide
(Neither rashly, nor timidly)
Gdańsk
Gdańsk
Gdańsk
Coordinates: 54°20′51″N 18°38′43″E / 54.34750°N 18.64528°E / 54.34750; 18.64528Coordinates: 54°20′51″N 18°38′43″E / 54.34750°N 18.64528°E / 54.34750; 18.64528
Country Poland
Voivodeship Pomeranian
Countycity county
Established10th century
City rights1263
Government
 • City mayorAleksandra Dulkiewicz (PO)
Area
 • City262 km2 (101 sq mi)
Highest elevation
180 m (590 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2021)
 • City470,621 (6th)[1]
 • Density1,800/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,080,700
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
80-008 to 80–958
Area code+48 58
Car platesGD
Websitegdansk.pl

The city lies at the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay, close to the city of Gdynia and resort town of Sopot; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of approximately 1.5 million.[7] Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River, connected to the Leniwka, a branch in the delta of the Vistula River, which connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital Warsaw.

The city's history is complex, with periods of Polish and German rule, and autonomy as a free city. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the Middle Ages, in 1361 it became a member of the Hanseatic League which defined its economic, demographic and urban landscape. From 1918 to 1939, Gdańsk lay in the disputed Polish Corridor; its ambiguous political status created tensions that culminated in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War at nearby Westerplatte. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes, expulsions and new settlement after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the Solidarity movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.

Gdańsk is home to the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, the National Museum, the Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre, the Museum of the Second World War, the Polish Baltic Philharmonic and the European Solidarity Centre. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall, the Green Gate, Artus Court, Neptune's Fountain, and St. Mary's Church, one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, the country's third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland. Companies headquartered in Gdańsk include energy provider Energa SA and clothing retailer LPP.

Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland receiving 3.4 million tourists per year (2019).[8] The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260,[9] and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.[10] Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city center has been listed as one of Poland's national monuments.[11][12][13][14] Nearby sights include Malbork Castle, the Kashubian Lake District, Hel Peninsula and the resort town of Sopot.

Names

Origin

 
A manuscript fragment featuring gyddanyzc

There are countless theories as to the origin of the city's name, with some being the subject of speculation. It is likely that the name was derived from Gdania, a river presently known as Motława on which the city is situated.[15]

Linguists argue that the name stems from the Proto-Slavic adjective/prefix gъd-, which meant wet or moist with the addition of the morpheme ń/ni and the suffix -sk.[16] Other scholars from the 19th century claimed that the name originated from the expression ku Dansk, which meant "to/towards Denmark".[17]

History

The name of the settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc[18] and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148, Gdanzc in 1188, Danceke[19] in 1228, Gdańsk in 1236,[20] Danzc in 1263, Danczk in 1311,[21] Danczik in 1399,[18][22] Danczig in 1414, Gdąnsk in 1656.[23] In Polish the modern name of the city is pronounced [ɡdaj̃sk] ( listen). In English (where the diacritic over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/. The German name, Danzig, is pronounced [ˈdantsɪç] ( listen). The city's Latin name may be given as either Gedania, Gedanum, or Dantiscum; the variety of Latin names reflects the mixed influence of the city's Polish, German and Kashubian heritage. Other former spellings of the name include Dantzig, Dantsic, and Dantzic.

Ceremonial names

On special occasions the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish: Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk, Latin: Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis, Kashubian: Królewsczi Pòlsczi Gard Gduńsk).[24][25][26] In the Kashubian language the city is called Gduńsk. Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk) or "The Kashubian Capital City Gduńsk" (Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names rises controversy among Kashubians.[27]

History

Main articles: History of Gdańsk and Timeline of Gdańsk

Ancient history

The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the Bronze Age (which is estimated to be from 2500–1700 BC). The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an agriculture and fishing-dependent village.[28][29] In the beginning of the 10th century, it began becoming an important centre for trade (especially between the Pomeranians) until its annexation in c. 975 by Mieszko I.[30]

Early Poland

 
The largest medieval port crane in Europe, situated over the river Motława.[31]

The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the vita of Saint Adalbert. Written in 999, it describes how in 997 Saint Adalbert of Prague baptised the inhabitants of urbs Gyddannyzc, "which separated the great realm of the duke [i.e., Bolesław the Brave of Poland] from the sea."[32] No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries.[32] Based on the date in Adalbert's vita, the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.[33]

Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after World War II had laid 90 percent of the city centre in ruins, enabling excavations.[34] The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308.[33] Mieszko I of Poland erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea.[35] Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city.[36]

Pomeranian Poland

 
Excavated remains of 12th-century buildings in Gdańsk

The site was ruled as a duchy of Poland by the Samborides. It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch, German merchant settlements around St Nicholas's church and the old Piast stronghold.[37] In 1186, a Cistercian monastery was set up in nearby Oliwa, which is now within the city limits. In 1215, the ducal stronghold became the centre of a Pomerelian splinter duchy. At that time the area of the later city included various villages. From at least 1224/25 a German market settlement with merchants from Lübeck existed in the area of today's Long Market.[38]

In 1224/25, merchants from Lübeck were invited as hospites (immigrants with specific privileges) but were soon (in 1238) forced to leave by Swantopolk II of the Samborides during a war between Swantopolk and the Teutonic Knights, during which Lübeck supported the latter. Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257.[39] Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century, after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights.[40]

At latest in 1263 Pomerelian duke, Swantopolk II. granted city rights under Lübeck law to the emerging market settlement.[38] It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.[37] In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.[41][42]

In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000. While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with Eastern Europe. Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and the Brandenburgians left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301.[43]

Teutonic Knights

 
Monument to defenders of Polish Gdańsk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights.
Main article: Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)

In 1308, the town was taken by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population,[44] of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.[45] Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources,[46] while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.[45] The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.[45][47]

The knights colonized the area, replacing local Kashubians and Poles with German settlers.[46] In 1308, they founded Osiek Hakelwerk near the town, initially as a Slavic fishing settlement.[44] In 1340, the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' Komtur.[48] In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the Rechtstadt, to Kulm law.[49] In 1358, Danzig joined the Hanseatic League, and became an active member in 1361.[50] It maintained relations with the trade centres Bruges, Novgorod, Lisboa, and Sevilla.[50] Around 1377, the Old Town was equipped with city rights as well.[51] In 1380, the New Town was founded as the third, independent settlement.[44]

After a series of Polish-Teutonic Wars, in the Treaty of Kalisz (1343) the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a fief from the Polish Crown. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, potash, tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the Vistula River trading routes, although after its capture, the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of the Teutonic Order German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.[52] A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), and the city came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland. A year later, with the First Peace of Thorn, it returned to the Teutonic Order.[53]

Kingdom of Poland

 
Apotheosis of Gdańsk by Izaak van den Blocke. The Vistula-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.

In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict.[54] On the request of the organisation King Casimir IV of Poland reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.[55] This led to the Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order (1454–1466). Since 1454, the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins.[56] The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków,[57] and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in Elbląg, recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful.[58] On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city.[59]

On 15 May 1457, Casimir IV of Poland granted the town the Great Privilege, after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks.[60] With the Great Privilege, the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland.[61] The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia (present day Belarus and Ukraine), and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of her territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin.[60] Furthermore, the privilege united Old Town, Osiek, and Main Town, and legalised the demolition of New Town, which had sided with the Teutonic Knights.[60] By 1457, New Town was demolished completely, no buildings remained.[44]

Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently. After the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. Danzig law). Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period in Poland.

In the 1560s and 1570s, a large Mennonite community started growing in the city, gaining significant popularity.[62] In the 1575 election to the Polish throne, Danzig supported Maximilian II in his struggle against Stephen Báthory. It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city, encouraged by the secret support of Denmark and Emperor Maximilian, shut its gates against Stephen. After the Siege of Danzig, lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: Stephen Báthory confirmed the city's special status and her Danzig law privileges granted by earlier Polish kings. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200,000 guldens in gold as payoff ("apology").[63]

During the Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629, in 1627, the naval Battle of Oliwa was fought near the city, and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the Polish Navy. During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, commonly known as the Deluge, the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Sweden. In 1660, the war was ended with the Treaty of Oliwa, signed in the present-day district of Oliwa.[64]

Around 1640, Johannes Hevelius established his astronomical observatory in the Old Town. Polish King John III Sobieski regularly visited Hevelius numerous times.[65]

Beside a majority of German-speakers,[66] whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as Pomerelian,[67] the city was home to a large number of Polish-speaking Poles, Jewish Poles, Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, Flemings, and Dutch. In addition, a number of Scots took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city. During the Protestant Reformation, most German-speaking inhabitants adopted Lutheranism. Due to the special status of the city and significance within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[68]

The city suffered a last great plague and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. As a stronghold of Stanisław Leszczyński's supporters during the War of the Polish Succession, it was taken by the Russians after the Siege of Danzig in 1734. However, by the end of the 18th century, Gdańsk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland. It was well-connected and traded actively with German cities, while other Polish cities became less well-integrated towards the end of the century, mostly due to greater risks for long-distance trade, given the number of violent conflicts along the trade routes.[69] The Danzig Research Society, which became defunct in 1936, was founded in 1743.[70]

Prussia and Germany

Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793,[71] in the Second Partition of Poland. Both the Polish and the German-speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland.[72] The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation,[73] and also notable city councilor Jan (Johann) Uphagen, historian and art collector, whose Baroque house is now a museum, resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation.[74] An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.[75][76][77]

During the Napoleonic Wars, in 1807, the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French, Polish, Italian, Saxon, and Baden forces. Afterwards, it was a free city from 1807 to 1814, when it was captured by combined Prussian-Russian forces.

In 1815, after France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Danzig within the province of West Prussia. The city's longest serving president was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the revolutions of 1848, until 1863. With the unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian hegemony, the city became part of the German Empire and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in World War I.[71]

Inter-war years and World War II

Main article: Free City of Danzig
 
Colorized photo, c. 1900, showing prewar roof of the Krantor crane (Brama Żuraw).

When Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland.[78]

However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority (in the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian, or Masurian as their native language)[79] – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the Versailles Treaty, it became the Free City of Danzig, an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control – without, however, any public vote to legitimize Germany's loss of the city.[80]

Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland. The Free City had its own constitution, national anthem, parliament, and government (Senat). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the Danzig gulden.[78]

 
An aerial view of the historic city centre around 1920
 
A 1920s map of the city

With the growth of Nazism among Germans, anti-Polish sentiment increased and both Germanisation and segregation policies intensified, in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration.[81] Polish children were refused admission to public Polish-language schools, premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools.[82] Due to such policies, only 8 Polish-language public schools existed in the city, and Poles managed to organize 7 more private Polish schools.[82]

In 1937, Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were demanded to transfer children to German schools, under threat of police intervention, and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth.[82] German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists, scouts, and even mailmen, as "punishment" for distributing the Polish press.[83] German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university.[83] Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized,[83] while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdańsk was part of Poland were removed from the city's landmarks, such as the Artus Court and the Neptune's Fountain.[84]

From 1937, the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited, and already employed Poles were fired, the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants, in particular those owned by Germans.[84] In 1939, before the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II, local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings, and after the invasion, they were also imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps.[85]

In the early 1930s, the local Nazi Party capitalised on pro-German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50% of vote in the parliament. Thereafter, the Nazis under Gauleiter Albert Forster achieved dominance in the city government, which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations' High Commissioner. The German government officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial (meaning under German jurisdiction) highway through the area of the Polish Corridor for land-based access from the rest of Germany. Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939, during a high-level meeting of German military officials explained to them: "It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us it is a matter of expanding our Lebensraum in the east", adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation, and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity, after isolating the country from its Western Allies.[86][87][88][89][90]

After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany attacked Poland on 1 September after having signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union.[91]

 
The German battleship SMS Schleswig-Holstein firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot during the battle of Westerplatte in September 1939

The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte resisted for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long fight (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of Zaspa in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence.[91]

 
Captured Polish defenders of the Polish Post Office in Danzig shortly before their trial and execution by the Wehrmacht.

The city was officially annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. About 50 percent of members of the Jewish community had left the city within a year after a pogrom in October 1937,[92] after the Kristallnacht riots in November 1938, the community decided to organize its emigration[93] and in March 1939 a first transport to Palestine started.[94] By September 1939 barely 1,700 mostly elderly Jews remained. In early 1941, just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig, most of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust.[92][95]

Out of the 2,938 Jewish community in the city 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.[96][dubious – discuss] Nazi secret police had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in Operation Tannenberg. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 ethnic Poles were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof some 50 km (30 mi) from Danzig, and murdered.[97] Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the Piaśnica forest.[98]

During the war, the Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city,[99] an Einsatzgruppen-operated penal camp,[100] a camp for Romani people,[101] and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present-day city limits.[102]

In 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union, eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany. As the Soviet Army advanced in 1944, German populations in Central and Eastern Europe took flight, resulting in the beginning of a great population shift. After the final Soviet offensives began in January 1945, hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig, many of whom had fled on foot from East Prussia, some tried to escape through the city's port in a large-scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships. Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets, including the Wilhelm Gustloff after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring Gdynia. In the process, tens of thousands of refugees were killed.[103]

The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945,[104] followed by large-scale rape[105] and looting.[106][107] In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the city was annexed by Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war fled or were expelled to postwar Germany. The city was repopulated by ethnic Poles; up to 18 percent (1948) of them had been deported by the Soviets in two major waves from pre-war eastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[108]

Contemporary times

 
Example of Dutch-style buildings rebuilt after the war: The Old Arsenal by Anthony van Obberghen, Jan Strakowski and Abraham van den Blocke, 1602–1605.[109]

In 1946, the communists executed 17-year-old Danuta Siedzikówna and 42-year-old Feliks Selmanowicz, Polish resistance members, in the local prison.[110][111]

The port of Gdańsk was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, reached Poland.[112] In 1949, four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdańsk, from where they were transported to new homes in Poland.[112]

Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the German character of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793.[113][114][115] Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worth of demolition,[116][117] while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.[118]

 
The Gdańsk Shipyard strike in 1980

Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the Baltic region, Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the People's Republic of Poland. In December 1970, Gdańsk was the scene of anti-regime demonstrations, which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader Władysław Gomułka. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August 1980, Gdańsk Shipyard was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union movement.[119]

In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched Exercise Zapad-81, the largest military exercise in history, during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdańsk. Meanwhile, the Solidarity held its first national congress in Hala Olivia, Gdańsk when more than 800 deputies participated. Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former Soviet bloc. Solidarity's leader, Lech Wałęsa, became President of Poland in 1990. In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre, a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.[120]

On 9 July 2001, the city was flooded, with 200 million zł being estimated in damage, 4 people killed, and 304 evacuated. As a result, the city has built 50 reservoirs, the number of which is rising.[121][122]

 
UEFA Euro 2012 in Gdańsk

Gdańsk native Donald Tusk became Prime Minister of Poland in 2007, and President of the European Council in 2014.[123] In 2014, the remains of Danuta Siedzikówna and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery, and then their state burial was held in Gdańsk in 2016, with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities.[111]

In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.[124][125]

In October 2019, the City of Gdańsk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".[126]

Geography

Climate

Gdańsk
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
29
 
 
1
−4
 
 
23
 
 
2
−3
 
 
28
 
 
6
−1
 
 
31
 
 
11
3
 
 
55
 
 
17
8
 
 
68
 
 
20
11
 
 
68
 
 
23
14
 
 
69
 
 
23
13
 
 
64
 
 
18
10
 
 
49
 
 
13
6
 
 
46
 
 
6
1
 
 
39
 
 
3
−2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Meteorological Organisation
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.1
 
 
35
25
 
 
0.9
 
 
36
26
 
 
1.1
 
 
43
31
 
 
1.2
 
 
53
38
 
 
2.2
 
 
62
46
 
 
2.7
 
 
67
52
 
 
2.7
 
 
73
56
 
 
2.7
 
 
73
56
 
 
2.5
 
 
64
50
 
 
1.9
 
 
55
42
 
 
1.8
 
 
43
34
 
 
1.5
 
 
37
28
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an oceanic climate (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the continental climate zone (Dfb).[127] It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at −3 °C (27 °F) or 0 °C (32 °F). Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.[128]

The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below 0 °C (32 °F) and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from −1.0 to 17.2 °C (30 to 63 °F) and average monthly rainfall varies 17.9 to 66.7 mm (1 to 3 in) per month with a rather low annual total of 507.3 mm (20 in). In general, it is damp, variable, and mild.[128]

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).[128]

Climate data for Gdańsk (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.8
(96.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.1
(82.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		36.0
(96.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		25.9
(78.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.9
(85.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		31.8
(89.2)
Average high °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.1
(37.6) 		12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.7
(45.9)
Average low °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.8
(42.4) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		5.1
(41.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−19.1
(−2.4)
Record low °C (°F) −27.4
(−17.3) 		−29.8
(−21.6) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−23.3
(−9.9) 		−29.8
(−21.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.5
(1.12) 		23.7
(0.93) 		27.5
(1.08) 		32.0
(1.26) 		53.3
(2.10) 		58.8
(2.31) 		79.4
(3.13) 		70.0
(2.76) 		64.5
(2.54) 		54.8
(2.16) 		42.6
(1.68) 		36.0
(1.42) 		571.0
(22.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.67 14.25 14.03 11.43 13.07 14.03 13.43 14.03 12.40 15.27 15.93 17.97 172.51
Average relative humidity (%) 87.7 85.9 82.5 75.5 71.6 72.2 74.7 78.1 82.6 84.6 89.1 89.8 81.2
Average dew point °C (°F) −3
(27) 		−3
(27) 		−1
(30) 		2
(36) 		6
(43) 		10
(50) 		13
(55) 		12
(54) 		9
(48) 		6
(43) 		2
(36) 		−1
(30) 		4
(40)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 39 70 134 163 244 259 236 225 174 105 45 32 1,726
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136]
Source 2: meteomodel.pl,[b][137] Weather Atlas (UV),[138] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[139]

Economy

The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise.[140] Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast. The Pomeranian Voivodeship, including Gdańsk, is also a major tourist destination in the summer, as millions of Poles and other European tourists flock to the beaches of the Baltic coastline.

Major companies in Gdańsk:

Main sights

 
View of Gdańsk's Main Town from the Motława River (2012)

Architecture

Sights at the Royal Route
 
Highland Gate
 
Mansion of the Society of Saint George and Golden Gate
 
Ulica Długa
 
Artus Court
 
Sculptures at the top of the Golden House
 
Neptune's Fountain and Długi Targ

The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the Hanseatic League. Most tourist attractions are located along or near Ulica Długa (Long Street) and Długi Targ (Long Market), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the former path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.

Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:

  • Highland Gate (Brama Wyżynna), which marks the beginning of the Royal Route
  • Torture House (Katownia) and Prison Tower (Wieża więzienna), now housing the Amber Museum (Muzeum Bursztynu)
  • Mansion of the Society of Saint George (Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego)
  • Golden Gate (Złota Brama)[143]
  • Ulica Długa ("Long Lane"), filled with picturesque tenements[144]
  • Długi Targ ("Long Market")
    • Artus' Court (Dwór Artusa)[146]
    • Neptune's Fountain (Fontanna Neptuna), a masterpiece by architect Abraham van den Blocke, 1617.[147][148]
    • New Jury House (Nowy Dom Ławy), in which the seemingly 17th-century Maiden in the Window appears every day during the tourist season, referring to a popular novel Panienka z okienka ("Maiden in the Window") by Jadwiga Łuszczewska, set in 17th-century Gdańsk[149]
    • Golden House (Złota Kamienica), a distinctive Renaissance townhouse from the early 17th century, decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures[150]
  • Green Gate (Zielona Brama), a Mannerist gate, built as a formal residence of Polish kings, now housing a branch of the National Museum in Gdańsk[151]
 
Royal Chapel of the Polish King – John III Sobieski was built in baroque style between 1678 and 1681 by Tylman van Gameren.[152]
 
St. Mary's Church – the largest brick church in the world

Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including St. Catherine's Church and St. Mary's Church (Bazylika Mariacka). This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century, and is the largest brick church in the world.[153]

The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

Other main sights in the historical city centre includde:[154]

Main sights outside the historical city centre include:

Museums

 
Abbot's Palace in Oliwa
 
Archeological Museum and Mariacka Gate

Entertainment

Transport

 
Pesa Atribo of the PKP Fast Urban Railways (SKM) in Gdańsk
 
Maersk container ship in the Port of Gdańsk

In 2011–2015 the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia railway route underwent a major upgrading costing $3 billion, partly funded by the European Investment Bank, including track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km/h (124 mph), modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system, which was completed in June 2015. In December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains were put into service between Gdańsk, Warsaw and Kraków reducing the rail travel time from Gdańsk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes,[170][171] further reduced in December 2015 to 2 hours 39 minutes.[172]

  • A new railway, Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna (PKM, the 'Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway'), commenced service on 1 September 2015, connecting Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport with Wrzeszcz and downtown Gdańsk. It connects to the Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity) (SKM) which provides further connections to the entire area served by SKM.
  • City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).
  • From 1 October 2018 selected circuits of line 31 from PKT Gdynia go to bus stop Sopot Ergo Arena without trolley pole. Small part of this rote passes through Gdańsk.
  • Port of Gdańsk – a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdańsk Bay within the city;[173]
  • Obwodnica Trojmiejska – part of expressway S6 that bypasses the cities of Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia.
  • The A1 motorway connects the port and city of Gdańsk with the southern border of the country. As of 2014, some fragments of the A1 motorway are still incomplete.

Gdańsk is the starting point of the EuroVelo 9 cycling route which continues southward through Poland, then into the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovenia before ending at the Adriatic Sea in Pula, Croatia.

Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the Rail-2-Sea project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3,663 km (2,276 mi) long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.[174][175]

Sports

There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. Amateur sports are played by thousands of Gdańsk citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).

The city's professional football club is Lechia Gdańsk.[176] Founded in 1945, they play in the Ekstraklasa, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, Stadion Miejski,[177] was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition,[178]as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final.[179] Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdańsk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, which both played in the second tier in the past.

Other notable clubs include:

The city's Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket,[180] and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship venues.

Politics and local government

Main article: Politics of Gdańsk

Contemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the Polish Space Agency,[181] several supra-regional branches of further central institutions such as the Energy Regulatory Office, the Office of Electronic Communications, the Civil Aviation Authority, the Office of Rail Transport and the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice: the Court of Appeals, the Regional Public Prosecutor's Office, and the branch of the Institute of National Remembrance. As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshall's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.

Regional centre

Gdańsk Voivodeship was extended in 1999 to include most of former Słupsk Voivodeship, the western part of Elbląg Voivodeship and Chojnice County from Bydgoszcz Voivodeship to form the new Pomeranian Voivodeship.[182] The area of the region was thus extended from 7,394 to 18,293 km2 (2,855 to 7,063 sq mi) and the population rose from 1,333,800 (1980) to 2,198,000 (2000). By 1998, Tricity constituted an absolute majority of the population; almost half of the inhabitants of the new region live in the centre.

Municipal government

Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk City council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.

City Council in 2002–2006
[183]
City Council in 2006–2010
[184]
City Council in 2010–2014
[185]
 
Gdańsk City Council composition from 2018
City Council in 2014–2018
[186]
City Council in 2018–2023
[187]

Districts

Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 dzielnicas and 28 osiedles. Gdańsk dzielnicas include Chełm, Piecki-Migowo, Przymorze Wielkie, Śródmieście, Wrzeszcz Dolny, Wrzeszcz Górny.

Osiedles are Aniołki, Brętowo, Brzeźno, Jasień, Kokoszki, Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie, Letnica, Matarnia, Młyniska, Nowy Port, Oliwa, Olszynka, Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce, Osowa, Przeróbka, Przymorze Małe, Rudniki, Siedlce, Sobieszewo Island, Stogi, Strzyża, Suchanino, Ujeścisko-Łostowice, VII Dwór, Wzgórze Mickiewicza, Zaspa-Młyniec, Zaspa-Rozstaje, Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia.

Education and science

 
Gdańsk University of Technology
 
Gdańsk Medical University

There are 15 higher schools including three universities. In 2001 there were 60,436 students, including 10,439 graduates.

  • University of Gdańsk (Uniwersytet Gdański)[188]
  • Gdańsk University of Technology (Politechnika Gdańska)[189]
  • Gdańsk Medical University (Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny)[190]
  • Academy of Physical Education and Sport of Gdańsk (Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu im. Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego)
  • Musical Academy (Akademia Muzyczna im. Stanisława Moniuszki)
  • Arts Academy (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych)[191]
  • Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences – Instytut Maszyn Przepływowych im. Roberta Szewalskiego PAN[192]
  • Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN
  • Ateneum – Szkoła Wyższa
  • Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna
  • Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Administracji
  • Wyższa Szkoła Społeczno-Ekonomiczna
  • Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Hotelarstwa w Gdańsku
  • Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania
  • WSB Universities – WSB University in Gdańsk[193]

Scientific and regional organizations

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Gdańsk is twinned with:[195]

Former twin towns

On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[196][197]

Partnerships and cooperation

Gdańsk also cooperates with:[195]

Population after World War II

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1890120,338—    
1910170,337+41.5%
1929256,403+50.5%
1945139,078−45.8%
1946117,894−15.2%
1950194,633+65.1%
1960286,940+47.4%
1970365,600+27.4%
1980456,707+24.9%
1990465,143+1.8%
2000462,995−0.5%
2010456,967−1.3%
2020470,805+3.0%
source [200]
Further information: Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946), Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959), and Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II

The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.[201]

German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.[202] Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.[203] German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the Soviet Union.[204][205]

Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.[206] On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories.[207] As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.[208] The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain, as of 1 January 1949 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.[209]

The settlers can be grouped according to their background:

  • Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany[210][211]
  • Repatriates: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish-Armenian community[210][211]
  • Poles incl. Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns[212]
  • Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily[210]
  • Non-Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.[213]
  • Jewish Holocaust survivors, most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands.[214]
  • Greeks and Slav Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War.[215]

People

Main article: List of people from Gdańsk

See also

Notes

  1. ^
  2. ^ Record temperatures are from all Gdańsk stations.

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  212. ^ "Kaszubi w Gdańsku". Kaszëbskô Jednota. Kashubian Association.
  213. ^ Thum, p. 129
  214. ^ Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period, pp. 283-284, 1992, ISBN 0-7146-3413-1, ISBN 978-0-7146-3413-5
  215. ^ Grzegorz Waligóra; Łukasz Kamiński, eds. (2010). NSZZ Solidarność, 1980-1989: Wokół Solidarności (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. p. 463. ISBN 9788376291765. from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2021.

Sources

  • Kimmich, Christoph M (1968). The free city: Danzig and German foreign policy, 1919–1934. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  • Rudziński, Grzegorz (1 March 2001). Gdańsk. Bonechi. ISBN 978-88-476-0517-6. from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
  • Simson, Paul (October 2009). Geschichte Der Stadt Danzig. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 978-1-115-53256-3. from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2010.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gdańsk.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Danzig".
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gdańsk.
 
Look up Gdańsk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Official website  
  • The official tourist service of the Marshal's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship
  • Virtual Gdańsk (in Polish)
  • Danzig (in German)
  • Gdańsk (in German)
  • European Jamboree 2020 20 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  • The power of Gdansk article at The Globe and Mail
  • 7 Reasons to Fall in Love with Gdańsk

January 31, 2023
gdańsk, danzig, redirects, here, other, uses, danzig, disambiguation, dansk, also, ɑː, dahnsk, polish, ɡdaj, listen, german, danzig, ˈdantsɪç, listen, kashubian, gduńsk, latin, gedanum, dantiscum, city, baltic, coast, northern, poland, with, population, capita. Danzig redirects here For other uses see Danzig disambiguation Gdansk ɡ e ˈ d ae n s k ge DANSK also US ɡ e ˈ d ɑː n s k ge DAHNSK 2 Polish ɡdaj sk listen German Danzig ˈdantsɪc listen Kashubian Gdunsk 3 Latin Gedanum Dantiscum a 5 is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland With a population of 470 621 1 Gdansk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship It is Poland s principal seaport and the country s fourth largest metropolitan area 6 5 GdanskLeft to right Motlawa RiverArtus CourtSt Mary s Church and Main Town HallMannerist Great ArmouryNeptune s FountainGdansk University of TechnologyFerris wheel on Granary IslandFlagCoat of armsGrand coat of armsMotto s Nec temere nec timide Neither rashly nor timidly GdanskShow map of PolandGdanskShow map of Pomeranian VoivodeshipGdanskShow map of Baltic SeaCoordinates 54 20 51 N 18 38 43 E 54 34750 N 18 64528 E 54 34750 18 64528 Coordinates 54 20 51 N 18 38 43 E 54 34750 N 18 64528 E 54 34750 18 64528Country PolandVoivodeship PomeranianCountycity countyEstablished10th centuryCity rights1263Government City mayorAleksandra Dulkiewicz PO Area City262 km2 101 sq mi Highest elevation180 m 590 ft Population 31 December 2021 City470 621 6th 1 Density1 800 km2 5 000 sq mi Metro1 080 700Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code80 008 to 80 958Area code 48 58Car platesGDWebsitegdansk plThe city lies at the southern edge of Gdansk Bay close to the city of Gdynia and resort town of Sopot these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity Trojmiasto with a population of approximately 1 5 million 7 Gdansk lies at the mouth of the Motlawa River connected to the Leniwka a branch in the delta of the Vistula River which connects Gdansk with the Polish capital Warsaw The city s history is complex with periods of Polish and German rule and autonomy as a free city An important shipbuilding and trade port since the Middle Ages in 1361 it became a member of the Hanseatic League which defined its economic demographic and urban landscape From 1918 to 1939 Gdansk lay in the disputed Polish Corridor its ambiguous political status created tensions that culminated in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War at nearby Westerplatte The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes expulsions and new settlement after 1945 In the 1980s Gdansk was the birthplace of the Solidarity movement which helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Gdansk is home to the University of Gdansk Gdansk University of Technology the National Museum the Gdansk Shakespeare Theatre the Museum of the Second World War the Polish Baltic Philharmonic and the European Solidarity Centre Among Gdansk s most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall the Green Gate Artus Court Neptune s Fountain and St Mary s Church one of the largest brick churches in the world The city is served by Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport the country s third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland Companies headquartered in Gdansk include energy provider Energa SA and clothing retailer LPP Gdansk is among the most visited cities in Poland receiving 3 4 million tourists per year 2019 8 The city also hosts St Dominic s Fair which dates back to 1260 9 and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe 10 Gdansk has also topped rankings for the quality of life safety and living standards worldwide and its historic city center has been listed as one of Poland s national monuments 11 12 13 14 Nearby sights include Malbork Castle the Kashubian Lake District Hel Peninsula and the resort town of Sopot Contents 1 Names 1 1 Origin 1 2 History 1 3 Ceremonial names 2 History 2 1 Ancient history 2 2 Early Poland 2 3 Pomeranian Poland 2 4 Teutonic Knights 2 5 Kingdom of Poland 2 6 Prussia and Germany 2 7 Inter war years and World War II 2 8 Contemporary times 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Economy 5 Main sights 5 1 Architecture 5 2 Museums 5 3 Entertainment 6 Transport 7 Sports 8 Politics and local government 8 1 Regional centre 8 2 Municipal government 8 3 Districts 9 Education and science 9 1 Scientific and regional organizations 10 International relations 10 1 Twin towns sister cities 10 2 Former twin towns 10 3 Partnerships and cooperation 11 Population after World War II 12 People 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 External linksNames EditOrigin Edit A manuscript fragment featuring gyddanyzc There are countless theories as to the origin of the city s name with some being the subject of speculation It is likely that the name was derived from Gdania a river presently known as Motlawa on which the city is situated 15 Linguists argue that the name stems from the Proto Slavic adjective prefix gd which meant wet or moist with the addition of the morpheme n ni and the suffix sk 16 Other scholars from the 19th century claimed that the name originated from the expression ku Dansk which meant to towards Denmark 17 History Edit The name of the settlement was recorded after St Adalbert s death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc 18 and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148 Gdanzc in 1188 Danceke 19 in 1228 Gdansk in 1236 20 Danzc in 1263 Danczk in 1311 21 Danczik in 1399 18 22 Danczig in 1414 Gdansk in 1656 23 In Polish the modern name of the city is pronounced ɡdaj sk listen In English where the diacritic over the n is frequently omitted the usual pronunciation is ɡ e ˈ d ae n s k or ɡ e ˈ d ɑː n s k The German name Danzig is pronounced ˈdantsɪc listen The city s Latin name may be given as either Gedania Gedanum or Dantiscum the variety of Latin names reflects the mixed influence of the city s Polish German and Kashubian heritage Other former spellings of the name include Dantzig Dantsic and Dantzic Ceremonial names Edit On special occasions the city is also referred to as The Royal Polish City of Gdansk Polish Krolewskie Polskie Miasto Gdansk Latin Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis Kashubian Krolewsczi Polsczi Gard Gdunsk 24 25 26 In the Kashubian language the city is called Gdunsk Although some Kashubians may also use the name Our Capital City Gdunsk Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gdunsk or The Kashubian Capital City Gdunsk Stoleczny Kaszebsczi Gard Gdunsk the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names rises controversy among Kashubians 27 History EditMain articles History of Gdansk and Timeline of Gdansk Ancient history Edit The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdansk comes from the Bronze Age which is estimated to be from 2500 1700 BC The settlement that is now known as Gdansk began in the 9th century being mostly an agriculture and fishing dependent village 28 29 In the beginning of the 10th century it began becoming an important centre for trade especially between the Pomeranians until its annexation in c 975 by Mieszko I 30 Early Poland Edit The largest medieval port crane in Europe situated over the river Motlawa 31 The first written record thought to refer to Gdansk is the vita of Saint Adalbert Written in 999 it describes how in 997 Saint Adalbert of Prague baptised the inhabitants of urbs Gyddannyzc which separated the great realm of the duke i e Boleslaw the Brave of Poland from the sea 32 No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries 32 Based on the date in Adalbert s vita the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997 33 Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after World War II had laid 90 percent of the city centre in ruins enabling excavations 34 The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308 33 Mieszko I of Poland erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s thereby connecting the Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea 35 Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city 36 Pomeranian Poland Edit Excavated remains of 12th century buildings in Gdansk The site was ruled as a duchy of Poland by the Samborides It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch German merchant settlements around St Nicholas s church and the old Piast stronghold 37 In 1186 a Cistercian monastery was set up in nearby Oliwa which is now within the city limits In 1215 the ducal stronghold became the centre of a Pomerelian splinter duchy At that time the area of the later city included various villages From at least 1224 25 a German market settlement with merchants from Lubeck existed in the area of today s Long Market 38 In 1224 25 merchants from Lubeck were invited as hospites immigrants with specific privileges but were soon in 1238 forced to leave by Swantopolk II of the Samborides during a war between Swantopolk and the Teutonic Knights during which Lubeck supported the latter Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257 39 Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights 40 At latest in 1263 Pomerelian duke Swantopolk II granted city rights under Lubeck law to the emerging market settlement 38 It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lubeck which was also the primary origin of many settlers 37 In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lubeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany 41 42 In 1300 the town had an estimated population of 2 000 While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time it had some relevance in the trade with Eastern Europe Low on funds the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland Poland threatened to intervene and the Brandenburgians left the town Subsequently the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301 43 Teutonic Knights Edit Monument to defenders of Polish Gdansk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights Main article Teutonic takeover of Danzig Gdansk In 1308 the town was taken by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights restored order Subsequently the Knights took over control of the town Primary sources record a massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population 44 of 10 000 people but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship 45 Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources 46 while others consider 10 000 to have been a medieval exaggeration although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place 45 The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit 45 47 The knights colonized the area replacing local Kashubians and Poles with German settlers 46 In 1308 they founded Osiek Hakelwerk near the town initially as a Slavic fishing settlement 44 In 1340 the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress which became the seat of the knights Komtur 48 In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city which then consisted only of the Rechtstadt to Kulm law 49 In 1358 Danzig joined the Hanseatic League and became an active member in 1361 50 It maintained relations with the trade centres Bruges Novgorod Lisboa and Sevilla 50 Around 1377 the Old Town was equipped with city rights as well 51 In 1380 the New Town was founded as the third independent settlement 44 After a series of Polish Teutonic Wars in the Treaty of Kalisz 1343 the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a fief from the Polish Crown Although it left the legal basis of the Order s possession of the province in some doubt the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain especially wheat timber potash tar and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the Vistula River trading routes although after its capture the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town While under the control of the Teutonic Order German migration increased The Order s religious networks helped to develop Danzig s literary culture 52 A new war broke out in 1409 culminating in the Battle of Grunwald 1410 and the city came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland A year later with the First Peace of Thorn it returned to the Teutonic Order 53 Kingdom of Poland Edit Apotheosis of Gdansk by Izaak van den Blocke The Vistula borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city s Golden Age In 1440 the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict 54 On the request of the organisation King Casimir IV of Poland reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454 55 This led to the Thirteen Years War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order 1454 1466 Since 1454 the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins 56 The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in Krakow 57 and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in Elblag recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful 58 On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city 59 On 15 May 1457 Casimir IV of Poland granted the town the Great Privilege after he had been invited by the town s council and had already stayed in town for five weeks 60 With the Great Privilege the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland 61 The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland Lithuania and Ruthenia present day Belarus and Ukraine and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction legislation and administration of her territory as well as the right to mint its own coin 60 Furthermore the privilege united Old Town Osiek and Main Town and legalised the demolition of New Town which had sided with the Teutonic Knights 60 By 1457 New Town was demolished completely no buildings remained 44 Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities After the Second Peace of Thorn 1466 between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently After the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy cf Danzig law Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period in Poland In the 1560s and 1570s a large Mennonite community started growing in the city gaining significant popularity 62 In the 1575 election to the Polish throne Danzig supported Maximilian II in his struggle against Stephen Bathory It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city encouraged by the secret support of Denmark and Emperor Maximilian shut its gates against Stephen After the Siege of Danzig lasting six months the city s army of 5 000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577 However since Stephen s armies were unable to take the city by force a compromise was reached Stephen Bathory confirmed the city s special status and her Danzig law privileges granted by earlier Polish kings The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200 000 guldens in gold as payoff apology 63 During the Polish Swedish War of 1626 1629 in 1627 the naval Battle of Oliwa was fought near the city and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the Polish Navy During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655 1660 commonly known as the Deluge the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Sweden In 1660 the war was ended with the Treaty of Oliwa signed in the present day district of Oliwa 64 Around 1640 Johannes Hevelius established his astronomical observatory in the Old Town Polish King John III Sobieski regularly visited Hevelius numerous times 65 Beside a majority of German speakers 66 whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as Pomerelian 67 the city was home to a large number of Polish speaking Poles Jewish Poles Latvian speaking Kursenieki Flemings and Dutch In addition a number of Scots took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city During the Protestant Reformation most German speaking inhabitants adopted Lutheranism Due to the special status of the city and significance within the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth the city inhabitants largely became bi cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth 68 The city suffered a last great plague and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century As a stronghold of Stanislaw Leszczynski s supporters during the War of the Polish Succession it was taken by the Russians after the Siege of Danzig in 1734 However by the end of the 18th century Gdansk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland It was well connected and traded actively with German cities while other Polish cities became less well integrated towards the end of the century mostly due to greater risks for long distance trade given the number of violent conflicts along the trade routes 69 The Danzig Research Society which became defunct in 1936 was founded in 1743 70 Prussia and Germany Edit Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793 71 in the Second Partition of Poland Both the Polish and the German speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland 72 The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation 73 and also notable city councilor Jan Johann Uphagen historian and art collector whose Baroque house is now a museum resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation 74 An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797 75 76 77 During the Napoleonic Wars in 1807 the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French Polish Italian Saxon and Baden forces Afterwards it was a free city from 1807 to 1814 when it was captured by combined Prussian Russian forces In 1815 after France s defeat in the Napoleonic Wars it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Danzig within the province of West Prussia The city s longest serving president was Robert von Blumenthal who held office from 1841 through the revolutions of 1848 until 1863 With the unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian hegemony the city became part of the German Empire and remained so until 1919 after Germany s defeat in World War I 71 Inter war years and World War II Edit Main article Free City of Danzig Colorized photo c 1900 showing prewar roof of the Krantor crane Brama Zuraw When Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points point 13 called for an independent Polish state which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea the Poles hoped the city s harbour would also become part of Poland 78 However in the end since Germans formed a majority in the city with Poles being a minority in the 1923 census 7 896 people out of 335 921 gave Polish Kashubian or Masurian as their native language 79 the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty Instead in accordance with the terms of the Versailles Treaty it became the Free City of Danzig an independent quasi state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control without however any public vote to legitimize Germany s loss of the city 80 Poland s rights also included free use of the harbour a Polish post office a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district and customs union with Poland The Free City had its own constitution national anthem parliament and government Senat It issued its own stamps as well as its currency the Danzig gulden 78 An aerial view of the historic city centre around 1920 A 1920s map of the city With the growth of Nazism among Germans anti Polish sentiment increased and both Germanisation and segregation policies intensified in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration 81 Polish children were refused admission to public Polish language schools premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools 82 Due to such policies only 8 Polish language public schools existed in the city and Poles managed to organize 7 more private Polish schools 82 In 1937 Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were demanded to transfer children to German schools under threat of police intervention and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth 82 German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists scouts and even mailmen as punishment for distributing the Polish press 83 German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university 83 Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized 83 while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdansk was part of Poland were removed from the city s landmarks such as the Artus Court and the Neptune s Fountain 84 From 1937 the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited and already employed Poles were fired the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants in particular those owned by Germans 84 In 1939 before the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings and after the invasion they were also imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps 85 In the early 1930s the local Nazi Party capitalised on pro German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50 of vote in the parliament Thereafter the Nazis under Gauleiter Albert Forster achieved dominance in the city government which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations High Commissioner The German government officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial meaning under German jurisdiction highway through the area of the Polish Corridor for land based access from the rest of Germany Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939 during a high level meeting of German military officials explained to them It is not Danzig that is at stake For us it is a matter of expanding our Lebensraum in the east adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity after isolating the country from its Western Allies 86 87 88 89 90 After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused German Polish relations rapidly deteriorated Germany attacked Poland on 1 September after having signed a non aggression pact with the Soviet Union 91 The German battleship SMS Schleswig Holstein firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot during the battle of Westerplatte in September 1939 The German attack began in Danzig with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig Holstein and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte resisted for seven days before running out of ammunition Meanwhile after a fierce day long fight 1 September 1939 defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of Zaspa in October 1939 In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence 91 Captured Polish defenders of the Polish Post Office in Danzig shortly before their trial and execution by the Wehrmacht The city was officially annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichsgau Danzig West Prussia About 50 percent of members of the Jewish community had left the city within a year after a pogrom in October 1937 92 after the Kristallnacht riots in November 1938 the community decided to organize its emigration 93 and in March 1939 a first transport to Palestine started 94 By September 1939 barely 1 700 mostly elderly Jews remained In early 1941 just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig most of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust 92 95 Out of the 2 938 Jewish community in the city 1 227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war 96 dubious discuss Nazi secret police had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936 compiling information which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in Operation Tannenberg On the first day of the war approximately 1 500 ethnic Poles were arrested some because of their participation in social and economic life others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations On 2 September 1939 150 of them were deported to the Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof some 50 km 30 mi from Danzig and murdered 97 Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the Piasnica forest 98 During the war the Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city 99 an Einsatzgruppen operated penal camp 100 a camp for Romani people 101 and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present day city limits 102 In 1941 Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany As the Soviet Army advanced in 1944 German populations in Central and Eastern Europe took flight resulting in the beginning of a great population shift After the final Soviet offensives began in January 1945 hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig many of whom had fled on foot from East Prussia some tried to escape through the city s port in a large scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets including the Wilhelm Gustloff after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring Gdynia In the process tens of thousands of refugees were killed 103 The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army which captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945 104 followed by large scale rape 105 and looting 106 107 In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences the city was annexed by Poland although with a Soviet installed communist regime which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war fled or were expelled to postwar Germany The city was repopulated by ethnic Poles up to 18 percent 1948 of them had been deported by the Soviets in two major waves from pre war eastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union 108 Contemporary times Edit Example of Dutch style buildings rebuilt after the war The Old Arsenal by Anthony van Obberghen Jan Strakowski and Abraham van den Blocke 1602 1605 109 In 1946 the communists executed 17 year old Danuta Siedzikowna and 42 year old Feliks Selmanowicz Polish resistance members in the local prison 110 111 The port of Gdansk was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians refugees of the Greek Civil War reached Poland 112 In 1949 four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdansk from where they were transported to new homes in Poland 112 Parts of the historic old city of Gdansk which had suffered large scale destruction during the war were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s The reconstruction sought to dilute the German character of the city and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793 113 114 115 Nineteenth century transformations were ignored as ideologically malignant by post war administrations or regarded as Prussian barbarism worth of demolition 116 117 while Flemish Dutch Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to neutralize the German influx on the general outlook of the city 118 The Gdansk Shipyard strike in 1980 Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the Baltic region Gdansk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the People s Republic of Poland In December 1970 Gdansk was the scene of anti regime demonstrations which led to the downfall of Poland s communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka During the demonstrations in Gdansk and Gdynia military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths Ten years later in August 1980 Gdansk Shipyard was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union movement 119 In September 1981 to deter Solidarity Soviet Union launched Exercise Zapad 81 the largest military exercise in history during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdansk Meanwhile the Solidarity held its first national congress in Hala Olivia Gdansk when more than 800 deputies participated Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989 and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former Soviet bloc Solidarity s leader Lech Walesa became President of Poland in 1990 In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement opened in Gdansk 120 On 9 July 2001 the city was flooded with 200 million zl being estimated in damage 4 people killed and 304 evacuated As a result the city has built 50 reservoirs the number of which is rising 121 122 UEFA Euro 2012 in Gdansk Gdansk native Donald Tusk became Prime Minister of Poland in 2007 and President of the European Council in 2014 123 In 2014 the remains of Danuta Siedzikowna and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery and then their state burial was held in Gdansk in 2016 with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities 111 In January 2019 the Mayor of Gdansk Pawel Adamowicz was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart the man claimed that the mayor s political party had been responsible for imprisoning him Though Adamowicz underwent a multi hour surgery he died the next day 124 125 In October 2019 the City of Gdansk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that the past and present in Gdansk are sensitive to solidarity the defense of freedom and human rights as well as to the preservation of peace 126 Geography EditClimate Edit GdanskClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 29 1 4 23 2 3 28 6 1 31 11 3 55 17 8 68 20 11 68 23 14 69 23 13 64 18 10 49 13 6 46 6 1 39 3 2Average max and min temperatures in CPrecipitation totals in mmSource World Meteorological OrganisationImperial conversionJFMAMJJASOND 1 1 35 25 0 9 36 26 1 1 43 31 1 2 53 38 2 2 62 46 2 7 67 52 2 7 73 56 2 7 73 56 2 5 64 50 1 9 55 42 1 8 43 34 1 5 37 28Average max and min temperatures in FPrecipitation totals in inchesGdansk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences According to some categorizations it has an oceanic climate Cfb while others classify it as belonging to the continental climate zone Dfb 127 It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at 3 C 27 F or 0 C 32 F Gdansk s dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland 128 The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below 0 C 32 F and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Average temperatures range from 1 0 to 17 2 C 30 to 63 F and average monthly rainfall varies 17 9 to 66 7 mm 1 to 3 in per month with a rather low annual total of 507 3 mm 20 in In general it is damp variable and mild 128 The seasons are clearly differentiated Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny Summer which begins in June is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 to 35 C 86 to 95 F at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain Gdansk averages 1 700 hours of sunshine per year July and August are the warmest months Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny turning cold damp and foggy in November Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as 15 C 5 F 128 Climate data for Gdansk 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 13 4 56 1 18 1 64 6 24 5 76 1 30 6 87 1 32 3 90 1 34 6 94 3 36 0 96 8 35 8 96 4 31 7 89 1 28 1 82 6 21 1 70 0 13 7 56 7 36 0 96 8 Mean maximum C F 7 6 45 7 8 4 47 1 14 9 58 8 22 1 71 8 25 9 78 6 28 9 84 0 30 0 86 0 29 9 85 8 24 8 76 6 19 2 66 6 11 8 53 2 8 4 47 1 31 8 89 2 Average high C F 1 7 35 1 2 9 37 2 6 6 43 9 12 1 53 8 16 8 62 2 20 4 68 7 22 6 72 7 22 9 73 2 18 5 65 3 12 7 54 9 6 7 44 1 3 1 37 6 12 3 54 1 Daily mean C F 1 4 29 5 0 8 30 6 1 8 35 2 6 9 44 4 11 9 53 4 15 5 59 9 17 7 63 9 17 3 63 1 12 9 55 2 8 0 46 4 3 4 38 1 0 1 32 2 7 7 45 9 Average low C F 3 3 26 1 2 7 27 1 0 4 31 3 3 6 38 5 8 1 46 6 11 6 52 9 14 2 57 6 13 9 57 0 10 4 50 7 5 8 42 4 1 9 35 4 1 6 29 1 5 1 41 2 Mean minimum C F 15 6 3 9 13 5 7 7 9 7 14 5 3 8 25 2 0 0 32 0 4 3 39 7 7 5 45 5 7 2 45 0 3 0 37 4 2 2 28 0 6 3 20 7 11 3 11 7 19 1 2 4 Record low C F 27 4 17 3 29 8 21 6 22 8 9 0 7 7 18 1 4 3 24 3 0 5 31 1 2 1 35 8 4 4 39 9 1 9 28 6 7 0 19 4 16 9 1 6 23 3 9 9 29 8 21 6 Average precipitation mm inches 28 5 1 12 23 7 0 93 27 5 1 08 32 0 1 26 53 3 2 10 58 8 2 31 79 4 3 13 70 0 2 76 64 5 2 54 54 8 2 16 42 6 1 68 36 0 1 42 571 0 22 48 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 16 67 14 25 14 03 11 43 13 07 14 03 13 43 14 03 12 40 15 27 15 93 17 97 172 51Average relative humidity 87 7 85 9 82 5 75 5 71 6 72 2 74 7 78 1 82 6 84 6 89 1 89 8 81 2Average dew point C F 3 27 3 27 1 30 2 36 6 43 10 50 13 55 12 54 9 48 6 43 2 36 1 30 4 40 Mean monthly sunshine hours 39 70 134 163 244 259 236 225 174 105 45 32 1 726Average ultraviolet index 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 3Source 1 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 Source 2 meteomodel pl b 137 Weather Atlas UV 138 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 139 Economy EditThe industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding petrochemical and chemical industries as well as food processing The share of high tech sectors such as electronics telecommunications IT engineering cosmetics and pharmaceuticals is on the rise 140 Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy as the majority of the world s amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast The Pomeranian Voivodeship including Gdansk is also a major tourist destination in the summer as millions of Poles and other European tourists flock to the beaches of the Baltic coastline Major companies in Gdansk Acxiom IT Arla Foods food processing 141 Bayer Shared Service Centre finance amp accounting Cognor steel engineering capital goods Coleman Research knowledge broker Crist shipbuilding Delphi automotive parts Dr Oetker food processing Grupa Lotos energy petrol refinery Energa Trading electrical and heat energy Bank BPH finance Gdanska Stocznia Remontowa shipbuilding Elektrocieplownie Wybrzeze energy LPP retail Polnord Energobudowa construction company Petrobaltic energy oil drilling Intel IT 141 IBM IT IVONA IT FINEOS IT 142 Wirtualna Polska internet service Kainos IT 141 Lufthansa Systems IT 141 Jeppesen IT Compuware IT Thomson Reuters media ThyssenKrupp steel engineering capital goods 141 Maersk Line services amp pick up Transcom WorldWide business processing outsourcing Jysk retail Meritum Bank finance Glencore raw materials Orlen Morena energy Fosfory Ciech chemical company Hydrobudowa construction company Llentabhallen steel constructions Ziaja cosmetics and beauty company Stabilator construction company Skanska construction company Flugger paints manufacturing HD heavy duty retail Dresser Wayne retail fueling systems First Data finance 141 Masterlease finance Transcom WorldWide business processing outsourcing Weyerhaeuser Cellulose Fibres cellulose fibre manufacturing Gdansk Shipyard shipbuilding OIE Support education services part of Laureate International Universities PricewaterhouseCoopers professional services Kemira chemical industry group BreakThru Films animated film studio Schibsted IT IWG business support services Mango Media home shopping channel MOL Europe shipping VB Leasing finance Metsa Group forest industry Competence Call Centre call centre EPAM Systems IT 141 Esotiq amp Henderson retail Bayer chemical and pharmaceutical company 141 Playsoft IT Staples Advantage office products Deloitte professional services KPMG professional services Comarch IT ESO Audit professional services TF Bank finance Ensono ITMain sights Edit View of Gdansk s Main Town from the Motlawa River 2012 Architecture Edit Sights at the Royal Route Highland Gate Mansion of the Society of Saint George and Golden Gate Ulica Dluga Artus Court Sculptures at the top of the Golden House Neptune s Fountain and Dlugi Targ The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the Hanseatic League Most tourist attractions are located along or near Ulica Dluga Long Street and Dlugi Targ Long Market a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical primarily during the 17th century style and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route since it was once the former path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland Walking from end to end sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include Highland Gate Brama Wyzynna which marks the beginning of the Royal Route Torture House Katownia and Prison Tower Wieza wiezienna now housing the Amber Museum Muzeum Bursztynu Mansion of the Society of Saint George Dwor Bractwa sw Jerzego Golden Gate Zlota Brama 143 Ulica Dluga Long Lane filled with picturesque tenements 144 Uphagen s House Dom Uphagena branch of the Museum of Gdansk Lion s Castle Lwi Zamek Main Town Hall Ratusz Glownego Miasta built 1378 1492 145 Dlugi Targ Long Market Artus Court Dwor Artusa 146 Neptune s Fountain Fontanna Neptuna a masterpiece by architect Abraham van den Blocke 1617 147 148 New Jury House Nowy Dom Lawy in which the seemingly 17th century Maiden in the Window appears every day during the tourist season referring to a popular novel Panienka z okienka Maiden in the Window by Jadwiga Luszczewska set in 17th century Gdansk 149 Golden House Zlota Kamienica a distinctive Renaissance townhouse from the early 17th century decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures 150 Green Gate Zielona Brama a Mannerist gate built as a formal residence of Polish kings now housing a branch of the National Museum in Gdansk 151 Royal Chapel of the Polish King John III Sobieski was built in baroque style between 1678 and 1681 by Tylman van Gameren 152 St Mary s Church the largest brick church in the world Polish Post Office site of the 1939 battle Gdansk has a number of historical churches including St Catherine s Church and St Mary s Church Bazylika Mariacka This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century and is the largest brick church in the world 153 The city s 17th century fortifications represent one of Poland s official national Historic Monuments Pomnik historii as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland Other main sights in the historical city centre includde 154 Royal Chapel of the Polish King John III Sobieski Zuraw medieval port crane 155 Gradowa Hill Granaries on the Olowianka and Granary Islands Great Armoury John III Sobieski Monument Old Town Hall 156 Jan Heweliusz Monument Great Mill 1350 Small Mill Mariacka Street 157 House of Research Society Polish Post Office site of the 1939 battle brick gothic town gates i e Mariacka Gate Straganiarska Gate Cow GateMain sights outside the historical city centre include Abbot s Palace in the Oliwa Park Lighthouse in Nowy Port Oliwa Cathedral 158 Pacholek Hill an observation point in Oliwa Pier in Brzezno Medieval city walls Westerplatte 159 Wisloujscie Fortress 160 Gdansk Zoo 161 Museums Edit Abbot s Palace in Oliwa Archeological Museum and Mariacka Gate Museum of the Second World War opened in 2017 National Museum Muzeum Narodowe 162 Department of Ancient Art contains a number of important artworks including Hans Memling s Last Judgement Green Gate Department of Modern Art in the Abbot s Palace in Oliwa Ethnography Department in the Abbot s Granary in Oliwa Gdansk Photography Gallery Historical Museum Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdanska 163 Main Town Hall Artus Court Uphagen s House Amber Museum Muzeum Bursztynu Museum of the Polish Post Muzeum Poczty Polskiej Wartownia nr 1 na Westerplatte Museum of Tower Clocks Muzeum Zegarow Wiezowych Wisloujscie Fortress National Maritime Museum Gdansk Narodowe Muzeum Morskie Zuraw Crane Granaries in Olowianka museum ship SS Soldek is anchored on the Motlawa River and was the first ship built in post war Poland European Solidarity Centre Museum and library dedicated to the history of the Solidarity movement 164 Archeological Museum Muzeum Archeologiczne Gdansk Nowy Port Lighthouse Latarnia Morska Gdansk Nowy Port Izba Pamieci Wincentego Pola w Gdansku Sobieszewie Archdiocese Museum Muzeum Archidiecezjalne Museum of the Second World War 165 Entertainment Edit Polish Baltic Philharmonic Baltic Opera Teatr Wybrzeze Gdansk Shakespeare Theatre is a Shakespearean theatre built on the historical site of a 17th century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform The new theatre completed in 2014 hosts the annual Gdansk Shakespeare Festival 166 Transport Edit Pesa Atribo of the PKP Fast Urban Railways SKM in Gdansk Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport Maersk container ship in the Port of Gdansk Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport an international airport located in Gdansk 167 The Szybka Kolej Miejska SKM 168 the Fast Urban Railway functions as a Metro system for the Tricity area including Gdansk Sopot and Gdynia operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity 169 The service is operated by electric multiple unit trains at a frequency of 6 minutes to 30 minutes between trains depending on the time of day on the central section between Gdansk and Gdynia and less frequently on outlying sections The SKM system has been extended northwest of the Tricity to Wejherowo Lebork and Slupsk 110 km 68 mi west of Gdynia and to the south it has been extended to Tczew 31 km 19 mi south of Gdansk Railways The principal station in Gdansk is Gdansk Glowny railway station served by both SKM local trains and PKP long distance trains In addition long distance trains also stop at Gdansk Oliwa railway station Gdansk Wrzeszcz railway station Sopot and Gdynia Gdansk also has nine other railway stations served by local SKM trains Long distance trains are operated by PKP Intercity which provides connections with all major Polish cities including Warsaw Krakow Lodz Poznan Katowice and Szczecin and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region In 2011 2015 the Warsaw Gdansk Gdynia railway route underwent a major upgrading costing 3 billion partly funded by the European Investment Bank including track replacement realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km h 124 mph modernization of stations and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system which was completed in June 2015 In December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino high speed trains were put into service between Gdansk Warsaw and Krakow reducing the rail travel time from Gdansk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes 170 171 further reduced in December 2015 to 2 hours 39 minutes 172 A new railway Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna PKM the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway commenced service on 1 September 2015 connecting Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport with Wrzeszcz and downtown Gdansk It connects to the Szybka Kolej Miejska Tricity SKM which provides further connections to the entire area served by SKM City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdansk Zarzad Transportu Miejskiego w Gdansku From 1 October 2018 selected circuits of line 31 from PKT Gdynia go to bus stop Sopot Ergo Arena without trolley pole Small part of this rote passes through Gdansk Port of Gdansk a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdansk Bay within the city 173 Obwodnica Trojmiejska part of expressway S6 that bypasses the cities of Gdansk Sopot and Gdynia The A1 motorway connects the port and city of Gdansk with the southern border of the country As of 2014 update some fragments of the A1 motorway are still incomplete Gdansk is the starting point of the EuroVelo 9 cycling route which continues southward through Poland then into the Czech Republic Austria and Slovenia before ending at the Adriatic Sea in Pula Croatia Additionally Gdansk is part of the Rail 2 Sea project This project s objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3 663 km 2 276 mi long railway line passing through Poland Slovakia Hungary and Romania 174 175 Sports Edit Stadion Miejski Ergo Arena There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdansk and Tricity area Amateur sports are played by thousands of Gdansk citizens and also in schools of all levels elementary secondary university The city s professional football club is Lechia Gdansk 176 Founded in 1945 they play in the Ekstraklasa Poland s top division Their home stadium Stadion Miejski 177 was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition 178 as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final 179 Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdansk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdansk which both played in the second tier in the past Other notable clubs include Speedway club Wybrzeze Gdansk which competes in the second tier as of 2020 but for decades competed in Poland s top division most recently in 2014 where it finished 2nd in 1967 1978 and 1985 Rugby club Lechia Gdansk which competes in Poland s top division 13 times Polish champions most recently in 2014 Handball club GKS Wybrzeze Gdansk which plays in the Poland s top division 10 times Polish champions most recently in 2001 two times European Cup runners up Ice Hockey club Stoczniowiec Gdansk which competes in Poland s top division finishing 3rd in 2003 Volleyball club Trefl Gdansk which competes in Poland s top division and finished 2nd in 2015 The city s Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket 180 and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men s European Volleyball Championship 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men s World Championship and 2016 European Men s Handball Championship venues Politics and local government EditMain article Politics of Gdansk Contemporary Gdansk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland It has been the seat of a Polish central institution the Polish Space Agency 181 several supra regional branches of further central institutions such as the Energy Regulatory Office the Office of Electronic Communications the Civil Aviation Authority the Office of Rail Transport and the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection as well as the supra regional appellate level institutions of justice the Court of Appeals the Regional Public Prosecutor s Office and the branch of the Institute of National Remembrance As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office the Sejmik and the Marshall s Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship level institutions Regional centre Edit Gdansk Voivodeship was extended in 1999 to include most of former Slupsk Voivodeship the western part of Elblag Voivodeship and Chojnice County from Bydgoszcz Voivodeship to form the new Pomeranian Voivodeship 182 The area of the region was thus extended from 7 394 to 18 293 km2 2 855 to 7 063 sq mi and the population rose from 1 333 800 1980 to 2 198 000 2000 By 1998 Tricity constituted an absolute majority of the population almost half of the inhabitants of the new region live in the centre Municipal government Edit Legislative power in Gdansk is vested in a unicameral Gdansk City council Rada Miasta which comprises 34 members Council members are elected directly every four years Like most legislative bodies the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government City Council in 2002 2006 183 Civic Platform 15 seats Democratic Left Alliance Labour Union 6 seats Law and Justice 6 seats League of Polish Families 5 seats Self Defence of the Republic of Poland 1 seat Bogdan Borusewicz 1 seatCity Council in 2006 2010 184 Civic Platform 21 seats Law and Justice 13 seatsCity Council in 2010 2014 185 Civic Platform 26 seats Law and Justice 7 seats Democratic Left Alliance 1 seat Gdansk City Council composition from 2018 City Council in 2014 2018 186 Civic Platform 22 seats Law and Justice 12 seatsCity Council in 2018 2023 187 Civic Coalition 15 seats Law and Justice 12 seats All for Gdansk 7 seatsDistricts Edit Gdansk is divided into 34 administrative divisions 6 dzielnicas and 28 osiedles Gdansk dzielnicas include Chelm Piecki Migowo Przymorze Wielkie Srodmiescie Wrzeszcz Dolny Wrzeszcz Gorny Osiedles are Aniolki Bretowo Brzezno Jasien Kokoszki Krakowiec Gorki Zachodnie Letnica Matarnia Mlyniska Nowy Port Oliwa Olszynka Orunia Sw Wojciech Lipce Osowa Przerobka Przymorze Male Rudniki Siedlce Sobieszewo Island Stogi Strzyza Suchanino Ujescisko Lostowice VII Dwor Wzgorze Mickiewicza Zaspa Mlyniec Zaspa Rozstaje Zabianka Wejhera Jelitkowo Tysiaclecia Education and science Edit Gdansk University of Technology Gdansk Medical University Polish Baltic Philharmonic on the Motlawa river There are 15 higher schools including three universities In 2001 there were 60 436 students including 10 439 graduates University of Gdansk Uniwersytet Gdanski 188 Gdansk University of Technology Politechnika Gdanska 189 Gdansk Medical University Gdanski Uniwersytet Medyczny 190 Academy of Physical Education and Sport of Gdansk Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu im Jedrzeja Sniadeckiego Musical Academy Akademia Muzyczna im Stanislawa Moniuszki Arts Academy Akademia Sztuk Pieknych 191 Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences Instytut Maszyn Przeplywowych im Roberta Szewalskiego PAN 192 Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN Ateneum Szkola Wyzsza Gdanska Wyzsza Szkola Humanistyczna Gdanska Wyzsza Szkola Administracji Wyzsza Szkola Spoleczno Ekonomiczna Wyzsza Szkola Turystyki i Hotelarstwa w Gdansku Wyzsza Szkola Zarzadzania WSB Universities WSB University in Gdansk 193 Scientific and regional organizations Edit Gdansk Scientific Society Baltic Institute Instytut Baltycki established 1925 in Torun since 1946 in Gdansk TNOiK Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierowania Scientific Society for Organization and Management O Gdansk IBNGR Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa The Gdansk Institute for Market Economics 194 International relations EditTwin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Gdansk is twinned with 195 Helsingor Denmark Bremen Germany Cleveland United States Kalmar Sweden Nice France Astana Kazakhstan Rotterdam Netherlands Sefton United Kingdom Turku Finland Vilnius Lithuania Komadi Hungary Soroksar Hungary Former twin towns Edit Kaliningrad Russia Saint Petersburg RussiaOn 3 March 2022 Gdansk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine 196 197 Partnerships and cooperation Edit Gdansk also cooperates with 195 Ghent Belgium 198 Le Havre France 199 Marseille France Odessa UkrainePopulation after World War II EditHistorical populationYearPop 1890120 338 1910170 337 41 5 1929256 403 50 5 1945139 078 45 8 1946117 894 15 2 1950194 633 65 1 1960286 940 47 4 1970365 600 27 4 1980456 707 24 9 1990465 143 1 8 2000462 995 0 5 2010456 967 1 3 2020470 805 3 0 source 200 Further information Repatriation of Poles 1944 1946 Repatriation of Poles 1955 1959 and Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants 95 were German and 3 were Polish and Kashubian The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdansk 201 German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945 202 Approximately 1 100 000 of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945 203 German civilians were also sent as reparations labour to the Soviet Union 204 205 Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German speaking population with the first settlers arriving in March 1945 206 On 30 March 1945 the Gdansk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories 207 As of 1 November 1945 around 93 029 Germans remained within the city limits 208 The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain as of 1 January 1949 13 424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post war ethnic vetting process lived in Gdansk 209 The settlers can be grouped according to their background Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany 210 211 Repatriates Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish Soviet border This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish Armenian community 210 211 Poles incl Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns 212 Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily 210 Non Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947 Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing and therefore assimilating those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already throughout the newly acquired territories Belarusians living around the area around Bialystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons This scattering of members of non Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians Belarusians and Lemkos and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form 213 Jewish Holocaust survivors most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands 214 Greeks and Slav Macedonians refugees of the Greek Civil War 215 People EditMain article List of people from GdanskSee also Edit Poland portal European Union portalTourism in Poland List of honorary citizens of Gdansk 764 Gedania a minor planet orbiting the Sun Danzig Highflyer Father Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC Hospice Kashubians Kursenieki List of neighbourhoods of Gdansk St Mary s Church Gdansk Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art Ronald Reagan Park Live in GdanskNotes Edit English ɡ e ˈ d ae n s k ge DANSK US ɡ e ˈ d ɑː n s k ge DAHNSK 4 Kashubian Gdunsk Kashubian pronunciation ɡduɲsk 3 Latin Gedanum Dantiscum Record temperatures are from all Gdansk stations References Edit a b Local Data Bank Statistics Poland Retrieved 18 July 2022 Data for territorial unit 2261000 the definition of gdansk Dictionary com a b Stefan Ramult Slownik jezyka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego Krakow 1893 Gdansk 2003 ISBN 83 87408 64 6 the definition of gdansk Dictionary com Archived from the original on 19 August 2017 Retrieved 18 August 2017 a b Johann Georg Theodor Grasse Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Stadte etc Meere Seen Berge und Flusse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch lateinischen Register derselben T Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Worterbuche Dresden G Schonfeld s Buchhandlung C A Werner 1861 p 71 237 Poland largest cities per geographical entity World Gazetteer Retrieved 5 May 2009 dead link Obszar Metropolitalny Gdansk Gdynia Sopot PDF Archived PDF from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 17 April 2021 Wszystkie Strony Miasta Rok 2019 rekordowy w gdanskiej turystyce 3 4 mln gosci gdansk pl in Polish Retrieved 17 December 2022 Saint Dominic s Fair is 760 years old Archived from the original on 29 September 2020 Retrieved 5 August 2020 Millions at Gdansk s St Dominic s Fair www pap pl 21 August 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Pomniki historii nid pl Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa n d Archived from the original on 11 October 2021 Retrieved 11 October 2021 Quality of Life Index by City 2019 Mid Year www numbeo com Archived from the original on 12 June 2019 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Wyborcza pl trojmiasto wyborcza pl Archived from the original on 12 March 2020 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Gdansk high in Quality of Life Index en ug edu pl Archived from the original on 20 September 2019 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Breza Edward 2002 Nazwiska Pomorzan Pochodzenie i zmiany Vol 2 Gdansk Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego p 90 ISBN 9788373260573 OCLC 643402493 Archived from the original on 1 February 2022 Retrieved 1 November 2021 Mamok Szymon 8 October 2020 Gdansk Skad wziela sie nazwa miasta Historia Gdanska Archived from the original on 31 October 2021 Retrieved 31 October 2021 Dunajski Ireneusz 17 April 2018 Skad wziela sie nazwa Gdansk Nowa hipoteza trojmiasto pl Archived from the original on 31 October 2021 Retrieved 31 October 2021 a b Tighe Carl 1990 Gdansk national identity in the Polish German borderlands Pluto Press ISBN 9780745303468 Archived from the original on 8 October 2021 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Gumowski Marian 1966 Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde in German Archived from the original on 8 October 2021 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Also in 1454 1468 1484 and 1590 Also in 1399 1410 and 1414 1438 Also in 1410 1414 10 Interesting Facts About Gdansk Isolated Traveller 10 July 2020 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Gdansk in Kazimierz Rymut Nazwy Miast Polski Ossolineum Wroclaw 1987 Hubert Gurnowicz Gdansk in Nazwy must Pomorza Gdanskiego Ossolineum Wroclaw 1978 Baedeker s Northern Germany Karl Baedeker Publishing Leipzig 1904 Labuda Aleksander Gdunsk nasz stoleczny gard PDF Zrzesz Kaszebsko Retrieved 10 December 2022 Gdansk na przestrzeni dziejow Trojmiasto pl Historia Trojmiasto Archived from the original on 15 December 2021 Retrieved 15 December 2021 Gdansk jedno z najstarszych polskich miast Polska Tampa Bay 9 April 2018 Archived from the original on 15 December 2021 Retrieved 15 December 2021 GDANSK POCZATKI MIASTA Gedanopedia Gdansk Foundation 25 December 2019 Archived from the original on 9 June 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2021 The Crane past and present Crane National Maritime Museum in Gdansk en nmm pl Archived from the original on 16 April 2019 Retrieved 16 April 2019 a b Loew Peter Oliver Danzig Biographie einer Stadt Munich 2011 p 24 a b Wazny Tomasz Paner Henryk Golebiewski Andrzej Koscinski Bogdan Early medieval Gdansk Danzig revisited EuroDendro 2004 Rendsburg 2004 pdf abstract Archived 9 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Loew 2011 p 24 Wazny et al 2004 abstract Archived 9 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Hess Corina 2007 Danziger Wohnkultur in der fruhen Neuzeit Berlin Hamburg Munster LIT Verlag p 39 ISBN 978 3 8258 8711 7 admin2 1000 LAT GDANSKA W SWIETLE WYKOPALISK Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 Retrieved 18 March 2017 a b Hess Corina 2007 Danziger Wohnkultur in der fruhen Neuzeit Berlin Hamburg Munster LIT Verlag p 40 ISBN 978 3 8258 8711 7 a b Harlander Christa 2004 Stadtanlage und Befestigung von Danzig zur Zeit des Deutschen Ordens GRIN Verlag p 2 ISBN 978 3 638 75010 3 Zbierski Andrzej 1978 Struktura zawodowa spoleczna i etnicza ludnosci In Historia Gdanska Vol 1 Wydawnictwo Morskie 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