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Forbidden City

February 05, 2023

For other uses, see Forbidden City (disambiguation).
"Gugong" redirects here. For other uses, see Gugong (disambiguation).

The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, at the center of the Imperial City of Beijing. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the 22 ha (54-acre) Zhongshan Park, the sacrificial Imperial Ancestral Temple, the 69 ha (171-acre) Beihai Park, and the 23 ha (57-acre) Jingshan Park.[2] It is officially administered by the Palace Museum.

Forbidden City
紫禁城
The Forbidden City viewed from Jingshan Hill
Location within Beijing
Forbidden City (China)
Established1406–1420
1925 (as public museum)
Location4 Jingshan Front St, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
Coordinates39°54′57″N 116°23′27″E / 39.91583°N 116.39083°E / 39.91583; 116.39083Coordinates: 39°54′57″N 116°23′27″E / 39.91583°N 116.39083°E / 39.91583; 116.39083
TypeArt museum, Imperial palace, Historic site
Visitors16.7 million[1]
CuratorWang Xudong
Area72 hectares
Built1406–1420 (Ming dynasty)
ArchitectKuai Xiang
Architectural style(s)Chinese architecture
Websiteen.dpm.org.cn (English)
www.dpm.org.cn (Chinese)
Part ofImperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang
CriteriaCultural: i, ii, iii, iv
Reference439-001
Inscription1987 (11th Session)
Forbidden City
"Forbidden City" in Chinese characters
Chinese name
Literal meaning"Purple [North Star] Forbidden City"
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡩᠠᠪᡴᡡᡵᡳ
ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ
ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ
Romanizationdabkūri dorgi hoton 'Former inner city'

The Forbidden City was constructed from 1406 to 1420, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and winter residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yongle Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government for over 500 years. Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987.[3]

The complex consists of 980 buildings,[4] encompassing 8,886 rooms and covering 720,000 m2 (72 ha)/178 acres.[5][6] The palace exemplifies the opulence of the residences of the Chinese emperor and the traditional Chinese palatial architecture,[3] and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. It is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. Since 2012, the Forbidden City has seen an average of 14 million visitors annually, and received more than 19 million visitors in 2019.[7] In 2018, the Forbidden City's market value was estimated at 70 billion USD, making it both the world's most valuable palace and the most valuable piece of real estate anywhere in the world.[8]

Some sources describe it as the largest palace in the world still in existence,[9][10][11] but other Chinese imperial residences far exceed it in size, namely the 6.1 km2 (610 ha) Zhongnanhai which lies just west of the Forbidden City, the 2.9 km2 (290 ha) Summer Palace in Haidian District, Beijing, and the 5.6 km2 (560 ha) Chengde Mountain Resort in Chengde, Hebei Province.[12]

The Forbidden City in Beijing is one of the largest and most well-preserved wooden structures in the world. It was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics in 1961.[13]

Etymology

The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; lit. 'Purple Forbidden City'). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in 1576.[14] Another English name of similar origin is "Forbidden Palace".[15]

The name "Zijin Cheng" is a name with significance on many levels. Zi, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor. The surrounding celestial region, the Ziwei Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family. The Forbidden City, as the residence of the terrestrial emperor, was its earthly counterpart. Jin means "the place where the Celestial Emperor lives" not "forbidden".[verification needed] Cheng means a city.

Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace".[16] The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

In Ming and Qing, the Forbidden City was also known as Da Nei (大内) or "Palace City" (宫城).

History

Main article: History of the Forbidden City
 
The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting
 
A depiction of the Forbidden City from the German magazine Die Gartenlaube (1853)
 
Aerial view of the Forbidden City (1900–1901).

When Hongwu Emperor's son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City.[17]

Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers.[18] Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood (Chinese: 楠木; pinyin: nánmù) found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing.[19] The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (Chinese: 金磚; pinyin: jīnzhuān), specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou.[18]

From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun dynasty.[20] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[21]

By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty.[22] The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[23] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[24] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[25]

In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[26] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[26]

After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[27] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[28] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[29] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[30] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[31] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[32]

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal.[33] During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city.[34]

The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties",[35] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture. It is currently administered by the Palace Museum.

In the early 21st century, the Palace Museum carried out a sixteen-year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state, with the goal that 76% of the palace would be open to the public by 2020.[36] As a result of that project, the Shoukang Palace was officially opened to the public in 2013, after initially being displayed in its original state. A sculpture museum was opened in the Cining Palace in 2015. Also opened in 2015 were the precincts around Cining Palace, the Yanyin Building and the East Glorious (Donghua) Gate.[37]

Structure

 
The Gate of Divine Might (Shenwumen), the northern gate
 
Plan of the Forbidden City. Labels in red are used to refer to locations throughout the article.
- – - Approximate dividing line between Inner (north) and Outer (south) Courts.

The Forbidden City is a rectangle, measuring 961 m (3,153 ft) from north to south and 753 m (2,470 ft) from east to west.[5][6] It consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,886 bays of rooms.[38][39] The layout of the Forbidden City activated and protected the imperial code of ethics as a physical installation. The courtyard was built on a massive, luxurious scale but it has the appearance of an ordinary quadrangle courtyard.[40] A common myth states that there are 9999 rooms including antechambers,[41] based on oral tradition, and it is not supported by survey evidence.[42] The Forbidden City was designed to be the centre of the ancient, walled city of Beijing. It is enclosed in a larger, walled area called the Imperial City. The Imperial City is, in turn, enclosed by the Inner City; to its south lies the Outer City.

The Forbidden City remains important in the civic scheme of Beijing. The central north–south axis remains the central axis of Beijing. This axis extends to the south through Tiananmen gate to Tiananmen Square, the ceremonial centre of the People's Republic of China, and on to Yongdingmen. To the north, it extends through Jingshan Hill to the Bell and Drum Towers.[43] This axis is not exactly aligned north–south, but is tilted by slightly more than two degrees. Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in the Yuan dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu, the other capital of their empire.[44]

Walls and gates

 
The Meridian Gate, front entrance to the Forbidden City, with two protruding wings
 
Close-up on the left protruding wing of the Meridian Gate
 
Northwest corner tower and moat

The Forbidden City is surrounded by a 7.9 m (26 ft) high city wall[23] and a 6 m (20 ft) deep by 52 m (171 ft) wide moat. The walls are 8.62 m (28.3 ft) wide at the base, tapering to 6.66 m (21.9 ft) at the top.[45] These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace. They were constructed with a rammed earth core, and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides, with the interstices filled with mortar.[46]

At the four corners of the wall sit towers (E) with intricate roofs boasting 72 ridges, reproducing the Pavilion of Prince Teng and the Yellow Crane Pavilion as they appeared in Song dynasty paintings.[46] These towers are the most visible parts of the palace to commoners outside the walls, and much folklore is attached to them. According to one legend, artisans could not put a corner tower back together after it was dismantled for renovations in the early Qing dynasty, and it was only rebuilt after the intervention of carpenter-immortal Lu Ban.[23]

The wall is pierced by a gate on each side. At the southern end is the main Meridian Gate (A).[47] To the north is the Gate of Divine Might (B), which faces Jingshan Park. The east and west gates are called the "East Glorious Gate" (D) and "West Glorious Gate" (C). All gates in the Forbidden City are decorated with a nine-by-nine array of golden door nails, except for the East Glorious Gate, which has only eight rows.[48]

The Meridian Gate has two protruding wings forming three sides of a square (Wumen, or Meridian Gate, Square) before it.[49] The gate has five gateways. The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way, a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself, and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north. Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way, except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding, and successful students after the Imperial Examination.[48]

Outer Court or the Southern Section

 
The Golden Water River, an artificial stream that runs through the Forbidden City.
 
The vertical inscribed board on the Hall of Supreme Harmony
 
View of the Forbidden City from Jingshan Imperial Park
 
Gate of Manifest Virtue
 
The caisson of the Hall of Union
 
A close-up view of the tower to the right of the Gate of Supreme Harmony
 
A symbolic cistern in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony.

Traditionally, the Forbidden City which is divided into two parts: the Outer Court (外朝) or Front Court (前朝) to the south, which was used for ceremonial purposes; and the Inner Court (内廷) or Back Palace (后宫) to the north, which was the residence of the Emperor and his family and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. (The approximate dividing line shown as red dash in the plan above.) Generally, the Forbidden City has three vertical axes. The most important buildings are situated on the central north–south axis.[48]

Entering from the Meridian Gate, one encounters a large square, pierced by the meandering Inner Golden Water River, which is crossed by five bridges. Beyond the square stands the Gate of Supreme Harmony (F). Behind that is the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square.[50] A three-tiered white marble terrace rises from this square. Three halls stand on top of this terrace, the focus of the palace complex. From the south, these are the Hall of Supreme Harmony (太和殿), the Hall of Central Harmony (中和殿), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony (保和殿).[51]

The Hall of Supreme Harmony (G) is the largest, and rises some 30 m (98 ft) above the level of the surrounding square. It is the ceremonial centre of imperial power, and the largest surviving wooden structure in China. It is nine bays wide and five bays deep, the numbers 9 and 5 being symbolically connected to the majesty of the Emperor.[52] Set into the ceiling at the centre of the hall is an intricate caisson decorated with a coiled dragon, from the mouth of which issues a chandelier-like set of metal balls, called the "Xuanyuan Mirror".[53] In the Ming dynasty, the Emperor held court here to discuss affairs of state. During the Qing dynasty, as Emperors held court far more frequently, a less ceremonious location was used instead, and the Hall of Supreme Harmony was only used for ceremonial purposes, such as coronations, investitures, and imperial weddings.[54]

The Hall of Central Harmony is a smaller, square hall, used by the Emperor to prepare and rest before and during ceremonies.[55] Behind it, the Hall of Preserving Harmony, was used for rehearsing ceremonies, and was also the site of the final stage of the Imperial examination.[56] All three halls feature imperial thrones, the largest and most elaborate one being that in the Hall of Supreme Harmony.[57]

At the centre of the ramps leading up to the terraces from the northern and southern sides are ceremonial ramps, part of the Imperial Way, featuring elaborate and symbolic bas-relief carvings. The northern ramp, behind the Hall of Preserving Harmony, is carved from a single piece of stone 16.57 m (54.4 ft) long, 3.07 m (10.1 ft) wide, and 1.7 m (5.6 ft) thick. It weighs some 200 tonnes and is the largest such carving in China.[18] The southern ramp, in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, is even longer, but is made from two stone slabs joined – the joint was ingeniously hidden using overlapping bas-relief carvings, and was only discovered when weathering widened the gap in the 20th century.[58] The stone slabs were likely transported from a quarry via ice sledge along an ice path lubricated by well water en route.[59]

In the south west and south east of the Outer Court are the halls of Military Eminence (H) and Literary Glory (J). The former was used at various times for the Emperor to receive ministers and hold court, and later housed the Palace's own printing house. The latter was used for ceremonial lectures by highly regarded Confucian scholars, and later became the office of the Grand Secretariat. A copy of the Siku Quanshu was stored there. To the north-east are the Southern Three Places (南三所) (K), which was the residence of the Crown Prince.[50]

Inner Court or the Northern Section

The Inner Court is separated from the Outer Court by an oblong courtyard lying orthogonal to the city's main axis. It was the home of the Emperor and his family. In the Qing dynasty, the Emperor lived and worked almost exclusively in the Inner Court, with the Outer Court used only for ceremonial purposes.[60]

Back Three Palaces

At the centre of the Inner Court is another set of three halls (L). From the south, these are:

Smaller than the Outer Court halls, the three halls of the Inner Court were the official residences of the Emperor and the Empress. The Emperor, representing Yang and the Heavens, would occupy the Palace of Heavenly Purity. The Empress, representing Yin and the Earth, would occupy the Palace of Earthly Tranquility. In between them was the Hall of Union, where the Yin and Yang mixed to produce harmony.[61]

 
The throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity
 
The Nine Dragons Screen in front of the Palace of Tranquil Longevity
 
The Imperial Garden

The Palace of Heavenly Purity is a double-eaved building, and set on a single-level white marble platform. It is connected to the Gate of Heavenly Purity to its south by a raised walkway. In the Ming dynasty, it was the residence of the Emperor. However, beginning from the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty, the Emperor lived instead at the smaller Hall of Mental Cultivation (N) to the west, out of respect to the memory of the Kangxi Emperor.[23] The Palace of Heavenly Purity then became the Emperor's audience hall.[62] A caisson is set into the roof, featuring a coiled dragon. Above the throne hangs a tablet reading "Justice and Honour" (Chinese: 正大光明; pinyin: zhèngdàguāngmíng).[63]

The Palace of Earthly Tranquility (坤寧宮) is a double-eaved building, 9 bays wide and 3 bays deep. In the Ming dynasty, it was the residence of the Empress. In the Qing dynasty, large portions of the Palace were converted for Shamanist worship by the new Manchu rulers. From the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, the Empress moved out of the Palace. However, two rooms in the Palace of Earthly Harmony were retained for use on the Emperor's wedding night.[64]

Between these two palaces is the Hall of Union, which is square in shape with a pyramidal roof. Stored here are the 25 Imperial Seals of the Qing dynasty, as well as other ceremonial items.[65]

Behind these three halls lies the Imperial Garden (M). Relatively small, and compact in design, the garden nevertheless contains several elaborate landscaping features.[66] To the north of the garden is the Gate of Divine Might.

Directly to the west is the Hall of Mental Cultivation (N). Originally a minor palace, this became the de facto residence and office of the Emperor starting from Yongzheng. In the last decades of the Qing dynasty, empresses dowager, including Cixi, held court from the eastern partition of the hall. Located around the Hall of Mental Cultivation are the offices of the Grand Council and other key government bodies.[67]

The north-eastern section of the Inner Court is taken up by the Palace of Tranquil Longevity (寧壽宮) (O), a complex built by the Qianlong Emperor in anticipation of his retirement. It mirrors the set-up of the Forbidden City proper and features an "outer court", an "inner court", and gardens and temples. The entrance to the Palace of Tranquil Longevity is marked by a glazed-tile Nine Dragons Screen.[68]

Six Western and Six Eastern Palaces

To the west and to the east of the three main halls of the Inner Court are the Western Palaces (Xiliugong) and the Eastern Palaces (Dongliugong). These palaces were the residences of the imperial consorts. Six Palaces lay to the West and six to the East of the three main halls, hence the name. The architecture of the 12 Palaces, connected by passageways, is more or less the same. The Western and Eastern Palaces each have a layout of three palaces on either side of an alley that runs from north to south. Every Palace has its own courtyards, main halls, and side-halls. The main halls stand in the middle and the side-halls are in the east and west. The front courtyard and its main hall was used for receptions, while the back courtyard and its main hall served as living quarters.

A consort with the rank of Concubine and above was given a residence in the main sections of a Palace and was the manager of that Palace, an honor in itself. Lower ranking consorts (Noble Ladies and below) lived in the side-hall of the Palaces and were supervised by the higher ranking consort. The 12 Palaces were the place where many of the Qing emperors were born and grew up, and they formed the daily life of the imperial family.[69][70] During the late Qing era, Empress Dowager Cixi resided in one of the Western Palaces and became known as the "Western empress". Her co-regent Empress Dowager Ci'an lived in one of the Eastern Palaces and was thus known as the "Eastern empress".

The name of the Palaces were:

Western Six Palaces

Eastern Six Palaces

  • Palace of Great Benevolence (景仁宫)
  • Palace of Heavenly Grace (承乾宫)
  • Palace of Accumulated Purity (锺粹宫)
  • Palace of Prolonged Happiness (延禧宫)
  • Palace of Great Brilliance (景阳宫)
  • Palace of Eternal Harmony (永和宫)

Cining Palace and Shoukang Palace

To the west of the Hall of Mental Cultivation (N) in the western area of the Inner Court is Cining Palace (Palace of Compassion and Tranquility) and Shoukang Palace (Palace of Longevity and Good Health). The palaces were the residences of widowed consorts of previous emperors. In accordance with feudal manners, emperors should not live with the wives of late emperors, so they lived in this separate area of the Inner Court. The Cining palace is bigger and older than Shoukang Palace which is located to the west of Cining Palace. To the south of Cining Palace is Cining garden.[71]

Religion

 
Swastika and Longevity pattern. Similar designs can be found throughout the Imperial City.

Religion was an important part of life for the imperial court. In the Qing dynasty, the Palace of Earthly Harmony became a place of Manchu Shamanist ceremony. At the same time, the native Chinese Taoist religion continued to have an important role throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties. There were two Taoist shrines, one in the imperial garden and another in the central area of the Inner Court.[72]

Another prevalent form of religion in the Qing dynasty palace was Buddhism. A number of temples and shrines were scattered throughout the Inner Court, including that of Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaism. Buddhist iconography also proliferated in the interior decorations of many buildings.[73] Of these, the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers is one of the most important. It housed a large number of Buddhist statues, icons, and mandalas, placed in ritualistic arrangements.[74]

Surroundings

See also: Imperial City (Beijing)
 
Location of the Forbidden City in the historic center of Beijing

The Forbidden City is surrounded on three sides by imperial gardens. To the north is Jingshan Park, also known as Prospect Hill, an artificial hill created from the soil excavated to build the moat and from nearby lakes.[75]

To the west lies Zhongnanhai, a former royal garden centred on two connected lakes, which now serves as the central headquarters for the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council of the People's Republic of China. To the north-west lies Beihai Park, also centred on a lake connected to the southern two, and a popular royal park.

To the south of the Forbidden City were two important shrines – the Imperial Shrine of Family or the Imperial Ancestral Temple (Chinese: 太廟; pinyin: Tàimiào) and the Imperial Shrine of State or Beijing Shejitan (Chinese: 社稷壇; pinyin: Shèjìtán), where the Emperor would venerate the spirits of his ancestors and the spirit of the nation, respectively. Today, these are the Beijing Labouring People's Cultural Hall[76] and Zhongshan Park (commemorating Sun Yat-sen) respectively.[77]

To the south, two nearly identical gatehouses stand along the main axis. They are the Upright Gate (Chinese: 端门; pinyin: Duānmén) and the more famous Tiananmen Gate, which is decorated with a portrait of Mao Zedong in the centre and two placards to the left and right: "Long Live the People's Republic of China" (Chinese: 中华人民共和国万岁; pinyin: zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó wànsuì) and "Long live the Great Unity of the World's Peoples" (Chinese: 世界人民大团结万岁; pinyin: shìjiè rénmín dàtuánjié wànsuì). The Tiananmen Gate connects the Forbidden City precinct with the modern, symbolic centre of the Chinese state, Tiananmen Square.

While development is now tightly controlled in the vicinity of the Forbidden City, throughout the past century uncontrolled and sometimes politically motivated demolition and reconstruction has changed the character of the areas surrounding the Forbidden City. Since 2000, the Beijing municipal government has worked to evict governmental and military institutions occupying some historical buildings, and has established a park around the remaining parts of the Imperial City wall. In 2004, an ordinance relating to building height and planning restriction was renewed to establish the Imperial City area and the northern city area as a buffer zone for the Forbidden City.[78] In 2005, the Imperial City and Beihai (as an extension item to the Summer Palace) were included in the shortlist for the next World Heritage Site in Beijing.[79]

Architecture

Symbolism

 
Imperial Palace color of the highest status on the roof ridge of the Hall of Supreme Harmony

The design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout to the smallest detail, was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles, and above all to symbolize the majesty of Imperial power. Some noted examples of symbolic designs include:

  • Yellow is the color of the Emperor. Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles. There are only two exceptions. The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity (文渊阁) had black tiles because black was associated with water, and thus fire-prevention. Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood, and thus growth.[52]
  • The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three – the shape of the Qian triagram, representing Heaven. The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six – the shape of the Kun triagram, representing the Earth.[23]
  • The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon. The number of statuettes represents the status of the building – a minor building might have three or five. The Hall of Supreme Harmony has ten, the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times. As a result, its tenth statuette, called a "Hangshi", or "ranked tenth" (Chinese: 行十; pinyin: Hángshí),[65] is also unique in the Forbidden City.[80]
  • The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the Classic of Rites. Thus, ancestral temples[81] are in front of the palace. Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex, and residences in the back.[82]

Collections

Main article: Palace Museum
 
Palace Museum exhibits on display in the corridor connecting the Hall of Literary Glory and the Hall of Main Respect
 
Two Qing dynasty "blue porcelain" wares
 
A blue and white porcelain vase with cloud and dragon designs, marked with the word "Longevity" (寿), Jiajing period of Ming dynasty
 
Painting of Empress Xiaojiesu (1508–1528), first empress to the Jiajing Emperor

The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1,862,690 pieces of art. In addition, the imperial libraries housed a large collection of rare books and historical documents, including government documents of the Ming and Qing dynasties, which has since been transferred to the First Historical Archives.[83]

From 1933, the threat of Japanese invasion forced the evacuation of the most important parts of the Museum's collection. After the end of World War II, this collection was returned to Nanjing. However, with the Communists' victory imminent in the Chinese Civil War, the Nationalist government decided to ship the pick of this collection to Taiwan. Of the 13,491 boxes of evacuated artefacts, 2,972 boxes are now housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. More than 8,000 boxes were returned to Beijing, but 2,221 boxes remain today in storage under the charge of the Nanjing Museum.[32]

The Palace Museum holds 340,000 pieces of ceramics and porcelain. These include imperial collections from the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. It has close to 50,000 paintings, within which more than 400 date from before the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), which is the largest in China.[84] Its bronze collection dates from the early Shang dynasty. Of the almost 10,000 pieces held, about 1,600 are inscribed items from the pre-Qin period (to 221 BC). A significant part of the collection is ceremonial bronzeware from the imperial court.[85] The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces. The collection contains both Chinese- and foreign-made pieces. Chinese pieces came from the palace's own workshops. Foreign pieces came from countries including Britain, France, Switzerland, the United States and Japan. Of these, the largest portion come from Britain.[86]Jade has a unique place in Chinese culture.[87] The Museum's collection includes some 30,000 pieces. The pre-Yuan dynasty part of the collection includes several pieces famed throughout history. The earliest pieces date from the Neolithic period.[88] In addition to works of art, a large proportion of the Museum's collection consists of the artifacts of the imperial court. This includes items used by the imperial family and the palace in daily life. This comprehensive collection preserves the daily life and ceremonial protocols of the imperial era.[89]

  •  

    In the East Glorious Gate

  •  

    In the West Wing of the Meridian Gate

Influence

 
Glazed building decoration
 
A gilded lion in front of the Hall of Mental Cultivation.

The Forbidden City has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works.

Depiction in art, film, literature and popular culture

The Forbidden City has served as the scene to many works of fiction. In recent years, it has been depicted in films and television series. Some notable examples include:

  • The Forbidden City (1918), a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American.
  • The Last Emperor (1987), a biographical film about Puyi, was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City.
  • Forbidden City Cop (1996) a Hong Kong wuxia comedy film about an imperial secret agent
  • Marco Polo, a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s, was filmed inside the Forbidden City. Note, however, that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty, when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan.
  • The 2003 real-time strategy game Rise of Nations depicts the Forbidden City as one of the great wonders of the world; in terms of game mechanics, it functions identically to a major city and provides additional resources to the player.
  • The Forbidden City is a buildable Wonder in many different titles of the Civilization series of video games.

See also

References

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  16. ^ "Gùgōng" in a generic sense also refers to all former palaces, another prominent example being the former Imperial Palaces (Mukden Palace) in Shenyang; see Gugong (disambiguation).
  17. ^ p. 18, Yu, Zhuoyun (1984). Palaces of the Forbidden City. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-53721-7.
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  35. ^ The Forbidden City was listed as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine" (Official Document). In 2004, Mukden Palace in Shenyang was added as an extension item to the property, which then became known as "Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang": "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang". from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
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  39. ^ As larger buildings in traditional Chinese architecture are easily and regularly sub-divided into different configurations, the number of rooms in the Forbidden City is traditionally counted in terms of "bays" of rooms, with each bay being the space defined by four structural pillars.
  40. ^ Liu, Peng; Lan, Lan (July 2021). "Bodily Changes: Castration as Cultural and Social Practice in the Space of the Forbidden City". SAGE Open. 11 (3): 215824402110407. doi:10.1177/21582440211040772. ISSN 2158-2440. S2CID 238145832.
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  46. ^ a b p. 32, Yu (1984)
  47. ^ Technically, Tiananmen Gate is not part of the Forbidden City; it is a gate of the Imperial City.
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Further reading

  • Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (1964). From Emperor to citizen : the autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 0-19-282099-0.
  • Huang, Ray (1981). 1587, A Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02518-1.
  • Yang, Xiagui (2003). The Invisible Palace. Li, Shaobai (photography); Chen, Huang (translation). Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 7-119-03432-4.
  • Yu, Zhuoyun (1984). Palaces of the Forbidden City. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-53721-7.
  • Barmé, Geremie R (2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press. 251 pages. ISBN 978-0-674-02779-4.
  • Cotterell, Arthur (2007). The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. London: Pimlico. 304 pages. ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5.
  • Ho; Bronson (2004). Splendors of China's Forbidden City. London: Merrell Publishers. ISBN 1-85894-258-6.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forbidden City.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Forbidden City.
  • Palace Museum official site (Digital Palace Museum)
  • Satellite photograph of the Forbidden City
  • Nova: Secrets of the Forbidden City
  •   Geographic data related to Forbidden City at OpenStreetMap

February 05, 2023
forbidden, city, other, uses, disambiguation, gugong, redirects, here, other, uses, gugong, disambiguation, chinese, 紫禁城, pinyin, zǐjìnchéng, palace, complex, dongcheng, district, beijing, china, center, imperial, city, beijing, surrounded, numerous, opulent, . For other uses see Forbidden City disambiguation Gugong redirects here For other uses see Gugong disambiguation The Forbidden City Chinese 紫禁城 pinyin Zǐjincheng is a palace complex in Dongcheng District Beijing China at the center of the Imperial City of Beijing It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the 22 ha 54 acre Zhongshan Park the sacrificial Imperial Ancestral Temple the 69 ha 171 acre Beihai Park and the 23 ha 57 acre Jingshan Park 2 It is officially administered by the Palace Museum Forbidden City紫禁城The Forbidden City viewed from Jingshan HillLocation within BeijingShow map of BeijingForbidden City China Show map of ChinaEstablished1406 14201925 as public museum Location4 Jingshan Front St Dongcheng Beijing ChinaCoordinates39 54 57 N 116 23 27 E 39 91583 N 116 39083 E 39 91583 116 39083 Coordinates 39 54 57 N 116 23 27 E 39 91583 N 116 39083 E 39 91583 116 39083TypeArt museum Imperial palace Historic siteVisitors16 7 million 1 CuratorWang XudongArea72 hectaresBuilt1406 1420 Ming dynasty ArchitectKuai XiangArchitectural style s Chinese architectureWebsiteen wbr dpm wbr org wbr cn English www wbr dpm wbr org wbr cn Chinese UNESCO World Heritage SitePart ofImperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and ShenyangCriteriaCultural i ii iii ivReference439 001Inscription1987 11th Session Forbidden City Forbidden City in Chinese charactersChinese nameLiteral meaning Purple North Star Forbidden City TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZǐjinchengIPA tsɨ tɕi n ʈʂʰe ŋ Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationJi gam sihngJyutpingZi2 gam3 sing4IPA tsi ː kɐ m se ŋ Southern MinHokkien POJChi kim siaⁿTai loTsi kim siannManchu nameManchu scriptᡩᠠᠪᡴᡡᡵᡳᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨRomanizationdabkuri dorgi hoton Former inner city The Forbidden City was constructed from 1406 to 1420 and was the former Chinese imperial palace and winter residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty since the Yongle Emperor to the end of the Qing dynasty between 1420 and 1924 The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government for over 500 years Since 1925 the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 3 The complex consists of 980 buildings 4 encompassing 8 886 rooms and covering 720 000 m2 72 ha 178 acres 5 6 The palace exemplifies the opulence of the residences of the Chinese emperor and the traditional Chinese palatial architecture 3 and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere It is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world Since 2012 the Forbidden City has seen an average of 14 million visitors annually and received more than 19 million visitors in 2019 7 In 2018 the Forbidden City s market value was estimated at 70 billion USD making it both the world s most valuable palace and the most valuable piece of real estate anywhere in the world 8 Some sources describe it as the largest palace in the world still in existence 9 10 11 but other Chinese imperial residences far exceed it in size namely the 6 1 km2 610 ha Zhongnanhai which lies just west of the Forbidden City the 2 9 km2 290 ha Summer Palace in Haidian District Beijing and the 5 6 km2 560 ha Chengde Mountain Resort in Chengde Hebei Province 12 The Forbidden City in Beijing is one of the largest and most well preserved wooden structures in the world It was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics in 1961 13 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Structure 3 1 Walls and gates 3 2 Outer Court or the Southern Section 3 3 Inner Court or the Northern Section 3 3 1 Back Three Palaces 3 3 2 Six Western and Six Eastern Palaces 3 3 3 Cining Palace and Shoukang Palace 3 4 Religion 3 5 Surroundings 4 Architecture 4 1 Symbolism 5 Collections 6 Influence 6 1 Depiction in art film literature and popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEtymology EditThe common English name Forbidden City is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng Chinese 紫禁城 pinyin Zǐjincheng lit Purple Forbidden City The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in 1576 14 Another English name of similar origin is Forbidden Palace 15 The name Zijin Cheng is a name with significance on many levels Zi or Purple refers to the North Star which in ancient China was called the Ziwei Star and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor The surrounding celestial region the Ziwei Enclosure Chinese 紫微垣 pinyin Zǐweiyuan was the realm of the Celestial Emperor and his family The Forbidden City as the residence of the terrestrial emperor was its earthly counterpart Jin means the place where the Celestial Emperor lives not forbidden verification needed Cheng means a city Today the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gugōng 故宫 which means the Former Palace 16 The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the Palace Museum Chinese 故宫博物院 pinyin Gugōng Bowuyuan In Ming and Qing the Forbidden City was also known as Da Nei 大内 or Palace City 宫城 History EditMain article History of the Forbidden City The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting A depiction of the Forbidden City from the German magazine Die Gartenlaube 1853 Aerial view of the Forbidden City 1900 1901 When Hongwu Emperor s son Zhu Di became the Yongle Emperor he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City 17 Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers 18 Material used include whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood Chinese 楠木 pinyin nanmu found in the jungles of south western China and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing 19 The floors of major halls were paved with golden bricks Chinese 金磚 pinyin jinzhuan specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou 18 From 1420 to 1644 the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty In April 1644 it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun dynasty 20 He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process 21 By October the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty 22 The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings to emphasise Harmony rather than Supremacy 23 made the name plates bilingual Chinese and Manchu 24 and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace 25 In 1860 during the Second Opium War Anglo French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war 26 In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year 26 After being the home of 24 emperors 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi the last Emperor of China Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government Puyi remained in the Inner Court while the Outer Court was given over to public use 27 until he was evicted after a coup in 1924 28 The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925 29 In 1933 the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City 30 Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II 31 but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai shek whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965 when it again became public as the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei 32 After the establishment of the People s Republic of China in 1949 some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal 33 During the Cultural Revolution however further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city 34 The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 35 due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture It is currently administered by the Palace Museum In the early 21st century the Palace Museum carried out a sixteen year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre 1912 state with the goal that 76 of the palace would be open to the public by 2020 36 As a result of that project the Shoukang Palace was officially opened to the public in 2013 after initially being displayed in its original state A sculpture museum was opened in the Cining Palace in 2015 Also opened in 2015 were the precincts around Cining Palace the Yanyin Building and the East Glorious Donghua Gate 37 Structure Edit The Gate of Divine Might Shenwumen the northern gate Plan of the Forbidden City Labels in red are used to refer to locations throughout the article Approximate dividing line between Inner north and Outer south Courts A Meridian Gate B Gate of Divine Might C West Glorious Gate D East Glorious Gate E Corner towers F Gate of Supreme Harmony G Hall of Supreme Harmony H Hall of Military Eminence J Hall of Literary Glory K Southern Three Places L Palace of Heavenly Purity M Imperial garden N Hall of Mental Cultivation O Palace of Tranquil Longevity The Forbidden City is a rectangle measuring 961 m 3 153 ft from north to south and 753 m 2 470 ft from east to west 5 6 It consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8 886 bays of rooms 38 39 The layout of the Forbidden City activated and protected the imperial code of ethics as a physical installation The courtyard was built on a massive luxurious scale but it has the appearance of an ordinary quadrangle courtyard 40 A common myth states that there are 9999 rooms including antechambers 41 based on oral tradition and it is not supported by survey evidence 42 The Forbidden City was designed to be the centre of the ancient walled city of Beijing It is enclosed in a larger walled area called the Imperial City The Imperial City is in turn enclosed by the Inner City to its south lies the Outer City The Forbidden City remains important in the civic scheme of Beijing The central north south axis remains the central axis of Beijing This axis extends to the south through Tiananmen gate to Tiananmen Square the ceremonial centre of the People s Republic of China and on to Yongdingmen To the north it extends through Jingshan Hill to the Bell and Drum Towers 43 This axis is not exactly aligned north south but is tilted by slightly more than two degrees Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in the Yuan dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu the other capital of their empire 44 Walls and gates Edit The Meridian Gate front entrance to the Forbidden City with two protruding wings Close up on the left protruding wing of the Meridian Gate Northwest corner tower and moat The Forbidden City is surrounded by a 7 9 m 26 ft high city wall 23 and a 6 m 20 ft deep by 52 m 171 ft wide moat The walls are 8 62 m 28 3 ft wide at the base tapering to 6 66 m 21 9 ft at the top 45 These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace They were constructed with a rammed earth core and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides with the interstices filled with mortar 46 At the four corners of the wall sit towers E with intricate roofs boasting 72 ridges reproducing the Pavilion of Prince Teng and the Yellow Crane Pavilion as they appeared in Song dynasty paintings 46 These towers are the most visible parts of the palace to commoners outside the walls and much folklore is attached to them According to one legend artisans could not put a corner tower back together after it was dismantled for renovations in the early Qing dynasty and it was only rebuilt after the intervention of carpenter immortal Lu Ban 23 The wall is pierced by a gate on each side At the southern end is the main Meridian Gate A 47 To the north is the Gate of Divine Might B which faces Jingshan Park The east and west gates are called the East Glorious Gate D and West Glorious Gate C All gates in the Forbidden City are decorated with a nine by nine array of golden door nails except for the East Glorious Gate which has only eight rows 48 The Meridian Gate has two protruding wings forming three sides of a square Wumen or Meridian Gate Square before it 49 The gate has five gateways The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding and successful students after the Imperial Examination 48 Outer Court or the Southern Section Edit The Golden Water River an artificial stream that runs through the Forbidden City Hall of Supreme Harmony The vertical inscribed board on the Hall of Supreme Harmony View of the Forbidden City from Jingshan Imperial Park Gate of Manifest Virtue The caisson of the Hall of Union A close up view of the tower to the right of the Gate of Supreme Harmony A symbolic cistern in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony Traditionally the Forbidden City which is divided into two parts the Outer Court 外朝 or Front Court 前朝 to the south which was used for ceremonial purposes and the Inner Court 内廷 or Back Palace 后宫 to the north which was the residence of the Emperor and his family and was used for day to day affairs of state The approximate dividing line shown as red dash in the plan above Generally the Forbidden City has three vertical axes The most important buildings are situated on the central north south axis 48 Entering from the Meridian Gate one encounters a large square pierced by the meandering Inner Golden Water River which is crossed by five bridges Beyond the square stands the Gate of Supreme Harmony F Behind that is the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square 50 A three tiered white marble terrace rises from this square Three halls stand on top of this terrace the focus of the palace complex From the south these are the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿 the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿 and the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿 51 The Hall of Supreme Harmony G is the largest and rises some 30 m 98 ft above the level of the surrounding square It is the ceremonial centre of imperial power and the largest surviving wooden structure in China It is nine bays wide and five bays deep the numbers 9 and 5 being symbolically connected to the majesty of the Emperor 52 Set into the ceiling at the centre of the hall is an intricate caisson decorated with a coiled dragon from the mouth of which issues a chandelier like set of metal balls called the Xuanyuan Mirror 53 In the Ming dynasty the Emperor held court here to discuss affairs of state During the Qing dynasty as Emperors held court far more frequently a less ceremonious location was used instead and the Hall of Supreme Harmony was only used for ceremonial purposes such as coronations investitures and imperial weddings 54 The Hall of Central Harmony is a smaller square hall used by the Emperor to prepare and rest before and during ceremonies 55 Behind it the Hall of Preserving Harmony was used for rehearsing ceremonies and was also the site of the final stage of the Imperial examination 56 All three halls feature imperial thrones the largest and most elaborate one being that in the Hall of Supreme Harmony 57 At the centre of the ramps leading up to the terraces from the northern and southern sides are ceremonial ramps part of the Imperial Way featuring elaborate and symbolic bas relief carvings The northern ramp behind the Hall of Preserving Harmony is carved from a single piece of stone 16 57 m 54 4 ft long 3 07 m 10 1 ft wide and 1 7 m 5 6 ft thick It weighs some 200 tonnes and is the largest such carving in China 18 The southern ramp in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is even longer but is made from two stone slabs joined the joint was ingeniously hidden using overlapping bas relief carvings and was only discovered when weathering widened the gap in the 20th century 58 The stone slabs were likely transported from a quarry via ice sledge along an ice path lubricated by well water en route 59 In the south west and south east of the Outer Court are the halls of Military Eminence H and Literary Glory J The former was used at various times for the Emperor to receive ministers and hold court and later housed the Palace s own printing house The latter was used for ceremonial lectures by highly regarded Confucian scholars and later became the office of the Grand Secretariat A copy of the Siku Quanshu was stored there To the north east are the Southern Three Places 南三所 K which was the residence of the Crown Prince 50 Inner Court or the Northern Section Edit The Inner Court is separated from the Outer Court by an oblong courtyard lying orthogonal to the city s main axis It was the home of the Emperor and his family In the Qing dynasty the Emperor lived and worked almost exclusively in the Inner Court with the Outer Court used only for ceremonial purposes 60 Back Three Palaces Edit At the centre of the Inner Court is another set of three halls L From the south these are Palace of Heavenly Purity 乾清宮 Hall of Union Palace of Earthly TranquilitySmaller than the Outer Court halls the three halls of the Inner Court were the official residences of the Emperor and the Empress The Emperor representing Yang and the Heavens would occupy the Palace of Heavenly Purity The Empress representing Yin and the Earth would occupy the Palace of Earthly Tranquility In between them was the Hall of Union where the Yin and Yang mixed to produce harmony 61 The throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity The Nine Dragons Screen in front of the Palace of Tranquil Longevity The Imperial Garden The Palace of Heavenly Purity is a double eaved building and set on a single level white marble platform It is connected to the Gate of Heavenly Purity to its south by a raised walkway In the Ming dynasty it was the residence of the Emperor However beginning from the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty the Emperor lived instead at the smaller Hall of Mental Cultivation N to the west out of respect to the memory of the Kangxi Emperor 23 The Palace of Heavenly Purity then became the Emperor s audience hall 62 A caisson is set into the roof featuring a coiled dragon Above the throne hangs a tablet reading Justice and Honour Chinese 正大光明 pinyin zhengdaguangming 63 The Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤寧宮 is a double eaved building 9 bays wide and 3 bays deep In the Ming dynasty it was the residence of the Empress In the Qing dynasty large portions of the Palace were converted for Shamanist worship by the new Manchu rulers From the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor the Empress moved out of the Palace However two rooms in the Palace of Earthly Harmony were retained for use on the Emperor s wedding night 64 Between these two palaces is the Hall of Union which is square in shape with a pyramidal roof Stored here are the 25 Imperial Seals of the Qing dynasty as well as other ceremonial items 65 Behind these three halls lies the Imperial Garden M Relatively small and compact in design the garden nevertheless contains several elaborate landscaping features 66 To the north of the garden is the Gate of Divine Might Directly to the west is the Hall of Mental Cultivation N Originally a minor palace this became the de facto residence and office of the Emperor starting from Yongzheng In the last decades of the Qing dynasty empresses dowager including Cixi held court from the eastern partition of the hall Located around the Hall of Mental Cultivation are the offices of the Grand Council and other key government bodies 67 The north eastern section of the Inner Court is taken up by the Palace of Tranquil Longevity 寧壽宮 O a complex built by the Qianlong Emperor in anticipation of his retirement It mirrors the set up of the Forbidden City proper and features an outer court an inner court and gardens and temples The entrance to the Palace of Tranquil Longevity is marked by a glazed tile Nine Dragons Screen 68 Six Western and Six Eastern Palaces Edit To the west and to the east of the three main halls of the Inner Court are the Western Palaces Xiliugong and the Eastern Palaces Dongliugong These palaces were the residences of the imperial consorts Six Palaces lay to the West and six to the East of the three main halls hence the name The architecture of the 12 Palaces connected by passageways is more or less the same The Western and Eastern Palaces each have a layout of three palaces on either side of an alley that runs from north to south Every Palace has its own courtyards main halls and side halls The main halls stand in the middle and the side halls are in the east and west The front courtyard and its main hall was used for receptions while the back courtyard and its main hall served as living quarters A consort with the rank of Concubine and above was given a residence in the main sections of a Palace and was the manager of that Palace an honor in itself Lower ranking consorts Noble Ladies and below lived in the side hall of the Palaces and were supervised by the higher ranking consort The 12 Palaces were the place where many of the Qing emperors were born and grew up and they formed the daily life of the imperial family 69 70 During the late Qing era Empress Dowager Cixi resided in one of the Western Palaces and became known as the Western empress Her co regent Empress Dowager Ci an lived in one of the Eastern Palaces and was thus known as the Eastern empress The name of the Palaces were Western Six Palaces Palace of Eternal Longevity 永寿宫 Hall of the Supreme Principle 太极殿 Palace of Eternal Spring 长春宫 Palace of Earthly Honour 翊坤宫 Palace of Gathering Elegance 储秀宫 Palace of Universal Happiness 咸福宫 Eastern Six Palaces Palace of Great Benevolence 景仁宫 Palace of Heavenly Grace 承乾宫 Palace of Accumulated Purity 锺粹宫 Palace of Prolonged Happiness 延禧宫 Palace of Great Brilliance 景阳宫 Palace of Eternal Harmony 永和宫 Cining Palace and Shoukang Palace Edit To the west of the Hall of Mental Cultivation N in the western area of the Inner Court is Cining Palace Palace of Compassion and Tranquility and Shoukang Palace Palace of Longevity and Good Health The palaces were the residences of widowed consorts of previous emperors In accordance with feudal manners emperors should not live with the wives of late emperors so they lived in this separate area of the Inner Court The Cining palace is bigger and older than Shoukang Palace which is located to the west of Cining Palace To the south of Cining Palace is Cining garden 71 Religion Edit Swastika and Longevity pattern Similar designs can be found throughout the Imperial City Religion was an important part of life for the imperial court In the Qing dynasty the Palace of Earthly Harmony became a place of Manchu Shamanist ceremony At the same time the native Chinese Taoist religion continued to have an important role throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties There were two Taoist shrines one in the imperial garden and another in the central area of the Inner Court 72 Another prevalent form of religion in the Qing dynasty palace was Buddhism A number of temples and shrines were scattered throughout the Inner Court including that of Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaism Buddhist iconography also proliferated in the interior decorations of many buildings 73 Of these the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers is one of the most important It housed a large number of Buddhist statues icons and mandalas placed in ritualistic arrangements 74 Surroundings Edit See also Imperial City Beijing Location of the Forbidden City in the historic center of Beijing The Forbidden City is surrounded on three sides by imperial gardens To the north is Jingshan Park also known as Prospect Hill an artificial hill created from the soil excavated to build the moat and from nearby lakes 75 To the west lies Zhongnanhai a former royal garden centred on two connected lakes which now serves as the central headquarters for the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council of the People s Republic of China To the north west lies Beihai Park also centred on a lake connected to the southern two and a popular royal park To the south of the Forbidden City were two important shrines the Imperial Shrine of Family or the Imperial Ancestral Temple Chinese 太廟 pinyin Taimiao and the Imperial Shrine of State or Beijing Shejitan Chinese 社稷壇 pinyin Shejitan where the Emperor would venerate the spirits of his ancestors and the spirit of the nation respectively Today these are the Beijing Labouring People s Cultural Hall 76 and Zhongshan Park commemorating Sun Yat sen respectively 77 To the south two nearly identical gatehouses stand along the main axis They are the Upright Gate Chinese 端门 pinyin Duanmen and the more famous Tiananmen Gate which is decorated with a portrait of Mao Zedong in the centre and two placards to the left and right Long Live the People s Republic of China Chinese 中华人民共和国万岁 pinyin zhōnghua renmin gongheguo wansui and Long live the Great Unity of the World s Peoples Chinese 世界人民大团结万岁 pinyin shijie renmin datuanjie wansui The Tiananmen Gate connects the Forbidden City precinct with the modern symbolic centre of the Chinese state Tiananmen Square While development is now tightly controlled in the vicinity of the Forbidden City throughout the past century uncontrolled and sometimes politically motivated demolition and reconstruction has changed the character of the areas surrounding the Forbidden City Since 2000 the Beijing municipal government has worked to evict governmental and military institutions occupying some historical buildings and has established a park around the remaining parts of the Imperial City wall In 2004 an ordinance relating to building height and planning restriction was renewed to establish the Imperial City area and the northern city area as a buffer zone for the Forbidden City 78 In 2005 the Imperial City and Beihai as an extension item to the Summer Palace were included in the shortlist for the next World Heritage Site in Beijing 79 Architecture EditSymbolism Edit Imperial Palace color of the highest status on the roof ridge of the Hall of Supreme Harmony The design of the Forbidden City from its overall layout to the smallest detail was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles and above all to symbolize the majesty of Imperial power Some noted examples of symbolic designs include Yellow is the color of the Emperor Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles There are only two exceptions The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity 文渊阁 had black tiles because black was associated with water and thus fire prevention Similarly the Crown Prince s residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood and thus growth 52 The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three the shape of the Qian triagram representing Heaven The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six the shape of the Kun triagram representing the Earth 23 The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon The number of statuettes represents the status of the building a minor building might have three or five The Hall of Supreme Harmony has ten the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times As a result its tenth statuette called a Hangshi or ranked tenth Chinese 行十 pinyin Hangshi 65 is also unique in the Forbidden City 80 The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the Classic of Rites Thus ancestral temples 81 are in front of the palace Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex and residences in the back 82 Collections EditMain article Palace Museum Palace Museum exhibits on display in the corridor connecting the Hall of Literary Glory and the Hall of Main Respect Two Qing dynasty blue porcelain wares A blue and white porcelain vase with cloud and dragon designs marked with the word Longevity 寿 Jiajing period of Ming dynasty Painting of Empress Xiaojiesu 1508 1528 first empress to the Jiajing Emperor The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection including paintings ceramics seals steles sculptures inscribed wares bronze wares enamel objects etc According to latest audit it has 1 862 690 pieces of art In addition the imperial libraries housed a large collection of rare books and historical documents including government documents of the Ming and Qing dynasties which has since been transferred to the First Historical Archives 83 From 1933 the threat of Japanese invasion forced the evacuation of the most important parts of the Museum s collection After the end of World War II this collection was returned to Nanjing However with the Communists victory imminent in the Chinese Civil War the Nationalist government decided to ship the pick of this collection to Taiwan Of the 13 491 boxes of evacuated artefacts 2 972 boxes are now housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei More than 8 000 boxes were returned to Beijing but 2 221 boxes remain today in storage under the charge of the Nanjing Museum 32 The Palace Museum holds 340 000 pieces of ceramics and porcelain These include imperial collections from the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty It has close to 50 000 paintings within which more than 400 date from before the Yuan dynasty 1271 1368 which is the largest in China 84 Its bronze collection dates from the early Shang dynasty Of the almost 10 000 pieces held about 1 600 are inscribed items from the pre Qin period to 221 BC A significant part of the collection is ceremonial bronzeware from the imperial court 85 The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world with more than 1 000 pieces The collection contains both Chinese and foreign made pieces Chinese pieces came from the palace s own workshops Foreign pieces came from countries including Britain France Switzerland the United States and Japan Of these the largest portion come from Britain 86 Jade has a unique place in Chinese culture 87 The Museum s collection includes some 30 000 pieces The pre Yuan dynasty part of the collection includes several pieces famed throughout history The earliest pieces date from the Neolithic period 88 In addition to works of art a large proportion of the Museum s collection consists of the artifacts of the imperial court This includes items used by the imperial family and the palace in daily life This comprehensive collection preserves the daily life and ceremonial protocols of the imperial era 89 In the East Glorious Gate In the West Wing of the Meridian GateInfluence Edit Glazed building decoration A gilded lion in front of the Hall of Mental Cultivation The Forbidden City has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works Depiction in art film literature and popular culture Edit The Forbidden City has served as the scene to many works of fiction In recent years it has been depicted in films and television series Some notable examples include The Forbidden City 1918 a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American The Last Emperor 1987 a biographical film about Puyi was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People s Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City Forbidden City Cop 1996 a Hong Kong wuxia comedy film about an imperial secret agent Marco Polo a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s was filmed inside the Forbidden City Note however that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan The 2003 real time strategy game Rise of Nations depicts the Forbidden City as one of the great wonders of the world in terms of game mechanics it functions identically to a major city and provides additional resources to the player The Forbidden City is a buildable Wonder in many different titles of the Civilization series of video games See also EditImperial City of HuếReferences Edit 故宫2017年接待观众逾1699万人次 创历史新纪录 in Chinese 31 December 2017 Archived from the original on 25 March 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2018 Symbolism in the Forbidden City The Magnificent Design Distinct Colors and Lucky Numbers of China s Imperial Palace Association for Asian Studies Archived from the original on 18 November 2021 Retrieved 18 November 2021 a b UNESCO World Heritage List Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang UNESCO Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 Retrieved 4 May 2007 故宫到底有多少间房 How many rooms in the Forbidden City in Simplified Chinese Singtao Net 27 September 2006 Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 a b Lu Yongxiang 2014 A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 3 New York Springer ISBN 978 3 662 44163 3 a b Advisory Body Evaluation 1987 PDF UNESCO Archived PDF from the original on 2 November 2015 Retrieved 25 February 2016 1900万 故宫年客流量创新高 新华网 www xinhuanet com Archived from the original on 6 December 2020 Retrieved 21 January 2020 How much the world s most valuable palaces are worth MSN com Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2020 Forbidden City China 69 66 billion 54bn The crown jewel of Beijing the Forbidden City was the residence of the Chinese emperors and the locus of government from 1420 to 1912 Now a museum the complex was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 Bhutoria Sundeep 2019 China Diary ISBN 9781529045284 Archived from the original on 2 October 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Bushell Stephen 2012 Chinese Art p 41 ISBN 9781780429243 Archived from the original on 2 October 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Bandarin Francesco van Oers Ron 2012 The Historic Urban Landscape Managing Heritage in an Urban Century p 17 ISBN 9781119968092 Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Yong Xin Qun 2008 From Emperor s Paradise to Public s Garden The Vicissitude of Spirit of ChengDe Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples 1 12 Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 27 June 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Centre UNESCO World Heritage Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang UNESCO World Heritage Centre Archived from the original on 2 December 2021 Retrieved 1 December 2021 p26 Barme Geremie R 2008 The Forbidden City Harvard University Press See e g Gan Guo hui April 1990 Perspective of urban land use in Beijing GeoJournal 20 4 359 364 doi 10 1007 bf00174975 S2CID 154980396 Gugōng in a generic sense also refers to all former palaces another prominent example being the former Imperial Palaces Mukden Palace in Shenyang see Gugong disambiguation p 18 Yu Zhuoyun 1984 Palaces of the Forbidden City New York Viking ISBN 0 670 53721 7 a b c p 15 Yang Xiagui 2003 The Invisible Palace Li Shaobai photography Chen Huang translation Beijing Foreign Language Press ISBN 7 119 03432 4 China Central Television The Palace Museum 2005 Gugong I Building the Forbidden City Documentary China CCTV Archived from the original on 31 July 2020 Retrieved 22 July 2018 p 69 Yang 2003 p 3734 Wu Han 1980 朝鲜李朝实录中的中国史料 Chinese historical material in the Annals of the Joseon Yi dynasty Beijing Zhonghua Book Company CN D829 312 Guo Muoruo 20 March 1944 甲申三百年祭 Commemorating 300th anniversary of the Jia Sheng Year New China Daily in Chinese a b c d e China Central Television The Palace Museum 2005 Gugong II Ridgeline of a Prosperous Age Documentary China CCTV Archived from the original on 31 July 2020 Retrieved 22 July 2018 故宫外朝宫殿为何无满文 Why is there no Manchu on the halls of the Outer Court People Net in Chinese 16 June 2006 Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 Retrieved 12 July 2007 Zhou Suqin 坤宁宫 Palace of Earthly Tranquility in Chinese The Palace Museum Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 12 July 2007 a b China Central Television The Palace Museum 2005 Gugong XI Flight of the National Treasures Documentary China CCTV Archived from the original on 31 July 2020 Retrieved 22 July 2018 p 137 Yang 2003 Yan Chongnian 2004 国民 战犯 公民 National War criminal Citizen 正说清朝十二帝 True Stories of the Twelve Qing Emperors in Chinese Beijing Zhonghua Book Company ISBN 7 101 04445 X Cao Kun 6 October 2005 故宫X档案 开院门票 掏五毛钱可劲逛 Forbidden City X Files Opening admission 50 cents Beijing Legal Evening in Chinese People Net Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 Retrieved 25 July 2007 See map of the evacuation routes at National Palace Museum Tradition amp Continuity National Palace Museum Archived from the original on 20 March 2007 Retrieved 1 May 2007 National Palace Museum Tradition amp Continuity National Palace Museum Archived from the original on 20 March 2007 Retrieved 1 May 2007 a b 三大院长南京说文物 Three museum directors talk artefacts in Nanjing Jiangnan Times in Chinese People Net 19 October 2003 Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 Retrieved 5 July 2007 Chen Jie 4 February 2006 故宫曾有多种可怕改造方案 Several horrifying reconstruction proposals had been made for the Forbidden City Yangcheng Evening News in Chinese Eastday Archived from the original on 27 May 2019 Retrieved 1 May 2007 Xie Yinming Qu Wanlin 7 November 2006 文化大革命 中谁保护了故宫 Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution CPC Documents in Chinese People Net Archived from the original on 2 April 2019 Retrieved 25 July 2007 The Forbidden City was listed as the Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Official Document In 2004 Mukden Palace in Shenyang was added as an extension item to the property which then became known as Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang UNESCO World Heritage List Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 Retrieved 4 May 2007 Palace Museum Forbidden City restoration project website Archived from the original on 21 April 2007 Retrieved 3 May 2007 故宫慈宁宫花园明年8月开放 拟推年票定价300元 People s Daily 18 August 2014 Archived from the original on 2 October 2022 Retrieved 1 May 2022 Amazing Facts About the Forbidden City Oakland Museum of California Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 As larger buildings in traditional Chinese architecture are easily and regularly sub divided into different configurations the number of rooms in the Forbidden City is traditionally counted in terms of bays of rooms with each bay being the space defined by four structural pillars Liu Peng Lan Lan July 2021 Bodily Changes Castration as Cultural and Social Practice in the Space of the Forbidden City SAGE Open 11 3 215824402110407 doi 10 1177 21582440211040772 ISSN 2158 2440 S2CID 238145832 Glueck Grace 31 August 2001 ART REVIEW They Had Expensive Tastes The New York Times Archived from the original on 21 October 2020 Retrieved 19 February 2017 Numbers Inside the Forbidden City China Daily China org cn 20 July 2007 Archived from the original on 22 July 2018 Retrieved 22 July 2018 北京确立城市发展脉络 重塑7 8公里中轴线 Beijing to establish civic development network Recreating 7 8 km 4 8 mi central axis in Chinese People Net 30 May 2006 Archived from the original on 19 October 2020 Retrieved 5 July 2007 Pan Feng 2 March 2005 探秘北京中轴线 Exploring the mystery of Beijing s Central Axis Science Times in Chinese Chinese Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 Retrieved 19 October 2007 p 25 Yang 2003 a b p 32 Yu 1984 Technically Tiananmen Gate is not part of the Forbidden City it is a gate of the Imperial City a b c p 25 Yu 1984 p 33 Yu 1984 a b p 49 Yu 1984 p 48 Yu 1984 a b The Palace Museum Yin Yang and the Five Elements in the Forbidden City in Chinese Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 p 253 Yu 1984 The Palace Museum 太和殿 Hall of Supreme Harmony in Chinese Archived from the original on 17 June 2007 Retrieved 25 July 2007 The Palace Museum 中和殿 Hall of Central Harmony in Chinese Archived from the original on 30 May 2007 Retrieved 25 July 2007 The Palace Museum 保和殿 Hall of Preserving Harmony in Chinese Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 25 July 2007 p 70 Yu 1984 For an explanation and illustration of the joint see p 213 Yu 1984 Nickell Joe May June 2020 Secrets of Beijing s Forbidden City Skeptical Inquirer Vol 44 no 3 Amherst New York Center for Inquiry p 73 Yu 1984 p 75 Yu 1984 p 78 Yu 1984 p 51 Yang 2003 pp 80 83 Yu 1984 a b China Central Television The Palace Museum 2005 Gugong III Rites under Heaven Documentary China CCTV Archived from the original on 31 July 2020 Retrieved 22 July 2018 p 121 Yu 1984 p 87 Yu 1984 p 115 Yu 1984 Six Western Palaces Xiliugong Forbidden City Beijing www travelchinaguide com Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2019 Six Eastern Palaces Dongliugong Forbidden City Beijing www travelchinaguide com Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 9 May 2020 Palace of Compassion and Tranquility Forbidden City www travelchinaguide com Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 9 May 2020 p 176 Yu 1984 p 177 Yu 1984 pp 189 193 Yu 1984 p 20 Yu 1984 Working People s Cultural Palace China org cn Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 Retrieved 29 July 2007 Zhongshan Park China org cn Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 Retrieved 29 July 2007 Forbidden City Buffer Zone Plan submitted to World Heritage conference in Chinese Xinhua Net 16 July 2005 Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 Retrieved 13 April 2007 Li Yang 4 June 2005 Beijing confirms 7 World Heritage alternate items Large scale reconstruction of Imperial City halted in Chinese Xinhua Net Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 Retrieved 13 April 2007 The Palace Museum Hall of Supreme Harmony in Chinese Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 祠堂与祠堂文化 世界王氏网 www wwdoa com Archived from the original on 18 August 2020 Retrieved 25 September 2022 Steinhardt Nancy Shatzman December 1986 Why were Chang an and Beijing so different The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45 4 339 357 doi 10 2307 990206 JSTOR 990206 Dorn Frank 1970 The forbidden city the biography of a palace New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 176 OCLC 101030 The Palace Museum Collection highlights Paintings in Chinese Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 The Palace Museum Collection highlights Bronzeware in Chinese Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 The Palace Museum Collection highlights Timepieces in Chinese Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 Laufer Berthold 1912 Jade A Study in Chinese Archeology amp Religion Gloucestor MA Reprint 1989 Peter Smith Pub Inc ISBN 978 0 8446 5214 6 The Palace Museum Collection highlights Jade in Chinese Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 The Palace Museum Collection highlights Palace artefacts in Chinese Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 Retrieved 5 July 2007 Further reading EditAisin Gioro Puyi 1964 From Emperor to citizen the autobiography of Aisin Gioro Pu Yi Beijing Foreign Language Press ISBN 0 19 282099 0 Huang Ray 1981 1587 A Year of No Significance The Ming Dynasty in Decline New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 02518 1 Yang Xiagui 2003 The Invisible Palace Li Shaobai photography Chen Huang translation Beijing Foreign Language Press ISBN 7 119 03432 4 Yu Zhuoyun 1984 Palaces of the Forbidden City New York Viking ISBN 0 670 53721 7 Barme Geremie R 2008 The Forbidden City Harvard University Press 251 pages ISBN 978 0 674 02779 4 Cotterell Arthur 2007 The Imperial Capitals of China An Inside View of the Celestial Empire London Pimlico 304 pages ISBN 978 1 84595 009 5 Ho Bronson 2004 Splendors of China s Forbidden City London Merrell Publishers ISBN 1 85894 258 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forbidden City Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Forbidden City Palace Museum official site Digital Palace Museum Satellite photograph of the Forbidden City UNESCO World Heritage Centre panographies 360 degree imaging Nova Secrets of the Forbidden City Geographic data related to Forbidden City at OpenStreetMap Portals China History Architecture Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Forbidden City amp oldid 1137348533, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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