The Jiajing Emperor (Chinese: 嘉靖帝; pinyin: Jiājìng Dì; Wade–Giles: Chia-ching Ti; 16September 1507 – 23January 1567) was the 12th Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1521 to 1567. Born Zhu Houcong, he was the former Zhengde Emperor's cousin. His father, Zhu Youyuan (1476–1519), Prince of Xing, was the fourth son of the Chenghua Emperor (reigned from 1464 to 1487) and the eldest son of three sons born to the emperor's concubine, Lady Shao. The Jiajing Emperor's era name, "Jiajing", means "admirable tranquility".
Born as heir apparent of a vassal prince, Zhu Houcong was not brought up to succeed to the throne. However, the throne became vacant in 1521 after the sudden death of the Hongzhi Emperor's son, the Zhengde Emperor, who did not leave an heir. Prior to the Zhengde Emperor's death, the line of succession was as follows:
Zhu Houxi, Prince Huai of Yue (1500–1500, title posthumously)
(1) Zhu Houcong, Prince of Xing (b. 1507)
The 13-year-old Zhu Houcong, then heir presumptive, succeeded to the throne, and so relocated from his father's princedom (near present-day Zhongxiang, Hubei) to the capital, Beijing. As the Jiajing Emperor, Zhu Houcong had his parents posthumously elevated to an "honorary" imperial rank, and had an imperial-style Xianling Mausoleum built for them near Zhongxiang.[1]
Reign as emperor
Portrait of the Jiajing Emperor
Yellow glazed pot and cover with hidden streak designs from the official kiln. Jiajing era. Excavated from Dadao tomb, Huangzhou.
Custom dictated that an emperor who was not an immediate descendant of the previous one should be adopted by the previous one, to maintain an unbroken line. Such a posthumous adoption of Zhu Houcong by the Hongzhi Emperor was proposed, but he resisted, preferring instead to have his father declared emperor posthumously. This conflict is known as the "Great Rites Controversy." The Jiajing Emperor prevailed and hundreds of his opponents were banished, flogged in the imperial court (廷杖), or executed. Among the banished was the poet Yang Shen.[2]
The Jiajing Emperor was known to be intelligent and efficient; whilst later he went on strike, and choose not to attend any state meetings, he did not neglect the paperwork and other governmental matters. The Jiajing Emperor was also known to be a cruel and self-aggrandizing emperor and he also chose to reside outside of the Forbidden City in Beijing so he could live in isolation. Ignoring state affairs, the Jiajing Emperor relied on Zhang Cong and Yan Song to handle affairs of state. In time, Yan Song and his son Yan Shifan – who gained power only as a result of his father's political influence – came to dominate the whole government even being called the "First and Second Prime Minister". Ministers such as Hai Rui and Yang Jisheng challenged and even chastised Yan Song and his son but were thoroughly ignored by the emperor. Hai Rui and many ministers were eventually dismissed or executed. The Jiajing Emperor also abandoned the practice of seeing his ministers altogether from 1539 onwards, and for a period of almost 25 years refused to give official audiences, choosing instead to relay his wishes through eunuchs and officials. Only Yan Song, a few handful of eunuchs and Daoist priests ever saw the emperor. This eventually led to corruption at all levels of the Ming government. However, the Jiajing Emperor was intelligent and managed to control the court.[3]
The Ming dynasty had enjoyed a long period of peace, but in 1542 the Mongol leader Altan Khan began to harass China along the northern border. In 1550, he even reached the suburbs of Beijing. Eventually the Ming government appeased him by granting special trading rights. The Ming government also had to deal with wokou pirates attacking the southeastern coastline.[4] Starting in 1550, Beijing was enlarged by the addition of the outer city.[5]
Due to the Jiajing Emperor's cruelty and promiscuous lifestyle, his concubines and palace maids plotted to assassinate him in October 1542 by strangling him while he slept. His pursuit of eternal life led him to believe that one of the elixirs of extending his life was to force virgin palace maids to collect menstrual blood for his consumption. These arduous tasks were performed non-stop even when the palace maids were taken ill and any unwilling participants were executed on the Emperor's whim. A group of palace maids who had had enough of the emperor's cruelty decided to band together to murder him in an event known as the Palace plot of Renyin year (壬寅宮變). The lead palace maid tried to strangle the emperor with ribbons from her hair while the others held down the emperor's arms and legs but made a fatal mistake by tying a knot around the emperor's neck which would not tighten. Meanwhile, some of the young palace maids involved began to panic and one (Zhang Jinlian) ran to the empress. The plot was exposed and on the orders of the empress and some officials, all of the palace maids involved, including the emperor's favourite concubine (Consort Duan) and another concubine (Consort Ning, née Wang), were ordered to be executed by slow slicing and their families were killed.[6][7][8] The Jiajing Emperor later determined that Consort Duan had been innocent,[9] and dictated that their daughter, Luzheng, be raised by Imperial Noble Consort Shen.[10]
The Jiajing Emperor on his state barge, from a scroll painted in 1538 by unknown court artists
A porcelain vase with glazed fish designs, from the Jiajing era.
Taoist pursuits
The Jiajing Emperor was a devoted follower of Taoism and attempted to suppress Buddhism. After the assassination attempt in 1542, the emperor moved out of the imperial palace, and lived with a small, thin, 13-year-old girl who was able to satisfy his sexual appetite (Lady Shan). The Jiajing Emperor began to pay excessive attention to his Taoist pursuits while ignoring his imperial duties. He built three Taoist temples: Temple of the Sun, Temple of the Earth and Temple of the Moon, and extended the Temple of Heaven by adding the Earthly Mount. Over the years, the emperor's devotion to Taoism was to become a heavy financial burden for the Ming government and create dissent across the country.
Particularly during his later years, the Jiajing Emperor was known for spending a great deal of time on alchemy in hopes of finding medicines to prolong his life. He would forcibly recruit young women in their early teens and engage in sexual activities in the hope of empowering himself, along with the consumption of potent elixirs. He employed Taoist priests to collect rare minerals from all over the country to create elixirs, including elixirs containing mercury, which inevitably posed health problems at high doses.
Legacy and death
After 45 years on the throne (the second longest reign in the Ming dynasty), the Jiajing Emperor died in 1567 – possibly due to mercury overdose from Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning – and was succeeded by his son, the Longqing Emperor. Though his long rule gave the dynasty an era of stability, the Jiajing Emperor's neglect of his official duties resulted in the decline of the dynasty at the end of the 16th century. His style of governance, or the lack thereof, would be emulated by his grandson later in the century.
The time when the Jiajing Emperor was buried was very close to the time of completion of the manuscript copy of the lost Yongle Encyclopedia. The Jiajing Emperor died in December 1566, but was buried three months later, in March 1567.[11] One possibility is that they were waiting for the manuscript to be completed.
Portrayal in art
The Jiajing Emperor was portrayed in contemporary court portrait paintings, as well as in other works of art. For example, in this panoramic painting below, the Jiajing Emperor can be seen in the right half riding a black steed and wearing a plumed helmet. He is distinguished from his entourage of bodyguards as an abnormally tall figure.
Original – A panoramic painting showing the Jiajing Emperor travelling to the Ming tombs with a huge cavalry escort and an elephant-drawn carriage.
Family
Ming breech loading cannon created during the Jiajing era, 1545
^Zhang Tingyu, ed. (1739). "《明史》卷一百十四 列傳第二 后妃二" [History of Ming, Volume 114, Historical Biography 2, Empresses and Concubines 2]. Lishichunqiu Net (in Chinese). Lishi Chunqiu. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^History Office, ed. (1620s). 明實錄：明世宗實錄 [Veritable Records of the Ming: Veritable Records of Shizong of Ming] (in Chinese). Vol. 406. Ctext.
^Lin, Guang (28 February 2017). "《永乐大典》 正本陪葬了嘉靖帝？". 《北京日报》. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Further reading
Fisher, Carney T. "Smallpox, Salesmen, and Sectarians: Ming-Mongol Relations in the Jiajing Reign (1522–67)." Ming Studies 1988.1 (1988): 1-23.
Mote, F.W. Imperial China 900–1800 (1999) pp 660–72.
Wan, Maggie CK. "Building an Immortal Land: The Ming Jiajing Emperor's West Park." Asia Major (2009): 65-99. online
The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I, "The Prince of Ning Treason" by Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett.
Huiping Pang, "The Confiscating Henchmen: The Masquerade of Ming Embroidered-Uniform Guard Liu Shouyou (ca. 1540-1604)," Ming Studies 72 (2015): 24-45. ISSN 0147-037X
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jiajing Emperor.
jiajing, emperor, confused, with, jiaqing, emperor, chinese, 嘉靖帝, pinyin, jiājìng, wade, giles, chia, ching, september, 1507, january, 1567, 12th, emperor, ming, dynasty, reigning, from, 1521, 1567, born, houcong, former, zhengde, emperor, cousin, father, youy. Not to be confused with Jiaqing Emperor The Jiajing Emperor Chinese 嘉靖帝 pinyin Jiajing Di Wade Giles Chia ching Ti 16 September 1507 23 January 1567 was the 12th Emperor of the Ming dynasty reigning from 1521 to 1567 Born Zhu Houcong he was the former Zhengde Emperor s cousin His father Zhu Youyuan 1476 1519 Prince of Xing was the fourth son of the Chenghua Emperor reigned from 1464 to 1487 and the eldest son of three sons born to the emperor s concubine Lady Shao The Jiajing Emperor s era name Jiajing means admirable tranquility Jiajing Emperor嘉靖帝Palace portrait on a hanging scroll kept in the National Palace Museum Taipei Taiwan12th Emperor of the Ming dynastyReign27 May 1521 23 January 1567Enthronement27 May 1521PredecessorZhengde EmperorSuccessorLongqing EmperorPrince of Xing 興王 Tenure15 April 1521 27 May 1521PredecessorZhu Youyuan Prince XianSuccessorCrowned as the emperorBorn16 September 1507Zhengde 2 10th day of the 8th month 正德二年八月初十日 Anluzhou Huguang ProvinceDied23 January 1567 1567 01 23 aged 59 Jiajing 45 14th day of the 12th month 嘉靖四十五年十二月十四日 Palace of Heavenly Purity Forbidden CityBurialYongling Mausoleum Ming tombs BeijingConsortsEmpress Xiaojiesu m 1522 died 1528 wbr Empress Zhang m 1522 dep 1534 wbr Empress Xiaolie m 1530 died 1547 wbr Empress Xiaoke m 1530 died 1554 wbr IssueZhu Zaiji Crown Prince Aichong Zhu Zairui Crown Prince Zhuangjing Longqing Emperor Zhu Zaizhen Prince Gong of Jing Zhu Zaishang Prince Shang of Ying Zhu Zai Prince Huai of Qi Zhu Zaikui Prince Ai of Ji Zhu Zaifeng Prince Si of Jun Princess Chang an Princess Sirou Princess Ning an Princess Guishan Princess JiashanNamesZhu Houcong Chu Hou tsung 朱厚熜 Era name and datesJiajing Chia ching 嘉靖 28 January 1522 8 February 1567Posthumous nameEmperor Qintian Ludao Yingyi Shengshen Xuanwen Guangwu Hongren Daxiao Su 欽天履道英毅聖神宣文廣武洪仁大孝肅皇帝 Temple nameShizong 世宗 HouseHouse of ZhuDynastyMing dynastyFatherZhu YouyuanMotherEmpress Cixiaoxian Contents 1 Early years 2 Reign as emperor 2 1 Palace plot of Renyin year 2 2 Taoist pursuits 3 Legacy and death 4 Portrayal in art 5 Family 6 Ancestry 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingEarly years EditBorn as heir apparent of a vassal prince Zhu Houcong was not brought up to succeed to the throne However the throne became vacant in 1521 after the sudden death of the Hongzhi Emperor s son the Zhengde Emperor who did not leave an heir Prior to the Zhengde Emperor s death the line of succession was as follows Zhu Jianshen the Chenghua Emperor 1447 1487 Unnamed son 1466 1466 Zhu Youji 1469 1472 Zhu Youcheng the Hongzhi Emperor 1470 1505 Zhu Houzhao the Zhengde Emperor 1491 1521 Zhu Houwei Prince Dao of Wei 1496 1497 title posthumously Zhu Youyuan Prince Xian of Xing 1476 1519 Zhu Houxi Prince Huai of Yue 1500 1500 title posthumously 1 Zhu Houcong Prince of Xing b 1507 The 13 year old Zhu Houcong then heir presumptive succeeded to the throne and so relocated from his father s princedom near present day Zhongxiang Hubei to the capital Beijing As the Jiajing Emperor Zhu Houcong had his parents posthumously elevated to an honorary imperial rank and had an imperial style Xianling Mausoleum built for them near Zhongxiang 1 Reign as emperor Edit Portrait of the Jiajing Emperor Yellow glazed pot and cover with hidden streak designs from the official kiln Jiajing era Excavated from Dadao tomb Huangzhou Custom dictated that an emperor who was not an immediate descendant of the previous one should be adopted by the previous one to maintain an unbroken line Such a posthumous adoption of Zhu Houcong by the Hongzhi Emperor was proposed but he resisted preferring instead to have his father declared emperor posthumously This conflict is known as the Great Rites Controversy The Jiajing Emperor prevailed and hundreds of his opponents were banished flogged in the imperial court 廷杖 or executed Among the banished was the poet Yang Shen 2 The Jiajing Emperor was known to be intelligent and efficient whilst later he went on strike and choose not to attend any state meetings he did not neglect the paperwork and other governmental matters The Jiajing Emperor was also known to be a cruel and self aggrandizing emperor and he also chose to reside outside of the Forbidden City in Beijing so he could live in isolation Ignoring state affairs the Jiajing Emperor relied on Zhang Cong and Yan Song to handle affairs of state In time Yan Song and his son Yan Shifan who gained power only as a result of his father s political influence came to dominate the whole government even being called the First and Second Prime Minister Ministers such as Hai Rui and Yang Jisheng challenged and even chastised Yan Song and his son but were thoroughly ignored by the emperor Hai Rui and many ministers were eventually dismissed or executed The Jiajing Emperor also abandoned the practice of seeing his ministers altogether from 1539 onwards and for a period of almost 25 years refused to give official audiences choosing instead to relay his wishes through eunuchs and officials Only Yan Song a few handful of eunuchs and Daoist priests ever saw the emperor This eventually led to corruption at all levels of the Ming government However the Jiajing Emperor was intelligent and managed to control the court 3 The Ming dynasty had enjoyed a long period of peace but in 1542 the Mongol leader Altan Khan began to harass China along the northern border In 1550 he even reached the suburbs of Beijing Eventually the Ming government appeased him by granting special trading rights The Ming government also had to deal with wokou pirates attacking the southeastern coastline 4 Starting in 1550 Beijing was enlarged by the addition of the outer city 5 Palace plot of Renyin year Edit Main article Palace plot of Renyin year Due to the Jiajing Emperor s cruelty and promiscuous lifestyle his concubines and palace maids plotted to assassinate him in October 1542 by strangling him while he slept His pursuit of eternal life led him to believe that one of the elixirs of extending his life was to force virgin palace maids to collect menstrual blood for his consumption These arduous tasks were performed non stop even when the palace maids were taken ill and any unwilling participants were executed on the Emperor s whim A group of palace maids who had had enough of the emperor s cruelty decided to band together to murder him in an event known as the Palace plot of Renyin year 壬寅宮變 The lead palace maid tried to strangle the emperor with ribbons from her hair while the others held down the emperor s arms and legs but made a fatal mistake by tying a knot around the emperor s neck which would not tighten Meanwhile some of the young palace maids involved began to panic and one Zhang Jinlian ran to the empress The plot was exposed and on the orders of the empress and some officials all of the palace maids involved including the emperor s favourite concubine Consort Duan and another concubine Consort Ning nee Wang were ordered to be executed by slow slicing and their families were killed 6 7 8 The Jiajing Emperor later determined that Consort Duan had been innocent 9 and dictated that their daughter Luzheng be raised by Imperial Noble Consort Shen 10 The Jiajing Emperor on his state barge from a scroll painted in 1538 by unknown court artists A porcelain vase with glazed fish designs from the Jiajing era Taoist pursuits Edit The Jiajing Emperor was a devoted follower of Taoism and attempted to suppress Buddhism After the assassination attempt in 1542 the emperor moved out of the imperial palace and lived with a small thin 13 year old girl who was able to satisfy his sexual appetite Lady Shan The Jiajing Emperor began to pay excessive attention to his Taoist pursuits while ignoring his imperial duties He built three Taoist temples Temple of the Sun Temple of the Earth and Temple of the Moon and extended the Temple of Heaven by adding the Earthly Mount Over the years the emperor s devotion to Taoism was to become a heavy financial burden for the Ming government and create dissent across the country Particularly during his later years the Jiajing Emperor was known for spending a great deal of time on alchemy in hopes of finding medicines to prolong his life He would forcibly recruit young women in their early teens and engage in sexual activities in the hope of empowering himself along with the consumption of potent elixirs He employed Taoist priests to collect rare minerals from all over the country to create elixirs including elixirs containing mercury which inevitably posed health problems at high doses Legacy and death EditAfter 45 years on the throne the second longest reign in the Ming dynasty the Jiajing Emperor died in 1567 possibly due to mercury overdose from Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning and was succeeded by his son the Longqing Emperor Though his long rule gave the dynasty an era of stability the Jiajing Emperor s neglect of his official duties resulted in the decline of the dynasty at the end of the 16th century His style of governance or the lack thereof would be emulated by his grandson later in the century The time when the Jiajing Emperor was buried was very close to the time of completion of the manuscript copy of the lost Yongle Encyclopedia The Jiajing Emperor died in December 1566 but was buried three months later in March 1567 11 One possibility is that they were waiting for the manuscript to be completed Portrayal in art EditThe Jiajing Emperor was portrayed in contemporary court portrait paintings as well as in other works of art For example in this panoramic painting below the Jiajing Emperor can be seen in the right half riding a black steed and wearing a plumed helmet He is distinguished from his entourage of bodyguards as an abnormally tall figure Original A panoramic painting showing the Jiajing Emperor travelling to the Ming tombs with a huge cavalry escort and an elephant drawn carriage Family Edit Ming breech loading cannon created during the Jiajing era 1545 Consorts and Issue Empress Xiaojiesu of the Chen clan 孝潔肅皇后 陳氏 1508 1528 miscarriage 1528 Deposed Empress of the Zhang clan 廢后 張氏 d 1537 personal name Zhang Qijie 張七姐 Empress Xiaolie of the Fang clan 孝烈皇后 方氏 1516 1547 Empress Xiaoke of the Du clan 孝恪皇后 杜氏 d 1554 Zhu Zaihou the Longqing Emperor 穆宗 朱載垕 4 March 1537 5 July 1572 third son Imperial Noble Consort Duanhegongrongshunwenxi of the Wang clan 端和恭榮順溫僖皇貴妃 王氏 d 1553 Zhu Zairui Crown Prince Zhuangjing 莊敬皇太子 朱載壡 1536 1549 second son Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshunanrongzhenjing of the Shen clan 莊順安榮貞靜皇貴妃 沈氏 d 1581 Imperial Noble Consort Ronganhuishunduanxi of the Yan clan 榮安惠順端僖皇貴妃 閻氏 d 1541 Zhu Zaiji Crown Prince Aichong 哀衝皇太子 朱載基 7 September 1533 27 October 1533 first son Noble Consort Gongxizhenjing of the Wen clan 恭僖貞靖 文氏 Noble Consort Rong an of the Ma clan 榮安貴妃 馬氏 Noble Consort of the Zhou clan 貴妃 周氏 d 1540 Consort Daoyingong of the Wen clan 悼隱恭妃 文氏 d 1532 Consort Duan of the Cao clan 端妃 曹氏 d 1542 Zhu Shaoying Princess Chang an 常安公主 朱壽媖 1536 1549 first daughter Zhu Luzheng Princess Ning an 寧安公主 朱祿媜 1539 1607 third daughter Married Li He 李和 in 1555 and had issue one son Consort Huairongxian of the Zheng clan 懷榮賢妃 鄭氏 d 1536 Consort Jing of the Lu clan 靖妃 盧氏 d 1588 Zhu Zaizhen Prince Gong of Jing 景恭王 朱載圳 29 March 1537 9 February 1565 fourth son Consort Su of the Jiang clan 肅妃 江氏 Zhu Zaishang Prince Shang of Ying 潁殤王 朱載墒 8 September 1537 9 September 1537 fifth son Consort Yi of the Zhao clan 懿妃 趙氏 d 1569 Zhu Zai Prince Huai of Qi 戚懷王 朱載 1 October 1537 5 August 1538 sixth son Consort Yong of the Chen clan 雍妃 陳氏 d 1586 Zhu Zaikui Prince Ai of Ji 薊哀王 朱載㙺 29 January 1538 14 February 1538 seventh son Zhu Ruirong Princess Guishan 歸善公主 朱瑞嬫 1541 1544 fourth daughter Consort Hui of the Wang clan 徽妃 王氏 Zhu Fuyuan Princess Sirou 思柔公主 朱福媛 1538 1549 second daughter Consort Rong of the Zhao clan 榮妃 趙氏 Zhu Zaifeng Prince Si of Jun 均思王 朱載堸 23 August 1539 16 April 1540 eighth son Consort Rongzhaode of the Zhang clan 榮昭德妃 張氏 d 1574 Zhu Suzhen Princess Jiashan 嘉善公主 朱素嫃 1541 1564 fifth daughter Married Xu Congcheng 許從誠 in 1559 Consort Rong anzhen of the Ma clan 榮安貞妃 馬氏 d 1564 Consort Duanjingshu of the Zhang clan 端靜淑妃 張氏 Consort Gongxili of the Wang clan 恭僖麗妃 王氏 d 1553 Consort Gongshurong of the Yang clan 恭淑榮妃 楊氏 d 1566 Consort Duanhuiyong of the Xu clan 端惠永妃 徐氏 Concubine Ning of the Wang clan 王宁嫔 d 1542 head of the Renyin plotAncestry EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Jiajing Emperor news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Xuande Emperor 1399 1435 Emperor Yingzong of Ming 1427 1464 Empress Xiaogongzhang 1399 1462 Chenghua Emperor 1447 1487 Zhou NengEmpress Xiaosu 1430 1504 Lady ZhenZhu Youyuan 1476 1519 Shao YiShao LinLady PengEmpress Xiaohui d 1522 Lady YangJiajing Emperor 1507 1567 Jiang ShengJiang XingJiang XiaoEmpress Cixiaoxian d 1538 Lady WuSee also EditChinese emperors family tree late References Edit Eric N Danielson The Ming Ancestor Tomb Invasion of the Great Green Algae Monster Archived 2009 06 28 at the Wayback Machine Salon 25 Jun 2007 一本书读懂大明史 China gt History gt The Ming dynasty gt Political history gt The dynastic succession Encyclopaedia Britannica Online 2007 Beijing Encyclopaedia Britannica Online 2007 端妃曹氏与嘉靖宫变 明廷 壬寅宫变 之谜 Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 Retrieved 23 December 2010 萬曆野獲編 vol 18 Zhang Tingyu ed 1739 明史 卷一百十四 列傳第二 后妃二 History of Ming Volume 114 Historical Biography 2 Empresses and Concubines 2 Lishichunqiu Net in Chinese Lishi Chunqiu Retrieved 27 June 2017 History Office ed 1620s 明實錄 明世宗實錄 Veritable Records of the Ming Veritable Records of Shizong of Ming in Chinese Vol 406 Ctext Lin Guang 28 February 2017 永乐大典 正本陪葬了嘉靖帝 北京日报 Retrieved 30 July 2018 Further reading EditFisher Carney T Smallpox Salesmen and Sectarians Ming Mongol Relations in the Jiajing Reign 1522 67 Ming Studies 1988 1 1988 1 23 Mote F W Imperial China 900 1800 1999 pp 660 72 Wan Maggie CK Building an Immortal Land The Ming Jiajing Emperor s West Park Asia Major 2009 65 99 online The Cambridge History of China Vol 7 The Ming Dynasty 1368 1644 Part I The Prince of Ning Treason by Frederick W Mote and Denis Twitchett Huiping Pang The Confiscating Henchmen The Masquerade of Ming Embroidered Uniform Guard Liu Shouyou ca 1540 1604 Ming Studies 72 2015 24 45 ISSN 0147 037X Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jiajing Emperor Jiajing EmperorHouse of ZhuBorn 16 September 1507 Died 23 January 1567Chinese royaltyPreceded byZhu Youyuan Prince of Xing1521 Merged into the CrownRegnal titlesPreceded byZhengde Emperor Emperor of the Ming dynastyEmperor of China1521 1567 Succeeded byLongqing Emperor Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jiajing Emperor amp oldid 1119006416, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
