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Vilcabamba, Peru

October 20, 2023

Vilcabamba (in Hispanicized spelling) or Willkapampa (Aymara[1] and Quechua)[2][3][4][5] is often called the Lost City of the Incas. Vilcabamba means "sacred plain" in Quechua.[6] The modern name for the Inca ruins of Vilcabamba is Espíritu Pampa (Plain of the Spirits). Vilcabamba is located in Echarate District of La Convención Province in the Cuzco Region of Peru.[7]

Vilcabamba
Willkapampa
Ruins of Espíritu Pampa
Location within Peru
Alternative name
  • Vilcabamba la Vieja
  • Espíritu Pampa
LocationLa Convención Province
RegionCuzco Department
Coordinates12°54′14″S 73°12′11″W / 12.904°S 73.203°W / -12.904; -73.203
Altitude1,458 m (4,783 ft)
TypeSettlement
History
BuilderManco Inca Yupanqui
Founded1539
Abandoned1572
CulturesNeo-Inca State

Vilcabamba was the capital of the Neo-Inca State from 1539 to 1572. The Neo-Inca State was the last refuge of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards and their indigenous allies in 1572, signaling the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule. Subsequently, Vilcabamba was abandoned and its location forgotten. In 1911 explorer Hiram Bingham mistakenly identified the abandoned ruin of Machu Picchu as Vilcabamba, but he also visited a ruin called Espiritu Pampa by local Peruvians. In 1964, Gene Savoy identified Espiritu Pampa as the fabled Vilcabamba, a designation widely accepted by archaeologists and historians.[8]

Vilcabamba or Espiritu Pampa is located near the Chontabamba River, a tributary of the Urubamba River.[9] The Inca capital has often been referred to as Vilcabamba the Old to distinguish it from the town of Vilcabamba the New, of Spanish origin and 35 kilometres (22 mi) in straight-line distance southwest of Old Vilcabamba.[10][11]

In 2010, items belonging to the Wari culture and radiocarbon dated to about 700 CE were found at Espiritu Pampa. This discovery indicated that the site was occupied long before it became the Inca capital in 1539. As of 2013, archaeological investigations of the site were incomplete and the ruins of Espiritu Pampa were inaccessible by vehicle.[12]

History Edit

La Convención province in which Vilcabamba is located is extremely rugged, occupying the north-eastern slopes of the Andes and sloping down to the Amazon Basin. The terrain includes snow-covered mountains, forest, lowland jungle, and rivers running through deep canyons. Access and transportation within the area was difficult and would hinder Spanish efforts to destroy the last outposts of the Inca Empire.[13]

The Incas had occupied the Vilcabamba region since about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at Machu Picchu, Choquequirao, Vitcos, and Vilcabamba.[14] Thus, the Incas were familiar with the region when Inca emperor, Manco Inca Yupanqui, won the Battle of Ollantaytambo against the Spanish and their Indian allies in January 1537. Despite the victory Manco was under intense pressure from the Spanish. He decided that Ollantaytambo was too close to Cusco, controlled by the Spanish, so he withdrew westward to the Inca center of Vitcos. Almagro sent his lieutenant Rodrigo Orgóñez in pursuit with 300 Spaniards and numerous Indian allies. In July 1537, Orgoñez occupied and sacked Vitcos taking many prisoners, but Manco escaped.[15]

Manco Inca survived another Spain raid in 1539 by Gonzalo Pizarro, 300 Spanish soldiers, and Indian allies. The Spanish and the Incas fought a battle at Huayna Pukara (Huayna Fort), west of Vitcos and about 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Vilcabamba. Several Spaniards and Indians were killed, but Manco again escaped. Pizarro stayed in the region for more than two months searching for Manco unsuccessfully, but capturing Manco's principal wife Cura Ocllo. The Spaniards wrote of the region that "great resources are needed to undertake a penetration of that land. It can be done only with very heavy expenditure." The Spanish would not attempt another major military expedition into Vilcabamba until 1572. As the two Spanish raids demonstrated, Vitcos was accessible to the Spanish and Manco developed Vilcabamba as a more remote refuge.[16]

In the years following the Spanish raids, the Incas and the Spaniards maintained uneasy diplomatic relations with visits back and forth between Vilcabamba and Cuzco, the Spanish capital. The murder of a Spanish envoy by the Incas persuaded Viceroy of Peru Francisco de Toledo to conquer the Vilcabamba region and end Inca rule. On June 24, 1572, a Spanish army, led by veteran conquistador Martin Hurtado de Arbieto, made a final advance on the Incas' remote jungle capital. "At 10 o'clock," wrote Hurtado in his account of the campaign, "they marched into the city of Vilcabamba, all on foot, for it is the most wild and rugged country, in no way suitable for horses." What they discovered was a city built "for about a thousand fighting Indians, besides many other women, children, and old people" filled with "four hundred houses."[17]

After the fall of Vilcabamba, the Spanish pursued and captured Túpac Amaru, the last Inca monarch, and beheaded him in Cusco on September 24, 1572.[18]

Spanish Vilcabamba Edit

In 1572, the conqueror and governor of Vilcabamba, Martin Hurtado de Arbieto, founded San Francisco de la Victoria de Vilcabamba, also known as Vilcabamba la Nueva ("the New"), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of Vitcos. It is located on the Pampaconas River, a tributary of the Vilcabamba River, which is a tributary of the Urubamba River.[10] Hurtado was a brutal administrator, offering encomiendas to Spanish soldiers and making the local Indians virtual slaves. Many of them died, or abandoned their homes and fled elsewhere. Silver deposits were discovered nearby and the town enjoyed a brief boom, although the production of the mines was meager and by the early 17th century Vilcabamba the New and the Vilcabama region was no longer of much interest to the Spanish.[19] Hiram Bingham visited the town in 1911, noting that, "Instead of Inca walls or ruins, Vilcabamba has three score solidly built Spanish houses...due to the prosperity of gold diggers, who came to work the quartz mines which were made accessible after the death of Tupac Amaru." Catholic clerics had built a church and a monastery in the town.[20]

The lost city Edit

 
Bingham's map of Vilcabamba. Important places circled. Espiritu Pampa is Incan Vilcabamba.

The location of the Incan Vilcabamba was forgotten during the 17th century by the few remaining inhabitants of the region. In 1710, an explorer, Juan Arias Diaz, found Choquequirao, 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Vilcabamba, and identified it as the Incan capital.[21] Later historians and explorers identified Choquequirao as Vilcabamba. In 1909, Peruvian historian, Carlos A. Romero, debunked the claim that Choquequirao was Incan Vilcabamba based on his studies of writings by Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century. Romero identified the village of Puquiura as the site of Incan Vilcabamba.[22]

In 1911, Hiram Bingham was on the expedition which resulted in him bringing to a wider world attention the Incan ruin of Machu Picchu. Romero pointed him toward Puquiura as the site of Vilcabamba, and Bingham discovered there the ruins of Rosaspata. He correctly identified Rosaspata as the Incan Vitcos rather than Incan Vilcabamba. Drawn by rumors of another lost Inca ruin in the lowland forest, Bingham ignored tales of a hostile plantation owner and dangerous native peoples and proceeded onward. After a difficult three days of foot travel, he found the plantation. Its owner and the Asháninka or Campa indigenous peoples working there were friendly and helpful. They assisted him in cutting a trail through the jungle and two days later he found Inca ruins at a place called Espiritu Pampa. He found artificial terraces, stone houses, including a rectangular building 192 feet (59 m) long, a fountain, Inca pottery, and a stone bridge. But Bingham was running out of supplies and only spent a short time at Espiritu Pampa. Based on his brief observations, Bingham concluded that Machu Picchu was the Incan Vilcabamba. That opinion went largely unchallenged for 50 years.[23][24]

 
Hiram Bingham III (upper right) with a local guide on a jungle bridge at Vilcabamba, hand-colored glass slide, 1911

In 1964, Peruvian explorer Antonio Santander Caselli visited Espiritu Pampa and later claimed the discovery that Espiritu Pampa was the Incan Vilcabamba.[25] In the same month, American explorer Gene Savoy reached Espiritu Pampa. He discovered that Bingham had only seen a minor part of the ruin at Eremboni Pampa and that the main ruin of Espiritu Pampa was 700 yards (640 m) distant. Savoy found 50 or 60 houses and 300 houses at Espiritu Pampa. Savoy concluded that Espiritu Pampa was Vilcabamba, contradicting Bingham.[26] Savoy's 1970 book Antisuyo brought the site to even wider attention.

Researcher and author John Hemming also concluded the Espiritu Pampa was Incan Vilcabamba in his 1970 book The Conquest of the Incas. He cited contemporary Spanish and Inca accounts of Vilcabamba as evidence. Titu Cusi Yupanqui said that Vilcambamba had a "warm climate," unlike Vitcos which was in "a cold district." This statement is consistent with the elevation of the two places: 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) for Espiritu Pampa and 2,980 metres (9,780 ft) for Vitcos. Moreover, both the conqueror of Vilcabamba, Hurtado de Abierto, and chronicler Martín de Murúa cited the tropical crops--coca, cotton, and sugar cane—grown near Vilcabamba and that the city lay in a "hot country" unlike most Inca cities. The Inca preferred to live in the high, cool climate of the Andes. Hurtado also described Vilcabamba as being in a valley with "pastures for cattle," unlike Machu Picchu which is on a steep ridge. Finally, Hemming cited Spanish sources indicating that Vilcabamba was northeast of Vitcos—unlike Machu Picchu which is west of Vitcos. Thus, Bingham's claim that Machu Picchu was Incan Vilcabamba and other claims that Vitcos was Vilcabamba were discredited.[27]

In 1976, Professor Edmundo Guillén and Polish explorers Tony Halik and Elżbieta Dzikowska continued to explore the ruins at Espiritu Pampa. Before the expedition, Guillen visited a museum in Seville where he discovered letters from Spaniards, in which they described the progress of the invasion and what they found in Vilcabamba. Comparison between the letters' contents and the ruins provided additional proof of Espiritu Pampa as the location of Vilcabamba.

In 1981, the party of American explorer Gregory Deyermenjian reached and photographed parts of the site, soon thereafter generating a popular article concerning the site and its history.[28]

Later extensive archeological work by Vincent Lee, and especially his exhaustive study, his 2000 book Forgotten Vilcabamba, gave further and even more precise confirmation that has made Espíritu Pampa the definitively accepted site of the historical Vilcabamba.

On 16 June 2006, a museum in Cuzco[29] unveiled a plaque that commemorates the thirtieth anniversary of the 1976 Vilcabamba findings.

In popular culture Edit

The lost city of Vilcabamba features in the educational computer game series The Amazon Trail, the Tomb Raider videogame and its remake Tomb Raider: Anniversary, and the books Evil Star and Necropolis by British thriller author Anthony Horowitz. Vilcabamba is also a playable place in the PlayStation 2 RPG Shadow Hearts: From the New World.

The second episode of Michael Wood's 2000 documentary series Conquistadors visits the site of Vilcabamba while telling the story of the fall of the Inca and retreat of Manco and his followers to the remote region as the last surviving remnant of the empire.

The city was the location of British writer Colin Thubron's 2002 novel, To the Last City, which was short-listed for the Man Booker Prize, and tells the story of a group of people who set off to explore the ruins of the Inca city[30] in what has been described as a "Heart of Darkness narrative" in a "Marquezian setting".

The science fiction story "Vilcabamba" (2010) by Harry Turtledove is a self-referential allegory of Vilcabamba as an alien invasion story set in the 22nd century.

An episode of the TV Series In Search of... (1976-1982) titled "Inca Treasures", highlights the expedition taken by professor Edmundo Guillén to explore the ruins of Vilcabamba.

Gallery Edit

  •  

    Edmundo Guillén and Elżbieta Dzikowska in the ruins of Vilcabamba, photo taken by Tony Halik in 1976

  •  

    Tree over structure

  •  

    Vilcabamba

  •  

    Inca water fall

  •  

    Inca water fall

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Ludovico Bertonio, Transcripción del vocabulario de la lengua aymara (Spanish-Aymara dictionary): Willka - Adoratorio dedicado al Sol u otros ídolos. / El Sol como antiguamente decían y ahora dicen inti. Pampa - El campo o todo lo que está fuera del pueblo, ahora sea cuesta, ahora llano. +Todo lo bajo respecto de la mesa o poyo, la tierra llana.
  2. ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary): willka - s. Nieto, ta respecto del abuelo. / s. Dios menor en la teogonia incaica. pampa s. Campo. Lugar generalmente plano. Pampa. / s. Llanura. Terreno uniforme y dilatado, sin altos ni bajos pronunciados.
  3. ^ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005: willka - s. Hist. Idolo de este nombre. Icono o imagen que representaba la divinidad tutelar del valle que se extiende desde lo que hoy es La Raya –línea divisoria entre Cusco y Puno– hasta la montaña misma. (J.L.P.) || Apellido de origen inkaico. / s. Biznieto o biznieta. SINÓN: haway. || Linaje. || adj. Sagrado, divino, sacro.
  4. ^ Mariko Namba Walter,Eva Jane Neumann Fridman, Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture, Vol. 1, p. 439 willka or vilca (Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina):
  5. ^ Bingham, Hiram III. (2002) The Lost City of the Incas. Centenary edition. New York:Sterling Publ. Co. p.155. (huilca a type of tree and pampa a lowland flat area)
  6. ^ MacQuarie, Kim (2007), The Last Days of the Incas, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 445
  7. ^ "Mapa," [1], accessed 16 Jul 2019
  8. ^ Hemming, John (1970), The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., pp. 485-494
  9. ^ Lee, Vincent H. L. (2000). Forgotten Vilcabamba: final stronghold of the Incas. [Wilson, Wyo.]: Sixpac Manco Publications. ISBN 978-0-9677109-0-7.
  10. ^ a b Thomson, Hugh. (2001). The White Rock. An Exploration of the Inca Heartland. London: Orion Books Ltd. p.310.
  11. ^ Google Earth
  12. ^ Fonseca Santa Cruz, Javier and Bauer, Brian S. (2013) "Dating the Wari Remains at Espiritu Pampa (Vilcabamba, Cusco)," Andean Past: Vol. 11 , Article 12, pp. 113-114, [2], accessed 2 July 2019
  13. ^ Hemming, pp. 255, p. 331-332; Google Earth
  14. ^ Bauer, Brian S., Halac-Higashimori, Madeleine, and Cantarutti, Gabriel E. (2013), Voices from Vilcabamba: Accounts Chronicling the Fall of the Inca Empire, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, p. 4. Downloaded from Project MUSE.
  15. ^ Hemming, The conquest, pp. 222–225.
  16. ^ Bauer et al. (2013), pp. 5-6; Hemming, p. 255
  17. ^ Martin Hurdado de Arbieto, quoted in Hemming, pp. 433-434
  18. ^ Bauer et al. (2013), p. 16
  19. ^ Hemming, pp. 474-478
  20. ^ Bingham, pg. 157-158
  21. ^ Ethan Todras-Whitehill in the New York Times
  22. ^ Hemming, pp. 478-481
  23. ^ Hemming, pp. 485-491
  24. ^ Bingham, pg. xxxv, xxxvi, 155-172, 197
  25. ^ Bauer, Brian S., Fonseca Santa Cruz, Javier, Araoz Silva, Miriam (2014), Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance, Bristol, Connecticut: LLC, p. 24
  26. ^ Hemming, pp. 492-494
  27. ^ Hemming, pp. 492-499
  28. ^ Deyermenjian, Gregory. (1985). "Vilcabamba Revisited" in South American Explorer, No. 12.
  29. ^ "Museo Inka - UNSAAC". museoinka.unsaac.edu.pe. from the original on 2017-02-14.
  30. ^ McCrum, Robert (July 28, 2002). "Back to the heart of darkness". The Guardian. London. from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

Sources Edit

Further reading Edit

  • Diego de Castro Yupangui (1992) [1570]. Instrucción al Licenciado Lope García de Castro. Colección Clásicos peruanos (in Spanish). Lima: Fondo Editorial.
  • Laurence Blair (2018). Peru’s last Incan city reveals its secrets: ‘It’s genuinely a marvel’. Espíritu Pampa: TheGuardian.com

October 20, 2023
vilcabamba, peru, vilcabamba, hispanicized, spelling, willkapampa, aymara, quechua, often, called, lost, city, incas, vilcabamba, means, sacred, plain, quechua, modern, name, inca, ruins, vilcabamba, espíritu, pampa, plain, spirits, vilcabamba, located, echara. Vilcabamba in Hispanicized spelling or Willkapampa Aymara 1 and Quechua 2 3 4 5 is often called the Lost City of the Incas Vilcabamba means sacred plain in Quechua 6 The modern name for the Inca ruins of Vilcabamba is Espiritu Pampa Plain of the Spirits Vilcabamba is located in Echarate District of La Convencion Province in the Cuzco Region of Peru 7 VilcabambaWillkapampaRuins of Espiritu PampaLocation within PeruAlternative nameVilcabamba la ViejaEspiritu PampaLocationLa Convencion ProvinceRegionCuzco DepartmentCoordinates12 54 14 S 73 12 11 W 12 904 S 73 203 W 12 904 73 203Altitude1 458 m 4 783 ft TypeSettlementHistoryBuilderManco Inca YupanquiFounded1539Abandoned1572CulturesNeo Inca StateVilcabamba was the capital of the Neo Inca State from 1539 to 1572 The Neo Inca State was the last refuge of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards and their indigenous allies in 1572 signaling the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule Subsequently Vilcabamba was abandoned and its location forgotten In 1911 explorer Hiram Bingham mistakenly identified the abandoned ruin of Machu Picchu as Vilcabamba but he also visited a ruin called Espiritu Pampa by local Peruvians In 1964 Gene Savoy identified Espiritu Pampa as the fabled Vilcabamba a designation widely accepted by archaeologists and historians 8 Vilcabamba or Espiritu Pampa is located near the Chontabamba River a tributary of the Urubamba River 9 The Inca capital has often been referred to as Vilcabamba the Old to distinguish it from the town of Vilcabamba the New of Spanish origin and 35 kilometres 22 mi in straight line distance southwest of Old Vilcabamba 10 11 In 2010 items belonging to the Wari culture and radiocarbon dated to about 700 CE were found at Espiritu Pampa This discovery indicated that the site was occupied long before it became the Inca capital in 1539 As of 2013 archaeological investigations of the site were incomplete and the ruins of Espiritu Pampa were inaccessible by vehicle 12 Contents 1 History 1 1 Spanish Vilcabamba 2 The lost city 3 In popular culture 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further readingHistory EditLa Convencion province in which Vilcabamba is located is extremely rugged occupying the north eastern slopes of the Andes and sloping down to the Amazon Basin The terrain includes snow covered mountains forest lowland jungle and rivers running through deep canyons Access and transportation within the area was difficult and would hinder Spanish efforts to destroy the last outposts of the Inca Empire 13 The Incas had occupied the Vilcabamba region since about 1450 CE establishing major centers at Machu Picchu Choquequirao Vitcos and Vilcabamba 14 Thus the Incas were familiar with the region when Inca emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui won the Battle of Ollantaytambo against the Spanish and their Indian allies in January 1537 Despite the victory Manco was under intense pressure from the Spanish He decided that Ollantaytambo was too close to Cusco controlled by the Spanish so he withdrew westward to the Inca center of Vitcos Almagro sent his lieutenant Rodrigo Orgonez in pursuit with 300 Spaniards and numerous Indian allies In July 1537 Orgonez occupied and sacked Vitcos taking many prisoners but Manco escaped 15 Manco Inca survived another Spain raid in 1539 by Gonzalo Pizarro 300 Spanish soldiers and Indian allies The Spanish and the Incas fought a battle at Huayna Pukara Huayna Fort west of Vitcos and about 22 kilometres 14 mi from Vilcabamba Several Spaniards and Indians were killed but Manco again escaped Pizarro stayed in the region for more than two months searching for Manco unsuccessfully but capturing Manco s principal wife Cura Ocllo The Spaniards wrote of the region that great resources are needed to undertake a penetration of that land It can be done only with very heavy expenditure The Spanish would not attempt another major military expedition into Vilcabamba until 1572 As the two Spanish raids demonstrated Vitcos was accessible to the Spanish and Manco developed Vilcabamba as a more remote refuge 16 In the years following the Spanish raids the Incas and the Spaniards maintained uneasy diplomatic relations with visits back and forth between Vilcabamba and Cuzco the Spanish capital The murder of a Spanish envoy by the Incas persuaded Viceroy of Peru Francisco de Toledo to conquer the Vilcabamba region and end Inca rule On June 24 1572 a Spanish army led by veteran conquistador Martin Hurtado de Arbieto made a final advance on the Incas remote jungle capital At 10 o clock wrote Hurtado in his account of the campaign they marched into the city of Vilcabamba all on foot for it is the most wild and rugged country in no way suitable for horses What they discovered was a city built for about a thousand fighting Indians besides many other women children and old people filled with four hundred houses 17 After the fall of Vilcabamba the Spanish pursued and captured Tupac Amaru the last Inca monarch and beheaded him in Cusco on September 24 1572 18 Spanish Vilcabamba Edit In 1572 the conqueror and governor of Vilcabamba Martin Hurtado de Arbieto founded San Francisco de la Victoria de Vilcabamba also known as Vilcabamba la Nueva the New 5 kilometres 3 1 mi west of Vitcos It is located on the Pampaconas River a tributary of the Vilcabamba River which is a tributary of the Urubamba River 10 Hurtado was a brutal administrator offering encomiendas to Spanish soldiers and making the local Indians virtual slaves Many of them died or abandoned their homes and fled elsewhere Silver deposits were discovered nearby and the town enjoyed a brief boom although the production of the mines was meager and by the early 17th century Vilcabamba the New and the Vilcabama region was no longer of much interest to the Spanish 19 Hiram Bingham visited the town in 1911 noting that Instead of Inca walls or ruins Vilcabamba has three score solidly built Spanish houses due to the prosperity of gold diggers who came to work the quartz mines which were made accessible after the death of Tupac Amaru Catholic clerics had built a church and a monastery in the town 20 The lost city Edit nbsp Bingham s map of Vilcabamba Important places circled Espiritu Pampa is Incan Vilcabamba The location of the Incan Vilcabamba was forgotten during the 17th century by the few remaining inhabitants of the region In 1710 an explorer Juan Arias Diaz found Choquequirao 70 kilometres 43 mi southwest of Vilcabamba and identified it as the Incan capital 21 Later historians and explorers identified Choquequirao as Vilcabamba In 1909 Peruvian historian Carlos A Romero debunked the claim that Choquequirao was Incan Vilcabamba based on his studies of writings by Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century Romero identified the village of Puquiura as the site of Incan Vilcabamba 22 In 1911 Hiram Bingham was on the expedition which resulted in him bringing to a wider world attention the Incan ruin of Machu Picchu Romero pointed him toward Puquiura as the site of Vilcabamba and Bingham discovered there the ruins of Rosaspata He correctly identified Rosaspata as the Incan Vitcos rather than Incan Vilcabamba Drawn by rumors of another lost Inca ruin in the lowland forest Bingham ignored tales of a hostile plantation owner and dangerous native peoples and proceeded onward After a difficult three days of foot travel he found the plantation Its owner and the Ashaninka or Campa indigenous peoples working there were friendly and helpful They assisted him in cutting a trail through the jungle and two days later he found Inca ruins at a place called Espiritu Pampa He found artificial terraces stone houses including a rectangular building 192 feet 59 m long a fountain Inca pottery and a stone bridge But Bingham was running out of supplies and only spent a short time at Espiritu Pampa Based on his brief observations Bingham concluded that Machu Picchu was the Incan Vilcabamba That opinion went largely unchallenged for 50 years 23 24 nbsp Hiram Bingham III upper right with a local guide on a jungle bridge at Vilcabamba hand colored glass slide 1911In 1964 Peruvian explorer Antonio Santander Caselli visited Espiritu Pampa and later claimed the discovery that Espiritu Pampa was the Incan Vilcabamba 25 In the same month American explorer Gene Savoy reached Espiritu Pampa He discovered that Bingham had only seen a minor part of the ruin at Eremboni Pampa and that the main ruin of Espiritu Pampa was 700 yards 640 m distant Savoy found 50 or 60 houses and 300 houses at Espiritu Pampa Savoy concluded that Espiritu Pampa was Vilcabamba contradicting Bingham 26 Savoy s 1970 book Antisuyo brought the site to even wider attention Researcher and author John Hemming also concluded the Espiritu Pampa was Incan Vilcabamba in his 1970 book The Conquest of the Incas He cited contemporary Spanish and Inca accounts of Vilcabamba as evidence Titu Cusi Yupanqui said that Vilcambamba had a warm climate unlike Vitcos which was in a cold district This statement is consistent with the elevation of the two places 1 450 metres 4 760 ft for Espiritu Pampa and 2 980 metres 9 780 ft for Vitcos Moreover both the conqueror of Vilcabamba Hurtado de Abierto and chronicler Martin de Murua cited the tropical crops coca cotton and sugar cane grown near Vilcabamba and that the city lay in a hot country unlike most Inca cities The Inca preferred to live in the high cool climate of the Andes Hurtado also described Vilcabamba as being in a valley with pastures for cattle unlike Machu Picchu which is on a steep ridge Finally Hemming cited Spanish sources indicating that Vilcabamba was northeast of Vitcos unlike Machu Picchu which is west of Vitcos Thus Bingham s claim that Machu Picchu was Incan Vilcabamba and other claims that Vitcos was Vilcabamba were discredited 27 In 1976 Professor Edmundo Guillen and Polish explorers Tony Halik and Elzbieta Dzikowska continued to explore the ruins at Espiritu Pampa Before the expedition Guillen visited a museum in Seville where he discovered letters from Spaniards in which they described the progress of the invasion and what they found in Vilcabamba Comparison between the letters contents and the ruins provided additional proof of Espiritu Pampa as the location of Vilcabamba In 1981 the party of American explorer Gregory Deyermenjian reached and photographed parts of the site soon thereafter generating a popular article concerning the site and its history 28 Later extensive archeological work by Vincent Lee and especially his exhaustive study his 2000 book Forgotten Vilcabamba gave further and even more precise confirmation that has made Espiritu Pampa the definitively accepted site of the historical Vilcabamba On 16 June 2006 a museum in Cuzco 29 unveiled a plaque that commemorates the thirtieth anniversary of the 1976 Vilcabamba findings In popular culture EditThe lost city of Vilcabamba features in the educational computer game series The Amazon Trail the Tomb Raider videogame and its remake Tomb Raider Anniversary and the books Evil Star and Necropolis by British thriller author Anthony Horowitz Vilcabamba is also a playable place in the PlayStation 2 RPG Shadow Hearts From the New World The second episode of Michael Wood s 2000 documentary series Conquistadors visits the site of Vilcabamba while telling the story of the fall of the Inca and retreat of Manco and his followers to the remote region as the last surviving remnant of the empire The city was the location of British writer Colin Thubron s 2002 novel To the Last City which was short listed for the Man Booker Prize and tells the story of a group of people who set off to explore the ruins of the Inca city 30 in what has been described as a Heart of Darkness narrative in a Marquezian setting The science fiction story Vilcabamba 2010 by Harry Turtledove is a self referential allegory of Vilcabamba as an alien invasion story set in the 22nd century An episode of the TV Series In Search of 1976 1982 titled Inca Treasures highlights the expedition taken by professor Edmundo Guillen to explore the ruins of Vilcabamba Gallery Edit nbsp Edmundo Guillen and Elzbieta Dzikowska in the ruins of Vilcabamba photo taken by Tony Halik in 1976 nbsp Tree over structure nbsp Vilcabamba nbsp Inca water fall nbsp Inca water fallSee also EditList of archaeological sites in Peru Nusta Hisp ana Spanish conquest of Peru Tupac AmaruReferences Edit Ludovico Bertonio Transcripcion del vocabulario de la lengua aymara Spanish Aymara dictionary Willka Adoratorio dedicado al Sol u otros idolos El Sol como antiguamente decian y ahora dicen inti Pampa El campo o todo lo que esta fuera del pueblo ahora sea cuesta ahora llano Todo lo bajo respecto de la mesa o poyo la tierra llana Teofilo Laime Ajacopa Diccionario Bilingue Iskay simipi yuyayk ancha La Paz 2007 Quechua Spanish dictionary willka s Nieto ta respecto del abuelo s Dios menor en la teogonia incaica pampa s Campo Lugar generalmente plano Pampa s Llanura Terreno uniforme y dilatado sin altos ni bajos pronunciados Diccionario Quechua Espanol Quechua Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua Gobierno Regional Cusco Cusco 2005 willka s Hist Idolo de este nombre Icono o imagen que representaba la divinidad tutelar del valle que se extiende desde lo que hoy es La Raya linea divisoria entre Cusco y Puno hasta la montana misma J L P Apellido de origen inkaico s Biznieto o biznieta SINoN haway Linaje adj Sagrado divino sacro Mariko Namba Walter Eva Jane Neumann Fridman Shamanism An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs Practices and Culture Vol 1 p 439 willka or vilca Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina Bingham Hiram III 2002 The Lost City of the Incas Centenary edition New York Sterling Publ Co p 155 huilca a type of tree and pampa a lowland flat area MacQuarie Kim 2007 The Last Days of the Incas New York Simon and Schuster p 445 Mapa 1 accessed 16 Jul 2019 Hemming John 1970 The Conquest of the Incas New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc pp 485 494 Lee Vincent H L 2000 Forgotten Vilcabamba final stronghold of the Incas Wilson Wyo Sixpac Manco Publications ISBN 978 0 9677109 0 7 a b Thomson Hugh 2001 The White Rock An Exploration of the Inca Heartland London Orion Books Ltd p 310 Google Earth Fonseca Santa Cruz Javier and Bauer Brian S 2013 Dating the Wari Remains at Espiritu Pampa Vilcabamba Cusco Andean Past Vol 11 Article 12 pp 113 114 2 accessed 2 July 2019 Hemming pp 255 p 331 332 Google Earth Bauer Brian S Halac Higashimori Madeleine and Cantarutti Gabriel E 2013 Voices from Vilcabamba Accounts Chronicling the Fall of the Inca Empire Boulder University Press of Colorado p 4 Downloaded from Project MUSE Hemming The conquest pp 222 225 Bauer et al 2013 pp 5 6 Hemming p 255 Martin Hurdado de Arbieto quoted in Hemming pp 433 434 Bauer et al 2013 p 16 Hemming pp 474 478 Bingham pg 157 158 Ethan Todras Whitehill in the New York Times Hemming pp 478 481 Hemming pp 485 491 Bingham pg xxxv xxxvi 155 172 197 Bauer Brian S Fonseca Santa Cruz Javier Araoz Silva Miriam 2014 Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance Bristol Connecticut LLC p 24 Hemming pp 492 494 Hemming pp 492 499 Deyermenjian Gregory 1985 Vilcabamba Revisited in South American Explorer No 12 Museo Inka UNSAAC museoinka unsaac edu pe Archived from the original on 2017 02 14 McCrum Robert July 28 2002 Back to the heart of darkness The Guardian London Archived from the original on October 12 2008 Retrieved May 27 2010 Sources EditDeyermenjian Gregory 1985 Vilcabamba Revisited in South American Explorer No 12 Hemming John 1970 The conquest of the Incas New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ISBN 978 0 15 602826 4 Lee Vincent R 2000 Forgotten Vilcabamba final stronghold of the Incas Wilson Wyo Sixpac Manco Publications ISBN 978 0 9677109 0 7 Macquarrie Kim 2007 The last days of the Incas New York Simon Schuster ISBN 978 0 7432 6049 7 Santander Casselli Antonio no date Vilcabamba in Andanzas de un Sonador Savoy Gene Antisuyo the search for the lost cities of the Amazon Glen Savoy New York Simon and Schuster 1970 ISBN 978 0 671 20220 0 Waisbard Simone 1979 The Mysteries of Machu Picchu New York Avon Books ISBN 0 380 43687 6 Further reading EditDiego de Castro Yupangui 1992 1570 Instruccion al Licenciado Lope Garcia de Castro Coleccion Clasicos peruanos in Spanish Lima Fondo Editorial Laurence Blair 2018 Peru s last Incan city reveals its secrets It s genuinely a marvel Espiritu Pampa TheGuardian com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vilcabamba Peru amp oldid 1179442589, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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