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Shu Han

Han (; 221–263), known in historiography as Shu Han (蜀漢 [ʂù xân] ) or Ji Han (季漢 "Junior Han"),[2] or often shortened to Shu (Chinese: ; pinyin: Shǔ; Sichuanese Pinyin: Su2 < Middle Chinese: *źjowk < Eastern Han Chinese: *dźok[3]), was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period. The state was based in the area around present-day Hanzhong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, and north Guangxi, an area historically referred to as "Shu" based on the name of the past ancient kingdom of Shu, which also occupied this approximate geographical area. Its core territory also coincided with Liu Bang's Kingdom of Han, the precursor of the Han dynasty.

Han
May 221–c.Dec 263
The territories of Shu Han (in light pink), as of 262 A.D.
CapitalChengdu
Common languagesBa–Shu Chinese
Eastern Han Chinese
Religion
Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 221 – 223
Liu Bei
• 223 – 263
Liu Shan
Historical eraThree Kingdoms
• Established
May 221
c.Dec 263
Population
• 221[1]
900,000
• 263[1]
1,082,000
CurrencyAncient Chinese coinage, Chinese cash
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Today part ofChina
Myanmar

Shu Han's founder, Liu Bei (Emperor Zhaolie), had named his dynasty "Han", as he considered it a rump state of the Han dynasty and thus the legitimate successor to the Han throne, while the prefix "Shu" was first used by the rival state of Cao Wei to delegitimize the orthodoxy claims of the Shu Han state.[4] Later on when writing the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the historian, Chen Shou, also used the prefix "Shu" to describe Liu Bei's state of Han as a historiographical prefix to differentiate it from the many other states officially named "Han" throughout Chinese history.[5]

History edit

Beginnings and founding edit

Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Liu Bei, a warlord and distant relative of the Han imperial clan, rallied the support of many capable followers. Following the counsel of his advisor, Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge's Longzhong Plan, Liu Bei conquered parts of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) in 208 and 209, took over Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from the warlord Liu Zhang between 212 and 214, and wrestled control of Hanzhong from his rival, Cao Cao, in 219. Afterwards, Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong.

From the territories he gained, Liu Bei established a position for himself in China during the final years of the Han dynasty. However, in 219, the alliance between Liu Bei and his ally, Sun Quan, was broken when Sun sent his general, Lü Meng, to invade Jing Province. Liu Bei lost his territories in Jing Province to Sun Quan. Guan Yu, the general guarding Liu Bei's assets in Jing Province, was captured and subsequently executed by Sun Quan's forces.

Cao Cao died in 220, and was succeeded by his son, Cao Pi, who forced the last Han ruler, Emperor Xian, to abdicate the throne in his favour. Cao Pi then established the state of Cao Wei, and declared himself emperor. Liu Bei contested Cao Pi's claim to the throne, and proclaimed himself “Emperor of Han” in 221. Although Liu Bei is widely seen as the founder of Shu Han, he never claimed to be the founder of a new dynasty; rather, he viewed Shu Han as a continuation of the Han dynasty.

To distinguish the state from other historical Chinese states of the same name, historians have added a relevant character to the state's original name: the state that called itself “Han” (漢) is also known as “Shu Han” (蜀漢) or just “Shu” (蜀).

Liu Bei's reign edit

Liu Bei ruled as emperor for less than three years. In 222, he launched a campaign against Sun Quan to retake Jing Province and avenge Guan Yu, culminating in the Battle of Xiaoting. However, due to grave tactical mistakes, Liu Bei suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Sun Quan's general, Lu Xun, and lost the bulk of his army. He survived the battle and retreated to Baidicheng, where he died from illness a year later.

Liu Shan's reign edit

 
A Qing dynasty illustration of a battle between Wei and Shu at the banks of the Wei River. Many battles were fought between Shu and Wei in the Three Kingdoms period.
 
Pottery musician, Shu, Three Kingdoms.

Before Liu Bei's death, he appointed the chancellor Zhuge Liang and the general Li Yan as regents to his son, Liu Shan. The young Liu Shan was only 16 years old, making him the youngest of the rulers of the Three Kingdom states, and Liu Bei expected the two regents to assist Liu Shan in managing state affairs. Zhuge Liang was the de facto head of the Shu government throughout Liu Shan's reign, and was responsible for most of Shu's policies during his regency.

When Liu Shan succeeded his father, Shu was the weakest of the three major powers. Following his father's defeat in 221, the portion of Jing Province previously held by Shu was now firmly under the control of Wu. Shu only included the western lands of Yi Province, while Wei controlled all of the northern lands, and Wu controlled all the lands from the east of Yi Province to the southern and eastern coastlines. Meanwhile, Shu's population was not large enough to stand against the rival state of Wei.[6] This greatly limited Shu in terms of resources and manpower; although the country could efficiently defend itself, Shu could not easily launch successful campaigns. As such, Zhuge Liang parleyed for peace with Wu, and reaffirmed the alliance between Sun Quan and Shu — with the former even recognising Sun Quan's legitimacy when the latter broke with Wei, and declared himself “Emperor of Wu” in 229. In order to strengthen the Shu Han state's authority in the remote southern region of Nanzhong, Zhuge Liang also launched an expeditionary force there in 225 to quell local rebellions, and the growing influence of the Nanman (literal: southern barbarians) in the region.

Zhuge Liang advocated an aggressive foreign policy towards Wei, because he strongly believed it was critical to the survival of Shu and its sovereignty. Between the years of 228 and 234, he launched a series of five military campaigns against Wei, with the aim of conquering Chang'an, a strategic city located on the road to the Wei capital, Luoyang. Most of the battles were fought around present-day Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. However, aside from gaining Jiang Wei as an officer in 228, Shu failed to achieve any significant victories or lasting gains in the five expeditions. During his final campaign where he fought against the Wei general, Sima Yi, an already taxed and ill Zhuge Liang died under the strain of the long stalemate with the Wei forces at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains.

After Zhuge Liang’s death, the Shu government was then headed by Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, and others, and Shu temporarily ceased its aggression towards Wei. In 244, the Wei regent, Cao Shuang, launched an invasion of Hanzhong. Despite being outnumbered 2-to-1, the Shu forces defeated the invading combatants at the Battle of Xingshi, with the humiliated Wei forces fleeing. Between 247 and 262, the Shu general, Jiang Wei, resumed Zhuge Liang's legacy by leading a series of military campaigns against Wei, but also failed to make any significant territorial gains.

Fall of Shu edit

In 263, armies led by the Wei generals Deng Ai and Zhong Hui attacked Shu, and conquered its capital, Chengdu, without much struggle — the state having been exhausted by Jiang Wei's ill-fated campaigns. In the same year, Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai outside Chengdu, marking the end of Shu. In spite of this, Jiang Wei attempted to incite conflict between Deng Ai and Zhong Hui, in the hope of taking advantage of the situation to revive Shu. Zhong Hui captured Deng Ai, and openly rebelled against the Wei regent, Sima Zhao, but the revolt was suppressed by Wei forces. Jiang Wei, Zhong Hui, and Deng Ai were killed in the struggle.

Liu Shan was brought to Luoyang, where he met with Sima Zhao, and was awarded the title of “Duke of Anle.” He lived a comfortable and peaceful life in Luoyang until the end of his days.

Economy edit

Shu was not merely a nation at war. During peacetime, the Shu state began many irrigation and road-building projects designed to improve the economy. Many of these public works still exist and are widely used. For example, the Zipingpu Dam is still present near Chengdu, Sichuan. These works helped improve the economy of southwestern China, and can be seen as the beginning of economic activity in Sichuan. It also promoted trade with southern China, which was then ruled by Eastern Wu.[citation needed]

List of territories edit

List of emperors edit

Shu Han rulers
Temple name Posthumous name Family name (in bold) and personal name Reign Era names and their year ranges Notes
Liezu
烈祖
Emperor Zhaolie
昭烈皇帝
Liu Bei
劉備
221–223
  • Zhangwu
    章武 (221–223)
Liu Bei is also referred to as the "Late Emperor" (先帝) in some historical texts.
(N/A) Emperor Xiaohuai
孝懷皇帝
Liu Shan
劉禪
223–263
  • Jianxing
    建興 (223–237)
  • Yanxi
    延熙 (238–257)
  • Jingyao
    景耀 (258–263)
  • Yanxing
    炎興 (263)
Liu Shan was posthumously granted the title of "Duke Si of Anle" (安樂思公) by the Jin dynasty. He was later posthumously honoured as "Emperor Xiaohuai" (孝懷皇帝) by Liu Yuan, the founder of the Han-Zhao state of the Sixteen Kingdoms. He is also referred to as the "Later Lord" (後主) in some historical texts.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Zou Jiwan (Chinese: 鄒紀萬), Zhongguo Tongshi – Weijin Nanbeichao Shi 中國通史·魏晉南北朝史, (1992).
  2. ^ Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, "Book of Shu: Accounts of Deng, Zhang, Zong, & Yang", section Yang Xi: quote: "戲以延熙四年著《季漢輔臣贊》"; translation: "[Yang] Xi, in the fourth year of Yanxi era [241 CE], composed 'Praises for the Supportive Ministers of Ji Han.'"
  3. ^ Schuessler, Axel. (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i. 157
  4. ^ An example is a quote by Wei general Zhong Hui: "事成,可得天下;不成,退保蜀漢,不失作劉備也。" tr: "If we'd succeed, we'd have all under Heaven; if we'd not succeed, we'd retreat and defend Shu Han and not lose, just as Liu Bei did." in Sanguozhi vol. 28
  5. ^ 小平 (2012). "三国蜀汉政权国号 "汉" 考论". 西华师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (1): 63–66.
  6. ^ Eberhard, Wolfram (1977). A History of China. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 0520032683.

confused, with, shuhan, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, january, 2013, learn, when, remove, this, template, me. Not to be confused with Shuhan or han shu This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations January 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Han 漢 221 263 known in historiography as Shu Han 蜀漢 ʂu xa n or Ji Han 季漢 Junior Han 2 or often shortened to Shu Chinese 蜀 pinyin Shǔ Sichuanese Pinyin Su2 lt Middle Chinese zjowk lt Eastern Han Chinese dzok 3 was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period The state was based in the area around present day Hanzhong Sichuan Chongqing Yunnan Guizhou and north Guangxi an area historically referred to as Shu based on the name of the past ancient kingdom of Shu which also occupied this approximate geographical area Its core territory also coincided with Liu Bang s Kingdom of Han the precursor of the Han dynasty Han漢May 221 c Dec 263The territories of Shu Han in light pink as of 262 A D CapitalChengduCommon languagesBa Shu ChineseEastern Han ChineseReligionTaoism Confucianism Chinese folk religionGovernmentMonarchyEmperor 221 223Liu Bei 223 263Liu ShanHistorical eraThree Kingdoms EstablishedMay 221 Conquest of Shu by Weic Dec 263Population 221 1 900 000 263 1 1 082 000CurrencyAncient Chinese coinage Chinese cashPreceded by Succeeded byEastern Han Cao WeiToday part ofChinaMyanmarShu HanTraditional Chinese蜀漢Simplified Chinese蜀汉Hanyu PinyinShǔ HanTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShǔ HanBopomofoㄕㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋGwoyeu RomatzyhShuu HannWade GilesShu3 Han4Tongyong PinyinShǔ HanIPA ʂu xa n Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationSuhk HonJyutpingSuk6 Hon3IPA sok hɔːn Shu Han s founder Liu Bei Emperor Zhaolie had named his dynasty Han as he considered it a rump state of the Han dynasty and thus the legitimate successor to the Han throne while the prefix Shu was first used by the rival state of Cao Wei to delegitimize the orthodoxy claims of the Shu Han state 4 Later on when writing the Records of the Three Kingdoms the historian Chen Shou also used the prefix Shu to describe Liu Bei s state of Han as a historiographical prefix to differentiate it from the many other states officially named Han throughout Chinese history 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Beginnings and founding 1 2 Liu Bei s reign 1 3 Liu Shan s reign 1 4 Fall of Shu 2 Economy 3 List of territories 4 List of emperors 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory editBeginnings and founding edit Further information End of the Han dynasty Main article Liu Bei s takeover of Yi Province Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty Liu Bei a warlord and distant relative of the Han imperial clan rallied the support of many capable followers Following the counsel of his advisor Zhuge Liang and Zhuge s Longzhong Plan Liu Bei conquered parts of Jing Province covering present day Hubei and Hunan in 208 and 209 took over Yi Province covering present day Sichuan and Chongqing from the warlord Liu Zhang between 212 and 214 and wrestled control of Hanzhong from his rival Cao Cao in 219 Afterwards Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong From the territories he gained Liu Bei established a position for himself in China during the final years of the Han dynasty However in 219 the alliance between Liu Bei and his ally Sun Quan was broken when Sun sent his general Lu Meng to invade Jing Province Liu Bei lost his territories in Jing Province to Sun Quan Guan Yu the general guarding Liu Bei s assets in Jing Province was captured and subsequently executed by Sun Quan s forces Cao Cao died in 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi who forced the last Han ruler Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour Cao Pi then established the state of Cao Wei and declared himself emperor Liu Bei contested Cao Pi s claim to the throne and proclaimed himself Emperor of Han in 221 Although Liu Bei is widely seen as the founder of Shu Han he never claimed to be the founder of a new dynasty rather he viewed Shu Han as a continuation of the Han dynasty To distinguish the state from other historical Chinese states of the same name historians have added a relevant character to the state s original name the state that called itself Han 漢 is also known as Shu Han 蜀漢 or just Shu 蜀 Liu Bei s reign edit See also Battle of Xiaoting Liu Bei ruled as emperor for less than three years In 222 he launched a campaign against Sun Quan to retake Jing Province and avenge Guan Yu culminating in the Battle of Xiaoting However due to grave tactical mistakes Liu Bei suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Sun Quan s general Lu Xun and lost the bulk of his army He survived the battle and retreated to Baidicheng where he died from illness a year later Liu Shan s reign edit See also Zhuge Liang s Northern Expeditions and Jiang Wei s Northern Expeditions nbsp A Qing dynasty illustration of a battle between Wei and Shu at the banks of the Wei River Many battles were fought between Shu and Wei in the Three Kingdoms period nbsp Pottery musician Shu Three Kingdoms Before Liu Bei s death he appointed the chancellor Zhuge Liang and the general Li Yan as regents to his son Liu Shan The young Liu Shan was only 16 years old making him the youngest of the rulers of the Three Kingdom states and Liu Bei expected the two regents to assist Liu Shan in managing state affairs Zhuge Liang was the de facto head of the Shu government throughout Liu Shan s reign and was responsible for most of Shu s policies during his regency When Liu Shan succeeded his father Shu was the weakest of the three major powers Following his father s defeat in 221 the portion of Jing Province previously held by Shu was now firmly under the control of Wu Shu only included the western lands of Yi Province while Wei controlled all of the northern lands and Wu controlled all the lands from the east of Yi Province to the southern and eastern coastlines Meanwhile Shu s population was not large enough to stand against the rival state of Wei 6 This greatly limited Shu in terms of resources and manpower although the country could efficiently defend itself Shu could not easily launch successful campaigns As such Zhuge Liang parleyed for peace with Wu and reaffirmed the alliance between Sun Quan and Shu with the former even recognising Sun Quan s legitimacy when the latter broke with Wei and declared himself Emperor of Wu in 229 In order to strengthen the Shu Han state s authority in the remote southern region of Nanzhong Zhuge Liang also launched an expeditionary force there in 225 to quell local rebellions and the growing influence of the Nanman literal southern barbarians in the region Zhuge Liang advocated an aggressive foreign policy towards Wei because he strongly believed it was critical to the survival of Shu and its sovereignty Between the years of 228 and 234 he launched a series of five military campaigns against Wei with the aim of conquering Chang an a strategic city located on the road to the Wei capital Luoyang Most of the battles were fought around present day Gansu and Shaanxi provinces However aside from gaining Jiang Wei as an officer in 228 Shu failed to achieve any significant victories or lasting gains in the five expeditions During his final campaign where he fought against the Wei general Sima Yi an already taxed and ill Zhuge Liang died under the strain of the long stalemate with the Wei forces at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains After Zhuge Liang s death the Shu government was then headed by Jiang Wan Fei Yi and others and Shu temporarily ceased its aggression towards Wei In 244 the Wei regent Cao Shuang launched an invasion of Hanzhong Despite being outnumbered 2 to 1 the Shu forces defeated the invading combatants at the Battle of Xingshi with the humiliated Wei forces fleeing Between 247 and 262 the Shu general Jiang Wei resumed Zhuge Liang s legacy by leading a series of military campaigns against Wei but also failed to make any significant territorial gains Fall of Shu edit Main articles Conquest of Shu by Wei and Zhong Hui s Rebellion In 263 armies led by the Wei generals Deng Ai and Zhong Hui attacked Shu and conquered its capital Chengdu without much struggle the state having been exhausted by Jiang Wei s ill fated campaigns In the same year Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai outside Chengdu marking the end of Shu In spite of this Jiang Wei attempted to incite conflict between Deng Ai and Zhong Hui in the hope of taking advantage of the situation to revive Shu Zhong Hui captured Deng Ai and openly rebelled against the Wei regent Sima Zhao but the revolt was suppressed by Wei forces Jiang Wei Zhong Hui and Deng Ai were killed in the struggle Liu Shan was brought to Luoyang where he met with Sima Zhao and was awarded the title of Duke of Anle He lived a comfortable and peaceful life in Luoyang until the end of his days Economy editShu was not merely a nation at war During peacetime the Shu state began many irrigation and road building projects designed to improve the economy Many of these public works still exist and are widely used For example the Zipingpu Dam is still present near Chengdu Sichuan These works helped improve the economy of southwestern China and can be seen as the beginning of economic activity in Sichuan It also promoted trade with southern China which was then ruled by Eastern Wu citation needed List of territories editYi Province 益州 Commandery CountiesShu蜀 Chengdu成都Fan繁Jiangyuan江原Linqiong臨邛Pi郫Zitong梓潼 Zitong梓潼Fu涪Hande漢德Hanshou漢壽Boshui白水Guanghan廣漢 Luo雒Shifang什邡Mianzhu綿竹Xindu新都Yangquan陽泉Han漢 Qi郪Deyang德陽Wucheng五城Guanghan廣漢Wenshan汶山 Wenshan汶山Jiandi湔氐Du an都安Miansi綿虒Pingkang平康Canling蠶陵Guangrou廣柔Boma白馬Ba巴 Jiangzhou江州Dianjiang墊江Linjiang臨江Zhi枳Baxi巴西 Langzhong閬中Xichong state 西充國Nanchong state 南充國Hanchang漢昌Xuanhan宣漢Anhan安漢Dangqu宕渠Badong巴東 Yong an Yufu 永安 魚復 Quren朐忍Yangqu羊渠Beijing北井Handan漢單Wu巫Fuling涪陵 Hanfu漢復Fuling涪陵Hanping漢平Hanjia漢葭Wanning萬寧Jianwei犍為 Wuyang武陽Nan an南安Bodao僰道Zizhong資中Niubing牛鞞Jiangyang江陽 Jiangyang江陽Fu符Han an漢安Hanjia漢嘉 Hanjia漢嘉Xi徙Yandao嚴道Maoniu旄牛 Territories conquered by Shu from Wei Commandery CountiesHanzhong漢中 Nanzheng南鄭Baozhong褒中Mianyang沔陽Chenggu成固Nanxiang南鄉Wudu武都 Xiabian下辯Hechi河池Ju沮Wudu武都Gudao故道Qiangdao羌道Yinping陰平 Yinping陰平Pingguang平廣 Nanzhong 南中 Commandery CountiesShushi朱提 Shushi朱提Nanguang南廣Hanyang漢陽Nanchang南昌Tanglang堂狼Yuexi越巂 Huiwu會無Qiongdu邛都Beishui卑水Dingzha定苲Taideng臺登Anshang安上Xindao新道Qianjie潛街Sanfeng三縫Suqi蘇祁Chan闡Zangke牂柯 Qielan且蘭Tanzhi談指Yelang夜郎Wulian毋斂Bi鄨Pingyi平夷Guangtan廣談Yunnan雲南 Yunnan雲南Longdong梇棟Qingling青蛉Gufu姑復Xielong邪龍Yeyu楪榆Suijiu遂久Xinggu興古 Juting句町Wanwen宛溫Louwo漏臥Bengu賁古Hanxing漢興Jincheng進乘Xifeng西豐Xisui西隨Duofeng鐸封Jianning建寧 Wei味Cun Mayi 存 馬邑 Mudan母單Tonglai同瀨Muma牧麻Guchang穀昌Lianran連然Qinzang秦臧Shuangbai雙柏Yuyuan俞元Xiuyun修雲Dianchi滇池Tonglao同勞Tongjing同井Shengxiu勝休Jianling建伶Yongchang永昌 Buwei不韋Yongshou永壽Bisu比蘇Nanfu南涪Suitang巂唐Ailao哀牢Bonan博南List of emperors editSee also Shu Han family trees Shu Han rulers Temple name Posthumous name Family name in bold and personal name Reign Era names and their year ranges NotesLiezu烈祖 Emperor Zhaolie昭烈皇帝 Liu Bei劉備 221 223 Zhangwu章武 221 223 Liu Bei is also referred to as the Late Emperor 先帝 in some historical texts N A Emperor Xiaohuai孝懷皇帝 Liu Shan劉禪 223 263 Jianxing建興 223 237 Yanxi延熙 238 257 Jingyao景耀 258 263 Yanxing炎興 263 Liu Shan was posthumously granted the title of Duke Si of Anle 安樂思公 by the Jin dynasty He was later posthumously honoured as Emperor Xiaohuai 孝懷皇帝 by Liu Yuan the founder of the Han Zhao state of the Sixteen Kingdoms He is also referred to as the Later Lord 後主 in some historical texts See also editFirst Kingdom of Shu Third Kingdom of Shu Fourth Kingdom of ShuReferences edit a b Zou Jiwan Chinese 鄒紀萬 Zhongguo Tongshi Weijin Nanbeichao Shi 中國通史 魏晉南北朝史 1992 Chen Shou Records of the Three Kingdoms Book of Shu Accounts of Deng Zhang Zong amp Yang section Yang Xi quote 戲以延熙四年著 季漢輔臣贊 translation Yang Xi in the fourth year of Yanxi era 241 CE composed Praises for the Supportive Ministers of Ji Han Schuessler Axel 2009 Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese Honolulu University of Hawai i 157 An example is a quote by Wei general Zhong Hui 事成 可得天下 不成 退保蜀漢 不失作劉備也 tr If we d succeed we d have all under Heaven if we d not succeed we d retreat and defend Shu Han and not lose just as Liu Bei did in Sanguozhi vol 28 小平 2012 三国蜀汉政权国号 汉 考论 西华师范大学学报 哲学社会科学版 1 63 66 Eberhard Wolfram 1977 A History of China University of California Press p 112 ISBN 0520032683 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shu Han amp oldid 1181059838, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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