Contactless payment

Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smart cards, or other devices, including smartphones and other mobile devices, that use radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC, e.g. Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, Google Pay, Fitbit Pay, or any bank mobile application that supports contactless) for making secure payments. The embedded integrated circuit chip and antenna enable consumers to wave their card, fob, or handheld device over a reader at the point of sale terminal. Contactless payments are made in close physical proximity, unlike other types of mobile payments which use broad-area cellular or WiFi networks and do not involve close physical proximity.

EMV contactless symbol used on compatible payment terminals

EMV is a common standard used by major credit card and smartphone companies for use in general commerce. Contactless smart cards that function as stored-value cards are becoming popular for use as transit system farecards, such as the Oyster card or RioCard. These can often store non-currency value (such as monthly passes), in additional to fare value purchased with cash or electronic payment.

Tokenisation is a newer concept of encapsulating a card issuers details within a hardware device application such as via Apple Pay app on iPhones.

Some suppliers claim that transactions can be almost twice as fast as a conventional cash, credit, or debit card purchase. Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are usually limited to small value sales. Lack of authentication provides a window during which fraudulent purchases can be made while the card owner is unaware of the card's loss. Major financial institutions and multinational corporations now offer contactless payment systems to customers as contactless credit cards have become widespread in the U.S., U.K., Japan, Germany, Canada, Australia, France, the Netherlands, etc., as consumers are likely to spend more money using their cards due to the ease of small transactions. With contactless cards growing in numbers and percentages of adoption, the number of payments by this method had increased significantly since the spending limit was raised. Purchases made by card now surpass those made by cash and account for approximately one-third of all card transactions in countries like the UK.^{[citation needed]} Contactless payments specifically have become increasingly popular, accounting for 4 out of 5 point-of-sale purchases in Australia as of 2019.^[1] Card issuers indicate that they will increase the availability of contactless cards to consumers. There are over 58 million contactless-enabled cards and over 147,000 terminals in use in the UK alone,^{[citation needed]} VISA estimated that there would be 300 million contactless cards issued in the US by the end of 2020, up from the predicted 100 million at the end of 2019.^{[citation needed]}

Image of Contactless Card, opened up

History

1990s—2000s

Mobil was one of the most notable early adopters of a similar technology, and offered their "Speedpass" contactless payment system for participating Mobil gas stations as early as 1997. Although Mobil has since merged with Exxon, the service is still offered at many of ExxonMobil's stations. Freedompay also had early wins in the contactless space with Bank of America^[2] and McDonald's.^[3]

In 2002, Philips teamed up with Sony to elaborate the NFC standard.^[4][5] Then Philips Semiconductors applied for the six fundamental patents of NFC, invented by the Austrian and French engineers Franz Amtmann and Philippe Maugars who received the European Inventor Award in 2015.^[6]

In July 2004, Sony, who had implemented the contactless RFID smart card FeliCa in Japan, introduced the Osaifu-Keitai (おサイフケータイ) system (literal translation: "wallet-phone") developed with the mobile phone operator NTT DoCoMo on multiple FeliCa systems such as Edy and, on 28 January 2006, on Mobile Suica used primarily on the railway networks owned by JR East.^[7]

In May 2005, after some experimentation in the Netherlands, the contactless deferred payment at the end of each month, after the registration of the trips aboard with a contactless mobile phone on the client's account, was first experimented in Germany during 6 months on the tramways and bus of Hanau with the Nokia 3220 using the NFC standard of Philips and Sony.^[8]

In October 2005, the immediate contactless payment was first experimented in France in Caen during 6 months with a Samsung NFC smartphone by Orange in collaboration with Philips Semiconductors in the Cofinoga shops (Galeries Lafayette, Monoprix) and Vinci parkings. For the first time, thanks to "Fly Tag", the system allowed to receive as well audiovisual informations, like bus timetables or cinema trailers from the concerned services.^[7][5] In June 2007, the payment with a contactless bank card was tested at the FNAC of La Défense in Paris and from 19 November 2007 to 2009 in some shops of Caen and Strasbourg, this time with smartphones NFC, provided by four operators (Orange, Bouygues Telecom, SFR and NRJ Mobile).^[5] On 5 November 2007, Orange and the transport societies SNCF and Keolis associated themselves for a 2 months experimentation with smartphones in Rennes in the metro, bus and TER trains.^[9][5]

The first contactless cards in the UK were issued by Barclaycard in September 2007.^[10] PayPass trialed the world's first NFC-enabled phone, the Nokia 6131 NFC, in New York in 2007.^[11]

In March 2008, Eat became the first restaurant chain to adopt contactless.^[12]

On 19 January 2009, NFC is used in transports for the first time in the world by China Unicom and Yucheng Transportation Card with Changhong DG28 and F4 mobile phones in the tramways and bus of Chongqing in China.^[13]

2010s

In January 2010, Barclaycard partnered with mobile phone firm Orange, to launch a contactless credit card in the UK.^[14] Orange and Barclaycard also announced in 2009 that they would be launching a mobile phone with contactless technology.^[15]

After a test conducted from October 2005 to November 2006 with 27 users,^[16] on 21 May 2010, the transport authority of Nice Régie Lignes d'Azur was the first public transport provider in Europe to add definitely to its own offer a contactless payment on its tramways and bus network either with a NFC bank card or smartphone application notably on Samsung Player One (with the same mobile phone operators than in Caen and Strasbourg in 2007), as well as the validation aboard with them of the transport titles and the loading of these titles onto the smartphone, in addition to the season tickets contactless card.^[17] This service was as well experimented then respectively implemented for NFC smartphones on 18 and 25 June 2013 in the tramways and bus of Caen^[18][19] and Strasbourg.,^[20][21] after the contactless payment on the 765 pay and display parking machines of Strasbourg was made available in October 2011. In the Paris transport network, after a 4 months testing from November 2006 with Bouygues Telecom and 43 persons^[16] and finally with 8,000 users from July 2018, the contactless mobile payment and direct validation on the turnstile readers with a smartphone was adopted on 25 September 2019^[22][23][24] in collaboration with the societies Orange, Samsung, Wizway Solutions, Worldline and Conduent.

NFC is used in Seoul^[25] after its introduction in Korea by the discount retailer Homeplus in March 2010^[26] and in Tokyo it is tested then adopted or added to the existing systems, like the mobile wallet Osaifu-Keitai, from May 2010 to end of 2012.^[27][28] The NFC standard is implemented for the first time in a metro network, by China Unicom in Beijing on 31 December 2010.^[29]

In October 2011, the first mobile phones with Mastercard PayPass and/or Visa payWave certification appeared. A PayPass or payWave account can be assigned to the embedded secure element and/or SIM card within the phones.

In October 2013, Citi Enterprise Payments and 3 Hong Kong, the mobile operation of Hutchison Telecommunications Hong Kong Holdings Limited (SEHK: 215), jointly announced the launch of ‘3 Citi Wallet.’ Using Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, the '3 Citi Wallet' was a multi-purpose mobile wallet service that included mobile payment, transaction history, a location-based special offer service and a search function that directed customers to the best deals within their vicinity. The 3Citi wallet was compatible with a wide range of designated smartphones, from Samsung, Sony, HTC, LG and iPhone. Over 9,000 Visa payWave readers across Hong Kong were able to accept contactless payments on Day 1.^[30]

In February 2014, Mastercard announced that it would partner with Weve, which is a joint venture between EE, Telefónica UK, and Vodafone UK, to focus on mobile payments. The partnership will promote the development of "contactless mobile payment systems" by creating a universal platform in Europe for it.^[31]

On 9 September 2014, Apple Inc. announced Apple Pay, a proprietary form of contactless payment integrated with its smartphones, with the release of the iPhone 6.^[32]

In September 2014, Transport for London's Tube began accepting contactless payment. TFL are claiming that they pushed the banking industry to develop the contactless system. See the tv programme Secrets of the London Underground Series 2 Episode 9 (around minute 58).The number of completed contactless journeys has now exceeded 300m. On Friday 18 December, the busiest single day in 2015, a record 1.24m journeys were completed by over 500k unique contactless cards.^[33]

In 2016 Erste Group launched an NFC-only debit card implemented as a sticker in Austria. It can be used at any NFC supporting terminal for transactions of unlimited amount however for transactions over the floor limit of €25 a PIN is required to confirm the transaction.^[34]

In 2016, contactless payments start to become even broader with wearable technology devices also offering this payment feature.

2020s

 

A Transport for London bus stop advertisement recommending contactless payment as safe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic,^[35] several banks raised their contactless payment limits.^[36][37] In the United Kingdom, the limit was increased from £30 to £45 in March 2020.^[38] Contactless payments were recommended as a safer payment method compared to Chip and PIN card payments and cash transactions.^[39] It was later raised to £100. ^[40]

Adoption and usage

Google Pay is an application for devices running Google's Android OS, which allows users to make purchases using NFC, which initially required a physical secure element but this was replaced by host card emulation which was introduced in Android 4.4 (KitKat). Softcard (formerly known as Isis mobile wallet), Cityzi and Quick Tap wallets for example, use a secure SIM card to store encrypted personal information. Contactless payments with enabled mobile phones still occur on a small scale, but every month an increasing number of mobile phones are certified.^[41]

In 2012, Mastercard Advisors wrote that consumers are likely to spend more money using their cards due to the ease of small transactions.^[42] Mastercard Canada says it has seen "about 25 percent" higher spending by users of its Mastercard Contactless-brand RFID credit cards.^[43]

As of December 2014^[update], there were approximately 58 million contactless-enabled cards in use in the UK, and over 147,000 terminals in use.^[44][45] By June 2017 purchases made by card surpassed those made by cash. This was reported to have been driven by the rise in contactless payments, which accounted for approximately one third of all card transactions in the UK. The number of payments by this method had increased significantly since the spending limit was raised from £20 to £30.^[46] In 2018, contactless payments made up around 19% of transactions in the UK.^[47]

In 2018, the Westpac Banking Corporation in Australia revealed contactless payment statistics from 2017 and claimed in the report that contactless payments approached saturation point by being used in over 90% of purchases. The Australian St.George Bank reported 94.6% usage for the same period.^[48]

Recent statements by Visa and other US card issuers indicate that they will increase the availability of contactless cards to US consumers in the near future. Visa estimates there will be 300 million contactless cards issued in the US by the end of 2020, up from the predicted 100 million at the end of 2019 as announced on its 2018 Q4 earnings call.^[49]

Telecom operators are starting to get involved in contactless payments via the use of NFC-enabled phones. Belgacom's Pingping, for example, has a stored value account and via a partnership with Alcatel-Lucent's Touchatag provides contactless payment functionalities.

Major financial entities now offering contactless payment systems include Mastercard, China UnionPay, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, American Express, KeyBank, Barclays, Barclaycard, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, FreedomPay, The Co-operative Bank, Nationwide Building Society and NatWest Group. Visa payWave, American Express Expresspay, and Mastercard Contactless are examples of contactless credit cards which have become widespread in the U.S. and U.K.

Technology

There are two main standard usages for contactless payments adopted throughout payment terminals with the EMV standard.

EMV Chip

On issued bank cards a smart chip or cryptographic chip is placed on the card known as a smart card which allows wireless payments to be made from the EMV chip in range of a payment terminal using RFID technology following the EMVCo standard. When the smart card is tapped against a payment terminal that authenticates the card issuer's details through a series of PIN interactions the payment for the interaction will succeed.

Tokenisation

A newer approach to smart card technology is achieved by linking a smart card to a hardware device, such as through the Apple Pay application on an iPhone mobile phone, thereby allowing mobile devices the ability to make payments using RFID technology against a payment terminal on behalf of a smart card using a token generated by the card issuer, a process known as tokenisation. A Device Account Number (DAN) similar to a Private Account Number (PAN) in traditional payment stripe and chip cards, is generated along with a private key and sent to the card issuer during initial setup of the smart card on the hardware device. When payments are made via the respective approved application on the hardware device the DAN and relevant details such as expiry date and CVV are sent to the card issuer via a payment terminal for cryptography where the associated private key is then used to authorise the transaction.

Security

In 2006 security researchers found that the cardholder's name, credit card number, and expiration date may be transmitted by contactless payment cards without encryption. They were able to use information leaked from a contactless credit card to make a purchase online, without opening the envelope in which the card was sent.^[50]

Depending on the economic space, there may be a payment limit on single transactions without the need to input the PIN, and some contactless cards can only be used a certain number of times before customers are asked for their PIN.^[51] Contactless debit and credit transactions use the same chip and PIN network as older cards and are protected by the same fraud guarantees. Where PIN is supported, the contactless part of the card may remain non-functional until a standard chip and PIN transaction has been executed.^[52] This provides some verification that the card was delivered to the actual cardholder.

Under fraud guarantee standards, U.S. banks are liable for any fraudulent transactions charged to the contactless cards.

CVM limit

Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are often limited to a maximum amount per transaction, known as a Cardholder Verification Limit (CVM limit). Limits vary between banks. For transactions over the defined CVM limit a verification is usually required (e.g. PIN, Signature or biometric authentication).

Additionally, lower value transactions are accepted without sending the transaction online for verification by the Acquiring host. This is known as the Floor Limit.

Note that these limits typically do not apply when CDCVM verification (such as in Apple Pay) is used.

Economic space	Limit	Comment
Australia	$200	For transactions over A$200 a PIN or biometric authentication is required.^[53]^[54]
Austria	€25	For transactions exceeding €25 a PIN is required. Additionally for cards produced before 2017 only five transactions can be made without a PIN.^[55] Cards issued after December 2016 need a PIN code for transactions over €25 or a contactless total of €125.
Azerbaijan	₼100	For transactions of ₼100 and above using a physical card a PIN is required. There’s no mandatory PIN requirement when CDCVM (Apply Pay, Garmin Pay, or Google Pay) is used.
Bahrain	20 BHD
Bangladesh	BDT3000.00	For transactions over BDT3000.00 a PIN is required.
Belgium	€50	Since the COVID crisis, transaction limits in Belgium were increased. For transactions over €50 a PIN is required. When several contactless payments in a row reach the amount of €125, the PIN is required.
Brazil	R$200	For transactions over R$200,00 a PIN is required.^[56]
Bulgaria	50 BGN	For transactions over 50 BGN (~€25) a PIN is required. 25 BGN (~€12) until April 12, 2019.
Canada	No limit	Limits are completely at the discretion of the merchant's acquiring bank and the consumer's bank. There is no law limiting the amounts. However, in practice, financial institutions limit contactless payments to $CA100. Some merchants may accept higher amounts subject to signature verification. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, MasterCard, Visa, and American Express increased their limits to $250.^[57]^[58]
Chile	$12.000 CLP
China	CN¥1000^[59]	UnionPay QuickPass. PIN required unless disabled with bank.
Colombia	No limit	For transactions over COP 100.000 PIN is required.
Costa Rica	No limit	For transactions over ₡30000 signature is required.^[60] Beginning July 1, 2022, PIN will be required instead.^[61]
Croatia^[62]	No limit	For transactions over 250HRK PIN or signature are needed.
Curaçao	ANG 45	For transactions over ANG 45 a PIN is required. When several contactless payments in a row reach the amount of ANG 100, the PIN is required.
Czech Republic	No limit	For transactions over 500 CZK PIN is needed. After 3 consecutive contactless transactions, PIN is required.
Denmark^[63]	350 DKK	For transactions over 350 DKK PIN is needed. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner.
Dominican Republic	No limit
Estonia^[64]	€50
Finland	€50	€25 up until April 12, 2019. After that it will be €50.
France	€50	Can be used up to three times a day.
Germany	No limit	For each transaction over €25 or €50 (some Visa cards) a PIN or CDCVM verification is required.
Greece	€50	For transactions over €50 a PIN is required
Hong Kong	No limit	Initially banks, not government, set it for $500 or under, then (for some banks) under $1000 (HKD), until the limits were removed.
Hungary	No limit	For transactions over 5000 HUF PIN is needed. For every 10 consecutive contactless transactions or if you reach 10.000 HUF PIN is needed. Due the COVID-19 pandemic, the 5000 HUF limit is increased to 15 000 HUF. No limit for Apple Pay or similar contactless purchases.
Iceland	ISK 5.000	Íslandsbanki has a lower limit of ISK 4.200. For each transaction over the limit, Chip and PIN are required. Also, a cumulative limit of ISK 10.000 between Chip and PIN uses.
India	₹5000	For transactions above ₹5000, a PIN is required.
Indonesia	Rp1.000.000	Transactions above Rp1.000.000, must require 6-digits PIN authorization.
Ireland	€50	Increased from €30 to €50 on 1 April 2020.^[65] There is no transaction limit when using contactless with two-factor authentication (e.g. Apple Pay), although some merchants still apply a €50 transaction limit^[66]
Israel	300 ILS	For transactions over 300 ILS PIN is needed
Italy	No limit	For transactions over €50 PIN is needed
Japan	JP¥20000	JCB QUICPay and QUICPay＋^[67]
Latvia^[68]	€50
Lithuania^[69]	€50
North Macedonia	750 MKD
Malaysia	RM250	Cumulative limits (total amount and/or consecutive transactions) differ between card issuers.^[70] By default, for each transaction above RM250 PIN is required. But the limit is customizable.^[71]
Netherlands^[72]	No limit	For card payments of more than €25 at once or €50 in a row a PIN is required. Some older cards only allow five transactions in a row without a PIN. Most if not all retailers have, by now, terminals that support CDCVM as verification (i.e. Apple Pay). Most banks have had Android NFC/Tap&Pay through their mobile banking apps for a few years now. While Apple Pay was launched (unofficially) by bunq on March 20, 2018, through a workaround,^[73] and to be joined officially by ING on June 11, 2019,^[74] followed by the official launch for bunq on Sept. 3rd and the announcement that banks ABN AMRO and Rabobank will also start to offer Apple Pay in The Netherlands sometime in 2019.^[75] Also note that broad acceptance of credit cards isn't commonplace yet, so that's up to the individual merchant. Maestro by Mastercard is the dominant card type and accepted everywhere.
New Zealand	$200	For each transaction over NZ$200 a PIN is required. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this amount was temporarily raised to NZ$200, in an effort to further reduce unnecessary contact.^[76]
Norway^[77]	No limit	For each transactions over 500 NOK a PIN is required.^[78] Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner.
Pakistan	Rs 3500	Transactions above Rs 3500 require pin verification.
Philippines	₱5000	Increased from ₱2000 to ₱5000 in 2020.^[79]
Poland	No limit	For transactions over or equal to 100 PLN PIN is required.
Portugal	No limit	For more than €50 PIN verification is mandatory^[80]
Romania	No limit	For transactions over or equal to 100 lei PIN is required.
Russia	No limit	For transactions over ₽1000 PIN or signature is required.
Saudi Arabia	300 SAR	For transactions over 300 SAR, PIN is required.
Serbia	4000 RSD	For transactions over 4000 RSD, PIN verification is required.
Singapore	S$100	The current transaction limit for contactless payments in Singapore is S$100, although some banks offer higher.^[81]
Slovakia	No limit	For transactions over €20 PIN is needed. After 3 consecutive contactless transactions, PIN is required. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this amount was temporarily raised to €50, in an effort to further reduce unnecessary contact.^[82]
Slovenia	No limit	For transactions over €25 PIN is needed.
South Africa	500 ZAR	Increased to R500 in May 2017 (except for ABSA Bank which remained at R200)^[83]
Spain	No limit	For more than €50 PIN verification is mandatory except using mobile payments sometimes. It was increased from €20 to €50 to avoid contact because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Sri Lanka	No limit	For more than LKR 5000 PIN/signature verification is required
Sweden	200 SEK	For each transaction over 200 SEK a PIN is required.
Switzerland	80 CHF	For transactions over 80 CHF a PIN is required.
Taiwan	No limit	Signatures may be required for large purchases.
Thailand	฿1500
Turkey	₺500	For transactions over ₺500 PIN is required.
Ukraine	1500 UAH	For transactions over 1500 UAH a PIN is required
United Kingdom	£100	Previous limits: £10 (1 September 2007 – 28 February 2010)^[84] £15 (1 March 2010 – 31 May 2012)^[85] £20 (1 June 2012 – 31 August 2015)^[86] £30 (1 September 2015 – 31 March 2020)^[87] £45 (1 April 2020 - 14 October 2021)^[88] There is no transaction limit when using contactless with two-factor authentication (e.g. Apple Pay), although some merchants who have not updated their card terminals' software apply a £100 limit as if there was no authentication; this is gradually improving. Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak confirmed in the 2021 budget that this limit would increase to £100 on 15 October 2021. This floor limit increase was later confirmed by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA)
United States of America	No limit	A signature may be required for large purchases. Banks may set their own limits or require a PIN.

See also

• Apple Pay
• Digital currency
• Contactless smart card
• Cashless society and reducing disease transmittal
• Dashtop mobile
• Google Pay
• Microsoft Pay
• Mobile payment
• Near field communication
• Proximity card
• Octopus card
• OPUS card
• Oyster card
• Opal card
• Presto card
• Rav-Kav
• Ventra
• Samsung Pay
• Softcard (formerly Isis mobile wallet)
• Vicinity cards

References

1. Reserve Bank of Australia (19 April 2022). "How Australians pay Snapshot (2019 Consumer Payments Survey)". Reserve Bank of Australia. from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
2. "FreedomPay makes waves in contactless payment - SecureIDNews".
3. "McDonald's testing e-payment system". USA Today. 2001-05-29.
4. "Sony et Philips contrent Bluetooth" (in French). 01net.com. 18 September 2002. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
5. "Les transports en commun niçois se mettent au paiement sans contact" (in French). 01net.com. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
6. "Philippe Maugars : le père français du NFC sacré inventeur européen de l'année" (in French). 01net.com. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
7. "Caen, la ville où l'on paye et s'informe en sortant son portable" (in French). 01net.com. 20 October 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
8. "A Hanau, le portable-ticket de bus joue au juste prix" (in French). 01net.com. 2 May 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
9. "Les transports rennais payés par mobile 'sans contact'" (in French). 01net.com. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
10. "Barclaycard rolls out Oyster payments card". Finextra. Finextra. September 2007.
11. "Nokia 6131 NFC – touch to pay credit card mobile phones start trickling onto the market". 22 November 2007.
12. . www.paymentnews.com. 2008-03-26. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
13. "Mobile and transit operators launch NFC payments system in Chongqing". nfcw.com. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
14. "Orange and Barclaycard deliver next step in their partnership with contactless co-branded credit card". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. January 2010.
15. "Barclaycard and Orange unveil pay-by-mobile service by Garry White". Daily Telegraph. London. 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
16. "Télécoms - La révolution mobile sans contact arrive en 2008" (in French). banquedesterritoires.fr. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
17. "Nice, première ville à passer au paiement sans contact" (in French). 01net.com. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
18. "A Caen, avec un mobile sans contact, on valide dans les bus et trams". 01net.com (in French). 18 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
19. "NFC transit ticketing service goes live in French city of Caen". nfcw.com. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
20. "A Strasbourg, on voyage en bus et en tram grâce à un mobile sans contact" (in French). 01net.com. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
21. "Strasbourg NFC ticketing moves to commercial launch". nfcw.com. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
22. "Ça y est, certains smartphones Samsung peuvent servir de titres de transport en Île-de-France !" (in French). Twitter. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
23. "Le dernier (ticket de) métro, at 2:10 and 2:38" (in French). YouTube. 24 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-12-17. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
24. "Et si vous achetiez vos titres de transport depuis votre appli RATP ?" (in French). RATP. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
25. "KDDI, Softbank Mobile and SK Telecom to introduce NFC standard services in Japan and Korea". nfcw.com. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
26. "SK Telecom and Hana launch SIM-based mobile contactless payments and promotions service". nfcw.com. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
27. "Gemalto provides KDDI with end-to-end NFC security solution". nfcw.com. 14 June 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
28. "NTT Docomo partners with Korea's KT to switch to NFC at end of 2012". nfcw.com. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
29. "China Unicom launches commercial NFC service in Beijing". nfcw.com. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
30. "3 Hong Kong and Citibank Jointly Launch '3 Citi Wallet' New Mobile Payment Technology Turns Mobile Phones into Digital Wallets New Milestone in Mobile Payment". www.citigroup.com. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
31. Villarreal, Alexandra. "MasterCard, Weve partner to accelerate contactless payments shift in U.K." 2016-01-17 at the Wayback Machine Bank Credit News. 2/10/2014. Retrieved 2/10/2014.
32. Jeffries, Adrianne (September 9, 2014). "Apple Pay allows you to pay at the counter with your iPhone 6". The Verge. from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
33. "Contactless has caught on underground". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. February 2016.
34. . Erste Bank und Sparkassen. Erste Bank Group. January 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22.
35. WHO encourages use of contactless payments due to COVID-19
36. Increase in contactless payments limit may not be ready until April
37. Contactless card payment limit to change in emergency move amid coronavirus pandemic
38. "Contactless limit in UK to be increased to £45". UK Finance. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
39. Clark, Derin (24 March 2020). "Contactless limit is set to rise to £45 to help fight Covid-19". Moneyfacts.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
40. "Contactless limit to increase to £100 from 15 October".
41. . nfc-phones.org. Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
42. "New MasterCard Advisors Study on Contactless Payments Shows Almost 30% Lift in Total Spend Within First Year of Adoption". newsroom.mastercard.com. 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
43. Dubinsky, Zach. "New credit cards pose security problem". CBCNews.ca. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
44. Campbell, Francis. "Contactless payments taking off in the UK in 2015". mobiletransaction.org. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
45. . Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
46. Jones, Rupert (2017-07-12). "Cash no longer king as contactless payments soar in UK stores". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
47. https://www.ukfinance.org.uk/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/UK-Finance-UK-Payment-Markets-Report-2019-SUMMARY.pdf^{[bare URL PDF]}
48. "Contactless Payments Statistics Australia 2017 | Westpac". www.westpac.com.au. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
49. Sacchi, Guido. "Payment Security: Can It Be Frictionless and Secure?". Global Payments.
50. Schwartz, John (2006-10-23). "Researchers See Privacy Pitfalls in No-Swipe Credit Cards". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
51. "Lloyds Bank - UK Bank Accounts - Contactless Debit Cards".
52. "Why doesn't my contactless card work?".
53. . MasterCard. MasterCard Australia. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
54. "Visa payWave: FAQs". Visa Australia. Visa. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
55. "Maestro® kontraktlos". Maestro. Maestro Austria. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
56. "Empresas aumentam limite de pagamentos por aproximação; veja valores". OlharDigital. Olhar Digital. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
57. Jon Rumley (2020-04-07). "Mastercard, Visa Raise Tap Limits, And Stores Want Interac To Follow". huffingtonpost.ca. Huffington Post. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
58. Gary Ng (2020-04-07). "American Express Canada Increases Tap Payment Limit to $250 Due to COVID-19". iphoneincanada.ca. iPhone In Canada. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
59. . Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
60. Sequeira, Rebeca. "Pagos con tarjeta por menos de ₡30 mil no requerirán firma" [Card payments of less than ₡30,000 will not require a signature]. La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 August 2021.
61. Gudiño, Ronny. "Le solicitarán PIN en compras superiores a los ₡30 mil a partir de julio del 2022" [You will be asked your PIN on purchases over ₡30,000 beginning July 2022]. La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 August 2021.
62. "Beskontaktno plaćanje - Prihvat kartica - PBZCard.hr".
64. "Swedbank". Swedbank. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
65. "Rollout of contactless limit increase well underway as all parties work towards national completion by 1 April - Banking and Payments Federation Ireland". www.bpfi.ie. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
66. "Apple Pay contactless service launches in Ireland". 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2019-12-05 – via www.irishtimes.com.
67. "JCB QUICPay". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
68. "Banks Increase Contactless Card Limits to 50 Euro". Finance Latvia Association. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
69. "Contactless cards". Swedbank. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
70. "FAQs on migration to PIN-based payment cards" (PDF). Bank Negara Malaysia. 28 October 2016. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
71. John Lim (3 January 2017). "How to disable contactless payment?". says.com.
72. "Mijlpaal: 100 miljoen contactloze betalingen | CCV Holland". www.ccv.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2015-11-20.
73. "Apple Pay via omweg voor bunq-klanten alweer teruggedraaid". Bright.nl (in Dutch). 21 March 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
74. "Apple Pay nu gratis beschikbaar voor ING-klanten met iPhone". AD.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-10-10.
75. "Ook ABN AMRO, Rabobank en bunq kondigen Apple Pay ondersteuning aan". AD.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-09-24.
76. "Covid 19 coronavirus: Paywave eftpos limit raised to $200 - but two banks lag". NZ Herald. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
77. "200.000 tæpper hver dag | BankAxept". www.ntbinfo.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2019-04-01.
78. "Grensen for kontaktløs betaling med BankAxept uten PIN-kode økes". Finans Norge (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2020-10-24.
79. "MasterCard raises payments limits for PH". The Manila Times. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
80. "Os pagamentos "sem contacto" até 50 euros vieram para ficar". www.bportugal.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-07-13.
81. Boon, Rachel (8 February 2017). "Nets payments to go digital and contactless". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
82. [1]^{[dead link]}
83. "'Tap 'n go' not as risky as many fear". Retrieved 2018-03-28.
84. Barclays. "Ten years of contactless | Barclays". Barclays. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
85. Gough, Owen (2 March 2017). "Supermarket contactless spending jumps as 'touch and go' overtakes Chip and PIN". Small Business. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
86. BBC News (1 June 2012). "Contactless pay limit up to £20". BBC News. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
87. "Contactless card limit rises to £30 as card use surges". BBC News. 1 September 2015.
88. "Apple Pay 100% Backed By UK's Major Banks -- Including Barclays". Know Your Mobile. Retrieved 2016-05-04.

External links

• A Comprehensive Technical Overview of Contactless
• , archived from the original on April 24, 2014 is designed to provide information for UK retailers that have an interest in Contactless card acceptance]
• New credit cards pose security problem, CBC News
• Chase's "blink" uses RFID