Jhansi
Jhansi (Hindi pronunciation: [d͡ʒʱɑ̃ː.siː]; Hindi: झांसी, Urdu: جھانسی pronunciation (help·info)) is a historic city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Balwant Nagar was the old name of Jhansi. It lies in the region of Bundelkhand on the banks of the Pahuj River, in the extreme south of Uttar Pradesh. Jhansi is the administrative headquarters of Jhansi district and Jhansi division. Also called the Gateway to Bundelkhand, Jhansi is situated near and around the rivers Pahuj and Betwa at an average elevation of 285 m (935 ft). It is about 420 kilometres (261 mi) from national capital New Delhi and 315 kilometres (196 mi) from state capital Lucknow.
Jhansi | |
|---|---|
Night view of Jhansi | |
Nicknames:
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Jhansi Jhansi | |
| Coordinates: 25°26′55″N 78°34′11″E / 25.44862°N 78.56962°ECoordinates: 25°26′55″N 78°34′11″E / 25.44862°N 78.56962°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| Region | Bundelkhand |
| District | Jhansi |
| Founded by | Raja of Orchha |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Ram Teerth Singhal (BJP) |
| • District Magistrate | Ravindra Kumar, IAS[2] |
| • SSP | Shivhari Meena, IPS[3] |
| Area | |
| • Metropolis | 160 km2 (60 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 285 m (935 ft) |
| Population (2011 census) | |
| • Metropolis | 505,693[1] |
| • Rank | 57 |
| • Metro | 547,638[1][4][5] |
| Language | |
| • Official | Hindi[6] |
| • Additional official | Urdu[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 284001-2-3-4 |
| Telephone code | 0510 |
| Vehicle registration | UP-93 |
| Sex ratio | ♂ 0.905 : ♀ 1.000 |
| Crude literacy | 73.90% |
| Effective literacy | 83.0% |
| Avg. summer temperature | 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) |
| Avg. winter temperature | 4.0 °C (39.2 °F) |
| Website | www |
Jhansi is well connected to all other major towns in Uttar Pradesh by road and railway networks. The National Highways Development Project has supported development of the city. Jhansi is also being developed as the defense corridor by the NDA government which will boost the economy of the city and the region at the same time. Srinagar to Kanyakumari north–south corridor passes closely to Jhansi, as does the east–west corridor; consequently there has been a sudden rush of infrastructure and real estate development in the city. Jhansi was adjudged the third cleanest city of Uttar Pradesh and the fastest moving city in the North Zone in Swachh Survekshan 2018 rankings. The development of a greenfield airport has been planned in the city.[7] On 28 August 2011 Jhansi was selected among 98 cities for smart city initiative by Government of India.[8][9][10]
History
During ancient times, Jhansi was a stronghold of the Chandela Rajput kings and was known as Balwant Nagar. However, it lost importance in the 11th century after the decline of the Chandela dynasty. It rose in prominence in the 17th century when a Rajput Raja Bir Singh Deo of Orchha State constructed the Jhansi Fort in 1613.[11]
Jhansi came under the Maratha Empire in 1729 when Maharaja Chattrasal offered Jhansi and some other parts of his state to the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I as a mark of gratitude for having helped him in defeating the Nawaf of Farrukhabad Muhammad Khan Bangash who had attacked Maharaja Chattrasal's kingdom.[11]
In the 18th century, the town of Jhansi served as the capital of a Maratha province and later the Princely State of Jhansi from 1804 till 1858, when the territory became a part of British India.[11]
After the independence of India, Jhansi was included in the state of Uttar Pradesh
Geography and climate
Jhansi is located at 25.4333 N 78.5833 E. It has an average elevation of 284 metres (935 feet).[12] Jhansi lies on the plateau of central India, an area dominated by rocky relief and minerals underneath the soil. The city has a natural slope in the north as it is on the south western border of the vast Tarai plains of Uttar Pradesh and the elevation rises on the south. The land is suitable for species of citrus fruit and crops include wheat, pulses, peas, and oilseeds. The region relies heavily on Monsoon the rains for irrigation purposes. Under an ambitious canal project (the Rajghat canal), the government is constructing a network of canals for irrigation in Jhansi and Lalitpur and some part of Madhya Pradesh. The trade in agricultural products (including grain and oilseeds) is of great economic importance.[13] The city is also a centre of brassware manufacture.[14]
Climate
Being on a rocky plateau, Jhansi experiences extreme temperatures. Winter begins in October with the retreat of the southwest monsoon (Jhansi does not experience any rainfall from the Northeast Monsoon) and peaks in mid-December. Temperatures are about 4 °C or 39.2 °F minimum and 21 °C or 69.8 °F maximum. Spring arrives by the end of February and is a short-lived phase of transition. Summer begins by April and summer temperatures can peak at 47 °C or 116.6 °F in May. The rainy season starts by the third week of June (although this is variable year to year), while the monsoon rains gradually weaken in September and end before the last week of September. In the rainy season, the average daily high temperature hovers around 36 °C or 96.8 °F with high humidity. The average rainfall for the city is about 1,150 millimetres or 45 inches per year, occurring almost entirely within the three-and-a-half months of the Southwest Monsoon. In summer Jhansi experiences temperatures as high as 45 to 49 °C (113.0 to 120.2 °F) degrees while in winter the temperatures can fall as low as 0 to 1 °C (32.0 to 33.8 °F) as recorded in winter 2011.
| Climate data for Jhansi (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.8 (92.8) | 39.4 (102.9) | 43.3 (109.9) | 46.2 (115.2) | 48.0 (118.4) | 47.8 (118.0) | 45.6 (114.1) | 42.2 (108.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | 38.1 (100.6) | 33.1 (91.6) | 48.0 (118.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) | 27.5 (81.5) | 34.0 (93.2) | 39.6 (103.3) | 42.4 (108.3) | 40.5 (104.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 32.5 (90.5) | 33.5 (92.3) | 34.1 (93.4) | 30.0 (86.0) | 25.4 (77.7) | 33.1 (91.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) | 11.1 (52.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 22.6 (72.7) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.5 (81.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.2 (73.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 13.8 (56.8) | 9.5 (49.1) | 19.0 (66.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) | 0.6 (33.1) | 5.3 (41.5) | 10.1 (50.2) | 15.1 (59.2) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 18.3 (64.9) | 16.7 (62.1) | 10.7 (51.3) | 1.1 (34.0) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.3 (32.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 8.5 (0.33) | 9.2 (0.36) | 10.0 (0.39) | 2.6 (0.10) | 15.5 (0.61) | 92.3 (3.63) | 238.9 (9.41) | 263.1 (10.36) | 168.3 (6.63) | 28.4 (1.12) | 5.3 (0.21) | 3.6 (0.14) | 845.6 (33.29) |
| Average rainy days | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 5.0 | 11.4 | 12.6 | 6.9 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 43.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 51 | 40 | 27 | 22 | 24 | 39 | 66 | 73 | 62 | 43 | 44 | 52 | 45 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[15][16] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1871 | 30,000 | — |
| 1881 | 33,000 | +10.0% |
| 1891 | 53,779 | +63.0% |
| 1901 | 55,724 | +3.6% |
| 1911 | 70,200 | +26.0% |
| 1921 | 66,400 | −5.4% |
| 1931 | 76,700 | +15.5% |
| 1941 | 103,300 | +34.7% |
| 1951 | 127,400 | +23.3% |
| 1961 | 140,200 | +10.0% |
| 1971 | 173,300 | +23.6% |
| 1981 | 231,300 | +33.5% |
| 1991 | 300,850 | +30.1% |
| 2001 | 426,198 | +41.7% |
| 2011 | 505,693 | +18.7% |
| Source: 1871-1891 - The Imperial Gazetteer of India[17] 1901-1981 - Populstat.info[18] 1991-2011 - Citypopulation.de[19] | ||
As of 2011 Indian Census, Jhansi city had a total population of 505,693, of which 265,449 were males and 240,244 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 55,824. The total number of literates in Jhansi city was 373,500, which constituted 73.9% of the population with male literacy of 78.9% and female literacy of 68.3%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi city was 83.0%, of which male literacy rate was 88.9% and female literacy rate was 76.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 110,318 and 1,681 respectively. Jhansi city had 91150 households in 2011.[1]
The Jhansi urban agglomeration had a population of 547,638 which also included Jhansi Cantonment and Jhansi Railway Settlement.
Jhansi Cantonment
Jhansi Cantonment had a total population of 28,343 in 2011, of which 17,023 were males and 11,320 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,404. The total number of literates in Jhansi Cantonment was 23,354, which constituted 82.4% of the population. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi Cantonment was 93.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 4,735 and 28 respectively. It had 30460 households in 2011.[4]
Jhansi Railway Settlement
Jhansi Railway Settlement had a total population of 13,602 as of 2011, of which 7,226 were males and 6,376 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 1,168. The total number of literates in Jhansi Railway Settlement was 10,754, which constituted 79.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi Railway Settlement was 86.5%, of which male literacy rate was 92.1% and female literacy rate was 80.2%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 3,373 and 38 respectively. It had 30460 households in 2011.[5]
Songs and Poems
A number of patriotic songs have been written about the Rani. The most famous composition about Rani Lakshmi Bai is the Hindi poem Jhansi ki Rani written by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan. An emotionally charged description of the life of Rani Lakshmibai, it is often taught in schools in India.[21] A popular stanza from it reads:
बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी, खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी।।[22]
Translation: "From the bards of Bundela we have heard this story / She fought valiantly like a warrior woman, she was the queen of Jhansi."
For Marathi people there is an equally well-known ballad about the brave queen penned at the spot near Gwalior where she died in battle, by B. R. Tambe, who was a poet laureate of Maharashtra and of her clan. A couple of stanzas run like this:
रे हिंदबांधवा, थांब या स्थळीं अश्रु दोन ढाळीं /
ती पराक्रमाची ज्योत मावळे इथे झाशिवाली / ... / घोड्यावर खंद्या स्वार, हातात नंगि तर्वार / खणखणा करित ती वार / गोर्यांची कोंडी फोडित पाडित वीर इथे आली /
मर्दानी झाशीवाली!
Translation: "You, denizen of this land, pause here and shed a tear or two / For this is where the flame of the valorous lady of Jhansi was extinguished / … / Astride a stalwart stallion / With a naked sword in hand / She burst open the British siege / And came to rest here, the brave lady of Jhansi!"
Education
Higher education
- Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University
- Bundelkhand University
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, formerly National Vrkshayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi
Medical and technical colleges
In October 2009, the Union health ministry gave approvals for setting up an institute equivalent to AIIMS, the first in Bundelkhand region and developing central agriculture university.[23]
- Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Government Polytechnic Jhansi[24]
- Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, established 1968[25]
- SR Group of Institutions, Jhansi
- Maharani Laxmi Bai Para medical Training College, Jhansi
Schools
- Army Public School, Jhansi
- Bhani Devi Goyal Saraswati Vidhya Mandir Inter College
- Cathedral College Jhansi
- Christ the King College, Jhansi
- Delhi Public School, Jhansi
- The Aryans, Jhansi
- Blue Bells Public School, Jhansi
- The Gramodaya International College, Mauranipur, Jhansi
- Hafiz Siddiqui National Inter College
- Jai Academy
- Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jhansi
- Mahatma Hansraj Modern School
- Margret Leask Memorial College
- Modern Public School, Jhansi
- Rani Laxmibai Public School, Jhansi
- RNS World School, Jhansi
- Sainik School, Jhansi
- Saraswati Vidya Mandir, Jhansi
- Sheerwood College, Jhansi
- St. Francis Convent School, Jhansi
- St. Marks Public School
- St. Columbus International Public School, Jhansi
- Sun International School, Jhansi
- Government Inter College, Jhansi
- Saraswati Pathshala industrial Inter College, Jhansi
Transport
The city is connected to other parts of India by railways and major highways.
Railways
Jhansi has its own division in the North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. It lies on the main Delhi-Chennai and Delhi-Mumbai lines. The station code is VGLB. Trains for every part of the country are available 24*7, The first ever Shatabdi Express commenced it's journey from New Delhi to Jhansi Jn. Each and Every trains stops at Jhansi Jn.
Road transport
Jhansi is located at the junction of these National Highways: National Highway 27 (India) from Gujarat to Assam; National Highway 75 (India) from Gwalior to Rewa via Chhatarpur; National Highway 44 (India) from Jammu to Kanyakumari; and National Highway 39 (India). Thus, Jhansi commands a strategic position in the roadways network as highways in five different directions diverge from it.
The towns and major cities connected to it are Datia, Gwalior, Lalitpur, Agra, New Delhi, Bhopal, Allahabad, Kanpur, Lucknow, Babina, Orchha, Banda, Shivpuri, Chhatarpur, Unnao Balaji, and Sagar.
Air transport
Jhansi Airport is a military aviation base built in the British era used by the Indian army and political visitors. Though there are provisions for private aircraft to land, there are no civil aviation operations. There had been a demand to make it operational for commercial purposes in the 1990s and again in the 2000s. The Uttar Pradesh government announced the construction of an all new civil aviation base to support tourism in Bundelkhand in April 2011.[26] As of 2020, the Kanpur Airport, located 228 km (142 mi) away, is the nearest major airport to Jhansi within the state, though Gwalior Airport in the neighbouring state of Madhya Pradesh is the nearest airport being located 102 km (63 mi) from Jhansi which has direct flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Ahemdabad, Jammu, Pune and Chennai.
Armed forces
The Jhansi Cantonment was the site of the accommodation for British civil and military personnel in the period of British rule in India. Jhansi district is the headquarters of the 31st Indian Armoured Division, stationed at Jhansi-Babina. There has been a joint exercise from 1 to 30 March 2012 with the Singaporean Army at Jhansi witnessed by the President of India, Pratibha Patil.[27]
Media
Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Patrika,[28] and Dainik Bhaskar are some of the newspapers with online news services.
Newspapers
Many national and local newspapers are published in Jhansi in Hindi, Urdu and English:
| Newspaper | Language |
|---|---|
| Amar Ujala | Hindi |
| Dainik Jagran | Hindi |
| Daily Aziz E Hindustan | Urdu |
| Dainik Royal Mail | Hindi |
| Dainik Vishwa Pariwar | Hindi |
| Hindustan | Hindi |
| Jan Jan Jagran | Hindi |
| Jan Seva Mail | Hindi |
| Raftaar | Hindi |
| Patrika[29] | Hindi |
| Swadesh | Hindi |
| Dainik Uddhog Hakikat | Hindi |
| Look Media | Hindi |
Radio
Jhansi has five radio station :-Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, 92.7 BIG FM, 103.0 AIR FM and 91.1 Red FM and 93.5 Fm.
Sport
Sports stadiums in Jhansi are Dhyanchand Stadium, Railway Stadium, and LVM Sports Place. Dhyanchand Stadium is the best place in jhansi to learn sports skills . Many Sports played in Dhyanchand Stadium like Hockey , cricket , football , chess and many more .
Notable people
- Rani Lakshmibai, queen of Jhansi (1853–58), consort of Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar of Jhansi
- Major Dhyan Chand, known as the "Magician of Hockey"
- Ramesh Chandra Agarwal, media proprietor and founder-chairman of the Dainik Bhaskar group of newspapers
- Braj Basi Lal, Indian archaeologist former Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), known for his contribution on Indus Valley Civilization sites, Mahabharat sites, Ramayana sites including discoveries in Ayodhya.
- Edward Angelo (born 1870), Australian politician
- Alexander Archdale, English actor in theatre and film
- Chandra Shekhar Azad, Indian freedom fighter
- Jhalkari Bai, freedom fighter and advisor to Rani Lakshmi Bai
- Vinod Kumar Bansal, Bansal classes, Kota
- Michael Bates, English actor; Last of the Summer Wine and It Ain't Half Hot Mum
- Raja Bundela, Indian actor, producer, politician and civil activist
- Bharat Ratna Major Dhyan Chand (Padma Bhushan), former Indian Army officer and Indian field hockey player
- Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar MCA & Member of Parliament 1952, MLC & Speaker Vidhan Parishad 1958, notable pleader, Social leader
- Maithili Sharan Gupt, modern Hindi poet
- Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard, explorer, adventurer, big-game hunter and marksman who made a significant contribution to sniping practice within the British Army in the First World War
- Indeevar, Hindi films lyricist
- Piyush Jha, film director and screenwriter and novelist of Indian origin
- Abdul Karim, an Indian attendant of Queen Victoria who served her during the final 15 years of her reign, gaining her maternal affection over that time.
- Subodh Khandekar, Olympian hockey player
- Pankaj Mishra, Indian essayist and novelist
- Joy Mukherjee, Indian actor and director
- Ram Mukherjee, Indian director
- Sashadhar Mukherjee, producer of Hindi films
- Subodh Mukherjee, director, producer, writer of Hindi cinema; hits include Paying Guest, Munimji, Love Marriage (parts were shot at Jhansi), and Junglee
- Randeep Rai, Indian television and film actor
- Gangadhar Rao, Raja of Jhansi State, 1838–53
- Saumitra Rawat, surgeon, chairman and Head, Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi; 2015 Padma Shri
- Raaj Shaandilyaa, Bollywood writer and director
- Vishwanath Sharma, owner of Baidyanath Group, parliamentarian
- Amit Singhal, senior vice-president at Google
- Surendra Verma, Hindi author and playwright
Jhansi in popular culture
Jhansi in literature
Two novels by John Masters are set in the fictional town of Bhowani. According to the author, writing in the glossary to the earlier novel, Nightrunners of Bengal, Bhowani is an "imaginary town. To get a geographical bearing on the story it should be imagined to be about where Jhansi really is - 25.27 N., 78.33 E."[30] Nightrunners of Bengal is set during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 at "Bhowani" (the title alludes to the mysterious distribution of "chapatis" to village headmen which preceded the revolt). Bhowani Junction is set in 1946/47 the eve of independence. In each novel the main character is a British army officer named Colonel Rodney Savage, one of a succession of such men from the same family.
Christina Rossetti wrote a short poem about the fate of the Skene family at Jhansi during the Indian Mutiny. It is entitled "In the Round Tower at Jhansi - 8 June 1857". It was published in 1862 in the same volume as her more celebrated poem "Goblin Market". Some time afterward, Rossetti discovered that she had been misinformed about the husband and wife's suicide pact in the face of a murderous and implacable enemy ('The swarming howling wretches below' the tower walls) which is the poem's subject, but did not delete it from later editions. Jhansi is the centre of story in Vrindavan Lal Verma's Hindi novel 'Jhansi Ki Rani'. This novel tells the story of Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmibai, who fought bravely in 1858-59 to save Jhansi from the Britishers's attack.
See also
Gallery
ISKCON Temple in the city
References
- ^ a b c "Census of India: Jhansi city". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ "Who's Who | District Jhansi". jhansi.nic.in. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ "नए एसएसपी ने संभाला पदभार". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). 5 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Census of India: Jhansi Cantonment". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Census of India: Jhansi Railway Settlement". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ a b (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ . igovernment.in. 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ^ Jeelani, Mehboob (28 August 2015). "Centre unveils list of 98 smart cities; UP, TN strike it rich". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ "Smart City Jhansi". Mygov.in. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ "स्मार्ट सिटी की परीक्षा में फेल हुए यूपी के 12 शहर". Amar Ujala. 30 January 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ a b c "District of Jhansi - History". Government of Uttar Pradesh.
- ^ "Jhansi, India Page". fallingrain.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ^ The Macmillan Encyclopedia; rev. ed. London: Macmillan, 1983; p. 647
- ^ Moore, W. G. (1971) The Penguin Encyclopedia of Places. Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 371
- ^ (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 367–368. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M217. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ "Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 14, page 148". dsal.uchicago.edu. Digital South Asia Library. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ "INDIA : urban population". www.populstat.info. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ "Jhansi (Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ "Poems of Bundelkhand". www.bundelkhand.in. Bundelkhand.In. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ Chauhan, Subhadra Kumari. "Jhansi ki rani". www.poemhunter.com. Poem hunter. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ "Centre clears an 'AIIMS' for Bundelkhand". Archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^ "Maharani Laxmibai Medical College Jhansi". Mlbmcj.in. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ Manjul, Tarannum (1 April 2011). "New airport at Jhansi to boost tourism". indianexpress. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ^ "Singapore and Indian Armies Conduct the Eighth Bilateral Armour Exercise". www.mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Jhansi Hindi News". Patrika. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "Jhansi News, झांसी न्यूज़, Jhansi News in Hindi, Jhansi Samachar, झांसी समाचार".
- ^ Masters, John. Nightrunners of Bengal. (London and New York, 1951). Glossary.
External links
- Jhansi travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website