fbpx
Wikipedia

University of California, Berkeley

December 11, 2023

"Berkeley University" redirects here. Not to be confused with Berkeley College, Berkeley College (Yale University), or Berklee College of Music.

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California),[11][12] is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. It was established in 1868 as the University of California and is the state's first land-grant university and the founding campus of the University of California system. Berkeley has been regarded to be among the top universities in the world[13] and Berkeley alumni have also founded more companies than any other university worldwide.[14]

University of California, Berkeley
Former names
University of California (1868–1958)
MottoFiat lux (Latin)
Motto in English
"Let there be light"
TypePublic land-grant research university
EstablishedMarch 23, 1868; 155 years ago (1868-03-23)[1]
Parent institution
University of California
AccreditationWSCUC
Academic affiliations
EndowmentUS$6.9 billion (2022)[2][3]
ChancellorCarol T. Christ
ProvostBenjamin E. Hermalin[4]
Total staff
23,524 (2020)[5]
Students45,307 (Fall 2022)[6]
Undergraduates32,479 (Fall 2022)[6]
Postgraduates12,828 (Fall 2022)[6]
Location
Berkeley
,
California
,
United States

37°52′22″N 122°15′37″W / 37.8728°N 122.2602°W / 37.8728; -122.2602[7]
CampusMidsize city[8]
Core Campus: 178 acres (72 ha)[9]
Total: 8,164 acres (3,304 ha)[3], 1,232 acres (499 ha)
NewspaperThe Daily Californian
Colors  Berkeley Blue
  California Gold[10]
NicknameGolden Bears
Sporting affiliations
MascotOski the Bear
Websitewww.berkeley.edu

A founding member of the Association of American Universities, Berkeley hosts research institutes dedicated to science, engineering, and mathematics.[15] It founded and maintains relationships with three national laboratories at Berkeley, Livermore and Los Alamos,[16] and played a role in the Manhattan Project and the discovery of sixteen chemical elements. Berkeley's athletic teams, which compete as the California Golden Bears primarily in the Pac-12 Conference, have won 107 national championships, and its alumni have won 223 Olympic medals (including 121 gold medals).[17][18]

Among Berkeley's alumni, faculty, and researchers are 107 Nobel laureates,[19][20] 25 Turing Award winners, 14 Fields Medalists, 30 Wolf Prize winners, 34 Pulitzer Prize winners, 190 recipients of the MacArthur "Genius Grant", and 68 recipients of the National Medal of Science. The university has produced seven heads of state or government, six chief justices,[21] and twenty-five billionaires.[22] It is also a leading producer of Fulbright Scholars, MacArthur Fellows, and Marshall Scholars.[23]

History edit

 
View from Memorial Glade of Sather Tower (the Campanile), the center of Berkeley—the ring of its bells and clock can be heard from all over campus.
 
Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais
Main article: History of the University of California, Berkeley

Founding edit

Made possible by President Lincoln's signing of the Morrill Act in 1862, the University of California was founded in 1868 as the state's first land-grant university, inheriting the land and facilities of the private College of California and the federal-funding eligibility of a public agricultural, mining, and mechanical arts college.[24] The Organic Act states that the "University shall have for its design, to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science, literature and art, industrial and professional pursuits, and general education, and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions".[25][26]

Ten faculty members and forty male students made up the fledgling university when it opened in Oakland in 1869.[27] Frederick Billings, a trustee of the College of California, suggested that a new campus site north of Oakland be named in honor of Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley.[28] The university began admitting women the following year.[29] In 1870, Henry Durant, founder of the College of California, became its first president. With the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students.[30][31] The first female student to graduate was in 1874, admitted in the first class to include women in 1870.[32]

Beginning in 1891, Phoebe Apperson Hearst funded several programs and new buildings and, in 1898, sponsored an international competition in Antwerp, Belgium, where French architect Émile Bénard submitted the winning design for a campus master plan. Although the University of California system does not have an official flagship campus, many scholars and experts consider Berkeley to be its unofficial flagship. It shares this unofficial status with the University of California, Los Angeles.[33]

20th century edit

In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, Davis.[34] In 1919, Los Angeles State Normal School became the southern branch of the university, which ultimately became the University of California, Los Angeles.[35] By the 1920s, the number of campus buildings in Berkeley had grown substantially and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard.[36]

In 1917, one of the nation's first ROTC programs was established at Berkeley[37] and its School of Military Aeronautics began training pilots, including Gen. Jimmy Doolittle. In 1926, future Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval ROTC unit at Berkeley.[38] Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Army Chief of Staff Frederick C. Weyand, sixteen other general officers, ten Navy flag officers, and AFROTC alumna Captain Theresa Claiborne.[39]

In the 1930s, Ernest Orlando Lawrence helped establish the Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) and invented the cyclotron, which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939.[40] Using the cyclotron, Berkeley professors and Berkeley Lab researchers went on to discover 16 chemical elements—more than any other university in the world.[41][42] In particular, during World War II and following Glenn Seaborg's then-secret discovery of plutonium, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U.S. Army to develop the atomic bomb. Physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942.[43][44] Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley founded and was then a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory (1943) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1952).

In 1952, the University of California reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus given a chancellor, and Clark Kerr became Berkeley's first Chancellor, while Robert Sproul remained in place as the President of the University of California.[45]

Berkeley gained a worldwide reputation for political activism in the 1960s.[46][47] In 1964, the Free Speech Movement organized student resistance to the university's restrictions on political activities on campus—most conspicuously, student activities related to the Civil Rights Movement. The arrest in Sproul Plaza of Jack Weinberg, a recent Berkeley alumnus and chair of Campus CORE, in 1964, prompted a series of student-led acts of formal remonstrance and civil disobedience that ultimately gave rise to the Free Speech Movement, which movement would prevail and serve as a precedent for student opposition to America's involvement in the Vietnam War.[48][49][50]

In 1982, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) was established on campus with support from the National Science Foundation and at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians — Shiing-Shen Chern, Calvin Moore, and Isadore M. Singer. The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborative mathematical research, drawing thousands of visiting researchers from around the world each year.[51][52][53]

21st century edit

In the current century, compared to the 1960s and 70s, Berkeley has become less politically active, although more liberal.[54][55] Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one, which is a ratio similar to that of American academia generally.[56] The school has become more focused on STEM disciplines and fundraising.[57][58][59] In 2007, the Energy Biosciences Institute was established with funding from BP and Stanley Hall, a research facility and headquarters for the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, opened.

The next few years saw the dedication of the Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, funded by a lead gift from billionaire Li Ka-shing; the opening of Sutardja Dai Hall, home of the Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society; and the unveiling of Blum Hall, housing the Blum Center for Developing Economies. Supported by a grant from alumnus James Simons, the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing was established in 2012. In 2014, Berkeley and its sister campus, UCSF, established the Innovative Genomics Institute, and, in 2020, an anonymous donor pledged $252 million to help fund a new center for computing and data science. For the 2020 fiscal year, Berkeley set a fundraising record, receiving over $1 billion in gifts and pledges, and two years later, it broke that record, raising over $1.2 billion.[60][57][61][62]

Controversies edit

  • Various research ethics, human rights, and animal rights advocates have been in conflict with Berkeley. Native Americans contended with the school over repatriation of remains from the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology.[63][who else?] Student activists have urged the university to cut financial ties with Tyson Foods and PepsiCo.[64][65][66] Faculty member Ignacio Chapela prominently criticized the university's financial ties to Novartis.[67] PETA has challenged the university's use of animals for research and argued that it may violate the Animal Welfare Act.[68][69]
  • Cal's Memorial Stadium reopened in September 2012 after renovations. The university incurred a controversial $445 million of debt for the stadium and a new $153 million student athletic center, which it financed with the sale of special stadium endowment seats.[70] The roughly $18 million interest-only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal's athletics' budget; principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113.[71]
  • On May 1, 2014, Berkeley was named one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.[72] Investigations continued into 2016, with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016, showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non-tenured staff.[73]
  • On July 25, 2019, Berkeley was removed from the U.S. News Best Colleges Ranking for misreporting statistics. Berkeley had originally reported that its two-year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11.6 percent, U.S. News said. The school later told U.S. News the correct average alumni giving rate for the 2016 fiscal year was just 7.9 percent. The school incorrectly overstated its alumni giving data to U.S. News since at least 2014. The alumni giving rate accounts for five percent of the Best Colleges ranking.[74]
  • Berkeley community members have criticized UC Berkeley's increasing enrollment. Berkeley residents filed a lawsuit alleging that the university's expanding enrollment violated California Environmental Quality Act and that the area lacked the infrastructure to support more students.[75] Critics of the lawsuit accused these community members of NIMBYism.[76][77][78] In August 2021, a judge from the Superior Court of Alameda County ruled in favor of the residents, and on March 3, 2022, the California Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the residents, saying that the university needed to freeze its admission rates at 2020–2021 levels.[79] On March 11, 2022, state legislators released a proposal to change CEQA to exempt the university from its restrictions.[80] On March 14, Gavin Newsom signed the bill into law.[81] Berkeley has continued to face a housing shortage.[82]

Organization and administration edit

Name edit

Officially named the "University of California, Berkeley" it is often shortened to "Berkeley" in general reference or in an academic context (Berkeley Law, Berkeley Engineering, Berkeley Haas, Berkeley Public Health) and to "California" or "Cal" particularly when referring to its athletic teams (California Golden Bears).[11][12][83] In August 2022, a university task force was formed which recommended renaming the athletic identity to "Cal Berkeley" to further tie the athletic brand to academic prestige, and reduce public confusion.[84]

Governance edit

The University of California is governed by a twenty-six member Board of Regents, eighteen of whom are appointed by the Governor of California to 12-year terms. The board also has seven ex officio members, a student regent, and a non-voting student regent-designate.[85] Prior to 1952, Berkeley was the University of California, so the university president was also Berkeley's chief executive. In 1952, the university reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus having its own chief executive, a chancellor, who would, in turn, report to the president of the university system. Twelve vice-chancellors report directly to Berkeley's chancellor, and the deans of the fifteen colleges and schools report to the executive vice chancellor and provost, Berkeley's chief academic officer.[86] Twenty-three presidents and chancellors have led Berkeley since its founding.[87][45]

Presidents

Chancellors

Funding edit

See also: University of California finances

Berkeley receives funding from a variety of federal, state, and private sources. With the exception of government contracts, public support is apportioned to Berkeley and the other campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President and accounts for some 12 percent of Berkeley's total revenues.[88] Berkeley has long benefited from private philanthropy, with considerable gifts from the Flood, Hearst, Durant, Strauss, Lick, Harmon, and Bacon families in the 19th century and from the Hearst, Doe, Sather, Rockefeller, Cowell, Haviland, Bowles, Boalt, and Stern families, among others, in the first half of the 20th century. More recently, alumni and their foundations have given to the university for operations and capital expenditures.[89]

Berkeley has also benefited from benefactors beyond its alumni ranks, notable among which are Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan; Vitalik Buterin, Patrick Collison, John Collison, the Ron Conway family, Crankstart, Elad Gil and Jennifer Huang Gil, Daniel Gross, Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna, and Hemant and Jessica Taneja, along with Jane Street principals Matt Berger, Craig Falls, Rob Granieri, James McClave, and Adam Winkel; BP; the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, billionaire Sir Li Ka-Shing, Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner, Thomas and Stacey Siebel, Sanford and Joan Weill, and professor Gordon Rausser ($50 million gift in 2020).[89] Hundreds of millions of dollars have been given anonymously.[90] The 2008–13 "Campaign for Berkeley" raised $3.13 billion from 281,855 donors, and the "Light the Way" campaign, scheduled to conclude at the end of 2023, has raised over $6.2 billion.[91]

Academics edit

 
Wheeler Hall, home to Berkeley's largest lecture hall, was the location of a Nobel Prize conferral during WWII.
 
The interior of the Hearst Mining Building, dedicated by Phoebe Hearst in honor of her late husband, George.

Berkeley is a large, primarily residential Tier One research university with a majority of its enrollment in undergraduate programs but also offering a comprehensive doctoral program.[92] The university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission since 1949.[93] The university operates on a semester calendar and awarded 8,725 bachelor's, 3,286 master's or professional and 1,272 doctoral degrees in 2018–2019.[94]

The university's academic enterprise is organized into 15 colleges and schools, which, in turn, comprise 180 departments and 80 interdisciplinary units offering over 350 degree programs. Colleges serve both undergraduate and graduate students, while schools are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate majors or minors.

Undergraduate programs edit

 
Doe Memorial Library is Berkeley's main library

The four-year, full-time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor's degrees across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), Rausser College of Natural Resources (10), and individual majors (2).[95] The most popular majors are electrical engineering and computer sciences, political science, molecular and cell biology, environmental science, and economics.[96]

Requirements for undergraduate degrees are set by four authorities: the University of California system, the Berkeley campus, the college or school, and the department. These requirements include an entry-level writing requirement before enrollment (typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams such as the SAT or ACT), completing coursework on "American History and Institutions" before or after enrollment by taking an introductory class, passing an "American Cultures Breadth" class at Berkeley, as well as requirements for reading and composition and specific requirements declared by the department and school.[97]

Graduate and professional programs edit

 
The Haas School of Business offers both graduate and undergraduate degrees

Berkeley has a "comprehensive" graduate program, with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates, and offers interdisciplinary graduate programs with the medical schools at UCSF (various masters and doctoral) and Stanford (MD/MPH). The university offers Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Fine Arts, and PhD degrees in addition to professional degrees such as the Juris Doctor, Master of Business Administration, Master of Public Health, and Master of Design.[92][98] The university awarded 963 doctoral degrees and 3,531 master's degrees in 2017.[99] Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. Most graduate students are supported by fellowships, teaching assistantships, or research assistantships.[99]

Faculty and research edit

Main articles: List of UC Berkeley faculty; Research centers and laboratories at UC Berkeley; and List of Nobel laureates associated with University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities—Very high research activity".[92] In fiscal year 2021, Berkeley's funding for research and development exceeded $1 billion.[100] There are 1,789 full-time and 886 part-time faculty members among more than 130 academic departments and more than 80 interdisciplinary research units. The current faculty includes 262 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows, three Fields Medalists, 77 Fulbright Scholars, 139 Guggenheim Fellows, 90 members of the National Academy of Engineering, 144 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[101] ten Nobel Prize winners, four Pulitzer Prize winners, 125 Sloan Fellows, 8 Wolf Prize winners and 1 Pritzker Prize winner.[102][103][104]

Library system edit

Main article: University of California, Berkeley Library System
 
The on-campus University of California Museum of Paleontology hosts a life-size replica of a T-rex.

Berkeley's 32 libraries together contain more than 13 million volumes and cover over 12 acres (4.9 ha) of land, forming the fourth largest collegiate library system in the nation.[105][106][107] Doe Library serves as the library system's reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections reside in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The Bancroft Library, which has over 400,000 printed volumes and 70 million manuscripts, pictures, and maps, maintains special collections that document the history of the western part of North America, with an emphasis on California, Mexico and Central America. The Bancroft Library also houses the Mark Twain Papers,[108] the Oral History Center,[109] the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri[110] and the University Archives.[111]

Rankings edit

National edit

  • The 2018–19 Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) rated Berkeley the top public university in the nation and 4th overall based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, and citations.[121]
  • In 2014, The Daily Beast's Best Colleges report ranked Berkeley 11th in the country.[122]
  • In its 2022 list of America's top colleges, Forbes rated Berkeley the best public school and 2nd overall.[123]
  • For 2015 Kiplinger ranked Berkeley the 4th best-value public university in the nation for in-state students, and 6th for out-of-state students.[124]
  • The Money Magazine Best Colleges ranking for 2015 ranked Berkeley 9th in the United States, based on educational quality, affordability and alumni earnings.[125]
  • For 2021, QS "World University Rankings: USA" placed Berkeley 4th among all US universities and 1st among publics.[126]
  • The 2013 Top American Research Universities report by the Center for Measuring University Performance ranked Berkeley 8th overall, 5th in resources, faculty, and education, 9th in resources and education, and 1st in education.[127]
  • In the 2023-2024 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings, Berkeley was the top public school and 15th overall.[128]
  • Washington Monthly ranked Berkeley the top public school and 9th among all national universities in 2022, with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility.

Global edit

  • For 2020–21, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 12th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, and research performance.[129]
  • In 2017, the Nature Index ranked the university the 9th largest contributor to papers published in 82 leading journals.[130][131]

Past rankings edit

In his memoirs, Clark Kerr records Berkeley's rise in the rankings (according to the National Academies) during the 20th century. The school's first ranking in 1906 placed it among the top six schools ("Big Six") in the nation. In 1934 it ranked second, tied with Columbia and the University of Chicago, behind only Harvard; in 1957 it was ranked as the only school second to Harvard. In 1964 Berkeley was named the "best balanced distinguished university", meaning the school had not only the most top departments but also the highest percentage of top ranking departments in its school. The school in 1993 was the only remaining member of the original 1906 "Big Six", along with Harvard; in that year Berkeley ranked first.[132]

The American Council on Education, a private non-profit association, ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934. However, by 1942, private funding had helped Berkeley rise to second place, behind only Harvard, based on the number of distinguished departments.[45] Since its inaugural 1990 reputational survey, Times Higher Education has considered Berkeley to be one of the world's "six super brands" along with Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.[133][134][135][136][137] Berkeley was the No. 1 recipient of National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships between 2001 and 2010, with 1,333 awards.[99]

The 2010 United States National Research Council Rankings identified Berkeley as having the highest number of top-ranked doctoral programs in the nation. Berkeley doctoral programs that received a #1 ranking included English, German, Political Science, Geography, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Epidemiology, Plant Biology, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering.[138]

Admissions and enrollment edit

Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2020
Race and ethnicity[139] Total
Asian 35% 35
 
White 22% 22
 
Hispanic 19% 19
 
Foreign national 13% 13
 
Other[a] 9% 9
 
Black 2% 2
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 22% 22
 
Affluent or middle class[c] 78% 78
 

For Fall 2022, Berkeley's total enrollment was 45,745: 32,831 undergraduate and 12,914 graduate students, with women accounting for 56 percent of undergraduates and 49 percent of graduate and professional students. It had 128,226 freshman applicants and accepted 14,614 or 11.4%. Among enrolled freshman, the average unweighted GPA was 3.90.[140]

Berkeley students are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid. Generally, financial aid inquiries are processed through the Financial Aid and Scholarships Office, although some schools, such as the Haas School of Business[141] and Berkeley Law,[142] have their own financial aid offices. Berkeley's enrollment of National Merit Scholars was third in the nation until 2002, when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued.[143] For 2019, Berkeley ranked fourth in enrollment of recipients of the National Merit $2,500 Scholarship (132 scholars).[144][145] Twenty-seven percent of admitted students receive federal Pell grants.[146]

Fall Freshman Profile[140]
  2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
Applicants 128,226 109,597 88,076 87,398 89,621 85,057 82,571 78,923 73,794
Admits 14,614 15,852 15,448 14,676 13,308 14,552 14,429 13,332 13,338
Admit rate 11.4% 14.5% 17.5% 16.8% 14.8% 17.1% 17.5% 16.9% 18.1%
Enrolled 6,726 6,809 6,052 6,454 6,012 6,379 6,253 5,832 5,813
SAT (mid-50%) N/A* N/A* 1300–1520 1330–1520 1300–1530 1300–1540 1930–2290 1870–2250 1840–2230
ACT (average) N/A* N/A* 31 31 31 32 32 32 31
GPA (unweighted) 3.90 3.87 3.86 3.89 3.89 3.91 3.86 3.87 3.85
* Berkeley began test-blind admissions in 2021.

Discoveries and innovation edit

 
Simplified evolution of Unix systems and BSD forks

A number of significant inventions and discoveries have been made by Berkeley faculty members and researchers:[147]

Natural sciences edit

Computer and applied sciences edit

Companies and entrepreneurship edit

Main article: List of companies founded by UC Berkeley alumni

Berkeley alumni and faculty have founded many companies, some of which are shown below.[163][164] Berkeley has often been cited as one of the universities that have produced most entrepreneurs, and boasts its own startup incubator, Berkeley SkyDeck.[164][165][166][167][168]

Campus edit

Main article: Campus of the University of California, Berkeley
 
Sather Gate, connecting Sproul Plaza to the inner campus, was a center of the Free Speech Movement.

Much of the UC Berkeley campus, including the major landmarks, is in the city limits of Berkeley. A portion of the UC Berkeley property extends into Oakland.[173] The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately 1,232 acres (499 ha), though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western 178 acres (72 ha) of this area. Of the remaining acres, approximately 200 acres (81 ha) are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units, notably the Space Sciences Laboratory, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, an 800-acre (320 ha) ecological preserve, the University of California Botanical Garden and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon. Portions of the mostly undeveloped, eastern area of the campus are actually within the City of Oakland; these portions extend from the Claremont Resort north through the Panoramic Hill neighborhood to Tilden Park.[174]

 
Bancroft Library, Berkeley's primary special-collections library

To the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called Gourmet Ghetto, a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse. Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as Northside with a large graduate student population;[175] situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills. Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row and beyond that the Clark Kerr Campus and an upscale residential area named Claremont. The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue, one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists. In addition, the university also owns land to the northwest of the main campus, a 90-acre (36 ha) married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany ("Albany Village" and the "Gill Tract"), and a field research station several miles to the north in Richmond, California.

 
The UC Botanical Garden, located in the Berkeley Hills and by the Berkeley Lab.

The campus is home to several museums including the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, and the Lawrence Hall of Science. The Museum of Paleontology, found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building, showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex. The campus also offers resources for innovation and entrepreneurship, such as the Big Ideas Competition (Blum Center for Developing Economies), SkyDeck, the Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, and the Berkeley Haas Innovation Lab.[176] The campus is also home to the University of California Botanical Garden, one of the most diverse plant collections in the United States, famous for its large number of rare and endangered species, with more than 12,000 individual species. Outside of the Bay Area, the university owns various research laboratories and research forests in both northern and southern Sierra Nevada.

 
360-degree-view of the UC Berkeley campus

Architecture edit

 
South Hall (1873), one of the two original buildings of the University of California, still stands on the Berkeley campus

What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California", funded by William Randolph Hearst's mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899.[177] The winner was Frenchman Émile Bénard, who refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard. Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s. The structures forming the "classical core" of the campus were built in the Beaux-Arts Classical style, and include Hearst Greek Theatre, Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Doe Memorial Library, California Hall, Wheeler Hall, (Old) Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, Sather Gate, and the 307-foot (94 m) Sather Tower (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, St Mark's Campanile in Venice), the tallest university clock tower in the United States.[178] Buildings he regarded as temporary, nonacademic, or not particularly "serious" were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. Many of Howard's designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks[179] and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second-Empire-style, South Hall, designed by David Farquharson, is the oldest university building in California. It, and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus, are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth-century campus. Other notable architects and firms whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck[180] (Faculty Club); Julia Morgan (Hearst Women's Gymnasium and Julia Morgan Hall); William Wurster (Stern Hall); Moore Ruble Yudell (Haas School of Business); Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects (C.V. Starr East Asian Library), and Diller Scofidio + Renfro (Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive).

Natural features edit

 
The south fork of Strawberry Creek, as seen between Dwinelle Hall and Lower Sproul Plaza.

Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of University House and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum.

Trees in the area date from the founding of the university. The campus features numerous wooded areas, including: Founders' Rock, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the Eucalyptus Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America.[181] The campus sits on the Hayward Fault, which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium.[182]

Student life and traditions edit

 
Fans atop Tightwad Hill watch the Cal Band, with views of the stadium and the San Francisco Bay.

The official university mascot is Oski the Bear, who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the Oski-wow-wow yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer.[183]

The University of California Marching Band, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events.[184]

The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the six Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion, the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and The Big "C" among other duties. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal's possession.[185] The Chairman of the Rally Committee holds the title "Custodian of the Axe" while it is in the committee's care.

Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th-century campus event called "Rush", which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build "the Big C".[186] Owing to its prominent position, the Big "C" is often the target of pranks by rival Stanford University students who paint the Big "C" red and also fraternities and sororities who paint it their organization's colors. One of the Rally Committee's functions is to repaint the Big "C" to its traditional color of King Alfred Yellow.

Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition is continued today by the Rally Committee in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen.[187]

The California Victory Cannon, placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against Pacific in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns.[188]

The Cal Mic Men, a standard at home football games, has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball. The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling, but now includes microphones, a dedicated platform during games, and the direction of the entire student section.[189] Both men and women are allowed to fulfill the role, despite the name.

Student housing edit

Main article: Housing at the University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options, including university-owned or affiliated residences, private residences, fraternities and sororities, and cooperative housing (co-ops). Berkeley students, and those of other local schools, have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), a nonprofit housing cooperative network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member-owners.[190]

Fraternities and sororities edit

About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women—or 3,400 of total undergraduates—are active in Berkeley's Greek system.[191] University-sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils.[192][193]

Student-run organizations edit

Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) edit

Main article: Associated Students of the University of California
 
Wellness Room sleep pods: part of a program created by the ASUC, UC Berkeley's official student association

The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) is the official student association that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. The two main political parties are "Student Action"[194] and "CalSERVE".[195] The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of $1.7 million (excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC), in addition to various investment assets. Its alumni include multiple State Senators, Assemblymembers, and White House Administration officials.[196]

Media and publications edit

Berkeley's student-run online television station, CalTV, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors. Since the mid-2010s, it has been a program of the ASUC.[197] Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is The Daily Californian. Founded in 1871, The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People's Park. The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition. Print circulation is about 10,000. The newspaper is an important source of information for students, faculty, staff, and the surrounding City of Berkeley. Berkeley's FM Student radio station, KALX, broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members.

Berkeley also features an assortment of student-run publications:

Student groups edit

"DeCal" redirects here. For other uses, see DeCal (disambiguation).
 
Berkeley Dance Marathon, one of the campus's student-led fundraising events
 
Zellerbach Hall, home of the Cal Performances theater group

There are ninety-four political student groups on campus, including MEChXA de UC Berkeley, Berkeley ACLU, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, The Sustainability Team (STEAM), the Berkeley Student Food Collective, Students for Sensible Drug Policy, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans.[198] The Residence Hall Assembly (RHA) is the student-led umbrella organization that oversees event planning, legislation, sponsorships and other activities for over 7,2000 on-campus undergraduate residents.[199]

Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups, including the Berkeley Group, founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School.[200] Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro-bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients. Berkeley Consulting, founded in 1996, has served over 140 companies across the high-tech, retail, banking, and non-profit sectors.[201]

ImagiCal[202] has been the college chapter of the American Advertising Federation at Berkeley since the late 1980s. The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition, with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor. The Berkeley Forum is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels, debates, and speeches across a variety of fields.[203] Past speakers include Senator Rand Paul, entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel, and Khan Academy founder Salman Khan.

 
UC Berkeley Symphony Orchestra

Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes.[204] DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981. The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student community, including classes on the Rubik's Cube, blockchain, web design, metamodernism, cooking, Jewish art, 3D animation, and bioprinting.[205]

The campus is home to several a cappella groups, including Drawn to Scale, Artists in Resonance, Berkeley Dil Se, the UC Men's Octet, the California Golden Overtones, DeCadence, and Noteworthy. The University of California Men's Octet was founded in 1948 and features a repertoire of barbershop, doo-wop, contemporary pop, modern alternative, and fight songs. Hewing to tradition, the groups perform weekly under Sather Gate on alternating days. Berkeley hosts a myriad other performing arts groups in comedy, dance, acting and instrumental music, and include jericho!, Improv & Sketch Comedy, The Movement, Taiko drumming, BareStage student musical theater, the Remedy Music Project, Main Stacks, AFX Dance, and TruElement.

Since 1967, students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the University of California Jazz Ensembles. Under the direction of David W. Tucker, who was hired by the Cal Band as a composer, arranger, and associate director, but was later asked to direct the jazz ensembles as it grew in popularity and membership, the group grew rapidly from one big band to multiple big bands, numerous combos, and numerous instrumental classes with multiple instructors. For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival, part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival, a competitive forum for student musicians. PCCJF brought jazz artists including Hubert Laws, Sonny Rollins, Freddie Hubbard, and Ed Shaughnessy to the Berkeley campus as performers, clinicians, and adjudicators. The festival later included high school musicians.

Engineering Student Teams edit

Given UC Berkeley's STEM education and its proximity to Silicon Valley, there are a variety of student-run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions. Berkeley has two prominent amateur rocketry teams: Space Enterprise at Berkeley (SEB)[206] and Space Technologies and Rocketry (STAR).[207] Both have launched solid-fuel sounding rockets and are currently developing liquid propellant rockets. The university also has two Formula SAE teams: Berkeley Formula Racing[208] and Formula Electric Berkeley.[209] Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE–run competitions, with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors. Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams, including CalSol,[210] CalSMV,[211] and Human Powered Vehicle.[212]

Athletics edit

Main article: California Golden Bears
 
The base of the California Memorial Stadium.
 
The interior of Haas Pavilion during a Cal Basketball game.
 
The Cal Bears face off against the Stanford Cardinal in the Big Game.

The university's athletic teams are known as the California Golden Bears (often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal") and are primarily members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12). Cal is also a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several sports not sponsored by the Pac-12 and the America East Conference in women's field hockey. Cal is set to join the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in 2024.[213] The first school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, were blue (specifically Yale Blue) and gold.[214][215] Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university's inaugural faculty were Yale graduates, including Henry Durant, its first president. Blue and gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955.[214][216] In 2014, the athletic department specified a darker blue.[217][218]

The California Golden Bears have won national titles in football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, men's and women's crew, men's gymnastics, men's tennis, men's and women's swimming, men's water polo, men's Judo, men's track, and men's rugby. In addition, Cal athletes have won individual NCAA titles in track, gymnastics, swimming and tennis. On January 31, 2009, the university's Hurling club made athletic history by defeating Stanford in the first collegiate hurling match ever played on American soil. Berkeley teams have won national championships in baseball (2), men's basketball (2), men's crew (15), women's crew (3), football (5), men's golf (1), men's gymnastics (4), men's lacrosse (1), men's rugby (26), softball (1), men's swimming & diving (4), women's swimming & diving (3), men's tennis (1), men's track & field (1), and men's water polo (13).

 
Cal Rugby football team has not only won at least 26 national championships but many more 'Scrum Axe' competitions (where a ceremonial Native American battle axe affixed to a trophy is awarded to winner) such that by the 1930s it was designated as the annual trophy exchanged between Cal and Stanford Rugby teams[219]

Cal students and alumni have also won 207 Olympic medals.[220] California finished in first place[221] in the 2007–08 Fall U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (Now the NACDA Directors' Cup), a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. Cal finished the 2007–08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points.[222] Most recently, California finished in third place in the 2010–11 NACDA Directors' Cup with 1219.50 points, finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State. This is California's highest ever finish in the Director's Cup.[223]

The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rival is the Stanford Cardinal, and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the Big Game, celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe. Other sporting games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash (water polo) or the Big Kick (soccer).[224]

Notable alumni, faculty, and staff edit

Berkeley alumni, faculty and staff have distinguished themselves in a wide range of endeavors and include 114 Nobel laureates (35 alumni), 25 Turing Award winners (11 alumni), 14 Fields Medalists, 30 Wolf Prize winners, 108 MacArthur Fellows (65 alumni), 30 Pulitzer Prize recipients, 19 Academy Award winners, five foreign heads of state, chief justices of the United States and California,[225] 22 cabinet members, ten state governors, numerous members of Congress, 36 general and flag officers of the United States Armed Forces, 40 billionaires, and the founders or co-founders of many world-renowned companies.

Faculty and staff edit

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of California, Berkeley faculty.
Further information: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley
 
University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60-inch cyclotron, 1938; Nobel prizewinners Ernest Lawrence, Edwin McMillan, and Luis Alvarez are shown, in addition to J. Robert Oppenheimer and Robert R. Wilson.

Alumni edit

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of California, Berkeley alumni.

Government edit

Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices, both domestic and foreign, including Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (Earl Warren, BA, JD); United States Attorney General (Edwin Meese III, JD); United States Secretary of State (Dean Rusk, LLB); United States Secretary of the Treasury (W. Michael Blumenthal, BA, and G. William Miller, JD); United States Secretary of Defense (Robert McNamara, BS); United States Secretary of the Interior (Franklin Knight Lane, 1887); United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Secretary of Commerce (Norman Mineta, BS); United States Secretary of Agriculture (Ann Veneman, MPP); National Security Advisor (Robert C. O'Brien, JD); scores of federal judges and members of the United States Congress (10 currently serving) and United States Foreign Service; governors of California (George C. Pardee; Hiram W. Johnson; Earl Warren, BA and LLB; Jerry Brown, BA; and Pete Wilson, JD), Michigan (Jennifer Granholm, BA), and the United States Virgin Islands (Walter A. Gordon, BA); Chief of Staff of the United States Army (Frederick C. Weyand, Class of 1938); Lieutenant General of the United States Army (Jimmy Doolittle); Vice Admiral of the United States Navy (Murry L. Royar, Class of 1916); Major General of the United States Marine Corps (Oliver Prince Smith); Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps (Bertram A. Bone); Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (John A. McCone, BS); chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers (Michael Boskin, BA, PhD.; Sandra Black, BA; Jesse Rothstein, PhD; Robert Seamans, PhD; Jay Shambaugh, PhD; James Stock, MA, PhD); Governor of the Federal Reserve System (H. Robert Heller, PhD) and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (William C. Dudley, PhD); Commissioners of the SEC (Troy A. Paredes, BA) and the FCC (Rachelle Chong, BA); and United States Surgeon General (Kenneth P. Moritsugu, MPH).

Foreign alumni include the President of Colombia 1922–1926, (Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, BA, Mining Engineering); the President of Mexico (Francisco I. Madero, attended 1892–93); the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan; the Premier of the Republic of China (Sun Fo, BA); the President of Costa Rica (Miguel Angel Rodriguez, MA, PhD); and members of parliament of the United Kingdom (House of Lords, Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn, BS), India (Rajya Sabha, the upper house, Prithviraj Chavan, MS); Iran (Mohammad Javad Larijani, PhD); Nigerian Minister of Science and Technology and first Executive Governor of Abia State (Ogbonnaya Onu, PhD Chemical Engineering); Barbados' Ambassador to Brazil (Tonika Sealy-Thompson). Alumni have also served in many supranational posts, notable among which are President of the World Bank (Robert McNamara, BS); Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and managing director of the International Monetary Fund (Rodrigo Rato, MBA); executive director of UNICEF (Ann Veneman, MPP); member of the European Parliament (Bruno Megret, MS); and judge of the World Court (Joan Donoghue, JD).

Science edit

Alumni have made important contributions to science. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate William F. Giauque (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated chemical thermodynamics, Nobel laureate Willard Libby (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered radiocarbon dating, Nobel laureate Willis Lamb (BS 1934, PhD 1938) examined the hydrogen spectrum, Nobel laureate Hamilton O. Smith (BA 1952) applied restriction enzymes to molecular genetics, Nobel laureate Robert Laughlin (BA math 1972) explored the fractional quantum Hall effect, and Nobel laureate Andrew Fire (BA math 1978) helped to discover RNA interference-gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nobel laureate Glenn T. Seaborg (PhD 1937) collaborated with Albert Ghiorso (BS 1913) to discover 12 chemical elements, such as americium, berkelium, and californium. David Bohm (PhD 1943) discovered Bohm diffusion. Nobel laureate Yuan T. Lee (PhD 1965) developed the crossed molecular beam technique for studying chemical reactions. Carol Greider (PhD 1987), professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer. Harvey Itano (BS 1942) conducted breakthrough work on sickle cell anemia that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin.[241] While he was valedictorian of Berkeley's class of 1942, he was unable to attend commencement exercises due to internment.[241]

Narendra Karmarkar (PhD 1983) is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar's algorithm.[242] National Medal of Science laureate Chien-Shiung Wu (PhD 1940), often known as the "Chinese Madame Curie", disproved the Law of Conservation of Parity for which she was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics.[243] Kary Mullis (PhD 1973) was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in developing the polymerase chain reaction,[244] a method for amplifying DNA sequences. Daniel Kahneman was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory. Richard O. Buckius, engineer, Bachelor's in Mechanical Engineering '72, Masters '73, PhD '75, currently Chief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation. Edward P. Tryon (PhD 1967) is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.[245][246][247] John N. Bahcall (BS 1956) worked on the Standard Solar Model and the Hubble Space Telescope,[248] resulting in a National Medal of Science.[248] Peter Smith (BS 1969) was the principal investigator and project leader for the NASA robotic explorer Phoenix,[249] which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for the first time.[250] Astronauts James van Hoften (BS 1966), Margaret Rhea Seddon (BA 1970), Leroy Chiao (BS 1983), and Rex Walheim (BS 1984) have orbited the Earth in NASA's fleet of Space Shuttles.

Business edit

Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer,[251] Intel,[252] LSI Logic[253] The Gap,[254] MySpace,[255] PowerBar,[256] Berkeley Systems,[257] Bolt, Beranek and Newman[258] (which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet), Chez Panisse,[259] GrandCentral (known now as Google Voice),[260] HTC Corporation,[261] VIA Technologies,[261] Marvell Technology Group,[262] MoveOn.org,[257] Opsware,[263] RedOctane,[264] Rimon Law P.C.,[265] SanDisk,[266] Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker,[267] VMware[268] and Zilog,[269] while graduate school alumni have cofounded companies such as DHL,[270] KeyHole Inc (known now as Google Earth),[271] Sun Microsystems,[272] and The Learning Company.[273] Berkeley alumni have also led various technology companies such as Electronic Arts,[274] Google,[275] Adobe Systems,[276][failed verification] Softbank (Masayoshi Son) and Qualcomm.[277]

Computers edit

Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the personal computer and the Internet.[278] Unix was created by alumnus Ken Thompson (BS 1965, MS 1966) along with colleague Dennis Ritchie. Alumni such as L. Peter Deutsch[279][280][281] (PhD 1973), Butler Lampson (PhD 1967), and Charles P. Thacker (BS 1967)[282] worked with Ken Thompson on Project Genie and then formed the ill-fated US Department of Defense-funded Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC), which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non-descript offices to avoid anti-war protestors.[283] After BCC failed, Deutsch, Lampson, and Thacker joined Xerox PARC, where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies, culminating in the Xerox Alto that inspired the Apple Macintosh. In particular, the Alto used a computer mouse, which had been invented by Doug Engelbart (BEng 1952, PhD 1955). Thompson, Lampson, Engelbart, and Thacker[284] all later received a Turing Award. Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald V. Schmidt (BS 1966, MS 1968, PhD 1971), who became known as "the man who brought Ethernet to the masses".[285] Another Xerox PARC researcher, Charles Simonyi (BS 1972), pioneered the first WYSIWIG word processor program and was recruited personally by Bill Gates to join the fledgling company known as Microsoft to create Microsoft Word. Simonyi later became the first repeat space tourist, blasting off on Russian Soyuz rockets to work at the International Space Station orbiting the Earth.

In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled[286] the original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi, while Ken Arnold (BA 1985) created Curses, a terminal control library for Unix-like systems that enables the construction of text user interface (TUI) applications. Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates William Jolitz (BS 1997) and his future wife Lynne Jolitz (BA 1989), who together created 386BSD, a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the BSD family of free operating systems and the Darwin operating system underlying Apple Mac OS X.[287] Eric Allman (BS 1977, MS 1980) created SendMail, a Unix mail transfer agent that delivers about 12 percent of the email in the world.[288]

The XCF, an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including GTK+ (created by Peter Mattis, BS 1997), The GIMP (Spencer Kimball, BS 1996), and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm.[289] In 1992, Pei-Yuan Wei,[290] an undergraduate at the XCF, created ViolaWWW, one of the first graphical web browsers. ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. In the spirit of Open Source, he donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring Java applets( Kim Polese (BS 1984) was the original product manager for Java at Sun Microsystems.) ViolaWWW also inspired researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic web browser,[291] a pioneering web browser that became Microsoft Internet Explorer.

Pulitzer Prize winners edit

Alumni collectively have won at least twenty-five Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Marguerite Higgins (BA 1941) was a pioneering female war correspondent[292][293] who covered World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.[294] Novelist Robert Penn Warren (MA 1927) won three Pulitzer Prizes,[295] including one for his novel All the King's Men, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning[296] movie. Pulitzer Prize–winning cartoonist Rube Goldberg (BS 1904) invented the comically complex—yet ultimately trivial—contraptions known as Rube Goldberg machines. Journalist Alexandra Berzon (MA 2006) won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009,[297] and journalist Matt Richtel (BA 1989), who also coauthors the comic strip Rudy Park under the pen name of "Theron Heir",[298] won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting.[299] Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Leon Litwack (BA[300] 1951, PhD 1958) taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years;[301] three other UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize. Alumna and professor Susan Rasky won the Polk Award for journalism in 1991. USC Professor and Berkeley alumnus Viet Thanh Nguyen's (PhD 1997) first novel The Sympathizer won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[302]

Fiction and screen writers edit

Alumni have also written novels and screenplays that have attracted Oscar-caliber talent, including The Call of the Wild author Jack London. Irving Stone (BA 1923) wrote the novel Lust for Life, which was later made into an Academy Award-winning film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh. Stone also wrote The Agony and the Ecstasy, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winner Charlton Heston as Michelangelo. Mona Simpson (BA 1979) wrote the novel Anywhere But Here, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-winning actress Susan Sarandon. Terry McMillan (BA 1986) wrote How Stella Got Her Groove Back, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-nominated actress Angela Bassett. Randi Mayem Singer (BA 1979) wrote the screenplay for Mrs. Doubtfire, which starred Oscar-winning actor Robin Williams and Oscar-winning actress Sally Field. Audrey Wells (BA 1981) wrote the screenplay The Truth About Cats & Dogs, which starred Oscar-nominated actress Uma Thurman. James Schamus (BA 1982, MA 1987, PhD 2003) has collaborated on screenplays with Oscar-winning director Ang Lee on the Academy Award-winning movies Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Brokeback Mountain.

Academy Award winners edit

Collectively, alumni have won at least 20 Academy Awards. Gregory Peck (BA 1939), nominated for four Oscars during his career, won an Oscar for acting in To Kill a Mockingbird. Chris Innis (BA 1991) won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner, The Hurt Locker. Walter Plunkett (BA 1923) won an Oscar for costume design (for An American in Paris). Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) and Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) have each[303][304] won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley.[305] Edith Head (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. Joe Letteri (BA 1981[306]) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film Avatar and the Peter Jackson films King Kong, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.[307]

Emmy Award winners edit

Alumni have collectively won at least 25 Emmy Awards: Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; Andrew Schneider (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism;[308][309] Christine Chen (dual BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism;[310] Kristen Sze (BA), two for broadcast journalism;[311] Kathy Baker (BA 1977), three for acting; Ken Milnes (BS 1977), four for broadcasting technology; and Leroy Sievers (BA),[312] twelve for production. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards.[313][314][315]

Television edit

Alumni have acted in classic television series that are still broadcast on TV today. Karen Grassle (BA 1965) played the mother Caroline Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie, Jerry Mathers (BA 1974) starred in Leave it to Beaver, and Roxann Dawson (BA 1980) portrayed B'Elanna Torres on Star Trek: Voyager.

Music and entertainment edit

Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry, such as Grateful Dead bass guitarist Phil Lesh, the Police drummer Stewart Copeland,[316] Rolling Stone Magazine founder Jann Wenner, the Bangles lead singer Susanna Hoffs (BA 1980), Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz, electronic music producer Giraffage, MTV correspondent Suchin Pak (BA 1997),[317] AFI musicians Davey Havok and Jade Puget (BA 1996), and solo artist Marié Digby ("Say It Again"). People Magazine included Third Eye Blind lead singer and songwriter Stephan Jenkins (BA 1987) in the magazine's list of 50 Most Beautiful People.[318]

Kendall Ross Bean became a master piano rebuilder and concert pianist, Bean first performed on a piano he rebuilt in one of the first classical music videos to be broadcast across the United States on the A&E Network which in 1985 had 18 million cable viewers. This broadcast coincided with MTV emerging as a medium for record production companies to use music videos to promote the albums of Rock and Pop stars. The novelty of a classical music video featuring a solo pianist and the inside view of piano hammers hitting strings, contrasted to the high production rock music videos caught media attention from coast to coast. The video was titled: Kendall Ross Bean: Chopin Polonaise in A Flat.

Karen Earle Lile, niece of Tony Terran became the Art Director/Executive Producer for the USPS Building Bridges Special Postal Cancellation Series and a Talk Show host for Sail Sport Talk on Sports Byline USA, a record producer [319][320] at Fantasy Studios and the historian who discovered the provenance of the Lost Lennon piano,[321] afterwards known as the Lennon-Ono-Green-Warhol piano.[322]

Sports edit

Alumni have also participated in the world of sports. Tennis athlete Helen Wills Moody (BA 1925) won 31 Grand Slam titles, including eight singles titles at Wimbledon. Tarik Glenn (BA 1999) is a Super Bowl XLI champion, and Mitchell Schwartz (2011) is an All-Pro NFL offensive tackle. Michele Tafoya (BA 1988) is a sports television reporter for ABC Sports and ESPN.[323] Sports agent Leigh Steinberg ( BA 1970, JD 1973) has represented professional athletes such as Steve Young, Troy Aikman, and Oscar De La Hoya; Steinberg has been called the real-life inspiration[324] for the title character in the Oscar-winning[325] film Jerry Maguire (portrayed by Tom Cruise). Matt Biondi (BA 1988) won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career, in which he participated in three different Olympics. At the Beijing Olympics in 2008, Natalie Coughlin (BA 2005) became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history[326] to win six medals in one Olympics.

Patrons edit

Berkeley alumni—often generous benefactors—have long been among the billionaire ranks, their largess giving rise to many of the campus' eponymous schools, pavilions, centers, institutes, and halls, and with some of the more prominent being J. Paul Getty, Ann Getty, Sanford Diller and Helen Diller, Donald Fisher, Flora Lamson Hewlett, David Schwartz (Bio-Rad) and members of the Haas (Walter A. Haas, Rhoda Haas Goldman, Walter A. Haas Jr., Peter E. Haas, Bob Haas), Hearst, and Bechtel families. There are at least twenty-five living alumni billionaires: Gordon Moore (Intel founder), James Harris Simons (Renaissance Technologies), Masayoshi Son (SoftBank),[327] Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment),[328] Eric Schmidt (former Google Chairman) and Wendy Schmidt, Michael Milken, Bassam Alghanim, Kutayba Alghanim,[329] Charles Simonyi (Microsoft), Cher Wang (HTC), Robert Haas (Levi Strauss & Co.), Carlos Rodriguez-Pastor (Interbank, Peru),[330] Fayez Sarofim, Daniel S. Loeb, Paul Merage, David Hindawi, Orion Hindawi, Bill Joy (Sun Microsystems founder), Victor Koo, Tony Xu (DoorDash), Lowell Milken, Nathaniel Simons and Laura Baxter-Simons, Elizabeth Simons and Mark Heising,[331] Oleg Tinkov, Liong Tek Kwee (BS 1968), Liong Seen Kwee (BS 1974) and Alice Schwartz.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

References edit

  1. ^ . Academic Personnel and Programs. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  2. ^ As of June 30, 2022; includes assets managed by the UC Regents in the General Endowment Pool for the exclusive benefit of Berkeley. "Annual Endowment Report, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022" (PDF). University of California.
  3. ^ a b "University of California 21/22 Annual Financial Report" (PDF). University of California. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  4. ^ "Home | Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost". evcp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c "UC Berkeley Quick Facts". UC Berkeley Office of Planning and Analysis. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  7. ^ . Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. June 14, 2000. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  8. ^ "College Navigator – University of California-Berkeley". nces.ed.gov.
  9. ^ "UC Berkeley Zero Waste Plan" (PDF). University of California-Berkeley. September 2019. p. 5. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  10. ^ "Primary Palettes". Berkeley Brand Guidelines. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  11. ^ a b "Trademark Use Guidelines and Requirements" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
  12. ^ a b Office of Communications and Public Affairs (June 2019). "Our Name". (PDF). Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  13. ^ Examples include:
    1. Selingo, Jeffrey. "Our dangerous obsession with Harvard, Stanford and other elite universities". The Washington Post. "…the Ivy League, along with Stanford, the University of Chicago, Duke, and a few elite public universities such as the University of Michigan, UC-Berkeley, and UNC-Chapel Hill are the pride of the American higher-education system around the world."
    2. Thoenig, Jean-Claude (August 31, 2023). "Organizational Governance and the Production of Academic Quality: Lessons from Two Top U.S. Research Universities". Minerva. Springer. 52 (4): 381–417. doi:10.1007/s11024-014-9261-2. JSTOR 43548922. S2CID 254830290. "MIT and UCB were selected as two consistently top ranked universities internationally speaking, not only in terms of prestige in the eyes of international public opinion but also in terms of actual outputs as measured by metrics of excellence. They enjoy a very long tenure in the first decile whatever the classification used, and despite the fact that ranking agencies do not allocate the same weight to excellence and prestige indicators. Once they reach the top, they seem to remain there forever, despite increasingly tough competition from research universities who all vie to join the academic heavens"
    3. The University of California, Britannica Encyclopedia, retrieved August 5, 2023. "The Berkeley campus, which replaced the Oakland campus in 1873, remains a leader in scientific fields as well as in many other academic areas. In the 1930s researchers there produced the first cyclotron, isolated the human polio virus, and discovered several new chemical elements."
  14. ^
    • "The University Entrepreneurship Report – Alumni of Top Universities Rake in $12.6 Billion Across 559 Deals". CB Insights Research. October 29, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
    • "The list of top schools for producing tech entrepreneurs shows how clubby Silicon Valley really is". Quartz. September 1, 2017.
    • . vcresearch.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
    • "Pitchbook Universities 2019". pitchbook.com.
    • "Pitchbook Universities 2020". pitchbook.com.
    • "Pitchbook Universities 2022". pitchbook.com.
  15. ^ *Space Sciences Laboratory (www.ssl.berkeley.edu)
  16. ^ "UC National Laboratories | UCOP". www.ucop.edu. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  17. ^ "California Golden Bears Olympic Medals". University of California Golden Bears Athletics. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  18. ^ "Cal National Champions". University of California Golden Bears Athletics. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  19. ^ Count as of September 9, 2019. , universityofcalifornia.edu, archived from the original on September 8, 2021
  20. ^ "Nobel Laureates and research affiliations". Nobel Foundation. April 1, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  21. ^ "Berkeley Law Distinguished Alumni". sfgate.com. February 26, 2012.
  22. ^ Kathleen Elkins (May 18, 2018). "More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined". CNBC. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  23. ^ * "Top Producers". us.fulbrightonline.org. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
    • Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). "Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College". businessinsider.com. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
    • "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  24. ^ Stadtman, Verne A. (1970). The University of California, 1868–1968. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 34.
  25. ^ . University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Founded in the wake of the gold rush by leaders of the newly established 31st state, the University of California's flagship campus at Berkeley has become one of the preeminent universities in the world.
  26. ^ Berdahl, Robert (October 8, 1998). . University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. The issue I want to talk about tonight is the future of "flagship" universities, institutions like the University of Texas at Austin, or Texas A&M at College Station, or the University of California, Berkeley. This is not an easy topic to talk about for a number of reasons, not the least of which is the fact that those of us in "systems" of higher education are frequently actively discouraged from using the term "flagship" to refer to our campuses because it is seen as hurtful to the self-esteem of colleagues at other institutions in our systems.
  27. ^ . University of California Office of the President. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  28. ^ Wollenberg, Charles (2002). . Berkeley, A City in History. Berkeley Public Library. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  29. ^ "A History of Women at Cal | Campus Climate, Community Engagement & Transformation". Campus Climate at Berkeley. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  30. ^ "The Centennial of The University of California, 1868–1968". Retrieved June 10, 2016.
  31. ^ "University of California History Digital Archives". Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  32. ^ Smith, Mackenzie (2018). "Celebrating Women at Rausser College, Past & Present". College of Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  33. ^
    • "The top 50 US colleges that pay off the most in 2020". CNBC. July 28, 2020.
    • Medina, Jennifer (July 19, 2018). "You've Heard of Berkeley. Is Merced the Future of the University of California?". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2020. The disparity between the state's population and its university enrollment is most stark at the state's flagship campuses: at University of California, Los Angeles, Latinos make up about 21 percent of all students; at Berkeley, they account for less than 13 percent.
    • "Gov. Brown says 'normal' Californians can't get into Berkeley, a problem some Californians blame on Brown". www.insidehighered.com. January 23, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
    • "Engines of Inequality: Diminishing Equity in the Nation's Premier Public Universities" (PDF). 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  34. ^ . UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  35. ^ Douglass, John; Thomas, Sally. "University of California History Digital Archives: Los Angeles General History". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  36. ^ "John Galen Howard and the design of the City of Learning, the UC Berkeley campus". UC Berkeley. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  37. ^ "History of Army ROTC". UC Berkeley Army ROTC. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  38. ^ "U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State". Patrick Clancey. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  39. ^ . army.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  40. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  41. ^ "Chemical Elements Discovered at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory". Lbl.gov. June 7, 1999. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  42. ^ "Branding the Elements: Berkeley Stakes its Claims on the Periodic Table". Cal Alumni Association. March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  43. ^ . atomicarchive.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  44. ^ . Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  45. ^ a b c . University of California History Digital Archives. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  46. ^ . Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  47. ^ "10 Fun Facts about UC Berkeley | AdmitSee". Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  48. ^ Cohen, Robert (December 2015). "Teaching about the Berkeley Free Speech Movement" (PDF). National Council for the Social Studies—Social Education. 75 (5): 301–308. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  49. ^ "Berkeley FSM | Free Speech Movement 50th Anniversary". fsm.berkeley.edu. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  50. ^ "Unforgettable Change: 1960s: Free Speech Movement & The New American Left | Picture This". picturethis.museumca.org. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  51. ^ a b MSRI. "MSRI". www.msri.org. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  52. ^ MSRI. "Mathematical Sciences Research Institute". www.msri.org. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  53. ^ (PDF). AMS. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  54. ^ Powell, Bonnie Azab (January 24, 2005). "Berkeley freshmen are more liberal and less religious than their national counterparts – but survey finds their views are closer than labels suggest". UC Berkeley News. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
  55. ^ Doty, Meriah (February 5, 2004). "Examining Berkeley's liberal legacy". CNN. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  56. ^ Tierney, John (November 18, 2004). "Republicans Outnumbered in Academia, Studies Find". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
  57. ^ a b "Berkeley celebrates record-breaking year in fundraising". vca.berkeley.edu. July 22, 2022.
  58. ^ Giving to Colleges Rises, Inside Higher Ed, February 6, 2018
  59. ^ 20 Elite Universities Received 28% of College Donations Last Year, MarketWatch, February 20, 2019
  60. ^ Major Gifts to Higher Education, The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 3, 2020
  61. ^ Annual Report on University Private Support: 2019–20 (Report). Oakland, CA: University of California, Office of the President. p. 18.
  62. ^ Annual Report on University Private Support: 2021–22 (Report). Oakland, CA: University of California, Office of the President. p. 18.
  63. ^ Paddock, Richard (January 12, 2008). "Native Americans Say Berkeley Is No Place for Their Ancestors". Los Angeles Times. from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2020. Alternate URL.
  64. ^ "Activists hold graphic protest against university's Tyson Foods contract". SFBay. August 25, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  65. ^ Sairam, Amudha; Finman, Kate (October 30, 2020). "ASUC Senate promotes student advocacy initiatives". The Daily Californian. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  66. ^ "Corporate University: How Pour Out Pepsi is Democratizing UC Berkeley". The Leaflet. April 28, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  67. ^ Burress, Charles (May 21, 2005). "BERKELEY / Embattled UC teacher is granted tenure / Critic of campus' ties with biotech lost initial bid". SFGATE. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  68. ^ Anna Armstrong (May 17, 2022). "'Unchecked pain and misery': PETA files complaint against campus labs". The Daily Californian. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  69. ^ "Dehydrated monkeys with "sunken eyes" found suffering at UC Berkeley lab". Newsweek. June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  70. ^ Schwab, Frank (June 17, 2013). . Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  71. ^ Asimov, Nanette (June 17, 2013). "Cal scrambling to cover stadium bill". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  72. ^ "U.S. Department of Education Releases List of Higher Education Institutions with Open Title IX Sexual Violence Investigations" (Press release). U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  73. ^ Sam Levin (April 6, 2016). "Disturbing details of sexual harassment scandal at UC Berkeley revealed in files". The Guardian.
  74. ^ O'Kane, Caitlin (July 29, 2019). "UC Berkeley and four other schools removed from Best Colleges list for misreporting statistics". CBS News. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  75. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (April 28, 2022). "A Clash Over Housing Pits U.C. Berkeley Against Its Neighbors". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  76. ^ Lowrey, Annie (February 26, 2022). "NIMBYism Reaches Its Apotheosis". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  77. ^ Gohlke, Josh (February 17, 2022). "UC Berkeley enrollment freeze shows CA NIMBYism run amok". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  78. ^ Demsas, Jerusalem (May 24, 2022). "The People Who Hate People". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  79. ^ Levenson, Michael (March 3, 2022). "U.C. Berkeley Must Freeze Enrollment, California Supreme Court Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  80. ^ Hubler, Shawn (March 11, 2022). "Legislators Find Way to Let U.C. Berkeley Increase Its Enrollment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  81. ^ Wilson, Reid (March 15, 2022). "California Gov. Newsom raises UC Berkeley enrollment cap". The Hill. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  82. ^ "UC Berkeley housing shortage leaves students scrambling". East Bay Times. June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  83. ^ "Editorial Style Guide". Light the Way: The Campaign for Berkeley. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  84. ^ "Do you call it Cal or Berkeley? UC school may rebrand to Cal Berkeley for sports". Los Angeles Times. September 21, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  85. ^ . The University of California. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  86. ^ (PDF). UC Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  87. ^ "Past Chancellors". berkeley.edu.
  88. ^ Berryhill, Alex (February 20, 2013). "UC Berkeley looks to philanthropy in place of state funding". The Daily Californian. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  89. ^ a b Marjorie Valbrun (March 2, 2020). "Berkeley launches ambitious $6-billion fundraising campaign". Inside Higher Ed.
  90. ^
    • Ron Leuty (December 15, 2021). "New Institute will fund Stanford, Berkeley, UCSF scientists targeting complex human diseases". San Francisco Business Times.
    • "UC Berkeley sets fundraising record at $569M in donations during 2017–18 fiscal year". Daily Californian. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
    • "Berkeley launches 'Light the Way' fundraising campaign, aims for $6 Billion". Daily Californian. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
    • Kathleen Chaykowski (September 21, 2016). "Chan Zuckerberg Iinitiative invests $3 billion to cure disease". Forbes.
    • Rick DelVecchio, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer (February 2, 2007). "Berkeley/Cal sees BP deal as landmark/Research could lead more quickly to making alternative fuel a reality". SFGATE.com.
    • "Committed grants". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
    • "University of California Annual Report on University Private Support" (PDF). University of California Office of the President. November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
    • Cromwell Schubarth (July 20, 2015). "Facebook Twitter nvestor bankrolls $100M Berkeley search for life in space". Silicon Valley Business Journal.
    • "UC Berkeley Receives $40 million from Li Ka Shing Foundation". Philanthropy News Digest. June 25, 2005.
    • Sanders, Robert (June 23, 2005). "$40-million gift from Li Ka-Shing Foundation boosts health science research". UC Berkeley Media Relations. from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
    • Julia Cooper (November 13, 2020). "Largest UC Berkeley Contributors". San Francisco Business Times.
  91. ^ "The Campaign for Berkeley". www.campaign.berkeley.edu.
  92. ^ a b c "Carnegie Classifications: University of California-Berkeley". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  93. ^ . Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  94. ^ "University of California, Berkeley Common Data Set 2019–2020". University of California Berkeley, Office of Planning and Analysis.
  95. ^ "Degrees Offered at the University of California, Berkeley" (PDF). Office of Planning and Analysis, UC-Berkeley. July 1, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  96. ^ "Berkeley Facts". UC Berkeley. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  97. ^ . University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on September 12, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  98. ^ "Graduate Degree Programs University of California, Berkeley". guide.berkeley.edu. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  99. ^ a b c "Berkeley Graduate Profile". UC Berkeley. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  100. ^ "Table 20. Campus funding for sponsored research tops $1 billion for first time". Berkeley News. August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  101. ^ "Cal Facts" (PDF). admissions.berkeley.edu. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  102. ^ . Berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  103. ^ "National Academy of Engineering members". Berkeley Engineering. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  104. ^ "Nine faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences". news.berkeley.edu. April 23, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
  105. ^ "Berkeley Library Facts" (PDF). www.lib.berkeley.edu.
  106. ^ "New addition to UC Berkeley Main Library dedicated to former UC President David Gardner". Berkeley.edu. June 12, 1997. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  107. ^ . American Library Association. July 7, 2006. Archived from the original on November 25, 2022.
  108. ^ "Mark Twain Papers – UC Berkeley Library". www.lib.berkeley.edu.
  109. ^ "Oral History Center – UC Berkeley Library". www.lib.berkeley.edu.
  110. ^ "The Center for the Tebtunis Papyri – UC Berkeley Library". www.lib.berkeley.edu.
  111. ^ "University Archives – UC Berkeley Library". www.lib.berkeley.edu.
  112. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  113. ^ "Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2023". Forbes. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  114. ^ "Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022". The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  115. ^ "2023-2024 Best National Universities". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  116. ^ "2022 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  117. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  118. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024: Top global universities". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  119. ^ "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  120. ^ "2022-23 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  121. ^ "USA—CWUR World University Rankings 2018–2019". Center for World University Rankings. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  122. ^ Zadrozny, Brandy (November 6, 2014). "College Rankings 2014". The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast Company LLC. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  123. ^ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes.
  124. ^ "Kiplinger's Best College Values". The Kiplinger Washington Editors, Inc. December 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  125. ^ "Money's Best Colleges". Money. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  126. ^ "QS World University Rankings: USA 2021". Top Universities. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  127. ^ (PDF). The Center for Measuring University Performance. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  128. ^ "2022–2023 Top Public Colleges & Universities". usnews.com. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  129. ^ "CWUR World University Rankings 2020–2021". Center for World University Rankings. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  130. ^ "10 institutions that dominated science in 2017". June 12, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  131. ^ "Introduction to the Nature Index". Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  132. ^ Kerr, Clark (October 16, 2001). The Gold and the Blue, Volume One: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Academic Triumphs. University of California Press. pp. 404–406. ISBN 978-0-520-22367-7.
  133. ^ "Birds? Planes? No, colossal 'super-brands': Top Six Universities". Times Higher Education (THE). January 1, 1990. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  134. ^ "Six 'superbrands': their reputations precede them". Times Higher Education (THE). March 10, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  135. ^ "World Reputation Rankings 2016: winning recognition worldwide". Times Higher Education (THE). May 4, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  136. ^ "World University Rankings blog: how the 'university superbrands' compare". Times Higher Education (THE). May 10, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  137. ^ "World Reputation Rankings 2018". Times Higher Education. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  138. ^ "2010 Rankings: Doctoral Programs in America". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  139. ^ "College Scorecard: University of California-Berkeley". United States Department of Education. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  140. ^ a b "University of California, Berkeley Common Data Set". University of California Berkeley, Office of Planning and Analysis.
  141. ^ . Haas.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  142. ^ "Financial Aid". Berkeley Law. April 10, 2015.
  143. ^ . University of California Newsroom. July 13, 2005. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008.
  144. ^ NMSC 2018–19 Annual Report (Report). National Merit Scholarship Corporation. October 31, 2019. pp. 38–40.
  145. ^ (PDF). National Merit Scholarship Corporation. October 31, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2021.
  146. ^ "Pell Grant". UC Regents. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  147. ^ "History & discoveries". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  148. ^ "Melvin Calvin – Facts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  149. ^ . Cal Alumni Association. January 7, 2016. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  150. ^ "Lawrence Livermore credited with discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  151. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020" (PDF). www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  152. ^ "Ernest Lawrence – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  153. ^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). "Emerson, Gladys Anderson". Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-4381-1882-6.
  154. ^ Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 50. ISBN 1-57356-521-0.
  155. ^ Turner, Wallace (May 3, 1983). "Joel Hildebrand, 101, Chemist; Joined U. of California in 1913". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  156. ^ Shepard, Kiera. "Lie Detection: The Science and Development of the Polygraph". USC Viterbi School of Engineering. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  157. ^ Ritchie, Dennis M.; Thompson, Ken (July 1978). "The UNIX Time-Sharing System" (PDF). Bell System Tech. J. AT&T. 57 (6): 1905–1929. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02136.x. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  158. ^ Nagel, Laurence (September 30, 1996). (PDF). The Designer's Guide Community. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012.
  159. ^ "100 Important Innovations That Came From University Research – Online Universities". August 27, 2012.
  160. ^ "Chenming Hu". National Science & Technology Medal Foundation. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  161. ^ "Bill Joy". UC Berkeley.
  162. ^ Taylor, Michael (May 11, 2008). "Hugh Bradner, UC's inventor of wetsuit, dies". SFGate. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  163. ^ . vcresearch.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  164. ^ a b "In startup sweepstakes, it's Cal vs. Stanford". Berkeley News. September 9, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
  165. ^ "UC Berkeley third-largest producer of entrepreneurs, report says | The Daily Californian". The Daily Californian. August 18, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  166. ^ "UC Berkeley is No. 1 in global entrepreneurship". University of California. September 16, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  167. ^ "The University Entrepreneurship Report – Alumni of Top Universities Rake in $12.6 Billion Across 559 Deals". CB Insights Research. October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  168. ^ "One University To Rule Them All: Stanford Tops Startup List – ReadWrite". ReadWrite. December 3, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  169. ^ "Cal's plan to shrink a big, impersonal campus". University of California. May 8, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  170. ^ "Chernin Entertainment". Audiovisual Identity Database. January 20, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
  171. ^ Cohen, Adam (June 16, 2002). "The Perfect Store". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  172. ^ "Pierre Omidyar". Forbes. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  173. ^ "2020 CENSUS – CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Berkeley city, CA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 4 (PDF p. 5/5). Retrieved July 1, 2023. – Compare to the campus map here
  174. ^ "OpenStreetMap Oakland". openstreetmap.org. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
  175. ^ . Berkeley Postdoctoral Association. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  176. ^ "Innovation/Entrepreneurship | Research UC Berkeley". vcresearch.berkeley.edu. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  177. ^ "Online Exhibit on the Hearst Architectural Competition". Sunsite.berkeley.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  178. ^ "The 10 Tallest University Clock Towers". Best College Reviews. May 8, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  179. ^ "University of California, Berkeley Campus". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  180. ^ McCoy, Esther (1960). Five California Architects. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. p. 6. ASIN B000I3Z52W.
  181. ^ . Strawberrycreek.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  182. ^ . seismo.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  183. ^ . Calbears.collegesports.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  184. ^ "University of California Marching Band ~ About Us". Calband.berkeley.edu. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  185. ^ "Home". UC Rally Committee. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  186. ^ . Days of Cal. Sunsite.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on January 27, 1998. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  187. ^ . Calbears.collegesports.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2006. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  188. ^ . Calbears.collegesports.com. September 7, 1991. Archived from the original on December 12, 2004. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  189. ^ "Home". Cal Spirit. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  190. ^ . Usca.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  191. ^ "University of California—Berkeley Student Life". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  192. ^ "About CalGreeks". ASUC Student Union LEADCenter. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  193. ^ "Welcome to CalGreeks.com". CalGreeks. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  194. ^ . Studentaction.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  195. ^ "CalSERVE Webpage". Calserve.org. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  196. ^ Associated Students of the University of California#List of executive officers
  197. ^ "ASUC Bylaw 3206: CalTV". ASUC Central Drive (Google Drive).
  198. ^ . University of California. June 2, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  199. ^ . rha.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  200. ^ "The Berkeley Group". The Berkeley Group. February 11, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  201. ^ "Berkeley Consulting". Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  202. ^ . Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  203. ^ "The Berkeley Forum". Forum.berkeley.edu. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  204. ^ . Democratic Education at Cal. Archived from the original on November 4, 1999. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  205. ^ . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  206. ^ "SEB Website". UC Berkeley. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  207. ^ "STAR Website". UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  208. ^ "FSAE Website". UC Berkeley. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  209. ^ "FEB Website". UC Berkeley. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  210. ^ "CalSol Website". UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  211. ^ "CalSMV Website". UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  212. ^ "HPV Website". UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  213. ^ "UC Berkeley To Join ACC 2024-25 Academic Year". Calbears.com. California Golden Bears. September 1, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  214. ^ a b "State Colors". State-Wide News. University Bulletin. 2 (4): 18. August 24, 1953. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  215. ^ . University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  216. ^ "GOVERNMENT CODE – GOV TITLE 1. GENERAL [100–7914] (Title 1 enacted by Stats. 1943, Ch. 134.) DIVISION 2. STATE SEAL, FLAG, AND EMBLEMS [399–447] (Division 2 enacted by Stats. 1943, Ch. 134.)". California Legislative Information Code Section. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  217. ^ "Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines: Color". Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  218. ^ "Colors". Berkeley, University of California. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  219. ^ "The Scrum Axe ... what IS it?". Bear Insider.
  220. ^ "California Golden Bears Olympians". calbears.com. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  221. ^ (PDF). CBS Interactive. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  222. ^ . Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  223. ^ "Director's Cup results 10–11" (PDF). Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  224. ^ Yen, Ruey (November 9, 2017). "Big Splash + Big Kick: Cal vs. Stanford in Men's Water Polo and Men's Soccer". California Golden Blogs. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  225. ^ "Berkeley Law Distinguished Alumni". sfgate.com. February 26, 2012.
  226. ^ "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. August 11, 2023.
  227. ^ "Her Norwegian heritage drew her to projects with the Norwegian Consulate in San Francisco and the Norwegian American Cultural Society, and she hosted a party for Crown Prince Haakon Magnus when he graduated from UC Berkeley in 1999."Carolyne Zinko (July 3, 2008). "Sigrun Corrigan, Bay Area arts patron, dies". San Francisco Chronicle.
  228. ^ "12.06.2004 – Renowned mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern, who revitalized the study of geometry, has died at 93 in Tianjin, China". www.berkeley.edu. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  229. ^ . ctp.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  230. ^ . Space Sciences Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  231. ^ "Berkeley Lab History – 75 Years of World-Class Science". history.lbl.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  232. ^ "Nomination Database Gilbert N. Lewis". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  233. ^ "Gilbert N. Lewis". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
  234. ^
December 11, 2023
university, california, berkeley, berkeley, university, redirects, here, confused, with, berkeley, college, berkeley, college, yale, university, berklee, college, music, berkeley, berkeley, california, public, land, grant, research, university, berkeley, calif. Berkeley University redirects here Not to be confused with Berkeley College Berkeley College Yale University or Berklee College of Music The University of California Berkeley UC Berkeley Berkeley Cal or California 11 12 is a public land grant research university in Berkeley California It was established in 1868 as the University of California and is the state s first land grant university and the founding campus of the University of California system Berkeley has been regarded to be among the top universities in the world 13 and Berkeley alumni have also founded more companies than any other university worldwide 14 University of California BerkeleyFormer namesUniversity of California 1868 1958 MottoFiat lux Latin Motto in English Let there be light TypePublic land grant research universityEstablishedMarch 23 1868 155 years ago 1868 03 23 1 Parent institutionUniversity of CaliforniaAccreditationWSCUCAcademic affiliationsAAUAPRUIARUURASpace grantEndowmentUS 6 9 billion 2022 2 3 ChancellorCarol T ChristProvostBenjamin E Hermalin 4 Total staff23 524 2020 5 Students45 307 Fall 2022 6 Undergraduates32 479 Fall 2022 6 Postgraduates12 828 Fall 2022 6 LocationBerkeley California United States37 52 22 N 122 15 37 W 37 8728 N 122 2602 W 37 8728 122 2602 7 CampusMidsize city 8 Core Campus 178 acres 72 ha 9 Total 8 164 acres 3 304 ha 3 1 232 acres 499 ha NewspaperThe Daily CalifornianColors Berkeley Blue California Gold 10 NicknameGolden BearsSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I FBS Pac 12MPSFAmerica EastIRAMascotOski the BearWebsitewww wbr berkeley wbr eduA founding member of the Association of American Universities Berkeley hosts research institutes dedicated to science engineering and mathematics 15 It founded and maintains relationships with three national laboratories at Berkeley Livermore and Los Alamos 16 and played a role in the Manhattan Project and the discovery of sixteen chemical elements Berkeley s athletic teams which compete as the California Golden Bears primarily in the Pac 12 Conference have won 107 national championships and its alumni have won 223 Olympic medals including 121 gold medals 17 18 Among Berkeley s alumni faculty and researchers are 107 Nobel laureates 19 20 25 Turing Award winners 14 Fields Medalists 30 Wolf Prize winners 34 Pulitzer Prize winners 190 recipients of the MacArthur Genius Grant and 68 recipients of the National Medal of Science The university has produced seven heads of state or government six chief justices 21 and twenty five billionaires 22 It is also a leading producer of Fulbright Scholars MacArthur Fellows and Marshall Scholars 23 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding 1 2 20th century 1 3 21st century 1 4 Controversies 2 Organization and administration 2 1 Name 2 2 Governance 2 3 Funding 3 Academics 3 1 Undergraduate programs 3 2 Graduate and professional programs 3 3 Faculty and research 3 4 Library system 3 5 Rankings 3 5 1 National 3 5 2 Global 3 5 3 Past rankings 3 6 Admissions and enrollment 4 Discoveries and innovation 4 1 Natural sciences 4 2 Computer and applied sciences 4 3 Companies and entrepreneurship 5 Campus 5 1 Architecture 5 2 Natural features 6 Student life and traditions 6 1 Student housing 6 1 1 Fraternities and sororities 6 2 Student run organizations 6 2 1 Associated Students of the University of California ASUC 6 2 2 Media and publications 6 2 3 Student groups 6 2 4 Engineering Student Teams 6 3 Athletics 7 Notable alumni faculty and staff 7 1 Faculty and staff 7 2 Alumni 7 2 1 Government 7 2 2 Science 7 2 3 Business 7 2 4 Computers 7 2 5 Pulitzer Prize winners 7 2 6 Fiction and screen writers 7 2 7 Academy Award winners 7 2 8 Emmy Award winners 7 2 9 Television 7 2 10 Music and entertainment 7 2 11 Sports 7 2 12 Patrons 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistory edit nbsp View from Memorial Glade of Sather Tower the Campanile the center of Berkeley the ring of its bells and clock can be heard from all over campus nbsp Sather Tower the Campanile looking out over San Francisco Bay and Mount TamalpaisMain article History of the University of California Berkeley Founding edit Made possible by President Lincoln s signing of the Morrill Act in 1862 the University of California was founded in 1868 as the state s first land grant university inheriting the land and facilities of the private College of California and the federal funding eligibility of a public agricultural mining and mechanical arts college 24 The Organic Act states that the University shall have for its design to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science literature and art industrial and professional pursuits and general education and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions 25 26 Ten faculty members and forty male students made up the fledgling university when it opened in Oakland in 1869 27 Frederick Billings a trustee of the College of California suggested that a new campus site north of Oakland be named in honor of Anglo Irish philosopher George Berkeley 28 The university began admitting women the following year 29 In 1870 Henry Durant founder of the College of California became its first president With the completion of North and South Halls in 1873 the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students 30 31 The first female student to graduate was in 1874 admitted in the first class to include women in 1870 32 Beginning in 1891 Phoebe Apperson Hearst funded several programs and new buildings and in 1898 sponsored an international competition in Antwerp Belgium where French architect Emile Benard submitted the winning design for a campus master plan Although the University of California system does not have an official flagship campus many scholars and experts consider Berkeley to be its unofficial flagship It shares this unofficial status with the University of California Los Angeles 33 20th century edit In 1905 the University Farm was established near Sacramento ultimately becoming the University of California Davis 34 In 1919 Los Angeles State Normal School became the southern branch of the university which ultimately became the University of California Los Angeles 35 By the 1920s the number of campus buildings in Berkeley had grown substantially and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard 36 In 1917 one of the nation s first ROTC programs was established at Berkeley 37 and its School of Military Aeronautics began training pilots including Gen Jimmy Doolittle In 1926 future Fleet Admiral Chester W Nimitz established the first Naval ROTC unit at Berkeley 38 Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara Army Chief of Staff Frederick C Weyand sixteen other general officers ten Navy flag officers and AFROTC alumna Captain Theresa Claiborne 39 In the 1930s Ernest Orlando Lawrence helped establish the Radiation Laboratory now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and invented the cyclotron which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939 40 Using the cyclotron Berkeley professors and Berkeley Lab researchers went on to discover 16 chemical elements more than any other university in the world 41 42 In particular during World War II and following Glenn Seaborg s then secret discovery of plutonium Lawrence s Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U S Army to develop the atomic bomb Physics professor J Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942 43 44 Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley founded and was then a partner in managing two other labs Los Alamos National Laboratory 1943 and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1952 In 1952 the University of California reorganized itself into a system of semi autonomous campuses with each campus given a chancellor and Clark Kerr became Berkeley s first Chancellor while Robert Sproul remained in place as the President of the University of California 45 Berkeley gained a worldwide reputation for political activism in the 1960s 46 47 In 1964 the Free Speech Movement organized student resistance to the university s restrictions on political activities on campus most conspicuously student activities related to the Civil Rights Movement The arrest in Sproul Plaza of Jack Weinberg a recent Berkeley alumnus and chair of Campus CORE in 1964 prompted a series of student led acts of formal remonstrance and civil disobedience that ultimately gave rise to the Free Speech Movement which movement would prevail and serve as a precedent for student opposition to America s involvement in the Vietnam War 48 49 50 In 1982 the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute MSRI was established on campus with support from the National Science Foundation and at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians Shiing Shen Chern Calvin Moore and Isadore M Singer The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborative mathematical research drawing thousands of visiting researchers from around the world each year 51 52 53 21st century edit In the current century compared to the 1960s and 70s Berkeley has become less politically active although more liberal 54 55 Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one which is a ratio similar to that of American academia generally 56 The school has become more focused on STEM disciplines and fundraising 57 58 59 In 2007 the Energy Biosciences Institute was established with funding from BP and Stanley Hall a research facility and headquarters for the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences opened The next few years saw the dedication of the Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences funded by a lead gift from billionaire Li Ka shing the opening of Sutardja Dai Hall home of the Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society and the unveiling of Blum Hall housing the Blum Center for Developing Economies Supported by a grant from alumnus James Simons the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing was established in 2012 In 2014 Berkeley and its sister campus UCSF established the Innovative Genomics Institute and in 2020 an anonymous donor pledged 252 million to help fund a new center for computing and data science For the 2020 fiscal year Berkeley set a fundraising record receiving over 1 billion in gifts and pledges and two years later it broke that record raising over 1 2 billion 60 57 61 62 Controversies edit Various research ethics human rights and animal rights advocates have been in conflict with Berkeley Native Americans contended with the school over repatriation of remains from the Phoebe A Hearst Museum of Anthropology 63 who else Student activists have urged the university to cut financial ties with Tyson Foods and PepsiCo 64 65 66 Faculty member Ignacio Chapela prominently criticized the university s financial ties to Novartis 67 PETA has challenged the university s use of animals for research and argued that it may violate the Animal Welfare Act 68 69 Cal s Memorial Stadium reopened in September 2012 after renovations The university incurred a controversial 445 million of debt for the stadium and a new 153 million student athletic center which it financed with the sale of special stadium endowment seats 70 The roughly 18 million interest only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal s athletics budget principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113 71 On May 1 2014 Berkeley was named one of fifty five higher education institutions under investigation by the U S Department of Education s Office of Civil Rights for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints by the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault 72 Investigations continued into 2016 with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016 showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non tenured staff 73 On July 25 2019 Berkeley was removed from the U S News Best Colleges Ranking for misreporting statistics Berkeley had originally reported that its two year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11 6 percent U S News said The school later told U S News the correct average alumni giving rate for the 2016 fiscal year was just 7 9 percent The school incorrectly overstated its alumni giving data to U S News since at least 2014 The alumni giving rate accounts for five percent of the Best Colleges ranking 74 Berkeley community members have criticized UC Berkeley s increasing enrollment Berkeley residents filed a lawsuit alleging that the university s expanding enrollment violated California Environmental Quality Act and that the area lacked the infrastructure to support more students 75 Critics of the lawsuit accused these community members of NIMBYism 76 77 78 In August 2021 a judge from the Superior Court of Alameda County ruled in favor of the residents and on March 3 2022 the California Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the residents saying that the university needed to freeze its admission rates at 2020 2021 levels 79 On March 11 2022 state legislators released a proposal to change CEQA to exempt the university from its restrictions 80 On March 14 Gavin Newsom signed the bill into law 81 Berkeley has continued to face a housing shortage 82 Organization and administration editName edit Officially named the University of California Berkeley it is often shortened to Berkeley in general reference or in an academic context Berkeley Law Berkeley Engineering Berkeley Haas Berkeley Public Health and to California or Cal particularly when referring to its athletic teams California Golden Bears 11 12 83 In August 2022 a university task force was formed which recommended renaming the athletic identity to Cal Berkeley to further tie the athletic brand to academic prestige and reduce public confusion 84 Governance edit The University of California is governed by a twenty six member Board of Regents eighteen of whom are appointed by the Governor of California to 12 year terms The board also has seven ex officio members a student regent and a non voting student regent designate 85 Prior to 1952 Berkeley was the University of California so the university president was also Berkeley s chief executive In 1952 the university reorganized itself into a system of semi autonomous campuses with each campus having its own chief executive a chancellor who would in turn report to the president of the university system Twelve vice chancellors report directly to Berkeley s chancellor and the deans of the fifteen colleges and schools report to the executive vice chancellor and provost Berkeley s chief academic officer 86 Twenty three presidents and chancellors have led Berkeley since its founding 87 45 Presidents 1868 1869 Henry Durant 1869 1870 John LeConte 1870 1872 Henry Durant 1872 1875 Daniel Coit Gilman 1875 1881 John LeConte 1881 1885 W T Reid 1885 1888 Edward S Holden 1888 1890 Horace Davis 1890 1899 Martin Kellogg 1899 1919 Benjamin Ide Wheeler 1919 1923 David Prescott Barrows 1923 1930 William Wallace Campbell 1930 1952 Robert Gordon Sproul Chancellors 1952 1958 Clark Kerr 1958 1961 Glenn T Seaborg 1961 1965 Edward W Strong 1965 1965 Martin E Meyerson acting 1965 1971 Roger Heyns 1971 1980 Albert H Bowker 1980 1990 Ira Michael Heyman 1990 1997 Chang Lin Tien 1997 2004 Robert M Berdahl 2004 2013 Robert J Birgeneau 2013 2017 Nicholas B Dirks 2017 present Carol T ChristFunding edit See also University of California finances Berkeley receives funding from a variety of federal state and private sources With the exception of government contracts public support is apportioned to Berkeley and the other campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President and accounts for some 12 percent of Berkeley s total revenues 88 Berkeley has long benefited from private philanthropy with considerable gifts from the Flood Hearst Durant Strauss Lick Harmon and Bacon families in the 19th century and from the Hearst Doe Sather Rockefeller Cowell Haviland Bowles Boalt and Stern families among others in the first half of the 20th century More recently alumni and their foundations have given to the university for operations and capital expenditures 89 Berkeley has also benefited from benefactors beyond its alumni ranks notable among which are Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan Vitalik Buterin Patrick Collison John Collison the Ron Conway family Crankstart Elad Gil and Jennifer Huang Gil Daniel Gross Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna and Hemant and Jessica Taneja along with Jane Street principals Matt Berger Craig Falls Rob Granieri James McClave and Adam Winkel BP the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation billionaire Sir Li Ka Shing Israeli Russian billionaire Yuri Milner Thomas and Stacey Siebel Sanford and Joan Weill and professor Gordon Rausser 50 million gift in 2020 89 Hundreds of millions of dollars have been given anonymously 90 The 2008 13 Campaign for Berkeley raised 3 13 billion from 281 855 donors and the Light the Way campaign scheduled to conclude at the end of 2023 has raised over 6 2 billion 91 Academics edit nbsp Wheeler Hall home to Berkeley s largest lecture hall was the location of a Nobel Prize conferral during WWII nbsp The interior of the Hearst Mining Building dedicated by Phoebe Hearst in honor of her late husband George Berkeley is a large primarily residential Tier One research university with a majority of its enrollment in undergraduate programs but also offering a comprehensive doctoral program 92 The university has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission since 1949 93 The university operates on a semester calendar and awarded 8 725 bachelor s 3 286 master s or professional and 1 272 doctoral degrees in 2018 2019 94 The university s academic enterprise is organized into 15 colleges and schools which in turn comprise 180 departments and 80 interdisciplinary units offering over 350 degree programs Colleges serve both undergraduate and graduate students while schools are generally graduate only though some offer undergraduate majors or minors College of Chemistry College of Computing Data Science and Society College of Engineering College of Environmental Design College of Letters and Science Goldman School of Public Policy Graduate School of Journalism Haas School of Business Rausser College of Natural Resources School of Information School of Education School of Law School of Public Health School of Social Welfare Wertheim School of Optometry UC Berkeley Extension currently has two locations in downtown Berkeley and downtown San Francisco Undergraduate programs edit nbsp Doe Memorial Library is Berkeley s main libraryThe four year full time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor s degrees across the Haas School of Business 1 College of Chemistry 5 College of Engineering 20 College of Environmental Design 4 College of Letters and Science 67 Rausser College of Natural Resources 10 and individual majors 2 95 The most popular majors are electrical engineering and computer sciences political science molecular and cell biology environmental science and economics 96 Requirements for undergraduate degrees are set by four authorities the University of California system the Berkeley campus the college or school and the department These requirements include an entry level writing requirement before enrollment typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams such as the SAT or ACT completing coursework on American History and Institutions before or after enrollment by taking an introductory class passing an American Cultures Breadth class at Berkeley as well as requirements for reading and composition and specific requirements declared by the department and school 97 Graduate and professional programs edit nbsp The Haas School of Business offers both graduate and undergraduate degreesBerkeley has a comprehensive graduate program with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates and offers interdisciplinary graduate programs with the medical schools at UCSF various masters and doctoral and Stanford MD MPH The university offers Master of Arts Master of Science Master of Fine Arts and PhD degrees in addition to professional degrees such as the Juris Doctor Master of Business Administration Master of Public Health and Master of Design 92 98 The university awarded 963 doctoral degrees and 3 531 master s degrees in 2017 99 Admission to graduate programs is decentralized applicants apply directly to the department or degree program Most graduate students are supported by fellowships teaching assistantships or research assistantships 99 Faculty and research edit Main articles List of UC Berkeley faculty Research centers and laboratories at UC Berkeley and List of Nobel laureates associated with University of California Berkeley Berkeley is classified among R1 Doctoral Universities Very high research activity 92 In fiscal year 2021 Berkeley s funding for research and development exceeded 1 billion 100 There are 1 789 full time and 886 part time faculty members among more than 130 academic departments and more than 80 interdisciplinary research units The current faculty includes 262 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows three Fields Medalists 77 Fulbright Scholars 139 Guggenheim Fellows 90 members of the National Academy of Engineering 144 members of the National Academy of Sciences 101 ten Nobel Prize winners four Pulitzer Prize winners 125 Sloan Fellows 8 Wolf Prize winners and 1 Pritzker Prize winner 102 103 104 Library system edit Main article University of California Berkeley Library System nbsp The on campus University of California Museum of Paleontology hosts a life size replica of a T rex Berkeley s 32 libraries together contain more than 13 million volumes and cover over 12 acres 4 9 ha of land forming the fourth largest collegiate library system in the nation 105 106 107 Doe Library serves as the library system s reference periodical and administrative center while most of the main collections reside in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library The Bancroft Library which has over 400 000 printed volumes and 70 million manuscripts pictures and maps maintains special collections that document the history of the western part of North America with an emphasis on California Mexico and Central America The Bancroft Library also houses the Mark Twain Papers 108 the Oral History Center 109 the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri 110 and the University Archives 111 Rankings edit National edit Academic rankingsNationalARWU 112 4 2022 Forbes 113 2 2022 THE WSJ 114 36 2022 U S News amp World Report 115 15 2024 Washington Monthly 116 9 2022 GlobalARWU 117 5 2022 QS 118 10 2024 THE 119 8 2023 U S News amp World Report 120 4 2023 The 2018 19 Center for World University Rankings CWUR rated Berkeley the top public university in the nation and 4th overall based on quality of education alumni employment quality of faculty publications influence and citations 121 In 2014 The Daily Beast s Best Colleges report ranked Berkeley 11th in the country 122 In its 2022 list of America s top colleges Forbes rated Berkeley the best public school and 2nd overall 123 For 2015 Kiplinger ranked Berkeley the 4th best value public university in the nation for in state students and 6th for out of state students 124 The Money Magazine Best Colleges ranking for 2015 ranked Berkeley 9th in the United States based on educational quality affordability and alumni earnings 125 For 2021 QS World University Rankings USA placed Berkeley 4th among all US universities and 1st among publics 126 The 2013 Top American Research Universities report by the Center for Measuring University Performance ranked Berkeley 8th overall 5th in resources faculty and education 9th in resources and education and 1st in education 127 In the 2023 2024 U S News amp World Report national university rankings Berkeley was the top public school and 15th overall 128 Washington Monthly ranked Berkeley the top public school and 9th among all national universities in 2022 with criteria based on research community service and social mobility Global edit For 2020 21 the Center for World University Rankings CWUR ranked the university 12th in the world based on quality of education alumni employment quality of faculty and research performance 129 In 2017 the Nature Index ranked the university the 9th largest contributor to papers published in 82 leading journals 130 131 Past rankings edit In his memoirs Clark Kerr records Berkeley s rise in the rankings according to the National Academies during the 20th century The school s first ranking in 1906 placed it among the top six schools Big Six in the nation In 1934 it ranked second tied with Columbia and the University of Chicago behind only Harvard in 1957 it was ranked as the only school second to Harvard In 1964 Berkeley was named the best balanced distinguished university meaning the school had not only the most top departments but also the highest percentage of top ranking departments in its school The school in 1993 was the only remaining member of the original 1906 Big Six along with Harvard in that year Berkeley ranked first 132 The American Council on Education a private non profit association ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934 However by 1942 private funding had helped Berkeley rise to second place behind only Harvard based on the number of distinguished departments 45 Since its inaugural 1990 reputational survey Times Higher Education has considered Berkeley to be one of the world s six super brands along with Oxford Cambridge Harvard MIT and Stanford 133 134 135 136 137 Berkeley was the No 1 recipient of National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships between 2001 and 2010 with 1 333 awards 99 The 2010 United States National Research Council Rankings identified Berkeley as having the highest number of top ranked doctoral programs in the nation Berkeley doctoral programs that received a 1 ranking included English German Political Science Geography Agricultural and Resource Economics Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biochemistry Molecular Biology Genetics Genomics Epidemiology Plant Biology Computer Science Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering 138 Admissions and enrollment edit Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2020 Race and ethnicity 139 TotalAsian 35 35 White 22 22 Hispanic 19 19 Foreign national 13 13 Other a 9 9 Black 2 2 Economic diversityLow income b 22 22 Affluent or middle class c 78 78 For Fall 2022 Berkeley s total enrollment was 45 745 32 831 undergraduate and 12 914 graduate students with women accounting for 56 percent of undergraduates and 49 percent of graduate and professional students It had 128 226 freshman applicants and accepted 14 614 or 11 4 Among enrolled freshman the average unweighted GPA was 3 90 140 Berkeley students are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid Generally financial aid inquiries are processed through the Financial Aid and Scholarships Office although some schools such as the Haas School of Business 141 and Berkeley Law 142 have their own financial aid offices Berkeley s enrollment of National Merit Scholars was third in the nation until 2002 when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued 143 For 2019 Berkeley ranked fourth in enrollment of recipients of the National Merit 2 500 Scholarship 132 scholars 144 145 Twenty seven percent of admitted students receive federal Pell grants 146 Fall Freshman Profile 140 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014Applicants 128 226 109 597 88 076 87 398 89 621 85 057 82 571 78 923 73 794Admits 14 614 15 852 15 448 14 676 13 308 14 552 14 429 13 332 13 338Admit rate 11 4 14 5 17 5 16 8 14 8 17 1 17 5 16 9 18 1 Enrolled 6 726 6 809 6 052 6 454 6 012 6 379 6 253 5 832 5 813SAT mid 50 N A N A 1300 1520 1330 1520 1300 1530 1300 1540 1930 2290 1870 2250 1840 2230ACT average N A N A 31 31 31 32 32 32 31GPA unweighted 3 90 3 87 3 86 3 89 3 89 3 91 3 86 3 87 3 85 Berkeley began test blind admissions in 2021 Discoveries and innovation edit nbsp Simplified evolution of Unix systems and BSD forksA number of significant inventions and discoveries have been made by Berkeley faculty members and researchers 147 Natural sciences edit Atomic bomb Physics professor J Robert Oppenheimer was wartime director of Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Manhattan Project Carbon 14 and photosynthesis Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben first discovered carbon 14 in 1940 and Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin and his colleagues used carbon 14 as a molecular tracer to reveal the carbon assimilation path in photosynthesis known as Calvin cycle 148 Carcinogens Identified chemicals that damage DNA The Ames test was described in a series of papers in 1973 by Bruce Ames and his group at the university Chemical elements 16 elements have been discovered at Berkeley technetium astatine neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium and seaborgium 149 150 Covalent bond Gilbert N Lewis in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms and invented the Lewis notation to describe the mechanisms CRISPR gene editing Nobel laureate Jennifer Doudna discovers a precise and inexpensive way for manipulating DNA in human cells 151 Cyclotron Ernest O Lawrence created a particle accelerator in 1934 and was awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1939 152 Dark energy Saul Perlmutter and many others in the Supernova Cosmology Project discover the universe is expanding because of dark energy 1998 Flu vaccine Wendell M Stanley and colleagues discovered the vaccine in the 1940s Hydrogen bomb Edward Teller the father of hydrogen bomb was a professor at Berkeley and a researcher at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Los Alamos National Laboratory Immunotherapy of cancer James P Allison discovers and develops monoclonal antibody therapy that uses the immune system to combat cancer 1992 1995 Molecular clock Allan Wilson discovery in 1967 Neuroplasticity Marian Diamond discovers structural biochemical and synaptic changes in brain caused by environmental enrichment 1964 Oncogene Peter Duesberg discovers first cancer causing gene in a virus 1970s Telomerase Elizabeth H Blackburn Carol Greider and Jack Szostak discover enzyme that promotes cell division and growth 1985 Vitamin E Gladys Anderson Emerson isolates Vitamin E in a pure form in 1952 153 Computer and applied sciences edit Berkeley RISC David Patterson leads ARPA s VLSI project of microprocessor design 1980 1984 154 Berkeley UNIX Berkeley Software Distribution BSD The Computer Systems Research Group was a research group at Berkeley that was dedicated to enhancing AT amp T Unix operating system and funded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Bill Joy modified the code and released it in 1977 under the open source BSD license starting an open source revolution Deep sea diving Joel Henry Hildebrand used helium with oxygen to mitigate decompression sickness 155 GIMP In 1995 Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis began developing GIMP as a semester long project at Berkeley Polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson and a police officer from the Berkeley Police Department in 1921 156 Project Genie DARPA funded project It produced an early time sharing system including the Berkeley Timesharing System which was then commercialized as the SDS 940 Concepts from Project Genie influenced the development of the TENEX operating system for the PDP 10 and Unix which inherited the concept of process forking from it 157 Unix co creator Ken Thompson worked on Project Genie while at Berkeley SPICE Donald O Pederson develops the Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis SPICE 1972 158 Tcl programming language developed by John Ousterhout in 1988 159 Three dimensional Transistor Chenming Hu won the 2014 National Medal of Technology for developing the first 3 dimensional transistors which radically advanced semiconductor technology 160 Vi text editor Bill Joy created the first Vi editor in 1976 161 Wetsuit Hugh Bradner invents first wetsuit 1952 162 Companies and entrepreneurship edit Main article List of companies founded by UC Berkeley alumni Berkeley alumni and faculty have founded many companies some of which are shown below 163 164 Berkeley has often been cited as one of the universities that have produced most entrepreneurs and boasts its own startup incubator Berkeley SkyDeck 164 165 166 167 168 Activision Blizzard 1979 as Activision co founder Alan Miller BS and Larry Kaplan BA AIG 1919 founder Cornelius Vander Starr Attended Apple 1976 co founder Steve Wozniak BS Chernin Entertainment 2009 founder Peter Chernin BA 169 170 Coursera 2012 co founder Andrew Ng PhD Databricks 2013 founders Ali Ghodsi PhD Matei Zaharia PhD Ion Stoica Professor Reynold Xin PhD Andy Konwinski PhD Arsalan Tavakoli Shiraji PhD and Patrick Wendell PhD eBay 1995 founder Pierre Omidyar Attended 171 172 Gap Inc 1969 co founder Donald Fisher BS HTC Corporation 1997 co founder Cher Wang BA Intel 1968 co founders Gordon Moore BS and Andy Grove PhD Marvell Technology Group 1995 co founders Sehat Sutardja MS PhD and Weili Dai BA Morgan Stanley 1924 as Dean Witter amp Co co founder Dean G Witter BA Mozilla Corporation 2005 co founder Mitchell Baker BA JD Myspace 2003 co founder Tom Anderson BA Renaissance Technologies 1982 founder James Simons PhD Rotten Tomatoes 1998 founders Senh Duong BA Patrick Y Lee BA and Stephen Wang BA SanDisk 1988 co founder Sanjay Mehrotra BS MS Softbank 1981 founder Masayoshi Son BA Sun Microsystems 1982 co founder Bill Joy MS Tesla 2003 co founder Marc Tarpenning BS VMware 1998 co founders Diane Greene MS and Mendel Rosenblum PhD Campus editMain article Campus of the University of California Berkeley nbsp Sather Gate connecting Sproul Plaza to the inner campus was a center of the Free Speech Movement Much of the UC Berkeley campus including the major landmarks is in the city limits of Berkeley A portion of the UC Berkeley property extends into Oakland 173 The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately 1 232 acres 499 ha though the central campus occupies only the low lying western 178 acres 72 ha of this area Of the remaining acres approximately 200 acres 81 ha are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units notably the Space Sciences Laboratory the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute an 800 acre 320 ha ecological preserve the University of California Botanical Garden and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon Portions of the mostly undeveloped eastern area of the campus are actually within the City of Oakland these portions extend from the Claremont Resort north through the Panoramic Hill neighborhood to Tilden Park 174 nbsp Bancroft Library Berkeley s primary special collections libraryTo the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley including the so called Gourmet Ghetto a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as Northside with a large graduate student population 175 situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row and beyond that the Clark Kerr Campus and an upscale residential area named Claremont The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue one of Berkeley s main shopping districts with stores street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists In addition the university also owns land to the northwest of the main campus a 90 acre 36 ha married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany Albany Village and the Gill Tract and a field research station several miles to the north in Richmond California nbsp The UC Botanical Garden located in the Berkeley Hills and by the Berkeley Lab The campus is home to several museums including the University of California Museum of Paleontology the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive and the Lawrence Hall of Science The Museum of Paleontology found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex The campus also offers resources for innovation and entrepreneurship such as the Big Ideas Competition Blum Center for Developing Economies SkyDeck the Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology and the Berkeley Haas Innovation Lab 176 The campus is also home to the University of California Botanical Garden one of the most diverse plant collections in the United States famous for its large number of rare and endangered species with more than 12 000 individual species Outside of the Bay Area the university owns various research laboratories and research forests in both northern and southern Sierra Nevada nbsp 360 degree view of the UC Berkeley campus Architecture edit nbsp South Hall 1873 one of the two original buildings of the University of California still stands on the Berkeley campusWhat is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California funded by William Randolph Hearst s mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899 177 The winner was Frenchman Emile Benard who refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard Howard designed over twenty buildings which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s The structures forming the classical core of the campus were built in the Beaux Arts Classical style and include Hearst Greek Theatre Hearst Memorial Mining Building Doe Memorial Library California Hall Wheeler Hall Old Le Conte Hall Gilman Hall Haviland Hall Wellman Hall Sather Gate and the 307 foot 94 m Sather Tower nicknamed the Campanile after its architectural inspiration St Mark s Campanile in Venice the tallest university clock tower in the United States 178 Buildings he regarded as temporary nonacademic or not particularly serious were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles examples of these are North Gate Hall Dwinelle Annex and Stephens Hall Many of Howard s designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks 179 and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second Empire style South Hall designed by David Farquharson is the oldest university building in California It and the Frederick Law Olmsted designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth century campus Other notable architects and firms whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck 180 Faculty Club Julia Morgan Hearst Women s Gymnasium and Julia Morgan Hall William Wurster Stern Hall Moore Ruble Yudell Haas School of Business Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects C V Starr East Asian Library and Diller Scofidio Renfro Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive Natural features edit nbsp The south fork of Strawberry Creek as seen between Dwinelle Hall and Lower Sproul Plaza Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus The north fork appears just east of University House and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building the original site of the Campus Arboretum Trees in the area date from the founding of the university The campus features numerous wooded areas including Founders Rock Faculty Glade Grinnell Natural Area and the Eucalyptus Grove which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America 181 The campus sits on the Hayward Fault which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium 182 Student life and traditions edit nbsp Fans atop Tightwad Hill watch the Cal Band with views of the stadium and the San Francisco Bay The official university mascot is Oski the Bear who debuted in 1941 Previously live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative Named after the Oski wow wow yell he is cared for by the Oski Committee whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume wearer 183 The University of California Marching Band which has served the university since 1891 performs at every home football game and at select road games as well A smaller subset of the Cal Band the Straw Hat Band performs at basketball games volleyball games and other campus and community events 184 The UC Rally Committee formed in 1901 is the official guardian of California s Spirit and Traditions Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the six Cal flags the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion the California Victory Cannon Card Stunts and The Big C among other duties The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal s possession 185 The Chairman of the Rally Committee holds the title Custodian of the Axe while it is in the committee s care Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east The Big C is an important symbol of California school spirit The Big C has its roots in an early 20th century campus event called Rush which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and in 1905 the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build the Big C 186 Owing to its prominent position the Big C is often the target of pranks by rival Stanford University students who paint the Big C red and also fraternities and sororities who paint it their organization s colors One of the Rally Committee s functions is to repaint the Big C to its traditional color of King Alfred Yellow Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts Then known as Bleacher Stunts they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue C on a white background The tradition is continued today by the Rally Committee in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen 187 The California Victory Cannon placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium is fired before every football home game after every score and after every Cal victory First used in the 1963 Big Game it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971 The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against Pacific in 1991 when Cal scored 12 touchdowns 188 The Cal Mic Men a standard at home football games has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling but now includes microphones a dedicated platform during games and the direction of the entire student section 189 Both men and women are allowed to fulfill the role despite the name Student housing edit Main article Housing at the University of California Berkeley Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options including university owned or affiliated residences private residences fraternities and sororities and cooperative housing co ops Berkeley students and those of other local schools have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative BSC a nonprofit housing cooperative network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member owners 190 Fraternities and sororities edit About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women or 3 400 of total undergraduates are active in Berkeley s Greek system 191 University sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils 192 193 Student run organizations edit Associated Students of the University of California ASUC edit Main article Associated Students of the University of California nbsp Wellness Room sleep pods part of a program created by the ASUC UC Berkeley s official student associationThe Associated Students of the University of California ASUC is the official student association that controls funding for student groups and organizes on campus student events The two main political parties are Student Action 194 and CalSERVE 195 The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of 1 7 million excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC in addition to various investment assets Its alumni include multiple State Senators Assemblymembers and White House Administration officials 196 Media and publications edit Berkeley s student run online television station CalTV was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors Since the mid 2010s it has been a program of the ASUC 197 Berkeley s independent student run newspaper is The Daily Californian Founded in 1871 The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People s Park The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition Print circulation is about 10 000 The newspaper is an important source of information for students faculty staff and the surrounding City of Berkeley Berkeley s FM Student radio station KALX broadcasts on 90 7 MHz It is run largely by volunteers including both students and community members Berkeley also features an assortment of student run publications California Law Review law journal published by Berkeley Law est 1912 Berkeley Fiction Review American literary magazine est 1981 Berkeley Poetry Review national poetry journal est 1974 Berkeley Political Review nonpartisan political magazine est 2001 Berkeley Economic Review economics journal est 2016 Business Berkeley Haas undergraduate journal Caliber Magazine an everything magazine featuring articles and blogs on a wide range of topics est 2008 Heuristic Squelch satirical newspaper est 1991 B Side music magazine est 2013 California Patriot conservative political magazine est 2000 Smart Ass liberal magazine est 2015 Student groups edit DeCal redirects here For other uses see DeCal disambiguation nbsp Berkeley Dance Marathon one of the campus s student led fundraising events nbsp Zellerbach Hall home of the Cal Performances theater groupThere are ninety four political student groups on campus including MEChXA de UC Berkeley Berkeley ACLU Berkeley Students for Life Campus Greens The Sustainability Team STEAM the Berkeley Student Food Collective Students for Sensible Drug Policy Cal Berkeley Democrats and the Berkeley College Republicans 198 The Residence Hall Assembly RHA is the student led umbrella organization that oversees event planning legislation sponsorships and other activities for over 7 2000 on campus undergraduate residents 199 Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups including the Berkeley Group founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School 200 Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients Berkeley Consulting founded in 1996 has served over 140 companies across the high tech retail banking and non profit sectors 201 ImagiCal 202 has been the college chapter of the American Advertising Federation at Berkeley since the late 1980s The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor The Berkeley Forum is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels debates and speeches across a variety of fields 203 Past speakers include Senator Rand Paul entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel and Khan Academy founder Salman Khan nbsp UC Berkeley Symphony OrchestraDemocratic Education at Cal or DeCal is a program that promotes the creation of professor sponsored student facilitated classes 204 DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981 The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student community including classes on the Rubik s Cube blockchain web design metamodernism cooking Jewish art 3D animation and bioprinting 205 The campus is home to several a cappella groups including Drawn to Scale Artists in Resonance Berkeley Dil Se the UC Men s Octet the California Golden Overtones DeCadence and Noteworthy The University of California Men s Octet was founded in 1948 and features a repertoire of barbershop doo wop contemporary pop modern alternative and fight songs Hewing to tradition the groups perform weekly under Sather Gate on alternating days Berkeley hosts a myriad other performing arts groups in comedy dance acting and instrumental music and include jericho Improv amp Sketch Comedy The Movement Taiko drumming BareStage student musical theater the Remedy Music Project Main Stacks AFX Dance and TruElement Since 1967 students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the University of California Jazz Ensembles Under the direction of David W Tucker who was hired by the Cal Band as a composer arranger and associate director but was later asked to direct the jazz ensembles as it grew in popularity and membership the group grew rapidly from one big band to multiple big bands numerous combos and numerous instrumental classes with multiple instructors For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival a competitive forum for student musicians PCCJF brought jazz artists including Hubert Laws Sonny Rollins Freddie Hubbard and Ed Shaughnessy to the Berkeley campus as performers clinicians and adjudicators The festival later included high school musicians Engineering Student Teams edit Given UC Berkeley s STEM education and its proximity to Silicon Valley there are a variety of student run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions Berkeley has two prominent amateur rocketry teams Space Enterprise at Berkeley SEB 206 and Space Technologies and Rocketry STAR 207 Both have launched solid fuel sounding rockets and are currently developing liquid propellant rockets The university also has two Formula SAE teams Berkeley Formula Racing 208 and Formula Electric Berkeley 209 Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE run competitions with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams including CalSol 210 CalSMV 211 and Human Powered Vehicle 212 Athletics edit Main article California Golden Bears nbsp The base of the California Memorial Stadium nbsp The interior of Haas Pavilion during a Cal Basketball game nbsp The Cal Bears face off against the Stanford Cardinal in the Big Game The university s athletic teams are known as the California Golden Bears often shortened to Cal Bears or just Cal and are primarily members of the NCAA Division I Pac 12 Conference Pac 12 Cal is also a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several sports not sponsored by the Pac 12 and the America East Conference in women s field hockey Cal is set to join the Atlantic Coast Conference ACC in 2024 213 The first school colors established in 1873 by a committee of students were blue specifically Yale Blue and gold 214 215 Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university s inaugural faculty were Yale graduates including Henry Durant its first president Blue and gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955 214 216 In 2014 the athletic department specified a darker blue 217 218 The California Golden Bears have won national titles in football men s basketball baseball softball men s and women s crew men s gymnastics men s tennis men s and women s swimming men s water polo men s Judo men s track and men s rugby In addition Cal athletes have won individual NCAA titles in track gymnastics swimming and tennis On January 31 2009 the university s Hurling club made athletic history by defeating Stanford in the first collegiate hurling match ever played on American soil Berkeley teams have won national championships in baseball 2 men s basketball 2 men s crew 15 women s crew 3 football 5 men s golf 1 men s gymnastics 4 men s lacrosse 1 men s rugby 26 softball 1 men s swimming amp diving 4 women s swimming amp diving 3 men s tennis 1 men s track amp field 1 and men s water polo 13 nbsp Cal Rugby football team has not only won at least 26 national championships but many more Scrum Axe competitions where a ceremonial Native American battle axe affixed to a trophy is awarded to winner such that by the 1930s it was designated as the annual trophy exchanged between Cal and Stanford Rugby teams 219 Cal students and alumni have also won 207 Olympic medals 220 California finished in first place 221 in the 2007 08 Fall U S Sports Academy Directors Cup standings Now the NACDA Directors Cup a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports Cal finished the 2007 08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points 222 Most recently California finished in third place in the 2010 11 NACDA Directors Cup with 1219 50 points finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State This is California s highest ever finish in the Director s Cup 223 The Golden Bears traditional arch rival is the Stanford Cardinal and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the Big Game celebrated with spirit events on both campuses Since 1933 the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe Other sporting games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash water polo or the Big Kick soccer 224 Notable alumni faculty and staff editBerkeley alumni faculty and staff have distinguished themselves in a wide range of endeavors and include 114 Nobel laureates 35 alumni 25 Turing Award winners 11 alumni 14 Fields Medalists 30 Wolf Prize winners 108 MacArthur Fellows 65 alumni 30 Pulitzer Prize recipients 19 Academy Award winners five foreign heads of state chief justices of the United States and California 225 22 cabinet members ten state governors numerous members of Congress 36 general and flag officers of the United States Armed Forces 40 billionaires and the founders or co founders of many world renowned companies nbsp Earl Warren BA 1912 JD 1914 14th Chief Justice of the United States 30th Governor of California nbsp Steven Chu PhD 1976 Nobel laureate 12th United States Secretary of Energy nbsp Jennifer Granholm BA 1984 16th United States Secretary of Energy 47th Governor of Michigan nbsp Zulfikar Ali Bhutto BA 1950 226 4th President of Pakistan 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan nbsp Robert Reich Professor of Public Policy 22nd United States Secretary of Labor nbsp Christina Romer Professor of Economics 25th Chairperson of the President s Council of Economic Advisers nbsp Steve Wozniak BS 1986 cofounder of Apple Inc nbsp Gordon Moore BS 1950 cofounder of semiconductor company Intel nbsp Eric Schmidt MS 1979 PhD 1982 Executive Chairman of Alphabet nbsp Edmund Gerald Jerry Brown Jr BA 1961 34th amp 39th Governor of California nbsp Blake R Van Leer MS 1920 inventor civil rights advocate president of Georgia Tech nbsp Gregory Peck BA 1939 Academy Award winning actor nbsp Natalie Coughlin BA 2005 multiple gold medal winning Olympic swimmer nbsp Pedro Nel Ospina Vazquez BA 1878 President of Colombia 1922 1926 nbsp Haakon Crown Prince of Norway heir apparent to the throne of Norway BA 1999 227 nbsp Robert McNamara BA 1937 5th President of World Bank 8th United States Secretary of Defense President of Ford Motor Company nbsp Ed Meese LL B 1958 75th United States Attorney General nbsp Daniel Kahneman PhD 1961 awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory nbsp Harold Urey PhD 1923 Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuteriumFaculty and staff edit For a more comprehensive list see List of University of California Berkeley faculty Further information List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California Berkeley nbsp University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60 inch cyclotron 1938 Nobel prizewinners Ernest Lawrence Edwin McMillan and Luis Alvarez are shown in addition to J Robert Oppenheimer and Robert R Wilson Shiing Shen Chern a leading geometer of the 20th century co founded the renowned Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and served as its founding Director until 1984 228 51 Physicist J Robert Oppenheimer was scientific director of the Manhattan Project and was the founder of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics 229 Faculty member Edward Teller was together with Stanislaw Ulam the father of the hydrogen bomb who laid important foundations for the establishment of Space Sciences Laboratory at Berkeley 230 Ernest Lawrence a Nobel laureate in physics who invented the cyclotron at Berkeley and founded the Radiation Laboratory on campus which later became the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 231 Gilbert N Lewis former Dean of the College of Chemistry was nominated 41 times for Nobel Prize in Chemistry 232 233 He mentored and influenced numerous Berkeley Nobel laureates including Harold Urey 1934 Nobel Prize William F Giauque 1949 Nobel Prize Glenn T Seaborg 1951 Nobel Prize Willard Libby 1960 Nobel Prize and Melvin Calvin 1961 Nobel Prize 234 235 Glenn T Seaborg a Nobel laureate in chemistry who discovered or co discovered 10 chemical elements at Berkeley and served as Chancellor from 1958 to 1961 236 237 Hans Albert Einstein the first son of Albert Einstein and a world s leading scholar in hydraulic engineering was a long time faculty member at Berkeley 238 Steven Chu PhD 1976 the 12th United States Secretary of Energy and Nobel laureate in physics was Director of Berkeley Lab from 2004 to 2009 Janet Yellen 78th United States Secretary of Treasury and the 15th Chair of the Federal Reserve is a professor emeritus at Berkeley Haas School of Business and the Department of Economics 239 240 Alumni edit For a more comprehensive list see List of University of California Berkeley alumni Government edit Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices both domestic and foreign including Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court Earl Warren BA JD United States Attorney General Edwin Meese III JD United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk LLB United States Secretary of the Treasury W Michael Blumenthal BA and G William Miller JD United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara BS United States Secretary of the Interior Franklin Knight Lane 1887 United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Secretary of Commerce Norman Mineta BS United States Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman MPP National Security Advisor Robert C O Brien JD scores of federal judges and members of the United States Congress 10 currently serving and United States Foreign Service governors of California George C Pardee Hiram W Johnson Earl Warren BA and LLB Jerry Brown BA and Pete Wilson JD Michigan Jennifer Granholm BA and the United States Virgin Islands Walter A Gordon BA Chief of Staff of the United States Army Frederick C Weyand Class of 1938 Lieutenant General of the United States Army Jimmy Doolittle Vice Admiral of the United States Navy Murry L Royar Class of 1916 Major General of the United States Marine Corps Oliver Prince Smith Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps Bertram A Bone Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission John A McCone BS chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers Michael Boskin BA PhD Sandra Black BA Jesse Rothstein PhD Robert Seamans PhD Jay Shambaugh PhD James Stock MA PhD Governor of the Federal Reserve System H Robert Heller PhD and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York William C Dudley PhD Commissioners of the SEC Troy A Paredes BA and the FCC Rachelle Chong BA and United States Surgeon General Kenneth P Moritsugu MPH Foreign alumni include the President of Colombia 1922 1926 Pedro Nel Ospina Vazquez BA Mining Engineering the President of Mexico Francisco I Madero attended 1892 93 the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan the Premier of the Republic of China Sun Fo BA the President of Costa Rica Miguel Angel Rodriguez MA PhD and members of parliament of the United Kingdom House of Lords Lydia Dunn Baroness Dunn BS India Rajya Sabha the upper house Prithviraj Chavan MS Iran Mohammad Javad Larijani PhD Nigerian Minister of Science and Technology and first Executive Governor of Abia State Ogbonnaya Onu PhD Chemical Engineering Barbados Ambassador to Brazil Tonika Sealy Thompson Alumni have also served in many supranational posts notable among which are President of the World Bank Robert McNamara BS Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and managing director of the International Monetary Fund Rodrigo Rato MBA executive director of UNICEF Ann Veneman MPP member of the European Parliament Bruno Megret MS and judge of the World Court Joan Donoghue JD Science edit Alumni have made important contributions to science Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules Nobel laureate William F Giauque BS 1920 PhD 1922 investigated chemical thermodynamics Nobel laureate Willard Libby BS 1931 PhD 1933 pioneered radiocarbon dating Nobel laureate Willis Lamb BS 1934 PhD 1938 examined the hydrogen spectrum Nobel laureate Hamilton O Smith BA 1952 applied restriction enzymes to molecular genetics Nobel laureate Robert Laughlin BA math 1972 explored the fractional quantum Hall effect and Nobel laureate Andrew Fire BA math 1978 helped to discover RNA interference gene silencing by double stranded RNA Nobel laureate Glenn T Seaborg PhD 1937 collaborated with Albert Ghiorso BS 1913 to discover 12 chemical elements such as americium berkelium and californium David Bohm PhD 1943 discovered Bohm diffusion Nobel laureate Yuan T Lee PhD 1965 developed the crossed molecular beam technique for studying chemical reactions Carol Greider PhD 1987 professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer Harvey Itano BS 1942 conducted breakthrough work on sickle cell anemia that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin 241 While he was valedictorian of Berkeley s class of 1942 he was unable to attend commencement exercises due to internment 241 Narendra Karmarkar PhD 1983 is known for the interior point method a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as Karmarkar s algorithm 242 National Medal of Science laureate Chien Shiung Wu PhD 1940 often known as the Chinese Madame Curie disproved the Law of Conservation of Parity for which she was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics 243 Kary Mullis PhD 1973 was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in developing the polymerase chain reaction 244 a method for amplifying DNA sequences Daniel Kahneman was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his work in Prospect theory Richard O Buckius engineer Bachelor s in Mechanical Engineering 72 Masters 73 PhD 75 currently Chief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation Edward P Tryon PhD 1967 is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum 245 246 247 John N Bahcall BS 1956 worked on the Standard Solar Model and the Hubble Space Telescope 248 resulting in a National Medal of Science 248 Peter Smith BS 1969 was the principal investigator and project leader for the NASA robotic explorer Phoenix 249 which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for the first time 250 Astronauts James van Hoften BS 1966 Margaret Rhea Seddon BA 1970 Leroy Chiao BS 1983 and Rex Walheim BS 1984 have orbited the Earth in NASA s fleet of Space Shuttles Business edit Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer 251 Intel 252 LSI Logic 253 The Gap 254 MySpace 255 PowerBar 256 Berkeley Systems 257 Bolt Beranek and Newman 258 which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet Chez Panisse 259 GrandCentral known now as Google Voice 260 HTC Corporation 261 VIA Technologies 261 Marvell Technology Group 262 MoveOn org 257 Opsware 263 RedOctane 264 Rimon Law P C 265 SanDisk 266 Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker 267 VMware 268 and Zilog 269 while graduate school alumni have cofounded companies such as DHL 270 KeyHole Inc known now as Google Earth 271 Sun Microsystems 272 and The Learning Company 273 Berkeley alumni have also led various technology companies such as Electronic Arts 274 Google 275 Adobe Systems 276 failed verification Softbank Masayoshi Son and Qualcomm 277 Computers edit Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the personal computer and the Internet 278 Unix was created by alumnus Ken Thompson BS 1965 MS 1966 along with colleague Dennis Ritchie Alumni such as L Peter Deutsch 279 280 281 PhD 1973 Butler Lampson PhD 1967 and Charles P Thacker BS 1967 282 worked with Ken Thompson on Project Genie and then formed the ill fated US Department of Defense funded Berkeley Computer Corporation BCC which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non descript offices to avoid anti war protestors 283 After BCC failed Deutsch Lampson and Thacker joined Xerox PARC where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies culminating in the Xerox Alto that inspired the Apple Macintosh In particular the Alto used a computer mouse which had been invented by Doug Engelbart BEng 1952 PhD 1955 Thompson Lampson Engelbart and Thacker 284 all later received a Turing Award Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald V Schmidt BS 1966 MS 1968 PhD 1971 who became known as the man who brought Ethernet to the masses 285 Another Xerox PARC researcher Charles Simonyi BS 1972 pioneered the first WYSIWIG word processor program and was recruited personally by Bill Gates to join the fledgling company known as Microsoft to create Microsoft Word Simonyi later became the first repeat space tourist blasting off on Russian Soyuz rockets to work at the International Space Station orbiting the Earth In 1977 a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy MS 1982 assembled 286 the original Berkeley Software Distribution commonly known as BSD Unix Joy who went on to co found Sun Microsystems also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi while Ken Arnold BA 1985 created Curses a terminal control library for Unix like systems that enables the construction of text user interface TUI applications Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates William Jolitz BS 1997 and his future wife Lynne Jolitz BA 1989 who together created 386BSD a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the BSD family of free operating systems and the Darwin operating system underlying Apple Mac OS X 287 Eric Allman BS 1977 MS 1980 created SendMail a Unix mail transfer agent that delivers about 12 percent of the email in the world 288 The XCF an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall has been responsible for a number of notable software projects including GTK created by Peter Mattis BS 1997 The GIMP Spencer Kimball BS 1996 and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm 289 In 1992 Pei Yuan Wei 290 an undergraduate at the XCF created ViolaWWW one of the first graphical web browsers ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects stylesheets and tables In the spirit of Open Source he donated the code to Sun Microsystems inspiring Java applets Kim Polese BS 1984 was the original product manager for Java at Sun Microsystems ViolaWWW also inspired researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic web browser 291 a pioneering web browser that became Microsoft Internet Explorer Pulitzer Prize winners edit Alumni collectively have won at least twenty five Pulitzer Prizes Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Marguerite Higgins BA 1941 was a pioneering female war correspondent 292 293 who covered World War II the Korean War and the Vietnam War 294 Novelist Robert Penn Warren MA 1927 won three Pulitzer Prizes 295 including one for his novel All the King s Men which was later made into an Academy Award winning 296 movie Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist Rube Goldberg BS 1904 invented the comically complex yet ultimately trivial contraptions known as Rube Goldberg machines Journalist Alexandra Berzon MA 2006 won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009 297 and journalist Matt Richtel BA 1989 who also coauthors the comic strip Rudy Park under the pen name of Theron Heir 298 won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting 299 Pulitzer Prize winning historian Leon Litwack BA 300 1951 PhD 1958 taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years 301 three other UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize Alumna and professor Susan Rasky won the Polk Award for journalism in 1991 USC Professor and Berkeley alumnus Viet Thanh Nguyen s PhD 1997 first novel The Sympathizer won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 302 Fiction and screen writers edit Alumni have also written novels and screenplays that have attracted Oscar caliber talent including The Call of the Wild author Jack London Irving Stone BA 1923 wrote the novel Lust for Life which was later made into an Academy Award winning film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh Stone also wrote The Agony and the Ecstasy which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winner Charlton Heston as Michelangelo Mona Simpson BA 1979 wrote the novel Anywhere But Here which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar winning actress Susan Sarandon Terry McMillan BA 1986 wrote How Stella Got Her Groove Back which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar nominated actress Angela Bassett Randi Mayem Singer BA 1979 wrote the screenplay for Mrs Doubtfire which starred Oscar winning actor Robin Williams and Oscar winning actress Sally Field Audrey Wells BA 1981 wrote the screenplay The Truth About Cats amp Dogs which starred Oscar nominated actress Uma Thurman James Schamus BA 1982 MA 1987 PhD 2003 has collaborated on screenplays with Oscar winning director Ang Lee on the Academy Award winning movies Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon and Brokeback Mountain Academy Award winners edit Collectively alumni have won at least 20 Academy Awards Gregory Peck BA 1939 nominated for four Oscars during his career won an Oscar for acting in To Kill a Mockingbird Chris Innis BA 1991 won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner The Hurt Locker Walter Plunkett BA 1923 won an Oscar for costume design for An American in Paris Freida Lee Mock BA 1961 and Charles H Ferguson BA 1978 have each 303 304 won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking Mark Berger BA 1964 has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley 305 Edith Head BA 1918 who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career won eight Oscars for costume design Joe Letteri BA 1981 306 has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the James Cameron film Avatar and the Peter Jackson films King Kong The Two Towers and The Return of the King 307 Emmy Award winners edit Alumni have collectively won at least 25 Emmy Awards Jon Else BA 1968 for cinematography Andrew Schneider BA 1973 for screenwriting Linda Schacht BA 1966 MA 1981 two for broadcast journalism 308 309 Christine Chen dual BA s 1990 two for broadcast journalism 310 Kristen Sze BA two for broadcast journalism 311 Kathy Baker BA 1977 three for acting Ken Milnes BS 1977 four for broadcasting technology and Leroy Sievers BA 312 twelve for production Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards 313 314 315 Television edit Alumni have acted in classic television series that are still broadcast on TV today Karen Grassle BA 1965 played the mother Caroline Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie Jerry Mathers BA 1974 starred in Leave it to Beaver and Roxann Dawson BA 1980 portrayed B Elanna Torres on Star Trek Voyager Music and entertainment edit Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry such as Grateful Dead bass guitarist Phil Lesh the Police drummer Stewart Copeland 316 Rolling Stone Magazine founder Jann Wenner the Bangles lead singer Susanna Hoffs BA 1980 Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz electronic music producer Giraffage MTV correspondent Suchin Pak BA 1997 317 AFI musicians Davey Havok and Jade Puget BA 1996 and solo artist Marie Digby Say It Again People Magazine included Third Eye Blind lead singer and songwriter Stephan Jenkins BA 1987 in the magazine s list of 50 Most Beautiful People 318 Kendall Ross Bean became a master piano rebuilder and concert pianist Bean first performed on a piano he rebuilt in one of the first classical music videos to be broadcast across the United States on the A amp E Network which in 1985 had 18 million cable viewers This broadcast coincided with MTV emerging as a medium for record production companies to use music videos to promote the albums of Rock and Pop stars The novelty of a classical music video featuring a solo pianist and the inside view of piano hammers hitting strings contrasted to the high production rock music videos caught media attention from coast to coast The video was titled Kendall Ross Bean Chopin Polonaise in A Flat Karen Earle Lile niece of Tony Terran became the Art Director Executive Producer for the USPS Building Bridges Special Postal Cancellation Series and a Talk Show host for Sail Sport Talk on Sports Byline USA a record producer 319 320 at Fantasy Studios and the historian who discovered the provenance of the Lost Lennon piano 321 afterwards known as the Lennon Ono Green Warhol piano 322 Sports edit Alumni have also participated in the world of sports Tennis athlete Helen Wills Moody BA 1925 won 31 Grand Slam titles including eight singles titles at Wimbledon Tarik Glenn BA 1999 is a Super Bowl XLI champion and Mitchell Schwartz 2011 is an All Pro NFL offensive tackle Michele Tafoya BA 1988 is a sports television reporter for ABC Sports and ESPN 323 Sports agent Leigh Steinberg BA 1970 JD 1973 has represented professional athletes such as Steve Young Troy Aikman and Oscar De La Hoya Steinberg has been called the real life inspiration 324 for the title character in the Oscar winning 325 film Jerry Maguire portrayed by Tom Cruise Matt Biondi BA 1988 won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career in which he participated in three different Olympics At the Beijing Olympics in 2008 Natalie Coughlin BA 2005 became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history 326 to win six medals in one Olympics Patrons edit Berkeley alumni often generous benefactors have long been among the billionaire ranks their largess giving rise to many of the campus eponymous schools pavilions centers institutes and halls and with some of the more prominent being J Paul Getty Ann Getty Sanford Diller and Helen Diller Donald Fisher Flora Lamson Hewlett David Schwartz Bio Rad and members of the Haas Walter A Haas Rhoda Haas Goldman Walter A Haas Jr Peter E Haas Bob Haas Hearst and Bechtel families There are at least twenty five living alumni billionaires Gordon Moore Intel founder James Harris Simons Renaissance Technologies Masayoshi Son SoftBank 327 Jon Stryker Stryker Medical Equipment 328 Eric Schmidt former Google Chairman and Wendy Schmidt Michael Milken Bassam Alghanim Kutayba Alghanim 329 Charles Simonyi Microsoft Cher Wang HTC Robert Haas Levi Strauss amp Co Carlos Rodriguez Pastor Interbank Peru 330 Fayez Sarofim Daniel S Loeb Paul Merage David Hindawi Orion Hindawi Bill Joy Sun Microsystems founder Victor Koo Tony Xu DoorDash Lowell Milken Nathaniel Simons and Laura Baxter Simons Elizabeth Simons and Mark Heising 331 Oleg Tinkov Liong Tek Kwee BS 1968 Liong Seen Kwee BS 1974 and Alice Schwartz See also edit nbsp San Francisco Bay Area portalBlockeley Higher Education Recruitment Consortium Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute World Community GridNotes edit Other consists of Multiracial Americans amp those who prefer to not say The percentage of students who received an income based federal Pell grant intended for low income students The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum References edit A brief history of the University of California Academic Personnel and Programs Archived from the original on October 21 2020 Retrieved August 24 2020 As of June 30 2022 includes assets managed by the UC Regents in the General Endowment Pool for the exclusive benefit of Berkeley Annual Endowment Report Fiscal Year Ended June 30 2022 PDF University of California a b University of California 21 22 Annual Financial Report PDF University of California Retrieved February 20 2023 Home Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost evcp berkeley edu Retrieved July 7 2022 About Berkeley What We Do Archived from the original on October 28 2021 Retrieved October 24 2021 a b c UC Berkeley Quick Facts UC Berkeley Office of Planning and Analysis Retrieved October 21 2021 University of California Berkeley Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior June 14 2000 Retrieved May 20 2020 College Navigator University of California Berkeley nces ed gov UC Berkeley Zero Waste Plan PDF University of California Berkeley September 2019 p 5 Retrieved October 12 2020 Primary Palettes Berkeley Brand Guidelines University of California Berkeley Retrieved May 7 2017 a b Trademark Use Guidelines and Requirements PDF University of California Berkeley Retrieved February 18 2018 a b Office of Communications and Public Affairs June 2019 Our Name The Berkeley Brand Manual PDF Berkeley University of California Berkeley p 34 Archived from the original PDF on June 7 2020 Retrieved June 23 2020 Examples include Selingo Jeffrey Our dangerous obsession with Harvard Stanford and other elite universities The Washington Post the Ivy League along with Stanford the University of Chicago Duke and a few elite public universities such as the University of Michigan UC Berkeley and UNC Chapel Hill are the pride of the American higher education system around the world Thoenig Jean Claude August 31 2023 Organizational Governance and the Production of Academic Quality Lessons from Two Top U S Research Universities Minerva Springer 52 4 381 417 doi 10 1007 s11024 014 9261 2 JSTOR 43548922 S2CID 254830290 MIT and UCB were selected as two consistently top ranked universities internationally speaking not only in terms of prestige in the eyes of international public opinion but also in terms of actual outputs as measured by metrics of excellence They enjoy a very long tenure in the first decile whatever the classification used and despite the fact that ranking agencies do not allocate the same weight to excellence and prestige indicators Once they reach the top they seem to remain there forever despite increasingly tough competition from research universities who all vie to join the academic heavens The University of California Britannica Encyclopedia retrieved August 5 2023 The Berkeley campus which replaced the Oakland campus in 1873 remains a leader in scientific fields as well as in many other academic areas In the 1930s researchers there produced the first cyclotron isolated the human polio virus and discovered several new chemical elements The University Entrepreneurship Report Alumni of Top Universities Rake in 12 6 Billion Across 559 Deals CB Insights Research October 29 2012 Retrieved April 6 2018 The list of top schools for producing tech entrepreneurs shows how clubby Silicon Valley really is Quartz September 1 2017 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research UC Berkeley vcresearch berkeley edu Archived from the original on July 16 2019 Retrieved April 6 2018 Pitchbook Universities 2019 pitchbook com Pitchbook Universities 2020 pitchbook com Pitchbook Universities 2022 pitchbook com Space Sciences Laboratory www wbr ssl wbr berkeley wbr edu Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing simons wbr berkeley wbr edu Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science miller wbr berkeley wbr edu Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute msri org Innovative Genomics Institute innovativegenomics org UC National Laboratories UCOP www ucop edu Retrieved April 6 2018 California Golden Bears Olympic Medals University of California Golden Bears Athletics Retrieved March 14 2021 Cal National Champions University of California Golden Bears Athletics Retrieved March 14 2021 Count as of September 9 2019 University of California Campuses amp majors UC Berkeley universityofcalifornia edu archived from the original on September 8 2021 Nobel Laureates and research affiliations Nobel Foundation April 1 2020 Retrieved October 29 2021 Berkeley Law Distinguished Alumni sfgate com February 26 2012 Kathleen Elkins May 18 2018 More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford MIT and Yale combined CNBC Retrieved August 19 2020 Top Producers us fulbrightonline org Retrieved November 4 2020 Rachel Sugar May 29 2015 Where MacArthur Geniuses Went to College businessinsider com Retrieved November 5 2020 Statistics www marshallscholarship org Retrieved November 2 2020 Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill p 34 History of UC Berkeley University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on November 23 2010 Founded in the wake of the gold rush by leaders of the newly established 31st state the University of California s flagship campus at Berkeley has become one of the preeminent universities in the world Berdahl Robert October 8 1998 The Future of Flagship Universities University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on May 11 2011 The issue I want to talk about tonight is the future of flagship universities institutions like the University of Texas at Austin or Texas A amp M at College Station or the University of California Berkeley This is not an easy topic to talk about for a number of reasons not the least of which is the fact that those of us in systems of higher education are frequently actively discouraged from using the term flagship to refer to our campuses because it is seen as hurtful to the self esteem of colleagues at other institutions in our systems A brief history of the University of California University of California Office of the President Archived from the original on October 21 2020 Retrieved August 23 2020 Wollenberg Charles 2002 Chapter 2 Tale of Two Towns Berkeley A City in History Berkeley Public Library Archived from the original on June 12 2009 Retrieved June 6 2009 A History of Women at Cal Campus Climate Community Engagement amp Transformation Campus Climate at Berkeley Retrieved October 8 2019 The Centennial of The University of California 1868 1968 Retrieved June 10 2016 University of California History Digital Archives Retrieved November 30 2008 Smith Mackenzie 2018 Celebrating Women at Rausser College Past amp Present College of Natural Resources University of California Berkeley Retrieved March 13 2021 The top 50 US colleges that pay off the most in 2020 CNBC July 28 2020 Medina Jennifer July 19 2018 You ve Heard of Berkeley Is Merced the Future of the University of California The New York Times Retrieved June 22 2020 The disparity between the state s population and its university enrollment is most stark at the state s flagship campuses at University of California Los Angeles Latinos make up about 21 percent of all students at Berkeley they account for less than 13 percent Gov Brown says normal Californians can t get into Berkeley a problem some Californians blame on Brown www insidehighered com January 23 2015 Retrieved June 22 2020 Engines of Inequality Diminishing Equity in the Nation s Premier Public Universities PDF 2006 Retrieved June 21 2020 About UC Berkeley History UC Berkeley Archived from the original on September 5 2008 Retrieved November 30 2008 Douglass John Thomas Sally University of California History Digital Archives Los Angeles General History www lib berkeley edu Retrieved March 17 2019 John Galen Howard and the design of the City of Learning the UC Berkeley campus UC Berkeley Retrieved December 24 2010 History of Army ROTC UC Berkeley Army ROTC Retrieved July 18 2016 U S Naval Activities World War II by State Patrick Clancey Retrieved March 19 2012 Alumni army berkeley edu Archived from the original on May 3 2020 Retrieved August 18 2020 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 www nobelprize org Retrieved August 18 2017 Chemical Elements Discovered at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lbl gov June 7 1999 Retrieved March 7 2016 Branding the Elements Berkeley Stakes its Claims on the Periodic Table Cal Alumni Association March 20 2014 Retrieved March 7 2016 Manhattan Project Chronology atomicarchive com Archived from the original on October 30 2008 Retrieved November 30 2008 Atomic History Early Government Support Atomic Heritage Foundation Archived from the original on January 4 2009 Retrieved November 30 2008 a b c UC Presidents University of California History Digital Archives Archived from the original on March 9 2009 Retrieved November 30 2008 Days of Cal Berkeley in the 60s Archived from the original on June 22 2008 Retrieved November 30 2008 10 Fun Facts about UC Berkeley AdmitSee Retrieved August 1 2017 Cohen Robert December 2015 Teaching about the Berkeley Free Speech Movement PDF National Council for the Social Studies Social Education 75 5 301 308 Retrieved August 15 2020 Berkeley FSM Free Speech Movement 50th Anniversary fsm berkeley edu Retrieved January 19 2017 Unforgettable Change 1960s Free Speech Movement amp The New American Left Picture This picturethis museumca org Retrieved January 19 2017 a b MSRI MSRI www msri org Retrieved March 8 2016 MSRI Mathematical Sciences Research Institute www msri org Retrieved August 18 2017 MSRI PDF AMS Archived from the original PDF on August 9 2020 Retrieved August 18 2017 Powell Bonnie Azab January 24 2005 Berkeley freshmen are more liberal and less religious than their national counterparts but survey finds their views are closer than labels suggest UC Berkeley News Retrieved February 29 2008 Doty Meriah February 5 2004 Examining Berkeley s liberal legacy CNN Retrieved February 20 2008 Tierney John November 18 2004 Republicans Outnumbered in Academia Studies Find The New York Times Retrieved January 16 2008 a b Berkeley celebrates record breaking year in fundraising vca berkeley edu July 22 2022 Giving to Colleges Rises Inside Higher Ed February 6 2018 20 Elite Universities Received 28 of College Donations Last Year MarketWatch February 20 2019 Major Gifts to Higher Education The Chronicle of Higher Education March 3 2020 Annual Report on University Private Support 2019 20 Report Oakland CA University of California Office of the President p 18 Annual Report on University Private Support 2021 22 Report Oakland CA University of California Office of the President p 18 Paddock Richard January 12 2008 Native Americans Say Berkeley Is No Place for Their Ancestors Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 16 2008 Retrieved December 23 2020 Alternate URL Activists hold graphic protest against university s Tyson Foods contract SFBay August 25 2021 Retrieved May 26 2022 Sairam Amudha Finman Kate October 30 2020 ASUC Senate promotes student advocacy initiatives The Daily Californian Retrieved May 26 2022 Corporate University How Pour Out Pepsi is Democratizing UC Berkeley The Leaflet April 28 2021 Retrieved May 26 2022 Burress Charles May 21 2005 BERKELEY Embattled UC teacher is granted tenure Critic of campus ties with biotech lost initial bid SFGATE Retrieved June 23 2022 Anna Armstrong May 17 2022 Unchecked pain and misery PETA files complaint against campus labs The Daily Californian Retrieved June 23 2022 Dehydrated monkeys with sunken eyes found suffering at UC Berkeley lab Newsweek June 21 2022 Retrieved June 23 2022 Schwab Frank June 17 2013 Cal s new stadium renovation leaves school with huge debt to pay off Yahoo Sports Archived from the original on June 24 2013 Retrieved June 28 2013 Asimov Nanette June 17 2013 Cal scrambling to cover stadium bill San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved July 20 2013 U S Department of Education Releases List of Higher Education Institutions with Open Title IX Sexual Violence Investigations Press release U S Department of Education Retrieved July 14 2014 Sam Levin April 6 2016 Disturbing details of sexual harassment scandal at UC Berkeley revealed in files The Guardian O Kane Caitlin July 29 2019 UC Berkeley and four other schools removed from Best Colleges list for misreporting statistics CBS News Retrieved July 30 2019 Chotiner Isaac April 28 2022 A Clash Over Housing Pits U C Berkeley Against Its Neighbors The New Yorker Retrieved May 26 2022 Lowrey Annie February 26 2022 NIMBYism Reaches Its Apotheosis The Atlantic Retrieved May 26 2022 Gohlke Josh February 17 2022 UC Berkeley enrollment freeze shows CA NIMBYism run amok The Sacramento Bee Retrieved May 26 2022 Demsas Jerusalem May 24 2022 The People Who Hate People The Atlantic Retrieved May 26 2022 Levenson Michael March 3 2022 U C Berkeley Must Freeze Enrollment California Supreme Court Says The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 26 2022 Hubler Shawn March 11 2022 Legislators Find Way to Let U C Berkeley Increase Its Enrollment The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 26 2022 Wilson Reid March 15 2022 California Gov Newsom raises UC Berkeley enrollment cap The Hill Retrieved May 26 2022 UC Berkeley housing shortage leaves students scrambling East Bay Times June 21 2022 Retrieved June 23 2022 Editorial Style Guide Light the Way The Campaign for Berkeley Retrieved June 26 2020 Do you call it Cal or Berkeley UC school may rebrand to Cal Berkeley for sports Los Angeles Times September 21 2023 Retrieved October 9 2023 About UC Shared Governance The University of California Archived from the original on December 4 2008 Retrieved November 30 2008 Organizational Chart Senior Administration PDF UC Berkeley Archived from the original PDF on December 17 2008 Retrieved November 30 2008 Past Chancellors berkeley edu Berryhill Alex February 20 2013 UC Berkeley looks to philanthropy in place of state funding The Daily Californian Retrieved February 27 2019 a b Marjorie Valbrun March 2 2020 Berkeley launches ambitious 6 billion fundraising campaign Inside Higher Ed Ron Leuty December 15 2021 New Institute will fund Stanford Berkeley UCSF scientists targeting complex human diseases San Francisco Business Times UC Berkeley sets fundraising record at 569M in donations during 2017 18 fiscal year Daily Californian Retrieved July 22 2018 Berkeley launches Light the Way fundraising campaign aims for 6 Billion Daily Californian Retrieved February 29 2020 Kathleen Chaykowski September 21 2016 Chan Zuckerberg Iinitiative invests 3 billion to cure disease Forbes Rick DelVecchio San Francisco Chronicle staff writer February 2 2007 Berkeley Cal sees BP deal as landmark Research could lead more quickly to making alternative fuel a reality SFGATE com Committed grants Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation Retrieved September 3 2022 University of California Annual Report on University Private Support PDF University of California Office of the President November 13 2019 Retrieved November 18 2019 Cromwell Schubarth July 20 2015 Facebook Twitter nvestor bankrolls 100M Berkeley search for life in space Silicon Valley Business Journal UC Berkeley Receives 40 million from Li Ka Shing Foundation Philanthropy News Digest June 25 2005 Sanders Robert June 23 2005 40 million gift from Li Ka Shing Foundation boosts health science research UC Berkeley Media Relations Archived from the original on April 5 2012 Retrieved May 12 2009 Julia Cooper November 13 2020 Largest UC Berkeley Contributors San Francisco Business Times The Campaign for Berkeley www campaign berkeley edu a b c Carnegie Classifications University of California Berkeley Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching Retrieved February 24 2015 Statement of Accreditation Status University of California at Berkeley Western Association of Schools and Colleges Archived from the original on September 27 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 University of California Berkeley Common Data Set 2019 2020 University of California Berkeley Office of Planning and Analysis Degrees Offered at the University of California Berkeley PDF Office of Planning and Analysis UC Berkeley July 1 2011 Retrieved September 19 2013 Berkeley Facts UC Berkeley Retrieved September 19 2013 General Catalog Undergraduate Degree Requirements University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on September 12 2013 Retrieved September 19 2013 Graduate Degree Programs University of California Berkeley guide berkeley edu Retrieved June 28 2019 a b c Berkeley Graduate Profile UC Berkeley Retrieved June 28 2019 Table 20 Campus funding for sponsored research tops 1 billion for first time Berkeley News August 16 2021 Retrieved August 16 2021 Cal Facts PDF admissions berkeley edu Retrieved February 22 2023 About UC Berkeley Honors and Awards Berkeley edu Archived from the original on July 4 2008 Retrieved June 8 2012 National Academy of Engineering members Berkeley Engineering Retrieved August 18 2020 Nine faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences news berkeley edu April 23 2020 Retrieved August 18 2020 Berkeley Library Facts PDF www lib berkeley edu New addition to UC Berkeley Main Library dedicated to former UC President David Gardner Berkeley edu June 12 1997 Retrieved June 8 2012 The Nation s Largest Libraries American Library Association July 7 2006 Archived from the original on November 25 2022 Mark Twain Papers UC Berkeley Library www lib berkeley edu Oral History Center UC Berkeley Library www lib berkeley edu The Center for the Tebtunis Papyri UC Berkeley Library www lib berkeley edu University Archives UC Berkeley Library www lib berkeley edu ShanghaiRanking s Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Retrieved September 13 2022 Forbes America s Top Colleges List 2023 Forbes Retrieved September 22 2023 Wall Street Journal Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022 The Wall Street Journal Times Higher Education Retrieved July 26 2022 2023 2024 Best National Universities U S News amp World Report Retrieved September 22 2023 2022 National University Rankings Washington Monthly Retrieved September 13 2022 ShanghaiRanking s Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Retrieved February 25 2023 QS World University Rankings 2024 Top global universities Quacquarelli Symonds Retrieved June 27 2023 World University Rankings 2024 Times Higher Education Retrieved September 27 2023 2022 23 Best Global Universities Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved February 25 2023 USA CWUR World University Rankings 2018 2019 Center for World University Rankings Retrieved September 1 2020 Zadrozny Brandy November 6 2014 College Rankings 2014 The Daily Beast The Daily Beast Company LLC Retrieved November 7 2015 America s Top Colleges Forbes Kiplinger s Best College Values The Kiplinger Washington Editors Inc December 2014 Retrieved November 7 2015 Money s Best Colleges Money Retrieved November 7 2015 QS World University Rankings USA 2021 Top Universities Retrieved August 27 2022 The Top American Research Universities PDF The Center for Measuring University Performance Archived from the original PDF on January 29 2016 Retrieved November 7 2015 2022 2023 Top Public Colleges amp Universities usnews com Retrieved September 13 2022 CWUR World University Rankings 2020 2021 Center for World University Rankings Retrieved September 1 2020 10 institutions that dominated science in 2017 June 12 2018 Retrieved May 28 2019 Introduction to the Nature Index Retrieved May 28 2019 Kerr Clark October 16 2001 The Gold and the Blue Volume One A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Academic Triumphs University of California Press pp 404 406 ISBN 978 0 520 22367 7 Birds Planes No colossal super brands Top Six Universities Times Higher Education THE January 1 1990 Retrieved June 15 2019 Six superbrands their reputations precede them Times Higher Education THE March 10 2011 Retrieved June 15 2019 World Reputation Rankings 2016 winning recognition worldwide Times Higher Education THE May 4 2016 Retrieved June 15 2019 World University Rankings blog how the university superbrands compare Times Higher Education THE May 10 2016 Retrieved June 15 2019 World Reputation Rankings 2018 Times Higher Education Retrieved June 15 2019 2010 Rankings Doctoral Programs in America The Chronicle of Higher Education Retrieved April 21 2012 College Scorecard University of California Berkeley United States Department of Education Retrieved May 8 2022 a b University of California Berkeley Common Data Set University of California Berkeley Office of Planning and Analysis Full Time MBA Financial Aid Haas School of Business University of California Berkeley Haas berkeley edu Archived from the original on July 9 2012 Retrieved June 8 2012 Financial Aid Berkeley Law April 10 2015 Six UC campuses to redirect national merit funding to other merit based scholarships University of California Newsroom July 13 2005 Archived from the original on August 29 2008 NMSC 2018 19 Annual Report Report National Merit Scholarship Corporation October 31 2019 pp 38 40 NMSC 2018 19 Annual Report PDF National Merit Scholarship Corporation October 31 2019 Archived from the original PDF on August 5 2021 Pell Grant UC Regents Retrieved August 14 2019 History amp discoveries University of California Berkeley Retrieved November 7 2016 Melvin Calvin Facts www nobelprize org Retrieved December 5 2016 It s Elementary Berkeley Can Bask in the Glow as More Elements Hit Periodic Table Cal Alumni Association January 7 2016 Archived from the original on March 8 2016 Retrieved March 7 2016 Lawrence Livermore credited with discovery of elements 115 117 and 118 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Retrieved March 13 2016 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 PDF www nobelprize org Retrieved October 7 2020 Ernest Lawrence Biographical www nobelprize org Retrieved November 13 2017 Oakes Elizabeth H 2007 Emerson Gladys Anderson Encyclopedia of World Scientists Infobase p 211 ISBN 978 1 4381 1882 6 Reilly Edwin D 2003 Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology Bloomsbury Academic p 50 ISBN 1 57356 521 0 Turner Wallace May 3 1983 Joel Hildebrand 101 Chemist Joined U of California in 1913 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 25 2019 Shepard Kiera Lie Detection The Science and Development of the Polygraph USC Viterbi School of Engineering Retrieved April 25 2019 Ritchie Dennis M Thompson Ken July 1978 The UNIX Time Sharing System PDF Bell System Tech J AT amp T 57 6 1905 1929 doi 10 1002 j 1538 7305 1978 tb02136 x Retrieved April 22 2014 Nagel Laurence September 30 1996 The Life of SPICE PDF The Designer s Guide Community Archived from the original PDF on February 4 2012 100 Important Innovations That Came From University Research Online Universities August 27 2012 Chenming Hu National Science amp Technology Medal Foundation Retrieved October 24 2017 Bill Joy UC Berkeley Taylor Michael May 11 2008 Hugh Bradner UC s inventor of wetsuit dies SFGate Retrieved April 25 2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research UC Berkeley vcresearch berkeley edu Archived from the original on July 16 2019 Retrieved November 11 2017 a b In startup sweepstakes it s Cal vs Stanford Berkeley News September 9 2016 Retrieved November 11 2017 UC Berkeley third largest producer of entrepreneurs report says The Daily Californian The Daily Californian August 18 2013 Retrieved November 23 2017 UC Berkeley is No 1 in global entrepreneurship University of California September 16 2016 Retrieved November 23 2017 The University Entrepreneurship Report Alumni of Top Universities Rake in 12 6 Billion Across 559 Deals CB Insights Research October 29 2012 Retrieved November 23 2017 One University To Rule Them All Stanford Tops Startup List ReadWrite ReadWrite December 3 2012 Retrieved November 23 2017 Cal s plan to shrink a big impersonal campus University of California May 8 2014 Retrieved February 8 2023 Chernin Entertainment Audiovisual Identity Database January 20 2023 Retrieved February 8 2023 Cohen Adam June 16 2002 The Perfect Store The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 17 2017 Pierre Omidyar Forbes Retrieved November 17 2017 2020 CENSUS CENSUS BLOCK MAP Berkeley city CA PDF U S Census Bureau pp 4 PDF p 5 5 Retrieved July 1 2023 Compare to the campus map here OpenStreetMap Oakland openstreetmap org Retrieved September 10 2014 Moving to Berkeley Berkeley Postdoctoral Association Archived from the original on February 29 2012 Retrieved February 29 2012 Innovation Entrepreneurship Research UC Berkeley vcresearch berkeley edu Retrieved April 14 2019 Online Exhibit on the Hearst Architectural Competition Sunsite berkeley edu Retrieved June 8 2012 The 10 Tallest University Clock Towers Best College Reviews May 8 2013 Retrieved July 17 2018 University of California Berkeley Campus Office of Historic Preservation California State Parks Retrieved March 30 2012 McCoy Esther 1960 Five California Architects New York Reinhold Publishing Corporation p 6 ASIN B000I3Z52W UC Berkeley Strawberry Creek Strawberrycreek berkeley edu Archived from the original on March 1 2012 Retrieved June 8 2012 Hayward Fault UC Berkeley seismo berkeley edu Archived from the original on April 22 2008 Retrieved April 13 2008 California Golden Bears Traditions Calbears collegesports com Archived from the original on September 5 2005 Retrieved June 8 2012 University of California Marching Band About Us Calband berkeley edu Retrieved June 29 2013 Home UC Rally Committee Retrieved June 8 2012 Bear Traditions Days of Cal Sunsite berkeley edu Archived from the original on January 27 1998 Retrieved June 8 2012 California Golden Bears Traditions Calbears collegesports com Archived from the original on March 3 2006 Retrieved June 8 2012 California Golden Bears Traditions Calbears collegesports com September 7 1991 Archived from the original on December 12 2004 Retrieved June 8 2012 Home Cal Spirit Retrieved November 14 2018 Home Usca org Archived from the original on June 17 2012 Retrieved June 8 2012 University of California Berkeley Student Life U S News amp World Report Retrieved May 6 2021 About CalGreeks ASUC Student Union LEADCenter Retrieved January 25 2016 Welcome to CalGreeks com CalGreeks Retrieved January 25 2016 Student Action Webpage Studentaction org Archived from the original on July 7 2012 Retrieved June 8 2012 CalSERVE Webpage Calserve org Retrieved June 8 2012 Associated Students of the University of California List of executive officers ASUC Bylaw 3206 CalTV ASUC Central Drive Google Drive Campus Description UC Berkeley University of California June 2 2006 Archived from the original on March 10 2007 Retrieved June 23 2016 About the Residence Hall Assembly rha berkeley edu Archived from the original on November 5 2016 Retrieved November 19 2014 The Berkeley Group The Berkeley Group February 11 2007 Retrieved June 8 2012 Berkeley Consulting Retrieved January 23 2018 Official weblink to ImagiCal Archived from the original on September 24 2014 Retrieved September 19 2014 The Berkeley Forum Forum berkeley edu Retrieved June 28 2013 DeCal Democratic Education at Cal Archived from the original on November 4 1999 Retrieved April 4 2014 DeCal Courses Archived from the original on June 25 2018 Retrieved May 4 2018 SEB Website UC Berkeley Retrieved January 15 2020 STAR Website UC Berkeley Retrieved April 23 2021 FSAE Website UC Berkeley Retrieved January 15 2020 FEB Website UC Berkeley Retrieved January 15 2020 CalSol Website UC Berkeley Retrieved April 23 2021 CalSMV Website UC Berkeley Retrieved April 23 2021 HPV Website UC Berkeley Retrieved April 23 2021 UC Berkeley To Join ACC 2024 25 Academic Year Calbears com California Golden Bears September 1 2023 Retrieved December 3 2023 a b State Colors State Wide News University Bulletin 2 4 18 August 24 1953 Retrieved July 19 2014 Resource Guide Student history University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on January 10 2010 Retrieved February 26 2010 GOVERNMENT CODE GOV TITLE 1 GENERAL 100 7914 Title 1 enacted by Stats 1943 Ch 134 DIVISION 2 STATE SEAL FLAG AND EMBLEMS 399 447 Division 2 enacted by Stats 1943 Ch 134 California Legislative Information Code Section Retrieved September 9 2014 Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines Color Retrieved July 19 2014 Colors Berkeley University of California Retrieved July 19 2014 The Scrum Axe what IS it Bear Insider California Golden Bears Olympians calbears com Retrieved August 23 2016 2007 08 Fall U S Sports Academy Directors Cup standings PDF CBS Interactive Archived from the original PDF on April 11 2019 Retrieved May 22 2014 Director s Cup results 07 08 Archived from the original PDF on March 8 2012 Retrieved March 2 2012 Director s Cup results 10 11 PDF Retrieved March 2 2012 Yen Ruey November 9 2017 Big Splash Big Kick Cal vs Stanford in Men s Water Polo and Men s Soccer California Golden Blogs Retrieved March 10 2018 Berkeley Law Distinguished Alumni sfgate com February 26 2012 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Encyclopaedia Britannica Online August 11 2023 Her Norwegian heritage drew her to projects with the Norwegian Consulate in San Francisco and the Norwegian American Cultural Society and she hosted a party for Crown Prince Haakon Magnus when he graduated from UC Berkeley in 1999 Carolyne Zinko July 3 2008 Sigrun Corrigan Bay Area arts patron dies San Francisco Chronicle 12 06 2004 Renowned mathematician Shiing Shen Chern who revitalized the study of geometry has died at 93 in Tianjin China www berkeley edu Retrieved March 8 2016 BCTP History ctp berkeley edu Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved March 8 2016 History Space Sciences Laboratory Archived from the original on May 16 2019 Retrieved March 8 2016 Berkeley Lab History 75 Years of World Class Science history lbl gov Retrieved March 8 2016 Nomination Database Gilbert N Lewis NobelPrize org Retrieved May 10 2016 Gilbert N Lewis Atomic Heritage Foundation Retrieved March 9 2019 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.