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Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol (/ˈwɔːrhɒl/;[1] born Andrew Warhola Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American visual artist, film director, producer, and leading figure in the pop art movement. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best-known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) and Marilyn Diptych (1962), the experimental films Empire (1964) and Chelsea Girls (1966), and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966–67).

Andy Warhol
Warhol in 1980
Born
Andrew Warhola Jr.

(1928-08-06)August 6, 1928
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US
DiedFebruary 22, 1987(1987-02-22) (aged 58)
New York City, US
EducationCarnegie Institute of Technology (Carnegie Mellon University)
Known forPrintmaking, painting, cinema, photography
Notable work
MovementPop art
Signature

Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s, he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist. His New York studio, The Factory, became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy patrons.[2][3][4] He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars, and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression "15 minutes of fame".

In the late 1960s he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine. He authored numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism: The Warhol Sixties. He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement. In June 1968, he was almost killed by radical feminist Valerie Solanas, who shot him inside his studio.[5] After gallbladder surgery, Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58 in New York City.

Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films. The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives, is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist. Warhol has been described as the "bellwether of the art market".[6] Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable. His works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold.[7] In 2013, a 1963 serigraph titled Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster) sold for $105 million. In 2022, Shot Sage Blue Marilyn (1964) sold for $195 million, which is the most expensive work of art sold at auction by an American artist.

Biography

Early life and beginnings (1928–1949)

 
Warhol's childhood home. 3252 Dawson Street, South Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Warhol was born on August 6, 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[8] He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola Sr. 1889–1942)[9][10] and Julia (née Zavacká, 1892–1972),[11] whose first child was born in their homeland of Austria-Hungary and died before their move to the US.

 
An infant Warhol (right) with his mother, Julia, and his brother, John (left); dated c. 1930.

His parents were working-class Lemko[12][13] emigrants from Mikó, Austria-Hungary (now called Miková, located in today's northeastern Slovakia). Warhol's father emigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhol's grandparents. Warhol's father worked in a coal mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.[14] The family was Ruthenian Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. Andy Warhol had two elder brothers—Pavol (Paul), the eldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavol's son, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.

In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness.[15] At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed. Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.[16]

As a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945, and also won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award.[17] After graduating from high school, his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art. During his time there, Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club and Beaux Arts Society.[18][19] He also served as art director of the student art magazine, Cano, illustrating a cover in 1948[20] and a full-page interior illustration in 1949.[21] These are believed to be his first two published artworks.[21] Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949.[22] Later that year, he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising.

1950s

 
Warhol in New York City, in 1950

Warhol's early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art, where his first commission had been to draw shoes for Glamour magazine in the late 1940s.[23] In the 1950s, Warhol worked as a designer for shoe manufacturer Israel Miller.[23][24] While working in the shoe industry, Warhol developed his "blotted line" technique, applying ink to paper and then blotting the ink while still wet, which was akin to a printmaking process on the most rudimentary scale. His use of tracing paper and ink allowed him to repeat the basic image and also to create endless variations on the theme.[23] American photographer John Coplans recalled that nobody drew shoes the way Andy did. He somehow gave each shoe a temperament of its own, a sort of sly, Toulouse-Lautrec kind of sophistication, but the shape and the style came through accurately and the buckle was always in the right place. The kids in the apartment [which Andy shared in New York – note by Coplans] noticed that the vamps on Andy's shoe drawings kept getting longer and longer but [Israel] Miller didn't mind. Miller loved them.

In 1952, Warhol had his first solo show at the Hugo Gallery in New York, and although that show was not well received, by 1956, he was included in his first group exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York.[25] Warhol's "whimsical" ink drawings of shoe advertisements figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York in 1957.[26]

Warhol habitually used the expedient of tracing photographs projected with an epidiascope.[27] Using prints by Edward Wallowitch, his "first boyfriend,"[28] the photographs would undergo a subtle transformation during Warhol's often cursory tracing of contours and hatching of shadows. Warhol used Wallowitch's photograph Young Man Smoking a Cigarette (c. 1956),[29] for a 1958 design for a book cover he submitted to Simon and Schuster for the Walter Ross pulp novel The Immortal, and later used others for his series of paintings.[30][31]

With the rapid expansion of the record industry, RCA Records hired Warhol, along with another freelance artist, Sid Maurer, to design album covers and promotional materials.[32]

1960s

 
Warhol (left) and Tennessee Williams (right) talking on the SS France, 1967.

Warhol was an early adopter of the silk screen printmaking process as a technique for making paintings. In 1962, Warhol was taught silk screen printmaking techniques by Max Arthur Cohn at his graphic arts business in Manhattan.[33][34] In his book Popism: The Warhol Sixties, Warhol writes: "When you do something exactly wrong, you always turn up something."[35]

In May 1962, Warhol was featured in an article in Time magazine with his painting Big Campbell's Soup Can with Can Opener (Vegetable) (1962), which initiated his most sustained motif, the Campbell's soup can.[36] That painting became Warhol's first to be shown in a museum when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford in July 1962.[37] On July 9, 1962, Warhol's exhibition opened at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles with Campbell's Soup Cans, marking his West Coast debut of pop art.[38][39][40]

In November 1962, Warhol had an exhibition at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery in New York. The exhibit included the works Gold Marilyn, eight of the classic "Marilyn" series also named "Flavor Marilyns", Marilyn Diptych, 100 Soup Cans, 100 Coke Bottles, and 100 Dollar Bills. Gold Marilyn, was bought by the architect Philip Johnson and donated to the Museum of Modern Art. At the exhibit, Warhol met poet John Giorno, who would star in Warhol's first film, Sleep (1964).[41]

 
Campbell's Soup I (1968)

In December 1962, New York City's Museum of Modern Art hosted a symposium on pop art, during which artists such as Warhol were attacked for "capitulating" to consumerism. Critics were appalled by Warhol's open acceptance of market culture, which set the tone for his reception.[42]

In early 1963, Warhol rented his first studio, an old firehouse at 159 East 87th Street.[43] At this studio, he created his Elvis series, which included Eight Elvises (1963) and Triple Elvis (1963).[44] These portraits along with a series of Elizabeth Taylor portraits were shown at his second exhibition at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.[45] Later that year, Warhol relocated his studio to East 47th Street, which would turn into The Factory.[46] The Factory became a popular gathering spot for a wide range of artists, writers, musicians, and underground celebrities.[47]

Warhol had his second exhibition at the Stable Gallery in the spring of 1964, which featured sculptures of commercial boxes stacked and scattered throughout the space to resemble a warehouse.[48] For the exhibition, Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes and silkscreened graphics onto them. The sculptures—Brillo Box, Del Monte Peach Box, Heinz Tomato Ketchup Box, Kellogg's Cornflakes Box, Campbell's Tomato Juice Box, and Mott's Apple Juice Box—sold for $200 to $400 depending on the size of the box.[49]

A pivotal event was The American Supermarket exhibition at Paul Bianchini's Upper East Side gallery in the fall of 1964.[50] The show was presented as a typical small supermarket environment, except that everything in it—from the produce, canned goods, meat, posters on the wall, etc.—was created by prominent pop artists of the time, among them sculptor Claes Oldenburg, Mary Inman and Bob Watts.[50] Warhol designed a $12 paper shopping bag—plain white with a red Campbell's soup can.[50] His painting of a can of a Campbell's soup cost $1,500 while each autographed can sold for 3 for $18, $6.50 each.[50][51] The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both pop art and the perennial question of what art is.[52]

In 1967 Warhol established Factory Additions for his printmaking and publishing enterprise.[53]

 
Warhol in 1973, photographed by Jack Mitchell

As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s, Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity. Collaboration would remain a defining (and controversial) aspect of his working methods throughout his career; this was particularly true in the 1960s. One of the most important collaborators during this period was Gerard Malanga. Malanga assisted the artist with the production of silkscreens, films, sculpture, and other works at "The Factory", Warhol's aluminum foil-and-silver-paint-lined studio on 47th Street (later moved to Broadway). Other members of Warhol's Factory crowd included Freddie Herko, Ondine, Ronald Tavel, Mary Woronov, Billy Name, and Brigid Berlin (from whom he apparently got the idea to tape-record his phone conversations).[54]

During the 1960s, Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian and counterculture eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation "superstars", including Nico, Joe Dallesandro, Edie Sedgwick, Viva, Ultra Violet, Holly Woodlawn, Jackie Curtis, and Candy Darling. These people all participated in the Factory films, and some—like Berlin—remained friends with Warhol until his death. Important figures in the New York underground art/cinema world, such as writer John Giorno and film-maker Jack Smith, also appear in Warhol films (many premiering at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and 55th Street Playhouse) of the 1960s, revealing Warhol's connections to a diverse range of artistic scenes during this time. Less well known was his support and collaboration with several teenagers during this era, who would achieve prominence later in life including writer David Dalton,[55] photographer Stephen Shore[56] and artist Bibbe Hansen (mother of pop musician Beck).[57]

1968 assassination attempt

On June 3, 1968, radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and Mario Amaya, art critic and curator, at Warhol's studio, The Factory.[5] Before the shooting, Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene. She authored in 1967 the SCUM Manifesto,[58] a separatist feminist tract that advocated the elimination of men; and appeared in the 1968 Warhol film I, a Man. Earlier on the day of the attack, Solanas had been turned away from the Factory after asking for the return of a script she had given to Warhol. The script had apparently been misplaced.[59]

Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day. Warhol was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived. He had physical effects for the rest of his life, including being required to wear a surgical corset.[15] The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol's life and art.[60][61][62]

Solanas was arrested the day after the assault, after turning herself in to police. By way of explanation, she said that Warhol "had too much control over my life". She was subsequently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the Department of Corrections. After the shooting, the Factory scene heavily increased its security, and for many the "Factory 60s" ended ("The superstars from the old Factory days didn't come around to the new Factory much").[62]

Warhol had this to say about the attack:[63]

Before I was shot, I always thought that I was more half-there than all-there—I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life. People sometimes say that the way things happen in movies is unreal, but actually it's the way things happen in life that's unreal. The movies make emotions look so strong and real, whereas when things really do happen to you, it's like watching television—you don't feel anything. Right when I was being shot and ever since, I knew that I was watching television. The channels switch, but it's all television.

In 1969, Warhol and British journalist John Wilcock founded Interview magazine.[64]

1970s

 
President Jimmy Carter and Warhol in 1977

Warhol had a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1971.[65] His famous portrait of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong was created in 1973. In 1975, he published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (1975). An idea expressed in the book: "Making money is art, and working is art and good business is the best art."[66]

Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol's work in the 1960s, the 1970s were a much quieter decade, as he became more entrepreneurial. He socialized at various nightspots in New York City, including Max's Kansas City and, later in the 1970s, Studio 54.[67][unreliable source?] He was generally regarded as quiet, shy, and a meticulous observer. Art critic Robert Hughes called him "the white mole of Union Square".[68] In 1977, Warhol was commissioned by art collector Richard Weisman to create Athletes, ten portraits consisting of the leading athletes of the day.[69]

According to Bob Colacello, Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new, rich patrons for portrait commissions—including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi, his sister Princess Ashraf Pahlavi, Mick Jagger, Liza Minnelli, John Lennon, Diana Ross, and Brigitte Bardot.[70][71] In 1979, reviewers disliked his exhibits of portraits of 1970s personalities and celebrities, calling them superficial, facile and commercial, with no depth or indication of the significance of the subjects.[72] In 1979, Warhol and his longtime friend Stuart Pivar founded the New York Academy of Art.[73][74]

1980s

Warhol had a re-emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s, partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists, who were dominating the "bull market" of 1980s New York art: Jean-Michel Basquiat, Julian Schnabel, David Salle and other so-called Neo-Expressionists, as well as members of the Transavantgarde movement in Europe, including Francesco Clemente and Enzo Cucchi. Warhol also earned street credibility and graffiti artist Fab Five Freddy paid homage to Warhol by painting an entire train with Campbell soup cans.[75]

Warhol was also being criticized for becoming merely a "business artist".[72] Critics panned his 1980 exhibition Ten Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century at the Jewish Museum in Manhattan, which Warhol—who was uninterested in Judaism and Jews—had described in his diary as "They're going to sell."[72] In hindsight, however, some critics have come to view Warhol's superficiality and commerciality as "the most brilliant mirror of our times," contending that "Warhol had captured something irresistible about the zeitgeist of American culture in the 1970s."[72]

Warhol also had an appreciation for intense Hollywood glamour. He once said: "I love Los Angeles. I love Hollywood. They're so beautiful. Everything's plastic, but I love plastic. I want to be plastic."[76] Warhol occasionally walked the fashion runways and did product endorsements, represented by Zoli Agency and later Ford Models.[77]

Before the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics, he teamed with 15 other artists, including David Hockney and Cy Twombly, and contributed a Speed Skater print to the Art and Sport collection. The Speed Skater was used for the official Sarajevo Winter Olympics poster.[78]

In 1984, Vanity Fair commissioned Warhol to produce a portrait of Prince, in order to accompany an article that celebrated the success of Purple Rain and its accompanying movie.[79] Referencing the many celebrity portraits produced by Warhol across his career, Orange Prince (1984) was created using a similar composition to the Marilyn "Flavors" series from 1962, among some of Warhol's first celebrity portraits.[80] Prince is depicted in a pop color palette commonly used by Warhol, in bright orange with highlights of bright green and blue. The facial features and hair are screen-printed in black over the orange background.[81][82][83]

In September 1985, Warhol's joint exhibition with Basquiat, Paintings, opened to negative reviews at the Tony Shafrazi Gallery.[84] That month, despite apprehension from Warhol, his silkscreen series Reigning Queens was shown at the Leo Castelli Gallery.[85] In the Andy Warhol Diaries, Warhol wrote, "They were supposed to be only for Europe—nobody here cares about royalty and it'll be another bad review."[86]

In January 1987, Warhol traveled to Milan for the opening of his last exhibition, Last Supper, at the Palazzo delle Stelline.[87] The next month, Warhol and jazz musician Miles Davis modeled for Koshin Satoh's fashion show at the Tunnel in New York City on February 17, 1987.[88][89]

Death

 
Statue of Andy Warhol in Bratislava, Slovakia

Warhol died in Manhattan at 6:32 a.m. on February 22, 1987, at age 58. According to news reports, he had been making a good recovery from gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying in his sleep from a sudden post-operative irregular heartbeat.[90] Prior to his diagnosis and operation, Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked, as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors.[73] His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication.[91] The malpractice case was quickly settled out of court; Warhol's family received an undisclosed sum of money.[92]

Shortly before Warhol's death, doctors expected Warhol to survive the surgery, though a re-evaluation of the case about thirty years after his death showed many indications that Warhol's surgery was in fact riskier than originally thought.[93] It was widely reported at the time that Warhol had died of a "routine" surgery, though when considering factors such as his age, a family history of gallbladder problems, his previous gunshot wound, and his medical state in the weeks leading up to the procedure, the potential risk of death following the surgery appeared to have been significant.[93]

Warhol's brothers took his body back to Pittsburgh, where an open-coffin wake was held at the Thomas P. Kunsak Funeral Home. The solid bronze casket had gold-plated rails and white upholstery. Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit, a paisley tie, a platinum wig, and sunglasses. He was laid out holding a small prayer book and a red rose. The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh's North Side on February 27, 1987. The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay. Yoko Ono and John Richardson were speakers. The coffin was covered with white roses and asparagus ferns.

After the liturgy, the coffin was driven to St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south suburb of Pittsburgh, where Warhol was buried near his parents.[94] The priest said a brief prayer at the graveside and sprinkled holy water on the casket. Before the coffin was lowered, Warhol's close friend and associate publisher of Interview, Paige Powell, dropped a copy of the magazine and a bottle of Beautiful Eau de Parfum by Estée Lauder into the grave.[95][96] A memorial service was held in Manhattan for Warhol at St. Patrick's Cathedral on April 1, 1987.[97]

Art works

Paintings

By the beginning of the 1960s, pop art was an experimental form that several artists were independently adopting; some of these pioneers, such as Roy Lichtenstein, would later become synonymous with the movement. Warhol, who would become famous as the "Pope of Pop", turned to this new style, where popular subjects could be part of the artist's palette. His early paintings show images taken from cartoons and advertisements, hand-painted with paint drips. Those drips emulated the style of successful abstract expressionists such as Willem de Kooning.

From these beginnings, he developed his later style and subjects. Instead of working on a signature subject matter, as he started out to do, he worked more and more on a signature style, slowly eliminating the handmade from the artistic process. Warhol frequently used silk-screening; his later drawings were traced from slide projections. At the height of his fame as a painter, Warhol had several assistants who produced his silk-screen multiples, following his directions to make different versions and variations.[98]

Warhol's first pop art paintings were displayed in April 1961, serving as the backdrop for New York Department Store Bonwit Teller's window display. This was the same stage his Pop Art contemporaries Jasper Johns, James Rosenquist and Robert Rauschenberg had also once graced.[99] It was the gallerist Muriel Latow who came up with the ideas for both the soup cans and Warhol's dollar paintings. On November 23, 1961, Warhol wrote Latow a check for $50 which, according to the 2009 Warhol biography, Pop, The Genius of Warhol, was payment for coming up with the idea of the soup cans as subject matter.[100] For his first major exhibition, Warhol painted his famous cans of Campbell's soup, which he claimed to have had for lunch for most of his life.

It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American objects such as dollar bills, mushroom clouds, electric chairs, Campbell's soup cans, Coca-Cola bottles, celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, and Elizabeth Taylor, as well as newspaper headlines or photographs of police dogs attacking African-American protesters during the Birmingham campaign in the civil rights movement. His work became popular and controversial. Warhol had this to say about Coca-Cola:

What's great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca-Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coca-Cola, Liz Taylor drinks Coca-Cola, and just think, you can drink Coca-Cola, too. A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it.[101]

In 1962, Warhol created his famous Marilyn series. The Flavor Marilyns were selected from a group of fourteen canvases in the sub-series, each measuring 20" x 16". Some of the canvases were named after various candy Life Savers flavors, including Cherry Marilyn, Lemon Marilyn, and Licorice Marilyn. The others are identified by their background colors.[102]

Warhol produced both comic and serious works; his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair. Warhol used the same techniques—silkscreens, reproduced serially, and often painted with bright colors—whether he painted celebrities, everyday objects, or images of suicide, car crashes, and disasters, as in the 1962–63 Death and Disaster series.[103]

In 1979, Warhol was commissioned to paint a BMW M1 Group 4 racing version for the fourth installment of the BMW Art Car project.[104] He was initially asked to paint a BMW 320i in 1978, but the car model was changed and it didn't qualify for the race that year.[105][106][107] Warhol was the first artist to paint directly onto the automobile himself instead of letting technicians transfer a scale-model design to the car.[104] Reportedly, it took him only 23 minutes to paint the entire car.[108] Racecar drivers Hervé Poulain, Manfred Winkelhock and Marcel Mignot drove the car at the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans.[104]

Some of Warhol's work, as well as his own personality, has been described as being Keatonesque. Warhol has been described as playing dumb to the media. He sometimes refused to explain his work. He has suggested that all one needs to know about his work is "already there 'on the surface'".[109]

His Rorschach inkblots are intended as pop comments on art and what art could be. His cow wallpaper (literally, wallpaper with a cow motif) and his oxidation paintings (canvases prepared with copper paint that was then oxidized with urine) are also noteworthy in this context. Equally noteworthy is the way these works—and their means of production—mirrored the atmosphere at Andy's New York "Factory". Biographer Bob Colacello provides some details on Andy's "piss paintings":

Victor ... was Andy's ghost pisser on the Oxidations. He would come to the Factory to urinate on canvases that had already been primed with copper-based paint by Andy or Ronnie Cutrone, a second ghost pisser much appreciated by Andy, who said that the vitamin B that Ronnie took made a prettier color when the acid in the urine turned the copper green. Did Andy ever use his own urine? My diary shows that when he first began the series, in December 1977, he did, and there were many others: boys who'd come to lunch and drink too much wine, and find it funny or even flattering to be asked to help Andy 'paint'. Andy always had a little extra bounce in his walk as he led them to his studio.[110]

Warhol's 1982 portrait of Basquiat, Jean-Michel Basquiat, is a silkscreen over an oxidized copper "piss painting."[111][112] After many years of silkscreen, oxidation, photography, etc., Warhol returned to painting with a brush in hand. In 1983, Warhol began collaborating with Basquiat and Clemente.[113] Warhol and Basquiat created a series of more than 50 large collaborative works between 1984 and 1985.[114] Despite criticism when these were first shown, Warhol called some of them "masterpieces," and they were influential for his later work.[115]

In 1984, Warhol was commissioned by collector and gallerist Alexander Iolas to produce work based on Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper for an exhibition at the old refectory of the Palazzo delle Stelline in Milan, opposite from the Santa Maria delle Grazie where Leonardo da Vinci's mural can be seen.[116] Warhol exceeded the demands of the commission and produced nearly 100 variations on the theme, mostly silkscreens and paintings, and among them a collaborative sculpture with Basquiat, the Ten Punching Bags (Last Supper).[117] The Milan exhibition that opened in January 1987 with a set of 22 silk-screens, was the last exhibition for both the artist and the gallerist.[118] The series of The Last Supper was seen by some as "arguably his greatest,"[119] but by others as "wishy-washy, religiose" and "spiritless".[120] It is the largest series of religious-themed works by any American artist.[119]

Artist Maurizio Cattelan describes that it is difficult to separate daily encounters from the art of Andy Warhol: "That's probably the greatest thing about Warhol: the way he penetrated and summarized our world, to the point that distinguishing between him and our everyday life is basically impossible, and in any case useless." Warhol was an inspiration towards Cattelan's magazine and photography compilations, such as Permanent Food, Charley, and Toilet Paper.[121]

In the period just before his death, Warhol was working on Cars, a series of paintings for Mercedes-Benz.[122]

Drawings

"Though he is often associated with printmaking—specifically silkscreen—Warhol was also an incredibly talented illustrator and draughtsman, and drawing was an integral part of his practice throughout his career. His early drawings on paper bare a resemblance to both continuous line and blind contour drawing techniques, giving his work a sense of ease and immediacy. While working primarily within commercial advertisement, he pioneered the blotted line technique, which synthesized graphite drawing on paper with elements of printmaking. Warhol continued his practice of drawing through the last years of his life and career, and the work from this later period exemplifies a long and storied career’s worth of honed skill and technique."[123]

Art market

The value of Andy Warhol's work has been on an endless upward trajectory since his death in 1987. In 2014, his works accumulated $569 million at auction, which accounted for more than a sixth of the global art market.[124] However, there have been some dips. According to art dealer Dominique Lévy, "The Warhol trade moves something like a seesaw being pulled uphill: it rises and falls, but each new high and low is above the last one."[125] She attributes this to the consistent influx of new collectors intrigued by Warhol. "At different moments, you've had different groups of collectors entering the Warhol market, and that resulted in peaks in demand, then satisfaction and a slow down," before the process repeats another demographic or the next generation.[125]

In 1998, Orange Marilyn (1964), a depiction of Marilyn Monroe, sold for $17.3 million, which at the time set a new record as the highest price paid for a Warhol artwork.[126] In 2007, one of Warhol's 1963 paintings of Elizabeth Taylor, Liz (Colored Liz), which was owned by actor Hugh Grant, sold for $23.7 million at Christie's.[127][128]

In 2007, Stefan Edlis and Gael Neeson sold Warhol's Turquoise Marilyn (1964) to financier Steven A. Cohen for $80 million.[129] In May 2007, Green Car Crash (1963) sold for $71.1 million and Lemon Marilyn (1962) sold for $28 million at Christie's post-war and contemporary art auction.[130] In 2007, Large Campbell's Soup Can (1964) was sold at a Sotheby's auction to a South American collector for 7.4 million.[131] In November 2009, 200 One Dollar Bills (1962) at Sotheby's for $43.8 million.[132]

In 2008, Eight Elvises (1963) was sold by Annibale Berlingieri for $100 million to a private buyer.[133] The work depicts Elvis Presley in a gunslinger pose. It was first exhibited in 1963 at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles. Warhol made 22 versions of the Elvis portraits, 11 of which are held in museums.[45] In May 2012, Double Elvis (Ferus Type) sold at auction at Sotheby's for $37 million.[134][135] In November 2014, Triple Elvis (Ferus Type) sold for $81.9 million at Christie's.[136]

In May 2010, a purple self-portrait of Warhol from 1986 that was owned by fashion designer Tom Ford sold for $32.6 million at Sotheby's.[137] In November 2010, Men in Her Life (1962), based on Elizabeth Taylor, sold for $63.4 million at Phillips de Pury and Coca-Cola (4) (1962) sold for $35.3 million at Sotheby's.[138][139] In May 2011, Warhol's first self-portrait from 1963 to 1964 sold for $38.4 million and a red self-portrait from 1986 sold for $27.5 million at Christie's.[140] In May 2011, Liz #5 (Early Colored Liz) sold for $26.9 million at Phillips.[141]

In November 2013, Warhol's rarely seen 1963 diptych, Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster), sold at Sotheby's for $105.4 million, a new record for the artist.[142][143] In November 2013, Coca-Cola (3) (1962) sold for $57.3 million at Christie's.[144] In May 2014, White Marilyn (1962) sold for $41 million at Christie's.[145] In November 2014, Four Marlons (1964), which depicts Marlon Brando, sold for $69.6 million at Christie's.[146] In May 2015, Silver Liz (diptych), painted in 1963, sold for $28 million and Colored Mona Lisa (1963) sold for $56.2 million at Christie's.[147][148] In May 2017, Warhol's 1962 painting Big Campbell's Soup Can With Can Opener (Vegetable) sold for $27.5 million at Christie's.[149] In 2017, billionaire hedge-fund manager Ken Griffin purchased Orange Marilyn privately for around $200 million.[150] In March 2022, Silver Liz (Ferus Type) sold for 2.3 billion yen ($18.9 million) at Shinwa Auction, which set a new record for the highest bid ever at auction in Japan.[151] In May 2022, Shot Sage Blue Marilyn (1964) sold for $195 million at Christie's, becoming the most expensive American artwork sold at auction.[152]

Collectors

Among Warhol's early collectors and influential supporters were Emily and Burton Tremaine. Among the over 15 artworks purchased,[153] Marilyn Diptych (now at Tate Modern, London)[154] and A boy for Meg (now at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC),[155] were purchased directly out of Warhol's studio in 1962. One Christmas, Warhol left a small Head of Marilyn Monroe by the Tremaine's door at their New York apartment in gratitude for their support and encouragement.[156]

Works

Filmography

 
Screenshot from the 1964 film Empire

Warhol attended the 1962 premiere of the static composition by La Monte Young called Trio for Strings and subsequently created his famous series of static films. Filmmaker Jonas Mekas, who accompanied Warhol to the Trio premiere, claims Warhol's static films were directly inspired by the performance.[157] Between 1963 and 1968, he made more than 60 films,[158] plus some 500 short black-and-white "screen test" portraits of Factory visitors.[159]

One of his most famous films, Sleep, monitors poet John Giorno sleeping for six hours. The 35-minute film Blow Job is one continuous shot of the face of DeVeren Bookwalter supposedly receiving oral sex from filmmaker Willard Maas, although the camera never tilts down to see this. Another, Empire (1964), consists of eight hours of footage of the Empire State Building in New York City at dusk. The film Eat consists of a man eating a mushroom for 45 minutes.

Batman Dracula is a 1964 film that was produced and directed by Warhol, without the permission of DC Comics. It was screened only at his art exhibits. A fan of the Batman series, Warhol's movie was an "homage" to the series, and is considered the first appearance of a blatantly campy Batman. The film was until recently thought to have been lost, until scenes from the picture were shown at some length in the 2006 documentary Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis.

Warhol's 1965 film Vinyl is an adaptation of Anthony Burgess' popular dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange. Others record improvised encounters between Factory regulars such as Brigid Berlin, Viva, Edie Sedgwick, Candy Darling, Holly Woodlawn, Ondine, Nico and Jackie Curtis. The underground artist Jack Smith appears in the film Camp.

His most popular and critically successful film was Chelsea Girls (1966). The film was highly innovative in that it consisted of two 16 mm-films being projected simultaneously, with two different stories being shown in tandem. From the projection booth, the sound would be raised for one film to elucidate that "story" while it was lowered for the other. The multiplication of images evoked Warhol's seminal silk-screen works of the early 1960s.

Warhol was a fan of filmmaker Radley Metzger's film work[160] and commented that Metzger's film, The Lickerish Quartet, was "an outrageously kinky masterpiece".[161][162][163] Blue Movie—a film in which Warhol superstar Viva makes love in bed with Louis Waldon, another Warhol superstar—was Warhol's last film as director.[164][165] The film, a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn, was, at the time, controversial for its frank approach to a sexual encounter.[166][167] Blue Movie was publicly screened in New York City in 2005, for the first time in more than 30 years.[168]

In the wake of the 1968 shooting, a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in film making. His acolyte and assistant director, Paul Morrissey, took over the film-making chores for the Factory collective, steering Warhol-branded cinema towards more mainstream, narrative-based, B-movie exploitation fare with Flesh, Trash, and Heat. All of these films, including the later Andy Warhol's Dracula and Andy Warhol's Frankenstein, were far more mainstream than anything Warhol as a director had attempted. These latter "Warhol" films starred Joe Dallesandro—more of a Morrissey star than a true Warhol superstar.

In the early 1970s, most of the films directed by Warhol were pulled out of circulation by Warhol and the people around him who ran his business. After Warhol's death, the films were slowly restored by the Whitney Museum and are occasionally projected at museums and film festivals. Few of the Warhol-directed films are available on video or DVD.

Music

In the mid-1960s, Warhol adopted the band the Velvet Underground, making them a crucial element of the Exploding Plastic Inevitable multimedia performance art show. Warhol, with Paul Morrissey, acted as the band's manager, introducing them to Nico (who would perform with the band at Warhol's request). While managing The Velvet Underground, Andy would have them dressed in all black to perform in front of movies that he was also presenting.[169] In 1966, he "produced" their first album The Velvet Underground & Nico, as well as providing its album art. His actual participation in the album's production amounted to simply paying for the studio time.

After the band's first album, Warhol and band leader Lou Reed started to disagree more about the direction the band should take, and their artistic friendship ended.[citation needed] In 1989, after Warhol's death, Reed and John Cale re-united for the first time since 1972 to write, perform, record and release the concept album Songs for Drella, a tribute to Warhol. In October 2019, an audio tape of publicly unknown music by Reed, based on Warhols' 1975 book, "The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again", was reported to have been discovered in an archive at the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh.[170]

Warhol designed many album covers for various artists starting with the photographic cover of John Wallowitch's debut album, This Is John Wallowitch!!! (1964). He designed the cover art for The Rolling Stones' albums Sticky Fingers (1971) and Love You Live (1977), and the John Cale albums The Academy in Peril (1972) and Honi Soit in 1981. One of Warhol's last works was a portrait of Aretha Franklin for the cover of her 1986 gold album Aretha.[171]

In 1984, Warhol co-directed the music video "Hello Again" by the Cars, and he appeared in the video as a bartender.[172][173] In 1986, Warhol co-directed the music video "Misfit" by Curiosity Killed the Cat and he made a cameo in video.[174][175][176]

Books and print

 
Warhol drawing and signature

Beginning in the early 1950s, Warhol produced several unbound portfolios of his work.

The first of several bound self-published books by Warhol was 25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy, printed in 1954 by Seymour Berlin on Arches brand watermarked paper using his blotted line technique for the lithographs. The original edition was limited to 190 numbered, hand-colored copies, using Dr. Martin's ink washes. Most of these were given by Warhol as gifts to clients and friends. Copy No. 4, inscribed "Jerry" on the front cover and given to Geraldine Stutz, was used for a facsimile printing in 1987,[177] and the original was auctioned in May 2006 for US$35,000 by Doyle New York.[178]

Other self-published books by Warhol include:

  • A Gold Book
  • Wild Raspberries
  • Holy Cats

Warhol's book A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu (1955) marked his "transition from commercial to gallery artist".[179] (The title is a play on words by Warhol on the title of French author Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu.)[179]

After gaining fame, Warhol "wrote" several books that were commercially published:

  • a, A Novel (1968, ISBN 978-0-8021-3553-7) is a literal transcription—containing spelling errors and phonetically written background noise and mumbling—of audio recordings of Ondine and several of Andy Warhol's friends hanging out at the Factory, talking, going out.[citation needed]
  • The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B & Back Again) (1975, ISBN 978-0-15-671720-5)—according to Pat Hackett's introduction to The Andy Warhol Diaries, Pat Hackett did the transcriptions and text for the book based on daily phone conversations, sometimes (when Warhol was traveling) using audio cassettes that Andy Warhol gave her.[180] Said cassettes contained conversations with Brigid Berlin (also known as Brigid Polk) and former Interview magazine editor Bob Colacello.[citation needed]
  • Popism: The Warhol Sixties (1980, ISBN 978-0-15-672960-4), authored by Warhol and Pat Hackett, is a retrospective view of the 1960s and the role of pop art.
  • The Andy Warhol Diaries (1989, ISBN 978-0-446-39138-2), edited by Pat Hackett, is a diary dictated by Warhol to Hackett in daily phone conversations. Warhol started the diary to keep track of his expenses after being audited, although it soon evolved to include his personal and cultural observations.[181]

Warhol created the fashion magazine Interview that is still published. The loopy title script on the cover is thought to be either his own handwriting or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who would often do text work for his early commercial pieces.[182]

Other media

Although Andy Warhol is most known for his paintings and films, he authored works in many different media.

 
Silver Clouds reproduction at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, December 2015, Warhol Unlimited Exposition
  • Drawing: Warhol started his career as a commercial illustrator, producing drawings in "blotted-ink" style for advertisements and magazine articles. Best known of these early works are his drawings of shoes. Some of his personal drawings were self-published in small booklets, such as Yum, Yum, Yum (about food), Ho, Ho, Ho (about Christmas) and Shoes, Shoes, Shoes. His most artistically acclaimed book of drawings is probably A Gold Book, compiled of sensitive drawings of young men. A Gold Book is so named because of the gold leaf that decorates its pages.[183] In April 2012 a sketch of 1930s singer Rudy Vallee claimed to have been drawn by Andy Warhol was found at a Las Vegas garage sale. The image was said to have been drawn when Andy was nine or 10.[184] Various authorities have challenged the image's authenticity.[citation needed]
  • Sculpture: Warhol's most famous sculpture is probably his Brillo Boxes, silkscreened ink on wood replicas of the large, branded cardboard boxes used to hold 24 packages of Brillo soap pads. The original Brillo design was by commercial artist James Harvey. Warhol's sculpture was part of a series of "grocery carton" works that also included Heinz ketchup and Campbell's tomato juice cases.[185] Other famous works include the Silver Clouds—helium filled, silver mylar, pillow-shaped balloons. A Silver Cloud was included in the traveling exhibition Air Art (1968–1969) curated by Willoughby Sharp. Clouds was also adapted by Warhol for avant-garde choreographer Merce Cunningham's dance piece RainForest (1968).[186]
  • Audio: At one point Warhol carried a portable recorder with him wherever he went, taping everything everybody said and did. He referred to this device as his "wife". Some of these tapes were the basis for his literary work. Another audio-work of Warhol's was his Invisible Sculpture, a presentation in which burglar alarms would go off when entering the room. Warhol's cooperation with the musicians of The Velvet Underground was driven by an expressed desire to become a music producer.[citation needed]
  • Time Capsules: In 1973, Warhol began saving ephemera from his daily life—correspondence, newspapers, souvenirs, childhood objects, even used plane tickets and food—which was sealed in plain cardboard boxes dubbed Time Capsules. By the time of his death, the collection grew to include 600, individually dated "capsules". The boxes are now housed at the Andy Warhol Museum.[187]
  • Television: Andy Warhol dreamed of a television special about a favorite subject of his – Nothing – that he would call The Nothing Special. Later in his career he did create two cable television shows, Andy Warhol's TV in 1982 and Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes (based on his famous "fifteen minutes of fame" quotation) for MTV in 1986. Besides his own shows he regularly made guest appearances on other programs, including The Love Boat wherein a Midwestern wife (Marion Ross) fears Andy Warhol will reveal to her husband (Tom Bosley, who starred alongside Ross in sitcom Happy Days) her secret past as a Warhol superstar named Marina del Rey. Warhol also produced a TV commercial for Schrafft's Restaurants in New York City, for an ice cream dessert appropriately titled the "Underground Sundae".[188]
  • Fashion: Warhol is quoted for having said: "I'd rather buy a dress and put it up on the wall, than put a painting, wouldn't you?"[189] One of his best-known superstars, Edie Sedgwick, aspired to be a fashion designer, and his good friend Halston was a famous one. Warhol's work in fashion includes silkscreened dresses, a short sub-career as a catwalk-model and books on fashion as well as paintings with fashion (shoes) as a subject.[citation needed] Warhol himself has been described as a modern dandy, whose authority "rested more on presence than on words".[190]
  • Performance Art: Warhol and his friends staged theatrical multimedia happenings at parties and public venues, combining music, film, slide projections and even Gerard Malanga in an S&M outfit cracking a whip. The Exploding Plastic Inevitable in 1966 was the culmination of this area of his work.[191]
  • Theater: Warhol's play Andy Warhol's Pork opened on May 5, 1971, at LaMama theater in New York for a two-week run and was brought to the Roundhouse in London for a longer run in August 1971. Pork was based on tape-recorded conversations between Brigid Berlin and Andy during which Brigid would play for Andy tapes she had made of phone conversations between herself and her mother, socialite Honey Berlin. The play featured Jayne County as "Vulva" and Cherry Vanilla as "Amanda Pork".[192] In 1974, Andy Warhol also produced the stage musical Man on the Moon, which was written by John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas.
 
Photograph of Debbie Harry by Andy Warhol, taken in 1980 in the Factory on the day of the photo-shoot for her silkscreen portraits
  • Photography: To produce his silkscreens, Warhol made photographs or had them made by his friends and assistants. These pictures were mostly taken with a specific model of Polaroid camera, The Big Shot, that Polaroid kept in production especially for Warhol. This photographic approach to painting and his snapshot method of taking pictures has had a great effect on artistic photography. Warhol was an accomplished photographer, and took an enormous number of photographs of Factory visitors, friends, acquired by Stanford University.[193][194]
  • Music: In 1963, Warhol founded The Druds, a short-lived avant-garde noise music band that featured prominent members of the New York proto-conceptual art and minimal art community.[195]
  • Computer: Warhol used Amiga computers to generate digital art, including You Are the One, which he helped design and build with Amiga, Inc. He also displayed the difference between slow fill and fast fill on live TV with Debbie Harry as a model.[196]

Personal life

Sexuality

Warhol was homosexual.[197][198] In 1980, he told an interviewer that he was still a virgin. Biographer Bob Colacello, who was present at the interview, felt it was probably true and that what little sex he had was probably "a mixture of voyeurism and masturbation—to use [Andy's] word abstract".[199] Warhol's assertion of virginity would seem to be contradicted by his hospital treatment in 1960 for condylomata, a sexually transmitted disease.[200] It has also been contradicted by his lovers, including Warhol muse BillyBoy, who has said they had sex to orgasm: "When he wasn't being Andy Warhol and when you were just alone with him he was an incredibly generous and very kind person. What seduced me was the Andy Warhol who I saw alone. In fact when I was with him in public he kind of got on my nerves....I'd say: 'You're just obnoxious, I can't bear you.'"[201]

Billy Name also denied that Warhol was only a voyeur, saying: "He was the essence of sexuality. It permeated everything. Andy exuded it, along with his great artistic creativity....It brought a joy to the whole art world in New York."[202] "But his personality was so vulnerable that it became a defense to put up the blank front."[203] Warhol's lovers included John Giorno,[204] Billy Name,[205] Charles Lisanby,[206] and Jon Gould. His boyfriend of 12 years was Jed Johnson, whom he met in 1968, and who later achieved fame as an interior designer.[207]

The fact that Warhol's homosexuality influenced his work and shaped his relationship to the art world is a major subject of scholarship on the artist and is an issue that Warhol himself addressed in interviews, in conversation with his contemporaries, and in his publications (e.g., Popism: The Warhol 1960s). Throughout his career, Warhol produced erotic photography and drawings of male nudes. Many of his most famous works (portraits of Liza Minnelli, Judy Garland, and Elizabeth Taylor and films such as Blow Job, My Hustler and Lonesome Cowboys) draw from gay underground culture or openly explore the complexity of sexuality and desire. As has been addressed by a range of scholars, many of his films premiered in gay porn theaters, including the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and 55th Street Playhouse, in the late 1960s.[208]

The first works that Warhol submitted to a fine art gallery, homoerotic drawings of male nudes, were rejected for being too openly gay.[28] In Popism, furthermore, the artist recalls a conversation with the filmmaker Emile de Antonio about the difficulty Warhol had being accepted socially by the then-more-famous (but closeted) gay artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg. De Antonio explained that Warhol was "too swish and that upsets them". In response to this, Warhol writes, "There was nothing I could say to that. It was all too true. So I decided I just wasn't going to care, because those were all the things that I didn't want to change anyway, that I didn't think I 'should' want to change ... Other people could change their attitudes but not me".[28][209] In exploring Warhol's biography, many turn to this period—the late 1950s and early 1960s—as a key moment in the development of his persona.

Some have suggested that his frequent refusal to comment on his work, to speak about himself (confining himself in interviews to responses like "Um, no" and "Um, yes", and often allowing others to speak for him)—and even the evolution of his pop style—can be traced to the years when Warhol was first dismissed by the inner circles of the New York art world.[210]

Religion

 
Images of Jesus from The Last Supper cycle (1986). Warhol made almost 100 variations on the theme, which the Guggenheim felt "indicates an almost obsessive investment in the subject matter".[211]

Warhol was a practicing Ruthenian Catholic. He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters in New York City, particularly during the busier times of the year, and described himself as a religious person.[212] Many of Warhol's later works depicted religious subjects, including two series, Details of Renaissance Paintings (1984) and The Last Supper (1986). In addition, a body of religious-themed works was found posthumously in his estate.[212]

Warhol regularly attended Liturgy, and the priest at Warhol's church, Saint Vincent Ferrer, said that the artist went there almost daily,[212] although he was not observed taking Communion or going to Confession and sat or knelt in the pews at the back.[199] The priest thought he was afraid of being recognized; Warhol said he was self-conscious about being seen in a Roman Rite church crossing himself "in the Orthodox way" (right to left instead of the reverse).[199]

Warhol's art is noticeably influenced by the Eastern Christian tradition which was so evident in his places of worship.[212] Warhol's brother has described the artist as "really religious, but he didn't want people to know about that because [it was] private". Despite the private nature of his faith, in Warhol's eulogy John Richardson depicted it as devout: "To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew's studies for the priesthood".[212]

Collections

Warhol was an avid collector. His friends referred to his numerous collections, which filled not only his four-story townhouse, but also a nearby storage unit, as "Andy's Stuff". The true extent of his collections was not discovered until after his death, when The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh took in 641 boxes of his "Stuff".

Warhol's collections included a Coca-Cola memorabilia sign, and 19th century paintings along with airplane menus, unpaid invoices, pizza dough, pornographic pulp novels, newspapers, stamps, supermarket flyers, and cookie jars, among other eccentricities.[213] It also included significant works of art, such as George Bellows's Miss Bentham.[214] One of his main collections was his wigs. Warhol owned more than 40 and felt very protective of his hairpieces, which were sewn by a New York wig-maker from hair imported from Italy. In 1985, a girl snatched Warhol's wig off his head. It was later discovered in Warhol's diary entry for that day that he wrote: "I don't know what held me back from pushing her over the balcony."

In 1960, he had bought a drawing of a light bulb by Jasper Johns.[215] Another item found in Warhol's boxes at the museum in Pittsburgh was a mummified human foot from Ancient Egypt. The curator of anthropology at Carnegie Museum of Natural History felt that Warhol most likely found it at a flea market.[216]

Warhol collected many books, with more than 1,200 titles in his collection. Of these, 139 titles have been publicly identified through a 1988 Sotheby's Auction catalog, The Andy Warhol Collection and can be viewed online.[217] His book collection reflects his eclectic taste and interests, and includes books written by and about some of his acquaintances and friends. Some of the titles in his collection include The Two Mrs. Grenvilles: A Novel by Dominick Dunne, Artists in Uniform by Max Eastman, Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology by George Clinton Andrews, D.V. by Diana Vreeland, Blood of a Poet by Jean Cocteau, Watercolours by Francesco Clemente, Little World, Hello! by Jimmy Savo, Hidden Faces by Salvador Dalí, and The Dinah Shore Cookbook.[218]

Legacy

In 2002, the US Postal Service issued an 18-cent stamp commemorating Warhol. Designed by Richard Sheaff of Scottsdale, Arizona, the stamp was unveiled at a ceremony at The Andy Warhol Museum and features Warhol's painting "Self-Portrait, 1964".[219][220] In March 2011, a chrome statue of Andy Warhol and his Polaroid camera was revealed at Union Square in New York City.[221]

A crater on Mercury was named after Warhol in 2012.[222]

In 2013, to honor the 85th anniversary of Warhol's birthday, The Andy Warhol Museum and EarthCam launched a collaborative project titled Figment, a live feed of Warhol's gravesite.[223][224]

Warhol Foundation

Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate—with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the "advancement of the visual arts". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.

In 1987, in accordance with Warhol's will, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts began. The foundation serves as the estate of Andy Warhol, but also has a mission "to foster innovative artistic expression and the creative process" and is "focused primarily on supporting work of a challenging and often experimental nature".[225]

The Artists Rights Society is the US copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for all Warhol works with the exception of Warhol film stills.[226] The US copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh.[227] Additionally, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for its image archive. All digital images of Warhol are exclusively managed by Corbis, while all transparency images of Warhol are managed by Art Resource.[228]

The Andy Warhol Foundation released its 20th Anniversary Annual Report as a three-volume set in 2007: Vol. I, 1987–2007; Vol. II, Grants & Exhibitions; and Vol. III, Legacy Program.[229]

The Foundation is in the process of compiling its catalogue raisonné of paintings and sculptures in volumes covering blocks of years of the artist's career. Volumes IV and V were released in 2019. The subsequent volumes are still in the process of being compiled.[230]

The Foundation remains one of the largest grant-giving organizations for the visual arts in the US.[231]

Many of Warhol's works and possessions are on display at the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh. The foundation donated more than 3,000 works of art to the museum.[232]

Revelation in Brooklyn

From November 19, 2021 – June 19, 2022, the Brooklyn Museum displayed the Andy Warhol: Revelation exhibition.[233] Revelation examines themes such as life and death, power and desire, the role and representation of women, Renaissance imagery, family and immigrant traditions and rituals, depictions and duplications of Christ, and the Catholic body and queer desire. Among the more than one hundred objects on view were rare source materials and newly discovered items that provide a fresh and intimate look at Warhol's creative process, as well as major paintings from his epic Last Supper series (1986), the experimental film The Chelsea Girls (1966), an unfinished film depicting the setting sun commissioned by the de Menil family and funded by the Roman Catholic Church, and drawings created by Warhol's mother, Julia Warhola, when she lived with her son in New York City.[234]

In pop culture

Warhol founded Interview magazine, a stage for celebrities he "endorsed" and a business staffed by his friends. He collaborated with others on all of his books (some of which were written with Pat Hackett.) One might even say that he produced people (as in the Warholian "Superstar" and the Warholian portrait). Warhol endorsed products, appeared in commercials, and made frequent celebrity guest appearances on television shows and in films (he appeared in everything from Love Boat[235] to Saturday Night Live[236] and the Richard Pryor movie Dynamite Chicken[237]).

In this respect Warhol was a fan of "Art Business" and "Business Art"—he, in fact, wrote about his interest in thinking about art as business in The Philosophy of Andy Warhol from A to B and Back Again.[180]

Films

 
Warhol (right) with director Ulli Lommel on the set of Cocaine Cowboys (1979), in which Warhol appeared as himself

Warhol appeared as himself in the film Cocaine Cowboys (1979)[238] and in the film Tootsie (1982).

After his death, Warhol was portrayed by Crispin Glover in Oliver Stone's film The Doors (1991), by Jared Harris in Mary Harron's film I Shot Andy Warhol (1996), and by David Bowie in Julian Schnabel's film Basquiat (1996). Bowie recalled how meeting Warhol in real life helped him in the role, and recounted his early meetings with him:

I met him a couple of times, but we seldom shared more than platitudes. The first time we saw each other an awkward silence fell till he remarked my bright yellow shoes and started talking enthusiastically. He wanted to be very superficial. And seemingly emotionless, indifferent, just like a dead fish. Lou Reed described him most profoundly when he once told me they should bring a doll of Andy on the market: a doll that you wind up and doesn't do anything. But I managed to observe him well, and that was a helping hand for the film [Basquiat...] We borrowed his clothes from the museum in Pittsburgh, and they were intact, unwashed. Even the pockets weren't emptied: they contained pancake, white, deadly pale fond de teint which Andy always smeared on his face, a check torn in pieces, someone's address, lots of homeopathic pills and a wig. Andy always wore those silver wigs, but he never admitted it were wigs. One of his hairdressers has told me lately that he had his wigs regularly cut, like it were real hair. When the wig was trimmed, he put on another next month as if his hair had grown.[239]

Warhol appears as a character in Michael Daugherty's opera Jackie O (1997). Actor Mark Bringleson makes a brief cameo as Warhol in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997). Many films by avant-garde cineast Jonas Mekas have caught the moments of Warhol's life. Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the film 54 (1998). Guy Pearce portrayed Warhol in the film Factory Girl (2007) about Edie Sedgwick's life.[240] Actor Greg Travis portrays Warhol in a brief scene from the film Watchmen (2009). Comedian Conan O'Brien portrayed Warhol in the film Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2022).

In the movie Highway to Hell a group of Andy Warhols are part of the Good Intentions Paving Company where good-intentioned souls are ground into pavement.[241] In the film Men in Black 3 (2012) Andy Warhol turns out to really be undercover MIB Agent W (played by Bill Hader). Warhol is throwing a party at The Factory in 1969, where he is looked up by MIB Agents K and J (J from the future). Agent W is desperate to end his undercover job ("I'm so out of ideas I'm painting soup cans and bananas, for Christ sakes!", "You gotta fake my death, okay? I can't listen to sitar music anymore." and "I can't tell the women from the men.").

Andy Warhol (portrayed by Tom Meeten) is one of main characters of the 2012 British television show Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy. The character is portrayed as having robot-like mannerisms. In the 2017 feature The Billionaire Boys Club Cary Elwes portrays Warhol in a film based on the true story about Ron Levin (portrayed by Kevin Spacey) a friend of Warhol's who was murdered in 1986.[242] In September 2016, it was announced that Jared Leto would portray the title character in Warhol, an upcoming American biographical drama film produced by Michael De Luca and written by Terence Winter, based on the book Warhol: The Biography by Victor Bockris.[243]

Documentaries

Television

Warhol appeared as a recurring character in TV series Vinyl, played by John Cameron Mitchell.[251] Warhol was portrayed by Evan Peters in the American Horror Story: Cult episode "Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag". The episode depicts the attempted assassination of Warhol by Valerie Solanas (Lena Dunham).[252]

In early 1969, Andy Warhol was commissioned by Braniff International to appear in two television commercials to promote the luxury airline's "When You Got It – Flaunt It" campaign. The campaign was created by the advertising agency Lois Holland Calloway, which was led by George Lois, creator of a famed series of Esquire Magazine covers. The first commercial series involved pairing unlikely people who shared the fact that they both flew Braniff Airways. Warhol was paired with boxing legend Sonny Liston. The odd commercial worked as did the others that featured unlikely fellow travelers such as painter Salvador Dalí and baseball legend Whitey Ford.

Two additional commercials for Braniff were created that featured famous persons entering a Braniff jet and being greeted by a Braniff hostess while espousing their like for flying Braniff. Warhol was also featured in the first of these commercials that were also produced by Lois and were released in the summer of 1969. Lois has incorrectly stated that he was commissioned by Braniff in 1967 for representation during that year, but at that time Madison Avenue advertising doyenne Mary Wells Lawrence, who was married to Braniff's chairman and president Harding Lawrence, was representing the Dallas-based carrier at that time. Lois succeeded Wells Rich Greene Agency on December 1, 1968. The rights to Warhol's films for Braniff and his signed contracts are owned by a private trust and are administered by Braniff Airways Foundation in Dallas, Texas.[253]

Music

Warhol strongly influenced the new wave/punk rock band Devo, as well as David Bowie. Bowie recorded a song called "Andy Warhol" for his 1971 album Hunky Dory. Lou Reed wrote the song "Andy's Chest", about Valerie Solanas, the woman who shot Warhol, in 1968. He recorded it with the Velvet Underground, and this version was released on the VU album in 1985. The band Triumph also wrote a song about Andy Warhol, "Stranger In A Strange Land" off their 1984 album Thunder Seven.

Books

A biography of Andy Warhol written by art critic Blake Gopnik was published in 2020 under the title Warhol.[254][255][256]

Comic books

Warhol is featured as a character in the Miracleman series of comics. It is first mentioned that he was resurrected by the alien scientist Mors and subsequently convinces the latter to mass-produce copies of himself.[257] Later on, 18 copies of Warhol are seen in the underworld beneath the pyramid structure Olympus, where they produce pop art relating to the new superhuman regime. One Warhol clone numbered 6 is assigned to and develop a friendship with a clone of Emil Gargunza (Miracleman's creator) before the latter's betrayal and attempted escape.[258]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • "A symposium on Pop Art". Arts Magazine, April 1963, pp. 36–45. The symposium was held in 1962, at The Museum of Modern Art, and published in this issue the following year.
  • Bockris, Victor (1997). Warhol: The Biography. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81272-9.
  • Celant, Germano. Andy Warhol: A Factory. Kunstmuseum Wolfsbug, 1999. ISBN 978-3-7757-0773-2
  • Colacello, Bob (1990). Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-016419-5.
  • Danto, Arthur C. (2009). Andy Warhol. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13555-8.
  • Dillenberger, Jane D. (2001). The Religious Art of Andy Warhol. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-1334-5. from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  • Doyle, Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and José Esteban Muñoz, eds (1996). Pop Out: Queer Warhol. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Duncan Fallowell, 20th Century Characters, ch. Andy Lives (London, Vintage, 1994)
  • Foster, Hal (1996). The Return of the Real. An October Book, MIT Press.
  • Garrels, Gary (1989). The Work of Andy Warhol: Discussions in Contemporary Culture, no. 3. Beacon NY: Dia Art Foundation.
  • Guiles, Fred Lawrence (1989). Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-01540-7.
  • James, James, "Andy Warhol: The Producer as Author", in Allegories of Cinema: American Film in the 1960s (1989), pp. 58–84. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Koestenbaum, Wayne (2003). Andy Warhol. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03000-2.
  • Krauss, Rosalind E. "Warhol's Abstract Spectacle". In Abstraction, Gesture, Ecriture: Paintings from the Daros Collection. New York: Scalo, 1999, pp. 123–33.
  • Lippard, Lucy R., Pop Art, Thames and Hudson, 1970 (1985 reprint), ISBN 978-0-500-20052-0
  • Livingstone, Marco; Dan Cameron; Royal Academy (1992). Pop art: an international perspective. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1475-6.
  • Michelson, Annette (2001). Andy Warhol (October Files). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
  • Scherman, Tony, & David Dalton, POP: The Genius of Andy Warhol, New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009
  • Suarez, Juan Antonio (1996). Bike Boys, Drag Queens, & Superstars: Avant-Garde, Mass Culture, and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
  • Watson, Steven (2003). . New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-679-42372-0. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010.
  • Warhol, Andy (1975). The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: (From A to B and Back Again). Hardcore Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-189050-7.
  • Warhol, Andy; Hackett, Pat (1980). POPism: The Warhol Sixties. Hardcore Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-173095-7.
  • Warhol, Andy; Hackett, Pat (1989). The Andy Warhol Diaries. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-39138-2.
  • Yau, John (1993). In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol. Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press. ISBN 978-0-88001-298-0.

External links

  • 49 artworks by or after Andy Warhol at the Art UK site
  • Andy Warhol at the National Gallery of Art
  • in New York City
  • Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh
  • The work of Andy Warhol spoken about by David Cronenberg
  • : Andy Warhol Films, Art and Superstars
  • Warhol & The Computer
  • Andy Warhol's Personal Book Shelf

andy, warhol, warhol, redirects, here, other, uses, warhol, disambiguation, disambiguation, ɔːr, born, andrew, warhola, august, 1928, february, 1987, american, visual, artist, film, director, producer, leading, figure, movement, works, explore, relationship, b. Warhol redirects here For other uses see Warhol disambiguation and Andy Warhol disambiguation Andy Warhol ˈ w ɔːr h ɒ l 1 born Andrew Warhola Jr August 6 1928 February 22 1987 was an American visual artist film director producer and leading figure in the pop art movement His works explore the relationship between artistic expression advertising and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s and span a variety of media including painting silkscreening photography film and sculpture Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell s Soup Cans 1962 and Marilyn Diptych 1962 the experimental films Empire 1964 and Chelsea Girls 1966 and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable 1966 67 Andy WarholWarhol in 1980BornAndrew Warhola Jr 1928 08 06 August 6 1928Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USDiedFebruary 22 1987 1987 02 22 aged 58 New York City USEducationCarnegie Institute of Technology Carnegie Mellon University Known forPrintmaking painting cinema photographyNotable workChelsea Girls 1966 film Exploding Plastic Inevitable 1966 event Campbell s Soup Cans 1962 painting Marilyn Diptych 1962 painting MovementPop artSignatureBorn and raised in Pittsburgh Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist His New York studio The Factory became a well known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals drag queens playwrights Bohemian street people Hollywood celebrities and wealthy patrons 2 3 4 He promoted a collection of personalities known as Warhol superstars and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame In the late 1960s he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine He authored numerous books including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism The Warhol Sixties He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement In June 1968 he was almost killed by radical feminist Valerie Solanas who shot him inside his studio 5 After gallbladder surgery Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58 in New York City Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions books and feature and documentary films The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist Warhol has been described as the bellwether of the art market 6 Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable His works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold 7 In 2013 a 1963 serigraph titled Silver Car Crash Double Disaster sold for 105 million In 2022 Shot Sage Blue Marilyn 1964 sold for 195 million which is the most expensive work of art sold at auction by an American artist Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life and beginnings 1928 1949 1 2 1950s 1 3 1960s 1 3 1 1968 assassination attempt 1 4 1970s 1 5 1980s 1 6 Death 2 Art works 2 1 Paintings 2 2 Drawings 2 3 Art market 2 4 Collectors 3 Works 3 1 Filmography 3 2 Music 3 3 Books and print 3 4 Other media 4 Personal life 4 1 Sexuality 4 2 Religion 4 3 Collections 5 Legacy 5 1 Warhol Foundation 5 2 Revelation in Brooklyn 6 In pop culture 6 1 Films 6 2 Documentaries 6 3 Television 6 4 Music 6 5 Books 6 6 Comic books 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksBiographyEarly life and beginnings 1928 1949 Warhol s childhood home 3252 Dawson Street South Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Warhol was born on August 6 1928 in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 8 He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola Americanized as Andrew Warhola Sr 1889 1942 9 10 and Julia nee Zavacka 1892 1972 11 whose first child was born in their homeland of Austria Hungary and died before their move to the US An infant Warhol right with his mother Julia and his brother John left dated c 1930 His parents were working class Lemko 12 13 emigrants from Miko Austria Hungary now called Mikova located in today s northeastern Slovakia Warhol s father emigrated to the United States in 1914 and his mother joined him in 1921 after the death of Warhol s grandparents Warhol s father worked in a coal mine The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh 14 The family was Ruthenian Catholic and attended St John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church Andy Warhol had two elder brothers Pavol Paul the eldest was born before the family emigrated Jan was born in Pittsburgh Pavol s son James Warhola became a successful children s book illustrator In third grade Warhol had Sydenham s chorea also known as St Vitus Dance the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness 15 At times when he was confined to bed he drew listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality skill set and preferences When Warhol was 13 his father died in an accident 16 As a teenager Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945 and also won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award 17 After graduating from high school his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology now Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh where he studied commercial art During his time there Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club and Beaux Arts Society 18 19 He also served as art director of the student art magazine Cano illustrating a cover in 1948 20 and a full page interior illustration in 1949 21 These are believed to be his first two published artworks 21 Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949 22 Later that year he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising 1950s Warhol in New York City in 1950 Warhol s early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art where his first commission had been to draw shoes for Glamour magazine in the late 1940s 23 In the 1950s Warhol worked as a designer for shoe manufacturer Israel Miller 23 24 While working in the shoe industry Warhol developed his blotted line technique applying ink to paper and then blotting the ink while still wet which was akin to a printmaking process on the most rudimentary scale His use of tracing paper and ink allowed him to repeat the basic image and also to create endless variations on the theme 23 American photographer John Coplans recalled that nobody drew shoes the way Andy did He somehow gave each shoe a temperament of its own a sort of sly Toulouse Lautrec kind of sophistication but the shape and the style came through accurately and the buckle was always in the right place The kids in the apartment which Andy shared in New York note by Coplans noticed that the vamps on Andy s shoe drawings kept getting longer and longer but Israel Miller didn t mind Miller loved them In 1952 Warhol had his first solo show at the Hugo Gallery in New York and although that show was not well received by 1956 he was included in his first group exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art New York 25 Warhol s whimsical ink drawings of shoe advertisements figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York in 1957 26 Warhol habitually used the expedient of tracing photographs projected with an epidiascope 27 Using prints by Edward Wallowitch his first boyfriend 28 the photographs would undergo a subtle transformation during Warhol s often cursory tracing of contours and hatching of shadows Warhol used Wallowitch s photograph Young Man Smoking a Cigarette c 1956 29 for a 1958 design for a book cover he submitted to Simon and Schuster for the Walter Ross pulp novel The Immortal and later used others for his series of paintings 30 31 With the rapid expansion of the record industry RCA Records hired Warhol along with another freelance artist Sid Maurer to design album covers and promotional materials 32 1960s Warhol left and Tennessee Williams right talking on the SS France 1967 Warhol was an early adopter of the silk screen printmaking process as a technique for making paintings In 1962 Warhol was taught silk screen printmaking techniques by Max Arthur Cohn at his graphic arts business in Manhattan 33 34 In his book Popism The Warhol Sixties Warhol writes When you do something exactly wrong you always turn up something 35 In May 1962 Warhol was featured in an article in Time magazine with his painting Big Campbell s Soup Can with Can Opener Vegetable 1962 which initiated his most sustained motif the Campbell s soup can 36 That painting became Warhol s first to be shown in a museum when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford in July 1962 37 On July 9 1962 Warhol s exhibition opened at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles with Campbell s Soup Cans marking his West Coast debut of pop art 38 39 40 In November 1962 Warhol had an exhibition at Eleanor Ward s Stable Gallery in New York The exhibit included the works Gold Marilyn eight of the classic Marilyn series also named Flavor Marilyns Marilyn Diptych 100 Soup Cans 100 Coke Bottles and 100 Dollar Bills Gold Marilyn was bought by the architect Philip Johnson and donated to the Museum of Modern Art At the exhibit Warhol met poet John Giorno who would star in Warhol s first film Sleep 1964 41 Campbell s Soup I 1968 In December 1962 New York City s Museum of Modern Art hosted a symposium on pop art during which artists such as Warhol were attacked for capitulating to consumerism Critics were appalled by Warhol s open acceptance of market culture which set the tone for his reception 42 In early 1963 Warhol rented his first studio an old firehouse at 159 East 87th Street 43 At this studio he created his Elvis series which included Eight Elvises 1963 and Triple Elvis 1963 44 These portraits along with a series of Elizabeth Taylor portraits were shown at his second exhibition at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles 45 Later that year Warhol relocated his studio to East 47th Street which would turn into The Factory 46 The Factory became a popular gathering spot for a wide range of artists writers musicians and underground celebrities 47 Warhol had his second exhibition at the Stable Gallery in the spring of 1964 which featured sculptures of commercial boxes stacked and scattered throughout the space to resemble a warehouse 48 For the exhibition Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes and silkscreened graphics onto them The sculptures Brillo Box Del Monte Peach Box Heinz Tomato Ketchup Box Kellogg s Cornflakes Box Campbell s Tomato Juice Box and Mott s Apple Juice Box sold for 200 to 400 depending on the size of the box 49 A pivotal event was The American Supermarket exhibition at Paul Bianchini s Upper East Side gallery in the fall of 1964 50 The show was presented as a typical small supermarket environment except that everything in it from the produce canned goods meat posters on the wall etc was created by prominent pop artists of the time among them sculptor Claes Oldenburg Mary Inman and Bob Watts 50 Warhol designed a 12 paper shopping bag plain white with a red Campbell s soup can 50 His painting of a can of a Campbell s soup cost 1 500 while each autographed can sold for 3 for 18 6 50 each 50 51 The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both pop art and the perennial question of what art is 52 In 1967 Warhol established Factory Additions for his printmaking and publishing enterprise 53 Warhol in 1973 photographed by Jack Mitchell As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity Collaboration would remain a defining and controversial aspect of his working methods throughout his career this was particularly true in the 1960s One of the most important collaborators during this period was Gerard Malanga Malanga assisted the artist with the production of silkscreens films sculpture and other works at The Factory Warhol s aluminum foil and silver paint lined studio on 47th Street later moved to Broadway Other members of Warhol s Factory crowd included Freddie Herko Ondine Ronald Tavel Mary Woronov Billy Name and Brigid Berlin from whom he apparently got the idea to tape record his phone conversations 54 During the 1960s Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian and counterculture eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation superstars including Nico Joe Dallesandro Edie Sedgwick Viva Ultra Violet Holly Woodlawn Jackie Curtis and Candy Darling These people all participated in the Factory films and some like Berlin remained friends with Warhol until his death Important figures in the New York underground art cinema world such as writer John Giorno and film maker Jack Smith also appear in Warhol films many premiering at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and 55th Street Playhouse of the 1960s revealing Warhol s connections to a diverse range of artistic scenes during this time Less well known was his support and collaboration with several teenagers during this era who would achieve prominence later in life including writer David Dalton 55 photographer Stephen Shore 56 and artist Bibbe Hansen mother of pop musician Beck 57 1968 assassination attempt On June 3 1968 radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and Mario Amaya art critic and curator at Warhol s studio The Factory 5 Before the shooting Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene She authored in 1967 the SCUM Manifesto 58 a separatist feminist tract that advocated the elimination of men and appeared in the 1968 Warhol film I a Man Earlier on the day of the attack Solanas had been turned away from the Factory after asking for the return of a script she had given to Warhol The script had apparently been misplaced 59 Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day Warhol was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived He had physical effects for the rest of his life including being required to wear a surgical corset 15 The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol s life and art 60 61 62 Solanas was arrested the day after the assault after turning herself in to police By way of explanation she said that Warhol had too much control over my life She was subsequently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the Department of Corrections After the shooting the Factory scene heavily increased its security and for many the Factory 60s ended The superstars from the old Factory days didn t come around to the new Factory much 62 Warhol had this to say about the attack 63 Before I was shot I always thought that I was more half there than all there I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life People sometimes say that the way things happen in movies is unreal but actually it s the way things happen in life that s unreal The movies make emotions look so strong and real whereas when things really do happen to you it s like watching television you don t feel anything Right when I was being shot and ever since I knew that I was watching television The channels switch but it s all television In 1969 Warhol and British journalist John Wilcock founded Interview magazine 64 1970s President Jimmy Carter and Warhol in 1977 Warhol had a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1971 65 His famous portrait of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong was created in 1973 In 1975 he published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol 1975 An idea expressed in the book Making money is art and working is art and good business is the best art 66 Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol s work in the 1960s the 1970s were a much quieter decade as he became more entrepreneurial He socialized at various nightspots in New York City including Max s Kansas City and later in the 1970s Studio 54 67 unreliable source He was generally regarded as quiet shy and a meticulous observer Art critic Robert Hughes called him the white mole of Union Square 68 In 1977 Warhol was commissioned by art collector Richard Weisman to create Athletes ten portraits consisting of the leading athletes of the day 69 According to Bob Colacello Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new rich patrons for portrait commissions including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi his sister Princess Ashraf Pahlavi Mick Jagger Liza Minnelli John Lennon Diana Ross and Brigitte Bardot 70 71 In 1979 reviewers disliked his exhibits of portraits of 1970s personalities and celebrities calling them superficial facile and commercial with no depth or indication of the significance of the subjects 72 In 1979 Warhol and his longtime friend Stuart Pivar founded the New York Academy of Art 73 74 1980s Warhol had a re emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists who were dominating the bull market of 1980s New York art Jean Michel Basquiat Julian Schnabel David Salle and other so called Neo Expressionists as well as members of the Transavantgarde movement in Europe including Francesco Clemente and Enzo Cucchi Warhol also earned street credibility and graffiti artist Fab Five Freddy paid homage to Warhol by painting an entire train with Campbell soup cans 75 Warhol was also being criticized for becoming merely a business artist 72 Critics panned his 1980 exhibition Ten Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century at the Jewish Museum in Manhattan which Warhol who was uninterested in Judaism and Jews had described in his diary as They re going to sell 72 In hindsight however some critics have come to view Warhol s superficiality and commerciality as the most brilliant mirror of our times contending that Warhol had captured something irresistible about the zeitgeist of American culture in the 1970s 72 Warhol also had an appreciation for intense Hollywood glamour He once said I love Los Angeles I love Hollywood They re so beautiful Everything s plastic but I love plastic I want to be plastic 76 Warhol occasionally walked the fashion runways and did product endorsements represented by Zoli Agency and later Ford Models 77 Before the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics he teamed with 15 other artists including David Hockney and Cy Twombly and contributed a Speed Skater print to the Art and Sport collection The Speed Skater was used for the official Sarajevo Winter Olympics poster 78 In 1984 Vanity Fair commissioned Warhol to produce a portrait of Prince in order to accompany an article that celebrated the success of Purple Rain and its accompanying movie 79 Referencing the many celebrity portraits produced by Warhol across his career Orange Prince 1984 was created using a similar composition to the Marilyn Flavors series from 1962 among some of Warhol s first celebrity portraits 80 Prince is depicted in a pop color palette commonly used by Warhol in bright orange with highlights of bright green and blue The facial features and hair are screen printed in black over the orange background 81 82 83 In September 1985 Warhol s joint exhibition with Basquiat Paintings opened to negative reviews at the Tony Shafrazi Gallery 84 That month despite apprehension from Warhol his silkscreen series Reigning Queens was shown at the Leo Castelli Gallery 85 In the Andy Warhol Diaries Warhol wrote They were supposed to be only for Europe nobody here cares about royalty and it ll be another bad review 86 In January 1987 Warhol traveled to Milan for the opening of his last exhibition Last Supper at the Palazzo delle Stelline 87 The next month Warhol and jazz musician Miles Davis modeled for Koshin Satoh s fashion show at the Tunnel in New York City on February 17 1987 88 89 Death Warhol s grave at St John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park Pennsylvania Statue of Andy Warhol in Bratislava Slovakia Warhol died in Manhattan at 6 32 a m on February 22 1987 at age 58 According to news reports he had been making a good recovery from gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying in his sleep from a sudden post operative irregular heartbeat 90 Prior to his diagnosis and operation Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors 73 His family sued the hospital for inadequate care saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication 91 The malpractice case was quickly settled out of court Warhol s family received an undisclosed sum of money 92 Shortly before Warhol s death doctors expected Warhol to survive the surgery though a re evaluation of the case about thirty years after his death showed many indications that Warhol s surgery was in fact riskier than originally thought 93 It was widely reported at the time that Warhol had died of a routine surgery though when considering factors such as his age a family history of gallbladder problems his previous gunshot wound and his medical state in the weeks leading up to the procedure the potential risk of death following the surgery appeared to have been significant 93 Warhol s brothers took his body back to Pittsburgh where an open coffin wake was held at the Thomas P Kunsak Funeral Home The solid bronze casket had gold plated rails and white upholstery Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit a paisley tie a platinum wig and sunglasses He was laid out holding a small prayer book and a red rose The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh s North Side on February 27 1987 The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay Yoko Ono and John Richardson were speakers The coffin was covered with white roses and asparagus ferns After the liturgy the coffin was driven to St John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park a south suburb of Pittsburgh where Warhol was buried near his parents 94 The priest said a brief prayer at the graveside and sprinkled holy water on the casket Before the coffin was lowered Warhol s close friend and associate publisher of Interview Paige Powell dropped a copy of the magazine and a bottle of Beautiful Eau de Parfum by Estee Lauder into the grave 95 96 A memorial service was held in Manhattan for Warhol at St Patrick s Cathedral on April 1 1987 97 Art worksPaintings By the beginning of the 1960s pop art was an experimental form that several artists were independently adopting some of these pioneers such as Roy Lichtenstein would later become synonymous with the movement Warhol who would become famous as the Pope of Pop turned to this new style where popular subjects could be part of the artist s palette His early paintings show images taken from cartoons and advertisements hand painted with paint drips Those drips emulated the style of successful abstract expressionists such as Willem de Kooning From these beginnings he developed his later style and subjects Instead of working on a signature subject matter as he started out to do he worked more and more on a signature style slowly eliminating the handmade from the artistic process Warhol frequently used silk screening his later drawings were traced from slide projections At the height of his fame as a painter Warhol had several assistants who produced his silk screen multiples following his directions to make different versions and variations 98 Warhol s first pop art paintings were displayed in April 1961 serving as the backdrop for New York Department Store Bonwit Teller s window display This was the same stage his Pop Art contemporaries Jasper Johns James Rosenquist and Robert Rauschenberg had also once graced 99 It was the gallerist Muriel Latow who came up with the ideas for both the soup cans and Warhol s dollar paintings On November 23 1961 Warhol wrote Latow a check for 50 which according to the 2009 Warhol biography Pop The Genius of Warhol was payment for coming up with the idea of the soup cans as subject matter 100 For his first major exhibition Warhol painted his famous cans of Campbell s soup which he claimed to have had for lunch for most of his life It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American objects such as dollar bills mushroom clouds electric chairs Campbell s soup cans Coca Cola bottles celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley and Elizabeth Taylor as well as newspaper headlines or photographs of police dogs attacking African American protesters during the Birmingham campaign in the civil rights movement His work became popular and controversial Warhol had this to say about Coca Cola What s great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest You can be watching TV and see Coca Cola and you know that the President drinks Coca Cola Liz Taylor drinks Coca Cola and just think you can drink Coca Cola too A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good Liz Taylor knows it the President knows it the bum knows it and you know it 101 In 1962 Warhol created his famous Marilyn series The Flavor Marilyns were selected from a group of fourteen canvases in the sub series each measuring 20 x 16 Some of the canvases were named after various candy Life Savers flavors including Cherry Marilyn Lemon Marilyn and Licorice Marilyn The others are identified by their background colors 102 Warhol produced both comic and serious works his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair Warhol used the same techniques silkscreens reproduced serially and often painted with bright colors whether he painted celebrities everyday objects or images of suicide car crashes and disasters as in the 1962 63 Death and Disaster series 103 In 1979 Warhol was commissioned to paint a BMW M1 Group 4 racing version for the fourth installment of the BMW Art Car project 104 He was initially asked to paint a BMW 320i in 1978 but the car model was changed and it didn t qualify for the race that year 105 106 107 Warhol was the first artist to paint directly onto the automobile himself instead of letting technicians transfer a scale model design to the car 104 Reportedly it took him only 23 minutes to paint the entire car 108 Racecar drivers Herve Poulain Manfred Winkelhock and Marcel Mignot drove the car at the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans 104 Some of Warhol s work as well as his own personality has been described as being Keatonesque Warhol has been described as playing dumb to the media He sometimes refused to explain his work He has suggested that all one needs to know about his work is already there on the surface 109 His Rorschach inkblots are intended as pop comments on art and what art could be His cow wallpaper literally wallpaper with a cow motif and his oxidation paintings canvases prepared with copper paint that was then oxidized with urine are also noteworthy in this context Equally noteworthy is the way these works and their means of production mirrored the atmosphere at Andy s New York Factory Biographer Bob Colacello provides some details on Andy s piss paintings Victor was Andy s ghost pisser on the Oxidations He would come to the Factory to urinate on canvases that had already been primed with copper based paint by Andy or Ronnie Cutrone a second ghost pisser much appreciated by Andy who said that the vitamin B that Ronnie took made a prettier color when the acid in the urine turned the copper green Did Andy ever use his own urine My diary shows that when he first began the series in December 1977 he did and there were many others boys who d come to lunch and drink too much wine and find it funny or even flattering to be asked to help Andy paint Andy always had a little extra bounce in his walk as he led them to his studio 110 Warhol with Jean Michel Basquiat Bruno Bischofberger and Francesco Clemente in 1984 Warhol s 1982 portrait of Basquiat Jean Michel Basquiat is a silkscreen over an oxidized copper piss painting 111 112 After many years of silkscreen oxidation photography etc Warhol returned to painting with a brush in hand In 1983 Warhol began collaborating with Basquiat and Clemente 113 Warhol and Basquiat created a series of more than 50 large collaborative works between 1984 and 1985 114 Despite criticism when these were first shown Warhol called some of them masterpieces and they were influential for his later work 115 In 1984 Warhol was commissioned by collector and gallerist Alexander Iolas to produce work based on Leonardo da Vinci s The Last Supper for an exhibition at the old refectory of the Palazzo delle Stelline in Milan opposite from the Santa Maria delle Grazie where Leonardo da Vinci s mural can be seen 116 Warhol exceeded the demands of the commission and produced nearly 100 variations on the theme mostly silkscreens and paintings and among them a collaborative sculpture with Basquiat the Ten Punching Bags Last Supper 117 The Milan exhibition that opened in January 1987 with a set of 22 silk screens was the last exhibition for both the artist and the gallerist 118 The series of The Last Supper was seen by some as arguably his greatest 119 but by others as wishy washy religiose and spiritless 120 It is the largest series of religious themed works by any American artist 119 Artist Maurizio Cattelan describes that it is difficult to separate daily encounters from the art of Andy Warhol That s probably the greatest thing about Warhol the way he penetrated and summarized our world to the point that distinguishing between him and our everyday life is basically impossible and in any case useless Warhol was an inspiration towards Cattelan s magazine and photography compilations such as Permanent Food Charley and Toilet Paper 121 In the period just before his death Warhol was working on Cars a series of paintings for Mercedes Benz 122 Drawings Though he is often associated with printmaking specifically silkscreen Warhol was also an incredibly talented illustrator and draughtsman and drawing was an integral part of his practice throughout his career His early drawings on paper bare a resemblance to both continuous line and blind contour drawing techniques giving his work a sense of ease and immediacy While working primarily within commercial advertisement he pioneered the blotted line technique which synthesized graphite drawing on paper with elements of printmaking Warhol continued his practice of drawing through the last years of his life and career and the work from this later period exemplifies a long and storied career s worth of honed skill and technique 123 Art market The value of Andy Warhol s work has been on an endless upward trajectory since his death in 1987 In 2014 his works accumulated 569 million at auction which accounted for more than a sixth of the global art market 124 However there have been some dips According to art dealer Dominique Levy The Warhol trade moves something like a seesaw being pulled uphill it rises and falls but each new high and low is above the last one 125 She attributes this to the consistent influx of new collectors intrigued by Warhol At different moments you ve had different groups of collectors entering the Warhol market and that resulted in peaks in demand then satisfaction and a slow down before the process repeats another demographic or the next generation 125 In 1998 Orange Marilyn 1964 a depiction of Marilyn Monroe sold for 17 3 million which at the time set a new record as the highest price paid for a Warhol artwork 126 In 2007 one of Warhol s 1963 paintings of Elizabeth Taylor Liz Colored Liz which was owned by actor Hugh Grant sold for 23 7 million at Christie s 127 128 In 2007 Stefan Edlis and Gael Neeson sold Warhol s Turquoise Marilyn 1964 to financier Steven A Cohen for 80 million 129 In May 2007 Green Car Crash 1963 sold for 71 1 million and Lemon Marilyn 1962 sold for 28 million at Christie s post war and contemporary art auction 130 In 2007 Large Campbell s Soup Can 1964 was sold at a Sotheby s auction to a South American collector for 7 4 million 131 In November 2009 200 One Dollar Bills 1962 at Sotheby s for 43 8 million 132 In 2008 Eight Elvises 1963 was sold by Annibale Berlingieri for 100 million to a private buyer 133 The work depicts Elvis Presley in a gunslinger pose It was first exhibited in 1963 at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles Warhol made 22 versions of the Elvis portraits 11 of which are held in museums 45 In May 2012 Double Elvis Ferus Type sold at auction at Sotheby s for 37 million 134 135 In November 2014 Triple Elvis Ferus Type sold for 81 9 million at Christie s 136 In May 2010 a purple self portrait of Warhol from 1986 that was owned by fashion designer Tom Ford sold for 32 6 million at Sotheby s 137 In November 2010 Men in Her Life 1962 based on Elizabeth Taylor sold for 63 4 million at Phillips de Pury and Coca Cola 4 1962 sold for 35 3 million at Sotheby s 138 139 In May 2011 Warhol s first self portrait from 1963 to 1964 sold for 38 4 million and a red self portrait from 1986 sold for 27 5 million at Christie s 140 In May 2011 Liz 5 Early Colored Liz sold for 26 9 million at Phillips 141 In November 2013 Warhol s rarely seen 1963 diptych Silver Car Crash Double Disaster sold at Sotheby s for 105 4 million a new record for the artist 142 143 In November 2013 Coca Cola 3 1962 sold for 57 3 million at Christie s 144 In May 2014 White Marilyn 1962 sold for 41 million at Christie s 145 In November 2014 Four Marlons 1964 which depicts Marlon Brando sold for 69 6 million at Christie s 146 In May 2015 Silver Liz diptych painted in 1963 sold for 28 million and Colored Mona Lisa 1963 sold for 56 2 million at Christie s 147 148 In May 2017 Warhol s 1962 painting Big Campbell s Soup Can With Can Opener Vegetable sold for 27 5 million at Christie s 149 In 2017 billionaire hedge fund manager Ken Griffin purchased Orange Marilyn privately for around 200 million 150 In March 2022 Silver Liz Ferus Type sold for 2 3 billion yen 18 9 million at Shinwa Auction which set a new record for the highest bid ever at auction in Japan 151 In May 2022 Shot Sage Blue Marilyn 1964 sold for 195 million at Christie s becoming the most expensive American artwork sold at auction 152 Collectors Among Warhol s early collectors and influential supporters were Emily and Burton Tremaine Among the over 15 artworks purchased 153 Marilyn Diptych now at Tate Modern London 154 and A boy for Meg now at the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC 155 were purchased directly out of Warhol s studio in 1962 One Christmas Warhol left a small Head of Marilyn Monroe by the Tremaine s door at their New York apartment in gratitude for their support and encouragement 156 Exploding Plastic Inevitable show the Velvet Underground amp Nico 1966 poster The Souper Dress 1967 screen printed paper dress based on Warhol s Campbell s Soup Cans Portrait of Mao Zedong 1972 synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink on canvas A photo of Warhol and Farah Pahlavi 1977 with works of Warhol on the walls of the Tehran museum BMW Group 4 M1 1979 painted carWorksFilmography Main article Andy Warhol filmography Screenshot from the 1964 film Empire Warhol attended the 1962 premiere of the static composition by La Monte Young called Trio for Strings and subsequently created his famous series of static films Filmmaker Jonas Mekas who accompanied Warhol to the Trio premiere claims Warhol s static films were directly inspired by the performance 157 Between 1963 and 1968 he made more than 60 films 158 plus some 500 short black and white screen test portraits of Factory visitors 159 One of his most famous films Sleep monitors poet John Giorno sleeping for six hours The 35 minute film Blow Job is one continuous shot of the face of DeVeren Bookwalter supposedly receiving oral sex from filmmaker Willard Maas although the camera never tilts down to see this Another Empire 1964 consists of eight hours of footage of the Empire State Building in New York City at dusk The film Eat consists of a man eating a mushroom for 45 minutes Batman Dracula is a 1964 film that was produced and directed by Warhol without the permission of DC Comics It was screened only at his art exhibits A fan of the Batman series Warhol s movie was an homage to the series and is considered the first appearance of a blatantly campy Batman The film was until recently thought to have been lost until scenes from the picture were shown at some length in the 2006 documentary Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis Warhol s 1965 film Vinyl is an adaptation of Anthony Burgess popular dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange Others record improvised encounters between Factory regulars such as Brigid Berlin Viva Edie Sedgwick Candy Darling Holly Woodlawn Ondine Nico and Jackie Curtis The underground artist Jack Smith appears in the film Camp His most popular and critically successful film was Chelsea Girls 1966 The film was highly innovative in that it consisted of two 16 mm films being projected simultaneously with two different stories being shown in tandem From the projection booth the sound would be raised for one film to elucidate that story while it was lowered for the other The multiplication of images evoked Warhol s seminal silk screen works of the early 1960s Warhol was a fan of filmmaker Radley Metzger s film work 160 and commented that Metzger s film The Lickerish Quartet was an outrageously kinky masterpiece 161 162 163 Blue Movie a film in which Warhol superstar Viva makes love in bed with Louis Waldon another Warhol superstar was Warhol s last film as director 164 165 The film a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn was at the time controversial for its frank approach to a sexual encounter 166 167 Blue Movie was publicly screened in New York City in 2005 for the first time in more than 30 years 168 In the wake of the 1968 shooting a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in film making His acolyte and assistant director Paul Morrissey took over the film making chores for the Factory collective steering Warhol branded cinema towards more mainstream narrative based B movie exploitation fare with Flesh Trash and Heat All of these films including the later Andy Warhol s Dracula and Andy Warhol s Frankenstein were far more mainstream than anything Warhol as a director had attempted These latter Warhol films starred Joe Dallesandro more of a Morrissey star than a true Warhol superstar In the early 1970s most of the films directed by Warhol were pulled out of circulation by Warhol and the people around him who ran his business After Warhol s death the films were slowly restored by the Whitney Museum and are occasionally projected at museums and film festivals Few of the Warhol directed films are available on video or DVD Music In the mid 1960s Warhol adopted the band the Velvet Underground making them a crucial element of the Exploding Plastic Inevitable multimedia performance art show Warhol with Paul Morrissey acted as the band s manager introducing them to Nico who would perform with the band at Warhol s request While managing The Velvet Underground Andy would have them dressed in all black to perform in front of movies that he was also presenting 169 In 1966 he produced their first album The Velvet Underground amp Nico as well as providing its album art His actual participation in the album s production amounted to simply paying for the studio time After the band s first album Warhol and band leader Lou Reed started to disagree more about the direction the band should take and their artistic friendship ended citation needed In 1989 after Warhol s death Reed and John Cale re united for the first time since 1972 to write perform record and release the concept album Songs for Drella a tribute to Warhol In October 2019 an audio tape of publicly unknown music by Reed based on Warhols 1975 book The Philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again was reported to have been discovered in an archive at the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh 170 Warhol designed many album covers for various artists starting with the photographic cover of John Wallowitch s debut album This Is John Wallowitch 1964 He designed the cover art for The Rolling Stones albums Sticky Fingers 1971 and Love You Live 1977 and the John Cale albums The Academy in Peril 1972 and Honi Soit in 1981 One of Warhol s last works was a portrait of Aretha Franklin for the cover of her 1986 gold album Aretha 171 In 1984 Warhol co directed the music video Hello Again by the Cars and he appeared in the video as a bartender 172 173 In 1986 Warhol co directed the music video Misfit by Curiosity Killed the Cat and he made a cameo in video 174 175 176 Books and print Warhol drawing and signature Beginning in the early 1950s Warhol produced several unbound portfolios of his work The first of several bound self published books by Warhol was 25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy printed in 1954 by Seymour Berlin on Arches brand watermarked paper using his blotted line technique for the lithographs The original edition was limited to 190 numbered hand colored copies using Dr Martin s ink washes Most of these were given by Warhol as gifts to clients and friends Copy No 4 inscribed Jerry on the front cover and given to Geraldine Stutz was used for a facsimile printing in 1987 177 and the original was auctioned in May 2006 for US 35 000 by Doyle New York 178 Other self published books by Warhol include A Gold Book Wild Raspberries Holy CatsWarhol s book A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu 1955 marked his transition from commercial to gallery artist 179 The title is a play on words by Warhol on the title of French author Marcel Proust s A la recherche du temps perdu 179 After gaining fame Warhol wrote several books that were commercially published a A Novel 1968 ISBN 978 0 8021 3553 7 is a literal transcription containing spelling errors and phonetically written background noise and mumbling of audio recordings of Ondine and several of Andy Warhol s friends hanging out at the Factory talking going out citation needed The Philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B amp Back Again 1975 ISBN 978 0 15 671720 5 according to Pat Hackett s introduction to The Andy Warhol Diaries Pat Hackett did the transcriptions and text for the book based on daily phone conversations sometimes when Warhol was traveling using audio cassettes that Andy Warhol gave her 180 Said cassettes contained conversations with Brigid Berlin also known as Brigid Polk and former Interview magazine editor Bob Colacello citation needed Popism The Warhol Sixties 1980 ISBN 978 0 15 672960 4 authored by Warhol and Pat Hackett is a retrospective view of the 1960s and the role of pop art The Andy Warhol Diaries 1989 ISBN 978 0 446 39138 2 edited by Pat Hackett is a diary dictated by Warhol to Hackett in daily phone conversations Warhol started the diary to keep track of his expenses after being audited although it soon evolved to include his personal and cultural observations 181 Warhol created the fashion magazine Interview that is still published The loopy title script on the cover is thought to be either his own handwriting or that of his mother Julia Warhola who would often do text work for his early commercial pieces 182 Other media Although Andy Warhol is most known for his paintings and films he authored works in many different media Silver Clouds reproduction at the Musee d Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris December 2015 Warhol Unlimited Exposition Drawing Warhol started his career as a commercial illustrator producing drawings in blotted ink style for advertisements and magazine articles Best known of these early works are his drawings of shoes Some of his personal drawings were self published in small booklets such as Yum Yum Yum about food Ho Ho Ho about Christmas and Shoes Shoes Shoes His most artistically acclaimed book of drawings is probably A Gold Book compiled of sensitive drawings of young men A Gold Book is so named because of the gold leaf that decorates its pages 183 In April 2012 a sketch of 1930s singer Rudy Vallee claimed to have been drawn by Andy Warhol was found at a Las Vegas garage sale The image was said to have been drawn when Andy was nine or 10 184 Various authorities have challenged the image s authenticity citation needed Sculpture Warhol s most famous sculpture is probably his Brillo Boxes silkscreened ink on wood replicas of the large branded cardboard boxes used to hold 24 packages of Brillo soap pads The original Brillo design was by commercial artist James Harvey Warhol s sculpture was part of a series of grocery carton works that also included Heinz ketchup and Campbell s tomato juice cases 185 Other famous works include the Silver Clouds helium filled silver mylar pillow shaped balloons A Silver Cloud was included in the traveling exhibition Air Art 1968 1969 curated by Willoughby Sharp Clouds was also adapted by Warhol for avant garde choreographer Merce Cunningham s dance piece RainForest 1968 186 Audio At one point Warhol carried a portable recorder with him wherever he went taping everything everybody said and did He referred to this device as his wife Some of these tapes were the basis for his literary work Another audio work of Warhol s was his Invisible Sculpture a presentation in which burglar alarms would go off when entering the room Warhol s cooperation with the musicians of The Velvet Underground was driven by an expressed desire to become a music producer citation needed Time Capsules In 1973 Warhol began saving ephemera from his daily life correspondence newspapers souvenirs childhood objects even used plane tickets and food which was sealed in plain cardboard boxes dubbed Time Capsules By the time of his death the collection grew to include 600 individually dated capsules The boxes are now housed at the Andy Warhol Museum 187 Television Andy Warhol dreamed of a television special about a favorite subject of his Nothing that he would call The Nothing Special Later in his career he did create two cable television shows Andy Warhol s TV in 1982 and Andy Warhol s Fifteen Minutes based on his famous fifteen minutes of fame quotation for MTV in 1986 Besides his own shows he regularly made guest appearances on other programs including The Love Boat wherein a Midwestern wife Marion Ross fears Andy Warhol will reveal to her husband Tom Bosley who starred alongside Ross in sitcom Happy Days her secret past as a Warhol superstar named Marina del Rey Warhol also produced a TV commercial for Schrafft s Restaurants in New York City for an ice cream dessert appropriately titled the Underground Sundae 188 Fashion Warhol is quoted for having said I d rather buy a dress and put it up on the wall than put a painting wouldn t you 189 One of his best known superstars Edie Sedgwick aspired to be a fashion designer and his good friend Halston was a famous one Warhol s work in fashion includes silkscreened dresses a short sub career as a catwalk model and books on fashion as well as paintings with fashion shoes as a subject citation needed Warhol himself has been described as a modern dandy whose authority rested more on presence than on words 190 Performance Art Warhol and his friends staged theatrical multimedia happenings at parties and public venues combining music film slide projections and even Gerard Malanga in an S amp M outfit cracking a whip The Exploding Plastic Inevitable in 1966 was the culmination of this area of his work 191 Theater Warhol s play Andy Warhol s Pork opened on May 5 1971 at LaMama theater in New York for a two week run and was brought to the Roundhouse in London for a longer run in August 1971 Pork was based on tape recorded conversations between Brigid Berlin and Andy during which Brigid would play for Andy tapes she had made of phone conversations between herself and her mother socialite Honey Berlin The play featured Jayne County as Vulva and Cherry Vanilla as Amanda Pork 192 In 1974 Andy Warhol also produced the stage musical Man on the Moon which was written by John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas Photograph of Debbie Harry by Andy Warhol taken in 1980 in the Factory on the day of the photo shoot for her silkscreen portraits Photography To produce his silkscreens Warhol made photographs or had them made by his friends and assistants These pictures were mostly taken with a specific model of Polaroid camera The Big Shot that Polaroid kept in production especially for Warhol This photographic approach to painting and his snapshot method of taking pictures has had a great effect on artistic photography Warhol was an accomplished photographer and took an enormous number of photographs of Factory visitors friends acquired by Stanford University 193 194 Music In 1963 Warhol founded The Druds a short lived avant garde noise music band that featured prominent members of the New York proto conceptual art and minimal art community 195 Computer Warhol used Amiga computers to generate digital art including You Are the One which he helped design and build with Amiga Inc He also displayed the difference between slow fill and fast fill on live TV with Debbie Harry as a model 196 Personal lifeSexuality Warhol was homosexual 197 198 In 1980 he told an interviewer that he was still a virgin Biographer Bob Colacello who was present at the interview felt it was probably true and that what little sex he had was probably a mixture of voyeurism and masturbation to use Andy s word abstract 199 Warhol s assertion of virginity would seem to be contradicted by his hospital treatment in 1960 for condylomata a sexually transmitted disease 200 It has also been contradicted by his lovers including Warhol muse BillyBoy who has said they had sex to orgasm When he wasn t being Andy Warhol and when you were just alone with him he was an incredibly generous and very kind person What seduced me was the Andy Warhol who I saw alone In fact when I was with him in public he kind of got on my nerves I d say You re just obnoxious I can t bear you 201 Billy Name also denied that Warhol was only a voyeur saying He was the essence of sexuality It permeated everything Andy exuded it along with his great artistic creativity It brought a joy to the whole art world in New York 202 But his personality was so vulnerable that it became a defense to put up the blank front 203 Warhol s lovers included John Giorno 204 Billy Name 205 Charles Lisanby 206 and Jon Gould His boyfriend of 12 years was Jed Johnson whom he met in 1968 and who later achieved fame as an interior designer 207 The fact that Warhol s homosexuality influenced his work and shaped his relationship to the art world is a major subject of scholarship on the artist and is an issue that Warhol himself addressed in interviews in conversation with his contemporaries and in his publications e g Popism The Warhol 1960s Throughout his career Warhol produced erotic photography and drawings of male nudes Many of his most famous works portraits of Liza Minnelli Judy Garland and Elizabeth Taylor and films such as Blow Job My Hustler and Lonesome Cowboys draw from gay underground culture or openly explore the complexity of sexuality and desire As has been addressed by a range of scholars many of his films premiered in gay porn theaters including the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and 55th Street Playhouse in the late 1960s 208 The first works that Warhol submitted to a fine art gallery homoerotic drawings of male nudes were rejected for being too openly gay 28 In Popism furthermore the artist recalls a conversation with the filmmaker Emile de Antonio about the difficulty Warhol had being accepted socially by the then more famous but closeted gay artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg De Antonio explained that Warhol was too swish and that upsets them In response to this Warhol writes There was nothing I could say to that It was all too true So I decided I just wasn t going to care because those were all the things that I didn t want to change anyway that I didn t think I should want to change Other people could change their attitudes but not me 28 209 In exploring Warhol s biography many turn to this period the late 1950s and early 1960s as a key moment in the development of his persona Some have suggested that his frequent refusal to comment on his work to speak about himself confining himself in interviews to responses like Um no and Um yes and often allowing others to speak for him and even the evolution of his pop style can be traced to the years when Warhol was first dismissed by the inner circles of the New York art world 210 Religion Images of Jesus from The Last Supper cycle 1986 Warhol made almost 100 variations on the theme which the Guggenheim felt indicates an almost obsessive investment in the subject matter 211 Warhol was a practicing Ruthenian Catholic He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters in New York City particularly during the busier times of the year and described himself as a religious person 212 Many of Warhol s later works depicted religious subjects including two series Details of Renaissance Paintings 1984 and The Last Supper 1986 In addition a body of religious themed works was found posthumously in his estate 212 Warhol regularly attended Liturgy and the priest at Warhol s church Saint Vincent Ferrer said that the artist went there almost daily 212 although he was not observed taking Communion or going to Confession and sat or knelt in the pews at the back 199 The priest thought he was afraid of being recognized Warhol said he was self conscious about being seen in a Roman Rite church crossing himself in the Orthodox way right to left instead of the reverse 199 Warhol s art is noticeably influenced by the Eastern Christian tradition which was so evident in his places of worship 212 Warhol s brother has described the artist as really religious but he didn t want people to know about that because it was private Despite the private nature of his faith in Warhol s eulogy John Richardson depicted it as devout To my certain knowledge he was responsible for at least one conversion He took considerable pride in financing his nephew s studies for the priesthood 212 Collections Warhol was an avid collector His friends referred to his numerous collections which filled not only his four story townhouse but also a nearby storage unit as Andy s Stuff The true extent of his collections was not discovered until after his death when The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh took in 641 boxes of his Stuff Warhol s collections included a Coca Cola memorabilia sign and 19th century paintings along with airplane menus unpaid invoices pizza dough pornographic pulp novels newspapers stamps supermarket flyers and cookie jars among other eccentricities 213 It also included significant works of art such as George Bellows s Miss Bentham 214 One of his main collections was his wigs Warhol owned more than 40 and felt very protective of his hairpieces which were sewn by a New York wig maker from hair imported from Italy In 1985 a girl snatched Warhol s wig off his head It was later discovered in Warhol s diary entry for that day that he wrote I don t know what held me back from pushing her over the balcony In 1960 he had bought a drawing of a light bulb by Jasper Johns 215 Another item found in Warhol s boxes at the museum in Pittsburgh was a mummified human foot from Ancient Egypt The curator of anthropology at Carnegie Museum of Natural History felt that Warhol most likely found it at a flea market 216 Warhol collected many books with more than 1 200 titles in his collection Of these 139 titles have been publicly identified through a 1988 Sotheby s Auction catalog The Andy Warhol Collection and can be viewed online 217 His book collection reflects his eclectic taste and interests and includes books written by and about some of his acquaintances and friends Some of the titles in his collection include The Two Mrs Grenvilles A Novel by Dominick Dunne Artists in Uniform by Max Eastman Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology by George Clinton Andrews D V by Diana Vreeland Blood of a Poet by Jean Cocteau Watercolours by Francesco Clemente Little World Hello by Jimmy Savo Hidden Faces by Salvador Dali and The Dinah Shore Cookbook 218 LegacyIn 2002 the US Postal Service issued an 18 cent stamp commemorating Warhol Designed by Richard Sheaff of Scottsdale Arizona the stamp was unveiled at a ceremony at The Andy Warhol Museum and features Warhol s painting Self Portrait 1964 219 220 In March 2011 a chrome statue of Andy Warhol and his Polaroid camera was revealed at Union Square in New York City 221 A crater on Mercury was named after Warhol in 2012 222 In 2013 to honor the 85th anniversary of Warhol s birthday The Andy Warhol Museum and EarthCam launched a collaborative project titled Figment a live feed of Warhol s gravesite 223 224 Warhol Foundation Warhol s will dictated that his entire estate with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members would go to create a foundation dedicated to the advancement of the visual arts Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby s nine days to auction his estate after his death the auction grossed more than US 20 million In 1987 in accordance with Warhol s will the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts began The foundation serves as the estate of Andy Warhol but also has a mission to foster innovative artistic expression and the creative process and is focused primarily on supporting work of a challenging and often experimental nature 225 The Artists Rights Society is the US copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for all Warhol works with the exception of Warhol film stills 226 The US copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh 227 Additionally the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for its image archive All digital images of Warhol are exclusively managed by Corbis while all transparency images of Warhol are managed by Art Resource 228 The Andy Warhol Foundation released its 20th Anniversary Annual Report as a three volume set in 2007 Vol I 1987 2007 Vol II Grants amp Exhibitions and Vol III Legacy Program 229 The Foundation is in the process of compiling its catalogue raisonne of paintings and sculptures in volumes covering blocks of years of the artist s career Volumes IV and V were released in 2019 The subsequent volumes are still in the process of being compiled 230 The Foundation remains one of the largest grant giving organizations for the visual arts in the US 231 Many of Warhol s works and possessions are on display at the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh The foundation donated more than 3 000 works of art to the museum 232 Revelation in Brooklyn From November 19 2021 June 19 2022 the Brooklyn Museum displayed the Andy Warhol Revelation exhibition 233 Revelation examines themes such as life and death power and desire the role and representation of women Renaissance imagery family and immigrant traditions and rituals depictions and duplications of Christ and the Catholic body and queer desire Among the more than one hundred objects on view were rare source materials and newly discovered items that provide a fresh and intimate look at Warhol s creative process as well as major paintings from his epic Last Supper series 1986 the experimental film The Chelsea Girls 1966 an unfinished film depicting the setting sun commissioned by the de Menil family and funded by the Roman Catholic Church and drawings created by Warhol s mother Julia Warhola when she lived with her son in New York City 234 In pop cultureWarhol founded Interview magazine a stage for celebrities he endorsed and a business staffed by his friends He collaborated with others on all of his books some of which were written with Pat Hackett One might even say that he produced people as in the Warholian Superstar and the Warholian portrait Warhol endorsed products appeared in commercials and made frequent celebrity guest appearances on television shows and in films he appeared in everything from Love Boat 235 to Saturday Night Live 236 and the Richard Pryor movie Dynamite Chicken 237 In this respect Warhol was a fan of Art Business and Business Art he in fact wrote about his interest in thinking about art as business in The Philosophy of Andy Warhol from A to B and Back Again 180 Films Warhol right with director Ulli Lommel on the set of Cocaine Cowboys 1979 in which Warhol appeared as himself Warhol appeared as himself in the film Cocaine Cowboys 1979 238 and in the film Tootsie 1982 After his death Warhol was portrayed by Crispin Glover in Oliver Stone s film The Doors 1991 by Jared Harris in Mary Harron s film I Shot Andy Warhol 1996 and by David Bowie in Julian Schnabel s film Basquiat 1996 Bowie recalled how meeting Warhol in real life helped him in the role and recounted his early meetings with him I met him a couple of times but we seldom shared more than platitudes The first time we saw each other an awkward silence fell till he remarked my bright yellow shoes and started talking enthusiastically He wanted to be very superficial And seemingly emotionless indifferent just like a dead fish Lou Reed described him most profoundly when he once told me they should bring a doll of Andy on the market a doll that you wind up and doesn t do anything But I managed to observe him well and that was a helping hand for the film Basquiat We borrowed his clothes from the museum in Pittsburgh and they were intact unwashed Even the pockets weren t emptied they contained pancake white deadly pale fond de teint which Andy always smeared on his face a check torn in pieces someone s address lots of homeopathic pills and a wig Andy always wore those silver wigs but he never admitted it were wigs One of his hairdressers has told me lately that he had his wigs regularly cut like it were real hair When the wig was trimmed he put on another next month as if his hair had grown 239 Warhol appears as a character in Michael Daugherty s opera Jackie O 1997 Actor Mark Bringleson makes a brief cameo as Warhol in Austin Powers International Man of Mystery 1997 Many films by avant garde cineast Jonas Mekas have caught the moments of Warhol s life Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the film 54 1998 Guy Pearce portrayed Warhol in the film Factory Girl 2007 about Edie Sedgwick s life 240 Actor Greg Travis portrays Warhol in a brief scene from the film Watchmen 2009 Comedian Conan O Brien portrayed Warhol in the film Weird The Al Yankovic Story 2022 In the movie Highway to Hell a group of Andy Warhols are part of the Good Intentions Paving Company where good intentioned souls are ground into pavement 241 In the film Men in Black 3 2012 Andy Warhol turns out to really be undercover MIB Agent W played by Bill Hader Warhol is throwing a party at The Factory in 1969 where he is looked up by MIB Agents K and J J from the future Agent W is desperate to end his undercover job I m so out of ideas I m painting soup cans and bananas for Christ sakes You gotta fake my death okay I can t listen to sitar music anymore and I can t tell the women from the men Andy Warhol portrayed by Tom Meeten is one of main characters of the 2012 British television show Noel Fielding s Luxury Comedy The character is portrayed as having robot like mannerisms In the 2017 feature The Billionaire Boys Club Cary Elwes portrays Warhol in a film based on the true story about Ron Levin portrayed by Kevin Spacey a friend of Warhol s who was murdered in 1986 242 In September 2016 it was announced that Jared Leto would portray the title character in Warhol an upcoming American biographical drama film produced by Michael De Luca and written by Terence Winter based on the book Warhol The Biography by Victor Bockris 243 Documentaries Absolut Warhola 2001 was produced by Polish director Stanislaw Mucha featuring Warhol s parents family and hometown in Slovakia 244 Andy Warhol A Documentary Film 2006 is a reverential four hour movie by Ric Burns 245 that won a Peabody Award in 2006 246 Andy Warhol Double Denied 2006 is a 52 minute movie by Ian Yentob about the difficulties authenticating Warhol s work 247 Andy Warhol s People Factory 2008 a three part television documentary directed by Catherine Shorr features interviews with several of Warhol s associates 248 249 The Andy Warhol Diaries 2022 a six part docuseries directed by Andrew Rossi was released on Netflix chronicling Warhol s life from the vantage point of his diaries 250 Television Warhol appeared as a recurring character in TV series Vinyl played by John Cameron Mitchell 251 Warhol was portrayed by Evan Peters in the American Horror Story Cult episode Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins Scumbag The episode depicts the attempted assassination of Warhol by Valerie Solanas Lena Dunham 252 In early 1969 Andy Warhol was commissioned by Braniff International to appear in two television commercials to promote the luxury airline s When You Got It Flaunt It campaign The campaign was created by the advertising agency Lois Holland Calloway which was led by George Lois creator of a famed series of Esquire Magazine covers The first commercial series involved pairing unlikely people who shared the fact that they both flew Braniff Airways Warhol was paired with boxing legend Sonny Liston The odd commercial worked as did the others that featured unlikely fellow travelers such as painter Salvador Dali and baseball legend Whitey Ford Two additional commercials for Braniff were created that featured famous persons entering a Braniff jet and being greeted by a Braniff hostess while espousing their like for flying Braniff Warhol was also featured in the first of these commercials that were also produced by Lois and were released in the summer of 1969 Lois has incorrectly stated that he was commissioned by Braniff in 1967 for representation during that year but at that time Madison Avenue advertising doyenne Mary Wells Lawrence who was married to Braniff s chairman and president Harding Lawrence was representing the Dallas based carrier at that time Lois succeeded Wells Rich Greene Agency on December 1 1968 The rights to Warhol s films for Braniff and his signed contracts are owned by a private trust and are administered by Braniff Airways Foundation in Dallas Texas 253 Music Warhol strongly influenced the new wave punk rock band Devo as well as David Bowie Bowie recorded a song called Andy Warhol for his 1971 album Hunky Dory Lou Reed wrote the song Andy s Chest about Valerie Solanas the woman who shot Warhol in 1968 He recorded it with the Velvet Underground and this version was released on the VU album in 1985 The band Triumph also wrote a song about Andy Warhol Stranger In A Strange Land off their 1984 album Thunder Seven Books A biography of Andy Warhol written by art critic Blake Gopnik was published in 2020 under the title Warhol 254 255 256 Comic books Warhol is featured as a character in the Miracleman series of comics It is first mentioned that he was resurrected by the alien scientist Mors and subsequently convinces the latter to mass produce copies of himself 257 Later on 18 copies of Warhol are seen in the underworld beneath the pyramid structure Olympus where they produce pop art relating to the new superhuman regime One Warhol clone numbered 6 is assigned to and develop a friendship with a clone of Emil Gargunza Miracleman s creator before the latter s betrayal and attempted escape 258 See alsoAndy Warhol Art Authentication Board Andy Warhol Bridge Pittsburgh PA Andy Warhol Foundation v Goldsmith copyright litigation currently before the US Supreme Court LGBT culture in New York City List of LGBT people from New York City Moon Museum Painting the Century 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900 2000References Random House Webster s Unabridged Dictionary Warhol Archived July 5 2017 at the Wayback Machine Trebay Guy La Ferla Ruth November 12 2018 Tales From the Warhol Factory In each of three successive spaces called the Factory Andy Warhol created movies paintings time capsules and psychosexual dramas with a half life of many decades Here his collaborators recall the places the times and the man The New York Times Archived from the original on January 1 2022 Retrieved November 13 2018 Pescovitz David November 12 2018 Memories from Warhol s Factory Boing Boing Archived from the original on November 13 2018 Retrieved November 13 2018 Rosen Miss November 13 2018 Juicy Stories About What Andy Warhol Was Really Like Andy seemed to be floating through space He had this magical energy and looked like nobody else Vice Archived from the original on November 14 2018 Retrieved November 13 2018 a b Schaffner Ingrid 1999 The Essential Andy Warhol New York City Harry N Abrams p 79 ISBN 978 0 8109 5806 7 The Pop master s highs and lows The Economist November 28 2009 Retrieved February 3 2021 Andy Warhol painting sells for 105M New York Daily News November 13 2013 Retrieved November 13 2013 Andy Warhol Biography Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts 2002 Archived from the original on July 24 2010 Retrieved July 22 2010 Biography Warhola com Archived from the original on February 19 2010 Retrieved August 14 2010 V Bockris Warhol The Biography Da Capo Press 2009 p 15 Mother Warhola com Archived from the original on June 20 2010 Retrieved August 14 2010 Paul Robert Magocsi Ivan Pop Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture Archived January 26 2016 at the Wayback Machine University of Toronto Press 2002 Jane Daggett Dillenberger Religious Art of Andy Warhol Archived January 26 2016 at the Wayback Machine Continuum International Publishing Group 2002 p 7 Bockris Victor 1989 The life and death of Andy Warhol New York City Bantam Books pp 4 5 ISBN 978 0 553 05708 9 OCLC 19631216 a b biography warhol org Archived from the original on January 6 2013 Retrieved January 13 2013 The Prince of Pop Art Arthistoryarchive com Archived from the original on July 7 2010 Retrieved August 14 2010 Inspiring Young Artists amp Writers Scholastic Corporation Archived from the original on October 27 2010 Retrieved May 22 2022 Andy Warhol The College Years The Andy Warhol Museum Archived from the original on February 9 2015 Retrieved February 9 2015 History www artandwriting org Retrieved January 16 2021 Sprite Heads Playing Violins 1948 the warhol Archived from the original on February 9 2015 a b Gopnik Blake Feb 9 2015 The Daily Pic Blake Gopnik on Art Archived from the original on February 9 2015 Retrieved February 9 2015 Colacello Bob 1990 p 19 a b c Benstock Shari and Suzanne Ferriss editors Footnotes On Shoes Rutgers University Press February 1 2001 ISBN 978 0 8135 2871 7 pp 44 48 For Israel Miller see i a A Little Jewel Box of a Shoe Store Archived May 18 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Christopher Gray The New York Times February 10 2008 Andy Warhol Artists Mnuchin Gallery www mnuchingallery com Retrieved September 11 2021 Bodley Gallery Warhol exhibition announcement Archived July 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 24 2011 Warhol Andy Glozer Laslo Schellmann Jorg Edition Schellmann 1994 Andy Warhol art from art Edition Schellmann Munchen Schirmer Mosel ISBN 978 3 88814 725 8 a b c Koestenbaun Wayne 2015 Andy Warhol a biography New York NY Open Road Integrated Media Inc ISBN 978 1 4976 9989 2 Edward Wallowitch Young Man Smoking a Cigarette c 1956 Gelatin silver print The Andy Warhol Museum Pittsburgh Archived from the original on August 16 2018 Retrieved August 28 2019 Three one dollar bills mounted on cardboard 1962 Photograph by Edward Wallowitch The Andy Warhol Museum Pittsburgh Founding Collection Contribution The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Inc Printz N 2014 Making Money Printing Painting Warhol s Dollar Bill Paintings Criticism 56 3 535 557 Oldham Andrew Simon Spence Christine Ohlman 2002 2Stoned London Secker and Warburg p 137 ISBN 978 0 436 28015 3 OCLC 50215773 A Guide to Andy Warhol Prints The Birth of an Iconic Pop Artist Invaluable April 8 2021 Retrieved September 11 2021 Max Arthur Cohn Archived December 29 2017 at the Wayback Machine at SAAM Tony Scherman David Dalton 2010 Pop The Genius of Andy Warhol HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 093663 1 Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved January 5 2016 The Slice of Cake School Time May 11 1962 p 52 Andy Warhol s Big Campbell s Soup Can with Can Opener Vegetable Christie s May 16 2017 Retrieved September 11 2021 Livingstone Marco 1992 Pop art an international perspective New York City Rizzoli p 32 ISBN 978 0 8478 1475 6 OCLC 25649248 Angell Callie 2006 Andy Warhol screen tests the films of Andy Warhol catalogue raisonne New York City Harry N Abrams Inc p 38 ISBN 978 0 8109 5539 4 OCLC 61162132 Lippard Lucy R 1970 Pop art London Thames amp Hudson p 158 ISBN 978 0 500 20052 0 OCLC 220727847 Giorno John September 3 2020 In a New Memoir John Giorno Recalls the Night Andy Warhol Conceived of His Epic Anti Film While Watching Him Sleep Read an Excerpt Artnet News Retrieved August 23 2021 Lacey Joann January 23 2021 History of Art and Architecture Volume Two Sugar Creek p 624 Elbaor Caroline November 21 2016 Andy Warhol s First New York Studio Sells for 9 98 Million Artnet News Retrieved May 2 2022 Warhol Andy 2006 POPism the Warhol sixties Internet Archive Orlando Harcourt p 34 ISBN 978 0 15 603111 0 a b Double Elvis Ferus Type Warhol s mirror to Sixties America Christie s Retrieved May 2 2022 Warhol Andy 2006 POPism the Warhol sixties Internet Archive Orlando Harcourt p 78 ISBN 978 0 15 603111 0 McKenna Kristina October 30 1994 Andy Warhol s Dream Factory Los Angeles Times Gopnik Blake May 30 2017 The First Book on Warhol s Sculptures Shows Him at His Best Artnet News Retrieved August 23 2021 Salvo Donna M De curator Jessica Beck Art museum January 1 2018 Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again Yale University Press p 196 ISBN 978 0 300 23698 9 a b c d Sale Lettuce a la Metal and Turkey au Canvas Gallery Market Hawks Art on Rye Store Display Is Set Up for Pop Food Creations The New York Times October 8 1964 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved July 13 2021 Dean Martin March 13 2018 The Story of Andy Warhol s Campbell s Soup Cans Sotheby s Wendy Weitman Pop Impressions Europe USA Prints and Multiples from the Museum of Modern Art NY Museum of Modern Art 1999 ISBN 978 0 87070 077 4 2019 50 Works for 50 Years South Dakota State University Retrieved April 11 2023 Colacello Bob 1990 p 67 Menand Louis January 11 2010 Top of the Pops New Yorker Grow Krystal September 23 2014 Time Lightbox Time Inc Archived from the original on September 24 2014 James Dagon 2014 Billy Name The Silver Age Black and White Photographs of Andy Warhol s Factory Reel Art Press p 127 ISBN 978 1 909526 17 4 Solanas Valerie 2004 1967 SCUM Manifesto London Verso ISBN 978 1 85984 553 0 OCLC 53932627 Jobey Liz Solanas and Son The Guardian Manchester England August 24 1996 p T10 and following Warhol amp Hackett 1980 pp 287 295 Harding James 2001 The Simplest Surrealist Act Valerie Solanas and the Re Assertion of Avantgarde Priorities TDR The Drama Review 45 4 Winter 2001 142 162 doi 10 1162 105420401772990388 S2CID 57565380 a b Warhol Andy Pat Hackett 1980 POPism the Warhol 60s New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich pp 287 295 ISBN 978 0 15 173095 7 OCLC 5673923 Stiles Kristine Selz Peter Howard 1996 Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art a Sourcebook of Artists Writings University of California Press pp 345 ISBN 978 0 520 20251 1 Archived from the original on May 28 2013 Retrieved January 13 2013 Interview Celebrates 50 Years and Toasts to 50 More Interview Magazine October 30 2019 Retrieved September 22 2021 Canaday Joan May 1 1971 Art Huge Andy Warhol Retrospective at Whitney The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved September 22 2021 Broughton Philip Delves 2012 The Art of the Sale New York NY The Penguin Press p 165 Andy Warhol Biography From The Velvet Underground To Basquiat Archived from the original on January 7 2009 Retrieved January 6 2009 Hughes Robert February 18 1982 The Rise of Andy Warhol The New York Review of Books Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved January 16 2021 Weisman Warhol and the Athletes Christie s Retrieved November 4 2021 Warhol s Jackson goes on display BBC News August 7 2009 Retrieved March 30 2010 Andy Warhol Expert art authentication certificates of authenticity and expert appraisers www artexpertswebsite com Archived from the original on February 27 2018 Retrieved February 26 2018 a b c d Lando Michal April 8 2008 Reexamining Warhol s Jews The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on July 3 2011 Retrieved January 5 2009 a b Alexander Paul January 27 1992 What happened to Andy s Treasures New York Vol 25 no 4 p 28 Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved December 4 2013 Connolly John April 8 1996 School for Scandal New York Magazine Vol 29 no 14 p 24 Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved December 4 2013 Piskor Ed 2013 Hip Hop Family Tree Fantagraphics ISBN 978 1 60699 690 4 Bockris Victor Gerard Malanga 2002 Up tight the Velvet Underground story London Omnibus Press p 66 ISBN 978 0 7119 9170 5 OCLC 49906101 Bosch Lindsay J Mancoff Debra N December 22 2009 Icons of Beauty Art Culture and the Image of Women 2 volumes ABC CLIO p 672 ISBN 978 0 313 08156 9 Speed Skater official 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics poster by Andy Warhol Archived from the original on July 30 2017 Retrieved July 30 2017 Vox Tristan Purple Fame An Appreciation of Prince at the Height of His Powers Vanity Fair 1984 article with especially commissioned portrait commissioned from Andy Warhol Vanity Fair Retrieved March 12 2018 Art historian Thomas E Crow analysis of Warhol s portrait of Prince May 2018 PDF www pacermonitor com Archived PDF from the original on May 17 2018 Retrieved June 9 2018 Andy Warhol s Orange Marilyn 1962 Essay on the Warhol portrait style across three decades www christies com Archived from the original on February 28 2018 Retrieved March 11 2018 Prince 1984 Andy Warhol Artimage www artimage org uk Archived from the original on March 12 2018 Retrieved March 11 2018 Andy Warhol and His Process Screenprinting sothebys com Archived from the original on April 13 2016 Raynor Vivien September 20 1985 ART BASQUIAT WARHOL The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 18 2021 Tate Reigning Queens Andy Warhol Tate Retrieved October 17 2021 Warhol amp Hackett 1989 p 680 The must see exhibition in Milan Sixty Last Suppers by Andy Warhol Vogue Paris in French March 23 2017 Retrieved October 18 2021 Kornbluth Jesse March 9 1987 Remembering the World of Andy Warhol New York Magazine Retrieved October 18 2021 Le jour ou Warhol est devenu le serviteur de Miles Davis Numero Magazine in French Retrieved October 18 2021 Boorstin Robert O April 13 1987 Hospital Asserts it Gave Warhol Adequate Care The New York Times Retrieved January 2 2009 Sullivan Ronald December 5 1991 Care faulted in the death of warhol The New York Times Retrieved August 14 2010 Andy Warhol Heirs Settle Lawsuit With Hospital Over Artist s Death Orlando Sentinel December 24 1991 Archived from the original on November 29 2014 Retrieved December 4 2013 a b Gobnik Blake February 21 2017 Warhol s Death Not So Simple After All The New York Times Archived from the original on February 22 2017 Retrieved February 22 2017 Wilson Scott Resting Places The Burial Sites of More Than 14 000 Famous Persons 3d ed 2 Kindle Location 49627 McFarland amp Company Inc Publishers Kindle Edition Paige Powell on Andy Warhol Fashion and America s Art Scene spearswms com January 9 2013 Retrieved May 29 2022 7 Wonders Wonderfully Weird Warhol Wonderland Magazine Wonderland August 6 2014 Retrieved October 18 2021 Glueck Grace April 2 1987 Warhol Is Remembered By 2 000 At St Patrick s The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved October 18 2021 Colacello Bob 1990 p 28 Smith Patrick S 1986 Andy Warhol s Art and Films UMI Research Press p 98 ISBN 978 0 8357 1733 5 The Soup Cans Andy Warhol Warholstars org Archived from the original on August 1 2010 Retrieved August 14 2010 Warhol Andy The philosophy of Andy Warhol from A to B and back again San Diego Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Marilyn Richard Polsky Art Authentication Retrieved November 16 2021 Record Warhol Leads Contemporary Sale Sotheby s November 14 2013 Archived from the original on January 15 2015 Retrieved December 4 2013 a b c Taylor James 2001 Original BMW M Series MBI Publishing Company LLC pp 28 29 ISBN 978 0 7603 0898 1 Warhol amp Hackett 1989 p 119Entry date Thursday March 23 1978 Warhol amp Hackett 1989 p 136Entry date Friday May 19 1978 The Art Gallery Hollycroft Press 1978 p 75 Bmw Art Car 1979 M1 by Andy Warhol carbodydesign com Archived from the original on February 13 2010 Andy Warhol Biography 1928 1987 Art Experts Archived from the original on January 16 2014 Retrieved January 15 2014 Colacello Bob 1990 Holy terror Andy Warhol close up London HarperCollins p 343 ISBN 978 0 06 016419 5 OCLC 21196706 McGreevy Nora October 6 2021 Why Andy Warhol Peed on This Portrait of Jean Michel Basquiat Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved October 7 2021 Emmerling Leonhard 2003 Jean Michel Basquiat 1960 1988 Taschen p 63 ISBN 978 3 8228 1637 0 Bundeskunsthalle Menage a trois www bundeskunsthalle de Retrieved August 30 2021 Andy Warhol Jean Michel Basquiat and the Friendship That Defined the Art World in 1980s New York City Vanity Fair July 31 2019 Retrieved August 30 2021 Fretz Eric Jean Michel Basquiat A Biography Greenwood Press 2010 ISBN 978 0 313 38056 3 Claudia Schmuckli Andy Warhol The Last Supper June 1999 December 2001 Archived January 16 2009 at the Wayback Machine Guggenheim Museum SoHo Retrieved September 21 2014 Collaboration with Andy Warhol Jean Michel Basquiat Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Andy Warhol Museum Retrieved September 21 2014 Court dispute over Alexander Iolas estate Anagnostou vs Stifel Case Supreme Court of the State of New York Archived October 6 2014 at the Wayback Machine Leagle Inc December 6 1990 Retrieved September 21 2014 a b Dillenberger Jane 2001 The Religious Art of Andy Warhol London Continuum pp 10 11 ISBN 978 0 8264 1334 5 OCLC 59540326 Anthony Haden Guest Warhol s Last Supper Archived October 24 2010 at the Wayback Machine ArtNet 1999 Spector Nancy Maurizio Cattelan All New York NY Guggenheim Museum Publications 2011 Kennedy Maev September 1 2001 Warhol Cars The Guardian London Retrieved April 24 2010 Network Artnet Gallery April 18 2023 Spotlight A New Exhibition of Andy Warhol s Late Career Drawings Reveals His Enduring Passions From Fashion to the Animal Kingdom Artnet News Retrieved April 19 2023 Andy Warhol s Ever Growing Art Market fineartmultiple com Retrieved September 6 2021 a b Is Warhol Still Art s One Man Dow Jones Dealer Dominique Levy Breaks Down Five Myths About the Artist s Market Artnet News April 24 2019 Retrieved September 5 2021 Kamholz Roger November 5 2013 Andy Warhol and Orange Marilyn Sotheby s Vogel Carol July 20 2007 Hugh Grant Parts With Liz a Warhol The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2007 Retrieved September 7 2021 Warhol s Liz painting nets 23 7 million TODAY com Retrieved September 7 2021 Villa Angelica March 31 2021 Stefan Edlis Chicago s Impresario Collector of Mischievous Art You Will Never See a B Grade Piece by an A Grade Artist ARTnews com Retrieved September 6 2021 Warhol s Car Crash rakes in green Art Observed May 12 2007 Retrieved September 6 2021 Early Lucian Freud Painting Leads Sotheby s 100 Million Contemporary Art Evening Sale Archived July 3 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Colin Gleadell Artnet February 10 2016 Kamholz Roger November 3 2013 Andy Warhol and 200 One Dollar Bills Sotheby s The Pop master s highs and lows The Economist November 28 2009 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved September 6 2021 AP May 10 2012 Andy Warhol s Double Elvis sells for 37M Lichtenstein s Sleeping Girl gets 44M Daily News Archived from the original on September 29 2019 Retrieved September 29 2019 AP Warhol Elvis sells for 37M Lichtenstein Weiwei works break own records at NYC auction The Washington Post Archived from the original on December 31 2018 Retrieved May 10 2012 Andy Warhol s Elvis triptych sells for 81 9m BBC News November 13 2014 Archived from the original on November 13 2014 Retrieved November 13 2014 Vogel Carol May 13 2010 Warhol and Rothko Lead a Big Night at Sotheby s The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 1 2022 Retrieved August 30 2021 Andy Warhol piece sells for 35m BBC News November 10 2010 Retrieved September 22 2021 Art Market Watch Phillips de Pury does 137 million at its new headquarters artnet Magazine www artnet com November 9 2010 Retrieved September 6 2021 Andy Warhol self portrait fetches 38 4m BBC News May 12 2011 Retrieved January 30 2017 Vogel Carol May 13 2011 Good Week for Warhol as Liz 5 Sells for 27 Million The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 1 2022 Retrieved September 7 2021 Record Warhol Leads Contemporary Sale Sotheby s November 14 2013 Archived from the original on January 15 2015 Retrieved December 4 2013 Warhol painting fetches record 105M at NYC auction Fox News November 13 2013 Retrieved December 4 2013 Memmott Mark November 13 2013 Record 142 4M For Francis Bacon Art Warhol Fetches 57 3M NPR org Retrieved September 6 2021 In The Saleroom Andy Warhol s White Marilyn Christie s May 15 2014 Retrieved September 6 2021 In The Saleroom Andy Warhol s Four Marlons Christie s November 13 2013 Retrieved September 6 2021 Andy Warhol 1928 1987 Silver Liz diptych Christie s Retrieved September 7 2021 Boucher Brian May 13 2015 Christie s Megasale Totals 658 5 Million Artnet News Retrieved September 26 2021 Christie s Postwar and Contemporary Sale Rakes In 448 Million Artnet News May 17 2017 Retrieved September 5 2021 Pogrebin Robin May 10 2022 Warhol s Marilyn at 195 Million Shatters Auction Record for an American Artist The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 10 2022 Onishi Wakato March 31 2022 Warhol s Liz Taylor portrait fetches record price in Tokyo The Asahi Shimbun Retrieved September 23 2022 Ulaby Neda May 9 2022 A Warhol Marilyn brings a record auction price 195 million NPR Retrieved May 10 2022 n d Tremaine Collection Miller Company Artworks and designs Archived July 26 2020 at the Wayback Machine artdesigncafe Retrieved April 1 2020 Tate Modern London n d Andy Warhol Marilyn diptych 1962 Archived April 18 2020 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 1 2020 National Gallery of Art Washington DC n d Andy Warhol A boy for Meg 1962 Archived July 26 2020 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 1 2020 Housley Kathleen L 2001 Emily Hall Tremaine Collector on the cusp p 160 Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation Meriden CT Retrieved April 1 2020 Husslein Uwe 1990 Pop goes art Andy Warhol amp Velvet Underground Wuppertal OCLC 165575494 page needed Andy Warhol Filmography The Internet Movie Database Archived from the original on May 27 2010 Retrieved September 29 2009 better source needed Schaffner 1999 p 73 Hudson David August 7 2014 This Is Softcore The Art Cinema Erotica of Radley Metzger Fandor Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved February 29 2016 Sandmir Richard April 4 2017 Radley Metzger Whose Artful Erotica Turned Explicit Dies at 88 The New York Times Archived from the original on January 1 2022 Retrieved April 5 2017 Metzger Juliette Feldman Caryl West Ashley April 2 2017 Press Release Radley Metzger pioneering filmmaker dies at 88 The Rialto Report Retrieved April 2 2017 The Lickerish Quartet Film Society of Lincoln Center August 8 2014 Archived from the original on May 25 2015 Retrieved May 24 2015 Canby Vincent July 22 1969 Movie Review Blue Movie 1968 Screen Andy Warhol s Blue Movie The New York Times Retrieved December 29 2015 Canby Vincent August 10 1969 Warhol s Red Hot and Blue Movie D1 Print behind paywall The New York Times Retrieved December 29 2015 Comenas Gary 2005 Blue Movie 1968 WarholStars org Archived from the original on December 30 2015 Retrieved December 29 2015 Blue Movie 1969 IMDb February 10 1972 Archived from the original on March 10 2016 Retrieved December 29 2015 better source needed Blue Movie Viva At NY Film Festival WarholStars org October 2005 Archived from the original on October 27 2015 Retrieved January 20 2016 McNeil Legs 2016 Please kill me the uncensored oral history of punk McNeil Legs McCain Gillian Twentieth anniversary ed New York ISBN 978 0 8021 2536 1 OCLC 955634990 Sisaro Ben October 30 2019 A Long Lost Lou Reed Tape With a Surprise Andy Warhol Lyrics The cassette discovered at the Andy Warhol Museum finds the Velvet Underground musician performing snippets from his mentor s 1975 book The New York Times Archived from the original on January 1 2022 Retrieved October 30 2019 Bego Mark 2001 Aretha Franklin The Queen of Soul Da Capo Press p 250 ISBN 978 0 306 80935 4 OCLC 46488152 Retrieved March 29 2009 Clips Receive an Artful Showcase Billboard August 31 1985 p 52 Warhol amp Hackett 1989 p 560Entry date Thursday March 29 1984 Warhol amp Hackett 1989 p 741Entry date Tuesday July 9 1986 Warhol amp Hackett 1989 p 748Entry date Tuesday July 29 1986 Vaziri Aidin February 8 2009 Warhol s greatest album covers San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved January 27 2023 Russell John December 6 1987 Art The New York Times Retrieved January 5 2009 May 3 2006 auction at Doyle New York Archived August 14 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 14 2006 a b Smith John W Pamela Allara and Andy Warhol Possession Obsession Andy Warhol and Collecting Pittsburgh PA Andy Warhol Museum 2002 p 46 ISBN 978 0 9715688 0 8 a b Warhol Andy 1975 The philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ISBN 978 0 15 189050 7 OCLC 903973784 Archived from the original on December 23 2019 Retrieved March 17 2018 Colacello Bob 1990 p 183 Colacello Bob 1990 pp 22 23 Bourdon David 1989 Warhol New York Harry N Abrams p 51 ISBN 978 0 8109 1761 3 OCLC 19389231 Andy Warhol sketch found in US garage sale BBC News April 2 2012 Retrieved April 3 2012 Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum 2004 Andy Warhol 365 Takes New York Harry N Abrams p 35 ISBN 978 0 500 23814 1 OCLC 56117613 Bourdon David 1989 Warhol New York Harry N Abrams p 231 ISBN 978 0 8109 1761 3 OCLC 19389231 Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum 2004 Andy Warhol 365 Takes New York Harry N Abrams p 157 ISBN 978 0 500 23814 1 OCLC 56117613 Ferguson Michael 2005 Underground Sundae Archived from the original on January 16 2009 Retrieved January 6 2009 Monsters and Critics Andy Warhol Biography Archived from the original on December 16 2013 Retrieved July 28 2013 George Walden Who s a Dandy Dandyism and Beau Brummell London Gibson Square 2002 ISBN 978 1 903933 18 3 Reviewed by Frances Wilson in Uncommon People Archived March 5 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian October 12 2006 Bourdon David 1989 Warhol New York Harry N Abrams pp 221 225 ISBN 978 0 8109 1761 3 OCLC 19389231 Talk on the Wild Side The Effect of Andy Warhol s PORK on the evolution of Glitter Glam and Punk Rock warhol org Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved January 19 2016 Andy Warhol Photography Archive Spotlight at Stanford Stanford University Retrieved February 5 2022 From 1976 until his death in 1987 Andy Warhol U S A 1928 1987 was never without his camera He snapped photos at discos dinner parties flea markets and wrestling matches Friends boyfriends business associates socialites celebrities and passersby all captured Warhol s attention Drawing on a trove of over 3 600 contact sheets featuring 130 000 photographic exposures acquired in 2014 from The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Inc the images document Warhol s daily life The Big Shot Polaroid Andy Warhol s Pen amp Pencil Casual Photophile April 29 2019 Archived from the original on May 12 2020 Retrieved February 26 2020 Blake Gopnik Warhol A Life as Art London Allen Lane March 5 2020 ISBN 978 0 241 00338 1 p 297 Andy Warhol s Amiga Experiments 2014 Archived from the original on May 19 2014 Retrieved May 19 2014 See biographers such as Victor Bockris and art historian Meyer Richard 2002 Outlaw Representation Censorship and Homosexuality in 20th Century American Art Oxford University Press p 125 ISBN 978 0 19 510760 9 Matarazzo Father Sam 1998 The Religious Art of Andy Warhol New York The Continuum Publishing Company p 33 ISBN 978 0 8264 1112 9 a b c Dillinger Jane Daggett 2001 The Religious Art of Andy Warhol New York City Continuum International Publishing Group pp 16 17 ISBN 978 0 8264 1334 5 Archived from the original on January 16 2021 Retrieved April 7 2010 Scherma Tony Dalton David 2010 POP The Genius of Andy Warhol New York City HarperCollins p 49 Keller Jerome 2007 Warhol Superstars Roundtable Interview Filmed at the Lauseanne Underground Film amp Music Festival Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved January 19 2016 Billy Name The man who silvered The Factory CIVILIAN October 28 2013 Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved January 19 2016 Factory Workers Warholites Remember Billy Name Interview Magazine November 30 2008 Archived from the original on January 12 2016 Retrieved January 19 2016 Boon Marcus Fall 2008 John Giorno Bomb 105 Archived from the original on September 20 2016 Retrieved September 18 2016 O Hagan Sean September 27 2015 I shot Andy Warhol photographer Billy Name on drugs and shootings at the Factory The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved January 19 2016 Koestenbaum Wayne 2015 Andy Warhol A Biography Open Road Media pp 174 75 Bockris Victor 2003 Warhol The Biography Da Capo Press p 2 Waugh Thomas 1996 Hard to Imagine Gay Male eroticism in Photography and Film from the Beginnings to Stonewall New York City Columbia University Press Butt Gavin 2005 Between you and me queer disclosures in the New York art world 1948 1963 Durham North Carolina Duke University Press p 113 ISBN 978 0 8223 3486 6 OCLC 57285910 Fairbrother Trevor 1989 Tomorrow s Man In De Salvo Donna ed Success Is a Job in New York the Early Art and Business of Andy Warhol New York Grey Art Gallery and Study Center pp 55 74 ISBN 978 0 934349 05 5 OCLC 19826995 Schmuckli Claudia 1999 Andy Warhol The Last Supper SoHo Solomon R Guggenheim Foundation Archived from the original on January 16 2009 Retrieved January 5 2009 a b c d e Romaine James November 12 2003 Transubstantiating the Culture Andy Warhol s Secret Godspy Archived from the original on November 18 2008 Retrieved January 5 2009 Muchnic Suzanne May 8 1988 Warhol Pop Artist or Crusader for Tradition Los Angeles Times ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved February 26 2018 American Acquisition Barber Institute of Fine Arts Archived from the original on February 17 2015 Retrieved February 16 2015 Goldsmith Kenneth Capital New York Capital of the 20th Century The 5 most unusual habits of Andy Warhol Inktank fi November 20 2012 Archived from the original on January 23 2013 Retrieved January 13 2013 Legacy Library Andy Warhol LibraryThing Retrieved October 23 2021 Andy Warhol s Books LibraryThing Retrieved October 23 2021 Artists United States Postal Service Archived from the original on December 13 2013 Retrieved December 15 2013 McCoy Adrian August 10 2002 Andy Warhol Puts Stamp on the World Again Pittsburgh Post Gazette Andy Warhol Commemorated in Chrome on Union Square the New York Times March 31 2011 Archived from the original on September 22 2015 Retrieved August 6 2015 Warhol Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature NASA Retrieved February 3 2021 Andy Warhol s Grave The Andy Warhol Museum Retrieved May 29 2022 Begos Kevin August 5 2013 Webcam to broadcast from Andy Warhol s Pa grave USA TODAY Retrieved May 29 2022 Introduction The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Archived from the original on September 16 2009 Retrieved January 2 2009 Artists Most Frequently Requested Artists Rights Society Archived from the original on January 31 2009 Retrieved January 6 2009 Museum info FAQ The Andy Warhol Museum Archived from the original on December 20 2008 Retrieved January 6 2009 Frequently Asked Questions The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts 2002 Archived from the original on January 6 2009 Retrieved January 6 2009 The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts 2007 The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts 1987 2007 PDF New York City The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts ISBN 978 0 9765263 1 5 OCLC 180133918 Archived from the original PDF on December 19 2008 Retrieved January 6 2009 The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Catalogues Raisonnes warholfoundation org Archived from the original on June 4 2021 Retrieved March 30 2021 Wachs Joel Michael Straus 2002 Past amp Present The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Archived from the original on January 6 2009 Retrieved January 6 2009 The Andy Warhol Museum The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts archived from the original on July 15 2017 retrieved June 26 2017 Rosenberg Karen December 2 2021 For Andy Warhol Faith and Sexuality Intertwined The New York Times Archived from the original on December 2 2021 Brooklyn Museum Andy Warhol Revelation Matheson Whitney August 6 2013 See six of Warhol s best film TV appearances USA Today Retrieved March 17 2018 Munroe Don Fremont Vincent Etkin Sue October 10 1981 Andy Warhol s TV Makeup and Death NBC Retrieved March 17 2018 Ernest Pintoff 70 Animator Won Oscar Obituaries Los Angeles Times February 7 2002 Retrieved March 17 2018 Lommel Ulli 1979 Cocaine Cowboys Can the Real David Bowie Rise Please HUMO Magazine December 5 1995 Archived from the original on June 16 2013 Retrieved June 6 2013 Hickenlooper George Factory Girl Muir John Kenneth 2011 Horror Films of the 1990s McFarland p 236 ISBN 978 0 7864 4012 2 Warhol amp Hackett 1989 p 773Entry date Thursday September 25 1986 Jared Leto to play Andy Warhol in biopic The Guardian September 20 2016 Archived from the original on September 21 2016 Retrieved September 20 2016 TLA Releasing Unveils the past of Famed Artist Andy Warhol to Reveal a Story Few Ever Imagined in Absolut Warhola PDF Press release TLA Releasing March 9 2004 Archived PDF from the original on February 7 2009 Retrieved January 9 2009 Holden Stephen September 1 2006 A Portrait of the Artist as a Visionary a Voyeur and a Brand Name Star The New York Times Retrieved January 9 2009 66th Annual Peabody Awards Archived July 12 2014 at the Wayback Machine May 2007 My Andy Warhol Videos Archived from the original on July 26 2013 Retrieved December 4 2013 Welcome to the Silver Factory at IMDb better source needed Andy Warhol s Factory People PlanetGroupEntertainment Archived from the original on December 11 2013 Retrieved December 4 2013 D Addario Daniel March 8 2022 The Andy Warhol Diaries Summons the Genius and the Person Behind the Image TV Review Variety Retrieved March 20 2022 Martin Scorsese s Vinyl Is the Year s First Must See Show Archived from the original on March 19 2016 Retrieved March 21 2016 Strause Jackie October 18 2017 How Lena Dunham and American Horror Story Delivered a Timely Look at Feminism The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved December 13 2021 Cass Richard Benjamin December 14 2015 Braniff Airways Flying Colors 1st ed Arcadia Publishing Inc p 74 ISBN 978 1 4671 3440 8 Archived from the original on December 21 2019 Retrieved September 29 2019 Sante Lucy May 3 2020 Andy Warhol Superstar The New York Times Archived from the original on May 7 2020 Retrieved May 8 2020 Hughes Kathryn February 22 2020 Warhol by Blake Gopnik review sex religion and overtaking Picasso The Guardian Archived from the original on May 26 2020 Retrieved May 8 2020 Alexander Paul April 17 2020 Warhol paints the Pop Art icon as the most influential artist of the 20th century The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 11 2020 Retrieved May 8 2020 Alan Moore w John Totleben a Olympus Miracleman 16 December 1989 Eclipse Comics Neil Gaiman w Mark Buckingham a Notes From The Underground Miracleman 19 November 1990 Eclipse ComicsFurther reading A symposium on Pop Art Arts Magazine April 1963 pp 36 45 The symposium was held in 1962 at The Museum of Modern Art and published in this issue the following year Bockris Victor 1997 Warhol The Biography New York Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 81272 9 Celant Germano Andy Warhol A Factory Kunstmuseum Wolfsbug 1999 ISBN 978 3 7757 0773 2 Colacello Bob 1990 Holy Terror Andy Warhol Close Up New York HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 016419 5 Danto Arthur C 2009 Andy Warhol Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 13555 8 Dillenberger Jane D 2001 The Religious Art of Andy Warhol New York Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 1334 5 Archived from the original on May 11 2015 Retrieved January 5 2016 Doyle Jennifer Jonathan Flatley and Jose Esteban Munoz eds 1996 Pop Out Queer Warhol Durham Duke University Press Duncan Fallowell 20th Century Characters ch Andy Lives London Vintage 1994 Foster Hal 1996 The Return of the Real An October Book MIT Press Garrels Gary 1989 The Work of Andy Warhol Discussions in Contemporary Culture no 3 Beacon NY Dia Art Foundation Guiles Fred Lawrence 1989 Loner at the Ball The Life of Andy Warhol New York Bantam ISBN 978 0 593 01540 7 James James Andy Warhol The Producer as Author in Allegories of Cinema American Film in the 1960s 1989 pp 58 84 Princeton Princeton University Press Koestenbaum Wayne 2003 Andy Warhol New York Penguin ISBN 978 0 670 03000 2 Krauss Rosalind E Warhol s Abstract Spectacle In Abstraction Gesture Ecriture Paintings from the Daros Collection New York Scalo 1999 pp 123 33 Lippard Lucy R Pop Art Thames and Hudson 1970 1985 reprint ISBN 978 0 500 20052 0 Livingstone Marco Dan Cameron Royal Academy 1992 Pop art an international perspective New York Rizzoli ISBN 978 0 8478 1475 6 Michelson Annette 2001 Andy Warhol October Files Cambridge MA The MIT Press Scherman Tony amp David Dalton POP The Genius of Andy Warhol New York NY HarperCollins 2009 Suarez Juan Antonio 1996 Bike Boys Drag Queens amp Superstars Avant Garde Mass Culture and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema Indianapolis Indiana University Press Watson Steven 2003 Factory Made Warhol and the 1960s New York Pantheon ISBN 978 0 679 42372 0 Archived from the original on August 29 2010 Warhol Andy 1975 The Philosophy of Andy Warhol From A to B and Back Again Hardcore Brace Jovanovich ISBN 978 0 15 189050 7 Warhol Andy Hackett Pat 1980 POPism The Warhol Sixties Hardcore Brace Jovanovich ISBN 978 0 15 173095 7 Warhol Andy Hackett Pat 1989 The Andy Warhol Diaries Warner Books ISBN 978 0 446 39138 2 Yau John 1993 In the Realm of Appearances The Art of Andy Warhol Hopewell NJ Ecco Press ISBN 978 0 88001 298 0 External linksAndy Warhol at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote 49 artworks by or after Andy Warhol at the Art UK site Andy Warhol at the National Gallery of Art Warhol Foundation in New York City Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh The work of Andy Warhol spoken about by David Cronenberg Warholstars Andy Warhol Films Art and Superstars Warhol amp The Computer Andy Warhol Andy Warhol at the Jewish Museum A Piece of Work podcast WNYC Studios MoMA Tavi Gevinson and Abbi Jacobson discuss Andy Warhol s Campbell s Soup Cans Andy Warhol s Personal Book Shelf Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Andy Warhol amp oldid 1152687174, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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