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Wikipedia

Stanford University

January 01, 2023

"Stanford" redirects here. For other uses, see Stanford (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Stamford School.

Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University,[13][14] is a private research university in Stanford, California. The campus occupies 8,180 acres (3,310 hectares), among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students.[15] Stanford is considered among the most prestigious universities in the world.[16][17][18][19][20]

Stanford University
Leland Stanford Junior University
MottoDie Luft der Freiheit weht (German)[1]
Motto in English
"The wind of freedom blows"[1]
TypePrivate research university
Established1891; 131 years ago (1891)[2][3]
FounderLeland and Jane Stanford
AccreditationWSCUC
Academic affiliations
Endowment$36.3 billion (2022)[4]
Budget$7.4 billion (2021–22)[5]
PresidentMarc Tessier-Lavigne
ProvostPersis Drell
Academic staff
2,279[6]
Administrative staff
15,314[7]
Students17,246 (Fall 2021)[8]
Undergraduates7,858 (Fall 2021)[8]
Postgraduates9,388 (Fall 2021)[8]
Location
Stanford
,
California
,
United States

37°25′42″N 122°10′08″W / 37.4282293°N 122.1688576°W / 37.4282293; -122.1688576[9]Coordinates: 37°25′42″N 122°10′08″W / 37.4282293°N 122.1688576°W / 37.4282293; -122.1688576[9]
CampusLarge suburban,[10] 8,180 acres (33.1 km2)[6]
Other campuses
NewspaperThe Stanford Daily
ColorsCardinal red & White[11]
   
NicknameCardinal
Sporting affiliations
MascotStanford Tree (unofficial – no official university mascot)[12]
Websitestanford.edu

Stanford was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Leland Stanford Jr., who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year.[2] Leland Stanford was a U.S. senator and former governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students on October 1, 1891,[2][3] as a coeducational and non-denominational institution. Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[21] Following World War II, provost of Stanford Frederick Terman inspired and supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build a self-sufficient local industry, which would later be known as the Silicon Valley.[22]

The university is organized around seven schools on the same campus: three schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate level as well as four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law, medicine, education, and business. The university also houses the public policy think tank, the Hoover Institution. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. As of May 26, 2022, Stanford has won 131 NCAA team championships,[23] more than any other university, and was awarded the NACDA Directors' Cup for 25 consecutive years, beginning in 1994–1995.[24] In addition, by 2021, Stanford students and alumni had won at least 296 Olympic medals including 150 gold and 79 silver medals.[25]

As of April 2021, 85 Nobel laureates, 29 Turing Award laureates,[note 1] and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, faculty, or staff.[46] In addition, Stanford is particularly noted for its entrepreneurship and is one of the most successful universities in attracting funding for start-ups.[47][48][49][50][51] Stanford alumni have founded numerous companies, which combined produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue and have created 5.4 million jobs as of 2011, roughly equivalent to the seventh largest economy in the world (as of 2020).[52][53][54] Stanford is the alma mater of U.S. President Herbert Hoover, 74 living billionaires, and 17 astronauts.[55] In academia, its alumni include the current presidents of Yale and MIT and the provosts of Harvard and Princeton. It is also one of the leading producers of Fulbright Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Rhodes Scholars, and members of the United States Congress.[56]

History

 
Statue of the Stanford family on the Stanford University campus
 
Center of the campus in 1891.[57]
 
Ichthyologist and founding president of Stanford, David Starr Jordan.
Main article: History of Stanford University

Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to the memory of Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanford's previous Palo Alto farm.

Jane and Leland Stanford modeled their university after the great eastern universities, most specifically Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Stanford was referred to as the "Cornell of the West" in 1891 due to a majority of its faculty being former Cornell affiliates (professors, alumni, or both), including its first president, David Starr Jordan, and second president, John Casper Branner. Both Cornell and Stanford were among the first to make higher education accessible, non-sectarian, and open to women as well as men. Cornell is credited as one of the first American universities to adopt that radical departure from traditional education, and Stanford became an early adopter as well.[58]

From an architectural point of view, the Stanfords, particularly Jane, wanted their university to look different from the eastern ones, which had often sought to emulate the style of English university buildings. They specified in the founding grant[59] that the buildings should "be like the old adobe houses of the early Spanish days; they will be one-storied; they will have deep window seats and open fireplaces, and the roofs will be covered with the familiar dark red tiles". This guides the campus buildings to this day. The Stanfords also hired renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who previously designed the Cornell campus, to design the Stanford campus.

When Leland Stanford died in 1893, the continued existence of the university was in jeopardy due to a federal lawsuit against his estate, but Jane Stanford insisted the university remain in operation throughout the financial crisis.[60][61] The university suffered major damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; most of the damage was repaired, but a new library and gymnasium were demolished, and some original features of Memorial Church and the Quad were never restored.[62]

During the early 20th century, the university added four professional graduate schools. Stanford University School of Medicine was established in 1908 when the university acquired Cooper Medical College in San Francisco;[63] it moved to the Stanford campus in 1959.[64] The university's law department, established as an undergraduate curriculum in 1893, was transitioned into a professional law school starting in 1908 and received accreditation from the American Bar Association in 1923.[65] The Stanford Graduate School of Education grew out of the Department of the History and Art of Education, one of the original 21 departments at Stanford, and became a professional graduate school in 1917.[66] The Stanford Graduate School of Business was founded in 1925 at the urging of then-trustee Herbert Hoover.[67] In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), established in 1962, performs research in particle physics.[68]

 
William Shockley, Stanford professor, Nobel laureate in physics, "Father of Silicon Valley"

In the 1940s and 1950s, an engineering professor and later provost Frederick Terman encouraged Stanford engineering graduates to invent products and start their own companies.[69] During the 1950s, he established Stanford Industrial Park, a high-tech commercial campus on university land.[70] Also in the 1950s William Shockley, co-inventor of the silicon transistor, recipient of the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics, and later professor of physics at Stanford, moved to the Palo Alto area and founded a company, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. The next year eight of his employees resigned and formed a competing company, Fairchild Semiconductor. The presence of so many high-tech and semiconductor firms helped to establish Stanford and the mid-Peninsula as a hotbed of innovation, eventually named Silicon Valley after the key ingredient in transistors.[71] Shockley and Terman are often described, separately or jointly, as the "fathers of Silicon Valley".[72][73]

Stanford limited Jewish student admissions during the 1950s. [74]

Stanford in the 1960s rose from a regional university to one of the most prestigious in the United States, "when it appeared on lists of the "top ten" universities in America... This swift rise to performance [was] understood at the time as related directly to the university's defense contracts..."[75]

In the following decades, however, controversies would damage the reputation of the school. The 1971 Stanford prison experiment was criticized as unethical,[76] and the misuse of government funds from 1981 resulted in severe penalties to the school's research funding[77][78] and the resignation of Stanford President Donald Kennedy in 1992.[79]

Land

 
An aerial photograph of the center of the Stanford University campus in 2008.

Most of Stanford is on an 8,180-acre (12.8 sq mi; 33.1 km2)[6] campus, one of the largest in the United States.[note 2] It is on the San Francisco Peninsula, in the northwest part of the Santa Clara Valley (Silicon Valley) approximately 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles (30 km) northwest of San Jose. $4.5 billion was received by Stanford in 2006 and spent more than $2.1 billion in 2 counties named Santa Clara, and San Mateo. In 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped.[82]

Stanford's main campus includes a census-designated place within unincorporated Santa Clara County, although some of the university land (such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park) is within the city limits of Palo Alto. The campus also includes much land in unincorporated San Mateo County (including the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve), as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park (Stanford Hills neighborhood), Woodside, and Portola Valley.[83]

The central campus includes a seasonal lake (Lake Lagunita, actually an irrigation reservoir), home to the vulnerable California tiger salamander. As of 2012 Lake Lagunita was often dry and the university had no plans to artificially fill it.[84] Two other reservoirs, Searsville Lake on San Francisquito Creek and Felt Lake,[85] are on more remote sections of the founding grant.

Central campus

The central academic campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Jane Stanford Way, and Sand Hill Road. The United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP Codes: 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P.O. box mail. It lies within area code 650.

 
View of the main quadrangle of Stanford with Memorial Church in the center background from across the grass-covered Oval.

Non-central campus

Stanford currently operates in various locations outside of its central campus.

On the founding grant:

  • Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve is a 1,200-acre (490 ha) natural reserve south of the central campus owned by the university and used by wildlife biologists for research. Researchers and students are involved in biological research. Professors can teach the importance of biological research to the biological community. The primary goal is to understand the system of the natural Earth.[86]
  • SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is a facility west of the central campus operated by the university for the Department of Energy. It contains the longest linear particle accelerator in the world, 2 miles (3.2 km) on 426 acres (172 ha) of land.[87]

Off the founding grant:

  • Hopkins Marine Station, in Pacific Grove, California, is a marine biology research center owned by the university since 1892. Based on US Pacific Coast, it is one of the oldest marine laboratories. It includes 10 research laboratories and is also used for archaeological exploration purposes.[88] A graduate student of the anthropology department discover some broken elements, which leads to proof that 100 years before it was home to a Chinese American fishing village.[89]
  • Study abroad locations: unlike typical study abroad programs, Stanford itself operates in several locations around the world; thus, each location has Stanford faculty-in-residence and staff in addition to students, creating a "mini-Stanford."[90]
  • Redwood City campus for many of the university's administrative offices in Redwood City, California, a few miles north of the main campus. In 2005, the university purchased a small, 35-acre (14 ha) campus in Midpoint Technology Park intended for staff offices; development was delayed by The Great Recession.[91][92] In 2015 the university announced a development plan[93] and the Redwood City campus opened in March 2019.[94]
  • The Bass Center in Washington, D.C. provides a base, including housing, for the Stanford in Washington program for undergraduates.[95] It includes a small art gallery open to the public.[96]
  • China: Stanford Center at Peking University, housed in the Lee Jung Sen Building, is a small center for researchers and students in collaboration with Peking University.[97][98]
 
Lake Lagunita in winter; the Dish, a large radio telescope, and local landmark, is visible in the Stanford-owned foothills behind the lake and is the high point of a popular campus jogging and walking trail.

Faculty residences

Many Stanford faculty members live in the "Faculty Ghetto," within walking or biking distance of campus.[99] The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned by Stanford. Similar to a condominium, the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a 99-year lease. Houses in the "Ghetto" appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley values. For faculty housing there are some changes that come from the date February 1, 2022.[100]

Other uses

Some of the land is managed to provide revenue for the university such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park. Stanford land is also leased for a token rent by the Palo Alto Unified School District for several schools including Palo Alto High School and Gunn High School.[101] El Camino Park, the oldest Palo Alto city park (established 1914), is also on Stanford land.[102]

Stanford also has the Stanford Golf Course[103] and Stanford Red Barn Equestrian Center[104] used by Stanford athletics though the golf course can also be used by the general public.

Landmarks

Contemporary campus landmarks include the Main Quad and Memorial Church, the Cantor Center for Visual Arts and the Bing Concert Hall, the Stanford Mausoleum with the nearby Angel of Grief, Hoover Tower, the Rodin Sculpture Garden, the Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden, the Arizona Cactus Garden, the Stanford University Arboretum, Green Library and the Dish. Frank Lloyd Wright's 1937 Hanna–Honeycomb House and the 1919 Lou Henry Hoover House are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places. White Memorial Fountain (also known as "The Claw") between the Stanford Bookstore and the Old Union is a popular place to meet and to engage in the Stanford custom of "fountain hopping"; it was installed in 1964 and designed by Aristides Demetrios after a national competition as a memorial for two brothers in the class of 1949, William N. White and John B. White II, one of whom died before graduating and one shortly after in 1952.[105][106][107][108]

Administration and organization

 
Marc Tessier-Lavigne is the president of Stanford University.

Stanford is a private, non-profit university administered as a corporate trust governed by a privately appointed board of trustees with a maximum membership of 38.[109][note 3] Trustees serve five-year terms (not more than two consecutive terms) and meet five times annually.[112] A new trustee is chosen by the current trustees by ballot.[110] The Stanford trustees also oversee the Stanford Research Park, the Stanford Shopping Center, the Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University Medical Center, and many associated medical facilities (including the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital).[113]

The board appoints a president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university, to prescribe the duties of professors and course of study, to manage financial and business affairs, and to appoint nine vice presidents.[114] The 11th and current president of Stanford University is Marc Trevor Tessier-Lavigne, a Canadian-born neuroscientist.[115] The provost is the chief academic and budget officer, to whom the deans of each of the seven schools report.[116][117] Persis Drell became the 13th provost in February 2017.

As of 2018, the university was organized into seven academic schools.[118] The schools of Humanities and Sciences (27 departments),[119] Engineering (nine departments),[120] and Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (four departments)[121] have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the Schools of Law,[122] Medicine,[123] Education,[124] and Business,[125] have graduate programs only. A new School of Sustainability will supersede the School of Earth, Energy, & Environmental Sciences in September 2022. The powers and authority of the faculty are vested in the Academic Council, which is made up of tenure and non-tenure line faculty, research faculty, senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes, the president of the university, and some other academic administrators. But most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate, made up of 54 elected representatives of the faculty for the year 2021–22.[126]

The Associated Students of Stanford University (ASSU) is the student government for Stanford and all registered students are members. Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students, the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students, and the President and Vice President elected as a ticket by the entire student body.[127]

Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the California Constitution, which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as the property is used for educational purposes.[128]

Endowment and donations

The university's endowment, managed by the Stanford Management Company, was valued at $36.3 billion as of August 31, 2022.[4] Payouts from the Stanford endowment covered approximately 21% of university expenses in the 2022 fiscal year.[4] In the 2018 NACUBO-TIAA survey of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada, only Harvard University, the University of Texas System, and Yale University had larger endowments than Stanford.[129]

 
The original Golden spike on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University

In 2006, President John L. Hennessy launched a five-year campaign called the Stanford Challenge, which reached its $4.3 billion fundraising goal in 2009, two years ahead of time, but continued fundraising for the duration of the campaign. It concluded on December 31, 2011, having raised $6.23 billion and breaking the previous campaign fundraising record of $3.88 billion held by Yale.[130][131] Specifically, the campaign raised $253.7 million for undergraduate financial aid, as well as $2.33 billion for its initiative in "Seeking Solutions" to global problems, $1.61 billion for "Educating Leaders" by improving K-12 education, and $2.11 billion for "Foundation of Excellence" aimed at providing academic support for Stanford students and faculty. Funds supported 366 new fellowships for graduate students, 139 new endowed chairs for faculty, and 38 new or renovated buildings. The new funding also enabled the construction of a facility for stem cell research; a new campus for the business school; an expansion of the law school; a new Engineering Quad; a new art and art history building; an on-campus concert hall; the new Cantor Arts Center; and a planned expansion of the medical school, among other things.[132][133] In 2012, the university raised $1.035 billion, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.[134]

In April 2022, Stanford University announced a $75 million donation, in support of a multidisciplinary neurodegenerative brain disease research initiative at the university's Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. The donation came from Nike co-founder Phil Knight and his wife Penny; hence The Phil and Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience will explore cognitive declines from diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.[135]

Academics

Admissions

First-time fall freshman statistics
  2021[136] 2020[137] 2019[138] 2018[139] 2017[140] 2016[141] 2015[142] 2014[143] 2013[144]
Applicants 55,471 45,227 47,498 47,452 44,073 43,997 42,497 42,167 38,827
Admits 2,190 2,349 2,062 2,071 2,085 2,118 2,140 2,145 2,208
Admit rate 3.9% 5.19% 4.34% 4.36% 4.73% 4.81% 5.04% 5.09% 5.69%
Enrolled 1,757 1,607 1,701 1,697 1,703 1,739 1,720 1,687 1,677
Yield 80.23% 68.41% 82.49% 81.94% 81.68% 82.11% 80.37% 78.23% 75.96%
SAT range 1420–1570 1420–1550 1440–1550 1420–1570 1390–1540 2170–2370 2080–2360 2070–2360 2070–2350
ACT range 32–35 31–35 32–35 32–35 32–35 32–35 31–35 31–34 30–34

Stanford is considered by US News to be 'most selective', with an acceptance rate of 4%. Half of the applicants accepted to Stanford have an SAT score between 1440 and 1570 or an ACT score of 32 and 35. Admissions officials consider a student's GPA to be an important academic factor, with emphasis on an applicant's high school class rank and letters of recommendation.[145] In terms of non-academic materials as of 2019, Stanford ranks extracurricular activities, talent/ability and character/personal qualities as 'very important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions, while ranking the interview, whether the applicant is a first-generation university applicant, legacy preferences, volunteer work and work experience as 'considered'.[138]

Teaching and learning

Stanford follows a quarter system with the autumn quarter usually beginning in late September and the spring quarter ending in mid-June.[146] The full-time, four-year undergraduate program has arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence.[146] Stanford is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.[147]

Stanford's admission process is need-blind for U.S. citizens and permanent residents; while it is not need-blind for international students, 64% are on need-based aid, with an average aid package of $31,411.[148] In 2012–13, the university awarded $126 million in need-based financial aid to 3,485 students, with an average aid package of $40,460.[148] Eighty percent of students receive some form of financial aid.[148] Stanford has a no-loan policy.[148] For undergraduates admitted starting in 2015, Stanford waives tuition, room, and board for most families with incomes below $65,000, and most families with incomes below $125,000 are not required to pay tuition; those with incomes up to $150,000 may have tuition significantly reduced.[149] Seventeen percent of students receive Pell Grants,[148] a common measure of low-income students at a college. In 2022, Stanford started its first dual-enrollment computer science program for high school students from low-income communities[150] as a pilot project which then inspired the founding of the Qualia Global Scholars Program.[151] Stanford plans to expand the program to include courses in Structured Liberal Education and writing.[150]

The Cantonese language had classes at Stanford until 2020, when the remaining Cantonese instructor was laid off.[152]

Research centers and institutes

 
Hoover Tower, inspired by the cathedral tower at Salamanca in Spain
Main article: Stanford University centers and institutes

Stanford is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity."[146] The university's research expenditure in fiscal year 2021 was $1.69 billion and total sponsored projects was 7,900+.[153] As of 2016 the Office of the Vice Provost and Dean of Research oversaw eighteen independent laboratories, centers, and institutes. Dr. Kathryn Ann Moler is the key person for leading those research centers for choosing problems, faculty members, and students. Funding is also provided for undergraduate and graduate students by those labs, centers, and institutes for collaborative research.[154]

Other Stanford-affiliated institutions include the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center), the Stanford Research Institute (an independent institution which originated at the university), the Hoover Institution (a conservative[155] think tank) and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (a multidisciplinary design school in cooperation with the Hasso Plattner Institute of University of Potsdam that integrates product design, engineering, and business management education).[citation needed]

Stanford is home to the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute which grew out of and still contains the Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project, a collaboration with the King Center to publish the King papers held by the King Center.[156] It also runs the John S. Knight Fellowship for Professional Journalists and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to address challenges facing the ocean. It focuses mainly 5 points, such as climate change, overfishing, coastal development, pollution and plastics.[157]

Together with UC Berkeley and UC San Francisco, Stanford is part of the Biohub, a new medical science research center founded in 2016 by a $600 million commitment from Facebook CEO and founder Mark Zuckerberg and pediatrician Priscilla Chan. This medical research center is working for designing advanced-level health care units.[158]

Libraries and digital resources

Main article: Stanford University Libraries

As of 2014, Stanford University Libraries (SUL) has 24 libraries in total. The Hoover Institution Library and Archives is a research center based on history of 20th century.[159] Stanford University Libraries (SUL) held a collection of more than 9.3 million volumes, nearly 300,000 rare or special books, 1.5 million e-books, 2.5 million audiovisual materials, 77,000 serials, nearly 6 million microform holdings, thousands of other digital resources.[160] and 516,620 journal, 526,414 images, 11,000 software collection, 1,00,000 videos etc. .[161]

The main library in the SU library system is the Green Library, which also contains various meeting and conference rooms, study spaces, and reading rooms. Lathrop Library (previously Meyer Library, demolished in 2015), holds various student-accessible media resources and houses one of the largest East Asia collections with 540,000 volumes.

Stanford University Press was founded in 1892. It published about 130 books per year has printed more than 3,000 books.[162] It also has fifteen subject areas.[163]

Arts

 
Bronze statues by Auguste Rodin are scattered throughout the campus, including these Burghers of Calais.

Stanford is home to the Cantor Center for Visual Arts, a museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child. The center's collection of works by Rodin is among the largest in the world.[164] The Thomas Welton Stanford Gallery, which was built in 1917, serves as a teaching resource for the Department of Art & Art History as well as an exhibition venue. In 2014, Stanford opened the Anderson Collection, a new museum focused on postwar American art and founded by the donation of 121 works by food service moguls Mary and Harry Anderson.[165][166][167] There are outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well. The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features includes wood carvings and "totem poles."

The Stanford music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, Stanford Taiko, and the Stanford Wind Ensemble. Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram's Head Theatrical Society, the Stanford Improvisors,[168] the Stanford Shakespeare Company, and the Stanford Savoyards, a group dedicated to performing the works of Gilbert and Sullivan. Stanford is also host to ten a cappella groups, including the Mendicants (Stanford's first),[169] Counterpoint (the first all-female group on the West Coast),[170] the Harmonics, the Stanford Fleet Street Singers,[171] Talisman, Everyday People, and Raagapella.[172]

Reputation and rankings

Slate in 2014 dubbed Stanford as "the Harvard of the 21st century".[173] In the same year The New York Times dubbed Harvard as the "Stanford of the East". In that article titled To Young Minds of Today, Harvard Is the Stanford of the East The New York Times concluded that "Stanford University has become America's 'it' school, by measures that Harvard once dominated."[174] In 2019, Stanford University took 1st place on Reuters' list of the World's Most Innovative Universities for the fifth consecutive year.[175] In 2022, Washington Monthly ranked Stanford at 1st position in their annual list of top universities in USA.[176] In a 2022 survey by The Princeton Review, Stanford was ranked 1st among the top ten "dream colleges" of America, and was considered to be the ultimate "dream college" of both students and parents.[177][178] Stanford Graduate School of Business was ranked 1st in the list of America's best business schools by Bloomberg for 2022-23.[179][180] From polls of college applicants done by The Princeton Review, every year from 2013 to 2020 the most commonly named "dream college" for students was Stanford; separately, parents, too, most frequently named Stanford their ultimate "dream college."[181][182]

Globally Stanford is also ranked among the top universities in the world (see infoboxes above). The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Stanford second in the world (after Harvard) most years from 2003 to 2020.[192] Times Higher Education recognizes Stanford as one of the world's "six super brands" on its World Reputation Rankings, along with Berkeley, Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, and Oxford.[193][194]

Discoveries and innovation

See also: Carnegie Mellon discoveries and innovation, Illinois discoveries and innovation, MIT discoveries and innovation, and UC Berkeley discoveries and innovation

Natural sciences

 
Felix Bloch, physics professor, 1952 Nobel laureate for his work at Stanford

Computer and applied sciences

 
Vint Cerf (BS 1965), co-leader of the Stanford team that designed the architecture of the internet

Businesses and entrepreneurship

Main article: List of companies founded by Stanford University alumni

Stanford is one of the most successful universities in creating companies and licensing its inventions to existing companies, and it is often considered a model for technology transfer.[47][48] Stanford's Office of Technology Licensing is responsible for commercializing university research, intellectual property, and university-developed projects.

The university is described as having a strong venture culture in which students are encouraged, and often funded, to launch their own companies.[49]

Companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue and have created some 5.4 million jobs since the 1930s.[218] When combined, these companies would form the tenth-largest economy in the world.[53]

   
Co-founders of Hewlett-Packard, Bill Hewlett (BS 1934), left, and David Packard (BA 1934), right

Some companies closely associated with Stanford and their connections include:

Student life

Student body

Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2020
Race and ethnicity[231] Total
White 29% 29
 
Asian 25% 25
 
Hispanic 17% 17
 
Foreign national 11% 11
 
Other[a] 10% 10
 
Black 7% 7
 
Native American 1% 1
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 18% 18
 
Affluent[c] 82% 82
 

Stanford enrolled 6,996 undergraduate[148] and 10,253 graduate students[148] as of the 2019–2020 school year. Women made up 50.4% of undergraduates and 41.5% of graduate students.[148] In the same academic year, the freshman retention rate was 99%.

Stanford awarded 1,819 undergraduate degrees, 2,393 master's degrees, 770 doctoral degrees, and 3270 professional degrees in the 2018–2019 school year.[148] The four-year graduation rate for the class of 2017 cohort was 72.9%, and the six-year rate was 94.4%.[148] The relatively low four-year graduation rate is a function of the university's coterminal degree (or "coterm") program, which allows students to earn a master's degree as a 1-to-2-year extension of their undergraduate program.[232]

As of 2010, fifteen percent of undergraduates were first-generation students.[233]

Dormitories and student housing

Main article: Stanford University student housing

As of 2013, 89% of undergraduate students lived in on-campus university housing. First-year undergraduates are required to live on campus, and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years.[148][234] Undergraduates live in 80 different houses, including dormitories, co-ops, row houses, and fraternities and sororities.[235] At Manzanita Park, 118 mobile homes were installed as "temporary" housing from 1969 to 1991, but as of 2015 was the site of newer dorms Castano, Kimball, Lantana, and the Humanities House, completed in 2015.[236][237]

Most student residences are just outside the campus core, within ten minutes (on foot or bike) of most classrooms and libraries. Some are reserved for freshmen, sophomores, or upper-class students and some are open to all four classes. Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male fraternities, three are all-female sororities, and there is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors (single-gender floors).[238]

 
Many students use bicycles to get around the large campus.

Several residences are considered theme houses. The Academic, Language, and Culture Houses include EAST (Education and Society Themed House), Hammarskjöld (International Themed House), Haus Mitteleuropa (Central European Themed House), La Casa Italiana (Italian Language and Culture), La Maison Française (French Language and Culture House), Slavianskii Dom (Slavic/East European Themed House), Storey (Human Biology Themed House), and Yost (Spanish Language and Culture). Cross-Cultural Themed Houses include Casa Zapata (Chicano/Latino Theme in Stern Hall), Muwekma-tah-ruk (American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Themed House), Okada (Asian-American Themed House in Wilbur Hall), and Ujamaa (Black/African-American Themed House in Lagunita Court). Focus Houses include Freshman-Sophomore College (Academic Focus), Branner Hall (Community Service), Kimball (Arts & Performing Arts), Crothers (Global Citizenship), and Toyon (Sophomore Priority).[235] Theme houses predating the current "theme" classification system are Columbae (Social Change Through Nonviolence, since 1970),[239] and Synergy (Exploring Alternatives, since 1972).[240]

Co-ops or "Self-Ops" are another housing option. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. These houses have unique themes around which their community is centered. Many co-ops are hubs of music, art and philosophy. The co-ops on campus are 576 Alvarado Row (formerly Chi Theta Chi), Columbae, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Hammarskjöld, Kairos, Terra (the unofficial LGBT house),[241] and Synergy.[242] Phi Sigma, at 1018 Campus Drive was formerly Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity, but in 1973 became a Self-Op.[243]

As of 2015 around 55 percent of the graduate student population lived on campus.[244] First-year graduate students are guaranteed on-campus housing. Stanford also subsidizes off-campus apartments in nearby Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Mountain View for graduate students who are guaranteed on-campus housing but are unable to live on campus due to a lack of space.[245]

Athletics

Main article: Stanford Cardinal
 
The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band rallies football fans with arrangements of "All Right Now" and other contemporary music.

As of 2016 Stanford had 16 male varsity sports and 20 female varsity sports,[246] 19 club sports[247] and about 27 intramural sports[248] In 1930, following a unanimous vote by the executive committee for the Associated Students, the athletic department adopted the mascot "Indian." The Indian symbol and name were dropped by President Richard Lyman in 1972, after objections from Native American students and a vote by the student senate.[249] The sports teams are now officially referred to as the "Stanford Cardinal," referring to the deep red color, not the cardinal bird. Stanford is a member of the Pac-12 Conference in most sports, the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several other sports, and the America East Conference in field hockey[250] with the participation in the inter-collegiate NCAA's Division I FBS.

Its traditional sports rival is the University of California, Berkeley, the neighbor to the north in the East Bay. The winner of the annual "Big Game" between the Cal and Cardinal football teams gains custody of the Stanford Axe.[251]

As of May 9, 2022, Stanford has won 130 NCAA team championships, more than any other school. Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 46 consecutive years, starting in 1976–77 and continuing through 2021–22.[252] The second-longest NCAA championship streak was 19 years, achieved by USC from 1959 to 1960 through 1977–78. As of January 1, 2022, Stanford athletes have won 529 NCAA individual championships. No other Division I school is within 100 of Stanford's total.[253] Stanford won 25 consecutive NACDA Directors' Cups, from 1994 to 1995 through 2018–19, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation.[252]

177 Stanford-affiliated athletes have won a total of 296 Summer Olympic medals (150 gold, 79 silver, 67 bronze), including 26 medals at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 27 medals at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics.[252] In the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics, Stanford-affiliated athletes won 26 medals, more than any other university.[254] Stanford athletes have won medals in every Summer Olympic Games since 1912.

Traditions

  • "Hail, Stanford, Hail!" is the Stanford hymn sometimes sung at ceremonies or adapted by the various university singing groups. It was written in 1892 by mechanical engineering professor Albert W. Smith and his wife, Mary Roberts Smith (in 1896 she earned the first Stanford doctorate in economics and later became associate professor of sociology), but was not officially adopted until after a performance on campus in March 1902 by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir.[255][256]
  • Big Game: The central football rivalry between Stanford and UC Berkeley. First played in 1892, and for a time played by the universities' rugby teams, it is one of the oldest college rivalries in the United States.
  • The Stanford Axe: A trophy earned by the winner of Big Game, exchanged only as necessary. The axe originated in 1899 when Stanford yell leader Billy Erb wielded a lumberman's axe to inspire the team. Stanford lost, and the Axe was stolen by Berkeley students following the game. In 1930, Stanford students staged an elaborate heist to recover the Axe. In 1933, the schools agreed to exchange it as a prize for winning Big Game. As of 2021, a restaurant centrally located on Stanford's campus is named "The Axe and Palm" in reference to the Axe.[257]
  • Big Game Gaieties: In the week ahead of Big Game, a 90-minute original musical (written, composed, produced, and performed by the students of Ram's Head Theatrical Society) is performed in Memorial Auditorium.[258]
  • Full Moon on the Quad: An annual event at Main Quad, where students gather to kiss one another starting at midnight. Typically organized by the junior class cabinet, the festivities include live entertainment, such as music and dance performances.[259]
  • The Stanford Marriage Pact: An annual matchmaking event where thousands of students complete a questionnaire about their values and are subsequently matched with the best person for them to make a "marriage pact" with.[260][261][262][263]
  • Fountain Hopping: At any time of year, students tour Stanford's main campus fountains to dip their feet or swim in some of the university's 25 fountains.[259][264][265]
  • Mausoleum Party: An annual Halloween party at the Stanford Mausoleum, the final resting place of Leland Stanford Jr. and his parents. A 20-year tradition, the Mausoleum party was on hiatus from 2002 to 2005 due to a lack of funding, but was revived in 2006.[259][266] In 2008, it was hosted in Old Union rather than at the actual Mausoleum, because rain prohibited generators from being rented.[267] In 2009, after fundraising efforts by the Junior Class Presidents and the ASSU Executive, the event was able to return to the Mausoleum despite facing budget cuts earlier in the year.[268]
  • Wacky Walk: At commencement, graduates forgo a more traditional entrance and instead stride into Stanford Stadium in a large procession wearing wacky costumes.[265][269]
  • Steam Tunneling: Stanford has a network of underground brick-lined tunnels that conduct central heating to more than 200 buildings via steam pipes. Students sometimes navigate the corridors, rooms, and locked gates, carrying flashlights and water bottles.[270] Stanford Magazine named steam tunneling one of the "101 things you must do" before graduating from the Farm in 2000.[271]
  • Band Run: An annual festivity at the beginning of the school year, where the band picks up freshmen from dorms across campus while stopping to perform at each location, culminating in a finale performance at Main Quad.[259]
  • Viennese Ball: a formal ball with waltzes that was initially started in the 1970s by students returning from the now-closed (since 1987) Stanford in Vienna overseas program.[272] It is now open to all students.
  • The long-unofficial motto of Stanford, selected by President Jordan, is "Die Luft der Freiheit weht."[273] Translated from the German language, this quotation from Ulrich von Hutten means, "The wind of freedom blows." The motto was controversial during World War I, when anything in German was suspect; at that time the university disavowed that this motto was official.[1] It was made official by way of incorporation into an official seal by the board of trustees in December 2002.[274]
  • Degree of Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman: Stanford does not award honorary degrees,[275][276] but in 1953 the "degree of Uncommon Man/Uncommon Woman" was created by Stanford Associates, part of the Stanford alumni organization, to recognize alumni who give rare and extraordinary service to the university. It is awarded not at prescribed intervals, but instead only when the president of the university deems it appropriate to recognize extraordinary service. Recipients include Herbert Hoover, Bill Hewlett, Dave Packard, Lucile Packard, and John Gardner.[277]
  • Former campus traditions include the Big Game bonfire on Lake Lagunita (a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall), which was formally ended in 1997 because of the presence of endangered salamanders in the lake bed.[278]

Religious life

Students and staff at Stanford are of many different religions. The Stanford Office for Religious Life's mission is "to guide, nurture and enhance spiritual, religious and ethical life within the Stanford University community" by promoting enriching dialogue, meaningful ritual, and enduring friendships among people of all religious backgrounds. It is headed by a dean with the assistance of a senior associate dean and an associate dean. Stanford Memorial Church, in the center of campus, has a Sunday University Public Worship service (UPW) usually in the "Protestant Ecumenical Christian" tradition where the Memorial Church Choir sings and a sermon is preached usually by one of the Stanford deans for Religious Life. UPW sometimes has multifaith services.[279] In addition, the church is used by the Catholic community and by some of the other Christian denominations at Stanford. Weddings happen most Saturdays and the university has for over 20 years allowed blessings of same-gender relationships and now legal weddings.

In addition to the church, the Office for Religious Life has a Center for Inter-Religious Community, Learning, and Experiences (CIRCLE) on the third floor of Old Union. It offers a common room, an interfaith sanctuary, a seminar room, a student lounge area, and a reading room, as well as offices housing a number of Stanford Associated Religions (SAR) member groups and the Senior Associate Dean and Associate Dean for Religious Life. Most though not all religious student groups belong to SAR. The SAR directory includes organizations that serve atheist, Bahá’í, Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Islam, Jewish, and Sikh groups, though these groups vary year by year.[280] The Windhover Contemplation Center was dedicated in October 2014, and was intended to provide spiritual sanctuary for students and staff in the midst of their course and work schedules; the center displays the "Windhover" paintings by Nathan Oliveira, the late Stanford professor and artist.[281]

Some religions have a larger and more formal presence on campus in addition to the student groups; these include the Catholic Community at Stanford[282] and Hillel at Stanford.[283]

Greek life

Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since 1891 when the university first opened. In 1944, University President Donald Tresidder banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition.[284] However, following Title IX, the Board of Trustees lifted the 33-year ban on sororities in 1977.[285] Students are not permitted to join a fraternity or sorority until spring quarter of their freshman year.[286]

As of 2016 Stanford had 31 Greek organizations, including 14 sororities and 16 fraternities. Nine of the Greek organizations were housed (eight in University-owned houses and one, Sigma Chi, in their own house, although the land is owned by the university[287]). Six chapters were members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association, 11 chapters were members of the Interfraternity Council, seven chapters belonged to the Intersorority Council, and six chapters belonged to the Multicultural Greek Council.[288]

Student groups

 
Stanford College Republicans tabling on campus in April 2022

As of 2020, Stanford had more than 600 student organizations.[293] Groups are often, though not always, partially funded by the university via allocations directed by the student government organization, the ASSU. These funds include "special fees," which are decided by a Spring Quarter vote by the student body. Groups span athletics and recreation, careers/pre-professional, community service, ethnic/cultural, fraternities and sororities, health and counseling, media and publications, the arts, political and social awareness, and religious and philosophical organizations.

In contrast to many other selective universities, Stanford policy mandates that all recognized student clubs be "broadly open" for all interested students to join.[294][295][296][297]

Stanford is home to a set of student journalism publications. The Stanford Daily is a student-run daily newspaper and has been published since the university was founded in 1892.[298] The student-run radio station, KZSU Stanford 90.1 FM, features freeform music programming, sports commentary, and news segments; it started in 1947 as an AM radio station.[299] The Stanford Review is a conservative student newspaper founded in 1987.[300] The Fountain Hopper (FoHo) is a financially independent, anonymous student-run campus rag publication, notable for having broken the Brock Turner story.[301]

Stanford hosts numerous environmental and sustainability-oriented student groups, including Students for a Sustainable Stanford, Students for Environmental and Racial Justice, and Stanford Energy Club.[302]

Stanford is also home to a large number of pre-professional student organizations, organized around missions from startup incubation to paid consulting. The Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students (BASES) is one of the largest professional organizations in Silicon Valley, with over 5,000 members.[303] Its goal is to support the next generation of entrepreneurs.[304] StartX is a non-profit startup accelerator for student and faculty-led startups.[305] It is staffed primarily by students.[306] Stanford Women In Business (SWIB) is an on-campus business organization, aimed at helping Stanford women find paths to success in the generally male-dominated technology industry.[307] Stanford Marketing is a student group that provides students hands-on training through research and strategy consulting projects with Fortune 500 clients, as well as workshops led by people from industry and professors in the Stanford Graduate School of Business.[308][309] Stanford Finance provides mentoring and internships for students who want to enter a career in finance. Stanford Pre Business Association is intended to build connections among industry, alumni, and student communities.[310]

Other groups include:

  • The Stanford Axe Committee is the official guardian of the Stanford Axe and the rest of the time assists the Stanford Band as a supplementary spirit group. It has existed since 1982.[311]
  • The Stanford solar car project, in which students build a solar-powered car every 2 years and race it in either the North American Solar Challenge or the World Solar Challenge.
  • Stanford American Indian Organization (SAIO) which hosts the annual Stanford Powwow started in 1971. This is the largest student-run event on campus and the largest student-run powwow in the country.[312][313]
  • The Stanford Improvisors (SImps for short) teach and perform improvisational theatre on campus and in the surrounding community.[314] In 2014 the group finished second in the Golden Gate Regional College Improv tournament[315] and they have since been invited twice to perform at the annual San Francisco Improv Festival.[316]
  • Asha for Education is a national student group founded in 1991. It focuses mainly on education in India and supporting nonprofit organizations that work mainly in the education sector. Asha's Stanford chapter organizes events like Holi as well as lectures by prominent leaders from India on the university campus.[317][318][319]

Safety

Stanford's Department of Public Safety is responsible for law enforcement and safety on the main campus. Its deputy sheriffs are peace officers by arrangement with the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office.[320] The department is also responsible for publishing an annual crime report covering the previous three years as required by the Clery Act.[321] Fire protection has been provided by contract with the Palo Alto Fire Department since 1976.[322]

Murder is rare on the campus, although a few cases have been notorious, including the 1974 murder of Arlis Perry in Stanford Memorial Church, which was not solved until 2018.[323] Also notorius was Theodore Streleski's murder of his faculty advisor in 1978.[324]

Campus sexual misconduct

In 2014, Stanford was the tenth highest in the nation in "total of reports of rape" on their main campus, with 26 reports of rape.[325]

In Stanford's 2015 Campus Climate Survey, 4.7 percent of female undergraduates reported experiencing sexual assault as defined by the university, and 32.9 percent reported experiencing sexual misconduct.[326] According to the survey, 85% of perpetrators of misconduct were Stanford students and 80% were men.[326] Perpetrators of sexual misconduct were frequently aided by alcohol or drugs, according to the survey: "Nearly three-fourths of the students whose responses were categorized as sexual assault indicated that the act was accomplished by a person or persons taking advantage of them when they were drunk or high, according to the survey. Close to 70 percent of students who reported an experience of sexual misconduct involving nonconsensual penetration and/or oral sex indicated the same."[326] Associated Students of Stanford and student and alumni activists with the anti-rape group Stand with Leah criticized the survey methodology for downgrading incidents involving alcohol if students did not check two separate boxes indicating they were both intoxicated and incapacity while sexually assaulted.[326] Reporting on the Brock Turner rape case, a reporter from The Washington Post analyzed campus rape reports submitted by universities to the U.S. Department of Education, and found that Stanford was one of the top ten universities in campus rapes in 2014, with 26 reported that year, but when analyzed by rapes per 1000 students, Stanford was not among the top ten.[327]

People v. Turner

Main article: People v. Turner

On the night of January 17–18, 2015, 22-year-old Chanel Miller, who was visiting the campus to attend a party at the Kappa Alpha fraternity, was sexually assaulted by Brock Turner, a nineteen-year-old freshman student-athlete from Ohio. Two Stanford graduate students witnessed the attack and intervened; when Turner attempted to flee the two held him down on the ground until police arrived.[328] Stanford immediately referred the case to prosecutors and offered Miller counseling, and within two weeks had barred Turner from campus after conducting an investigation.[329] Turner was convicted on three felony charges in March 2016 and in June 2016 he received a jail sentence of six months and was declared a sex offender, requiring him to register as such for the rest of his life; prosecutors had sought a six-year prison sentence out of the maximum 14 years that was possible.[330] The case and the relatively lenient sentence drew nationwide attention.[331] Two years later the judge in the case, Stanford graduate Aaron Persky, was recalled by the voters.[332][333]

Joe Lonsdale

In February 2015, Elise Clougherty filed a sexual assault and harassment lawsuit against venture capitalist Joe Lonsdale.[334][335] Lonsdale and Clougherty entered into a relationship in the spring of 2012 when she was a junior and he was her mentor in a Stanford entrepreneurship course.[335] By the spring of 2013 Clougherty had broken off the relationship and filed charges at Stanford that Lonsdale had broken the Stanford policy against consensual relationships between students and faculty and that he had sexually assaulted and harassed her, which resulted in Lonsdale being banned from Stanford for 10 years.[335] Lonsdale challenged Stanford's finding that he had sexually assaulted and harassed her and Stanford rescinded that finding and the campus ban in the fall of 2015.[336] Clougherty withdrew her suit that fall as well.[337]

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Stanford University people and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Stanford University.
 
Herbert Hoover (BS 1895), 31st President of the United States, founder of Hoover Institution at Stanford, recipient of the Uncommon Man award
 
John F. Kennedy (attended 1940[338]), 35th President of the United States

As of late 2021, Stanford had 2,288 tenure-line faculty, senior fellows, center fellows, and medical center faculty.[339]

Award laureates and scholars

Stanford's current community of scholars includes:

Stanford's faculty and former faculty includes 48 Nobel laureates,[339] 5 Fields Medalists, as well as 17 winners of the Turing Award, the so-called "Nobel Prize in computer science," comprising one-third of the awards given in its 44-year history. The university has 27 ACM fellows. It is also affiliated with 4 Gödel Prize winners, 4 Knuth Prize recipients, 10 IJCAI Computers and Thought Award winners, and about 15 Grace Murray Hopper Award winners for their work in the foundations of computer science. Stanford alumni have started many companies and, according to Forbes, has produced the second highest number of billionaires of all universities.[344][345][346]

As of 2020, 15 Stanford alumni have won the Nobel Prize.[347][348][349][350][351] As of 2022, 128 Stanford students or alumni have been named Rhodes Scholars.[352]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Undergraduate school alumni who received the Turing Award:
    1. Vint Cerf: BS Math Stanford 1965; MS CS UCLA 1970; PhD CS UCLA 1972.[26]
    2. Allen Newell: BS Physics Stanford 1949; PhD Carnegie Institute of Technology 1957.[27]
    Graduate school alumni who received the Turing Award:
    1. Martin Hellman: BE New York University 1966, MS Stanford University 1967, Ph.D. Stanford University 1969, all in electrical engineering. Professor at Stanford 1971–1996.[28]
    2. John Hopcroft: BS Seattle University; MS EE Stanford 1962, Phd EE Stanford 1964.[29]
    3. Barbara Liskov: BSc Berkeley 1961; PhD Stanford.[30]
    4. Raj Reddy: BS from Guindy College of Engineering (Madras, India) 1958; M Tech, University of New South Wales 1960; Ph.D. Stanford 1966.[31]
    5. Ronald Rivest: BA Yale 1969; PhD Stanford 1974.[32]
    6. Robert Tarjan: BS Caltech 1969; MS Stanford 1971, PhD 1972.[33]
    Non-alumni former and current faculty, staff, and researchers who received the Turing Award:
    1. Whitfield Diffie: BS Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1965. Visiting scholar at Stanford from 2009–2010 and an affiliate from 2010–2012; currently, a consulting professor at CISAC (The Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University).[34]
    2. Doug Engelbart: BS EE Oregon State University 1948; MS EE Berkeley 1953; PhD Berkeley 1955. Researcher/Director at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) 1957–1977; Director (Bootstrap Project) at Stanford University 1989–1990.[35]
    3. Edward Feigenbaum: BS Carnegie Institute of Technology 1956, Ph.D. Carnegie Institute of Technology 1960. Associate Professor at Stanford 1965–1968; Professor at Stanford 1969–2000; Professor Emeritus at Stanford (2000–present).[36]
    4. Robert W. Floyd: BA 1953, BSc Physics, both from the University of Chicago. Professor at Stanford (1968–1994).[37]
    5. Sir Antony Hoare: Undergraduate at Oxford University. Visiting Professor at Stanford 1973.[38]
    6. Alan Kay: BA/BS from the University of Colorado at Boulder, Ph.D. 1969 from the University of Utah. Researcher at Stanford 1969–1971.[39]
    7. John McCarthy: BS Math, Caltech; PhD Princeton. Assistant Professor at Stanford 1953–1955; Professor at Stanford 1962–2011.[40]
    8. Robin Milner: BSc 1956 from Cambridge University. Researcher at Stanford University 1971–1972.[41]
    9. Amir Pnueli: BSc Math from Technion 1962, PhD Weizmann Institute of Science 1967. Instructor at Stanford 1967; Visitor at Stanford 1970[42]
    10. Dana Scott: BA Berkeley 1954, Ph.D. Princeton 1958. Associate Professor at Stanford 1963–1967.[43]
    11. Niklaus Wirth: BS Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 1959, MSC Universite Laval, Canada, 1960; Ph.D. Berkeley 1963. Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1963–1967.[44]
    12. Andrew Yao: BS physics National University of Taiwan 1967; AM Physics Harvard 1969; Ph.D. Physics, Harvard 1972; Ph.D. CS University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign 1975 Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1976–1981; Professor at Stanford University 1982–1986.[45]
  2. ^ It is often stated that Stanford has the largest contiguous campus in the world (or the United States)[80][81] but that depends on definitions. Berry College with over 26,000 acres (40.6 sq mi; 105.2 km2), Paul Smith's College with 14,200 acres (22.2 sq mi; 57.5 km2), and the United States Air Force Academy with 18,500 acres (7,500 ha) are larger but are not usually classified as universities. Duke University at 8,610 acres (13.5 sq mi; 34.8 km2) does have more land, but it is not contiguous. However, the University of the South has over 13,000 acres (20.3 sq mi; 52.6 km2).
  3. ^ The rules governing the board have changed over time. The original 24 trustees were appointed for life in 1885 by the Stanfords as were some of the subsequent replacements. In 1899 Jane Stanford changed the maximum number of trustees from 24 to 15 and set the term of office to 10 years. On June 1, 1903, she resigned her powers as founder and the board took on its full powers. In the 1950s, the board decided that its fifteen members were not sufficient to do all the work needed and in March 1954 petitioned the courts to raise the maximum number to 23, of whom 20 would be regular trustees serving 10-year terms and 3 would be alumni trustees serving 5-year terms. In 1970 another petition was successfully made to have the number raised to a maximum of 35 (with a minimum of 25), that all trustees would be regular trustees, and that the university president would be a trustee ex officio.[110] The last original trustee, Timothy Hopkins, died in 1936; the last life trustee, Joseph D. Grant (appointed in 1891), died in 1942.[111]
  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

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January 01, 2023
stanford, university, stanford, redirects, here, other, uses, stanford, disambiguation, confused, with, stamford, school, officially, leland, stanford, junior, university, private, research, university, stanford, california, campus, occupies, acres, hectares, . Stanford redirects here For other uses see Stanford disambiguation Not to be confused with Stamford School Stanford University officially Leland Stanford Junior University 13 14 is a private research university in Stanford California The campus occupies 8 180 acres 3 310 hectares among the largest in the United States and enrolls over 17 000 students 15 Stanford is considered among the most prestigious universities in the world 16 17 18 19 20 Stanford UniversityLeland Stanford Junior UniversityMottoDie Luft der Freiheit weht German 1 Motto in English The wind of freedom blows 1 TypePrivate research universityEstablished1891 131 years ago 1891 2 3 FounderLeland and Jane StanfordAccreditationWSCUCAcademic affiliationsAAUSpace grantEndowment 36 3 billion 2022 4 Budget 7 4 billion 2021 22 5 PresidentMarc Tessier LavigneProvostPersis DrellAcademic staff2 279 6 Administrative staff15 314 7 Students17 246 Fall 2021 8 Undergraduates7 858 Fall 2021 8 Postgraduates9 388 Fall 2021 8 LocationStanford California United States37 25 42 N 122 10 08 W 37 4282293 N 122 1688576 W 37 4282293 122 1688576 9 Coordinates 37 25 42 N 122 10 08 W 37 4282293 N 122 1688576 W 37 4282293 122 1688576 9 CampusLarge suburban 10 8 180 acres 33 1 km2 6 Other campusesPacific GroveRedwood CityWashington D C NewspaperThe Stanford DailyColorsCardinal red amp White 11 NicknameCardinalSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I FBS Pac 12IRAPCCSCMPSFMascotStanford Tree unofficial no official university mascot 12 Websitestanford wbr eduStanford was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child Leland Stanford Jr who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year 2 Leland Stanford was a U S senator and former governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon The school admitted its first students on October 1 1891 2 3 as a coeducational and non denominational institution Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake 21 Following World War II provost of Stanford Frederick Terman inspired and supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build a self sufficient local industry which would later be known as the Silicon Valley 22 The university is organized around seven schools on the same campus three schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate level as well as four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law medicine education and business The university also houses the public policy think tank the Hoover Institution Students compete in 36 varsity sports and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac 12 Conference As of May 26 2022 Stanford has won 131 NCAA team championships 23 more than any other university and was awarded the NACDA Directors Cup for 25 consecutive years beginning in 1994 1995 24 In addition by 2021 Stanford students and alumni had won at least 296 Olympic medals including 150 gold and 79 silver medals 25 As of April 2021 85 Nobel laureates 29 Turing Award laureates note 1 and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students alumni faculty or staff 46 In addition Stanford is particularly noted for its entrepreneurship and is one of the most successful universities in attracting funding for start ups 47 48 49 50 51 Stanford alumni have founded numerous companies which combined produce more than 2 7 trillion in annual revenue and have created 5 4 million jobs as of 2011 roughly equivalent to the seventh largest economy in the world as of 2020 update 52 53 54 Stanford is the alma mater of U S President Herbert Hoover 74 living billionaires and 17 astronauts 55 In academia its alumni include the current presidents of Yale and MIT and the provosts of Harvard and Princeton It is also one of the leading producers of Fulbright Scholars Marshall Scholars Rhodes Scholars and members of the United States Congress 56 Contents 1 History 2 Land 2 1 Central campus 2 2 Non central campus 2 3 Faculty residences 2 4 Other uses 2 5 Landmarks 3 Administration and organization 3 1 Endowment and donations 4 Academics 4 1 Admissions 4 2 Teaching and learning 4 3 Research centers and institutes 4 4 Libraries and digital resources 4 5 Arts 4 6 Reputation and rankings 5 Discoveries and innovation 5 1 Natural sciences 5 2 Computer and applied sciences 5 3 Businesses and entrepreneurship 6 Student life 6 1 Student body 6 2 Dormitories and student housing 6 3 Athletics 6 4 Traditions 6 5 Religious life 6 6 Greek life 6 7 Student groups 6 8 Safety 6 8 1 Campus sexual misconduct 6 8 2 People v Turner 6 8 3 Joe Lonsdale 7 Notable people 7 1 Award laureates and scholars 8 See also 9 Explanatory notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHistory Edit Statue of the Stanford family on the Stanford University campus Center of the campus in 1891 57 Ichthyologist and founding president of Stanford David Starr Jordan Main article History of Stanford University Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford dedicated to the memory of Leland Stanford Jr their only child The institution opened in 1891 on Stanford s previous Palo Alto farm Jane and Leland Stanford modeled their university after the great eastern universities most specifically Cornell University in Ithaca New York Stanford was referred to as the Cornell of the West in 1891 due to a majority of its faculty being former Cornell affiliates professors alumni or both including its first president David Starr Jordan and second president John Casper Branner Both Cornell and Stanford were among the first to make higher education accessible non sectarian and open to women as well as men Cornell is credited as one of the first American universities to adopt that radical departure from traditional education and Stanford became an early adopter as well 58 From an architectural point of view the Stanfords particularly Jane wanted their university to look different from the eastern ones which had often sought to emulate the style of English university buildings They specified in the founding grant 59 that the buildings should be like the old adobe houses of the early Spanish days they will be one storied they will have deep window seats and open fireplaces and the roofs will be covered with the familiar dark red tiles This guides the campus buildings to this day The Stanfords also hired renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted who previously designed the Cornell campus to design the Stanford campus When Leland Stanford died in 1893 the continued existence of the university was in jeopardy due to a federal lawsuit against his estate but Jane Stanford insisted the university remain in operation throughout the financial crisis 60 61 The university suffered major damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake most of the damage was repaired but a new library and gymnasium were demolished and some original features of Memorial Church and the Quad were never restored 62 During the early 20th century the university added four professional graduate schools Stanford University School of Medicine was established in 1908 when the university acquired Cooper Medical College in San Francisco 63 it moved to the Stanford campus in 1959 64 The university s law department established as an undergraduate curriculum in 1893 was transitioned into a professional law school starting in 1908 and received accreditation from the American Bar Association in 1923 65 The Stanford Graduate School of Education grew out of the Department of the History and Art of Education one of the original 21 departments at Stanford and became a professional graduate school in 1917 66 The Stanford Graduate School of Business was founded in 1925 at the urging of then trustee Herbert Hoover 67 In 1919 The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center established in 1962 performs research in particle physics 68 William Shockley Stanford professor Nobel laureate in physics Father of Silicon Valley In the 1940s and 1950s an engineering professor and later provost Frederick Terman encouraged Stanford engineering graduates to invent products and start their own companies 69 During the 1950s he established Stanford Industrial Park a high tech commercial campus on university land 70 Also in the 1950s William Shockley co inventor of the silicon transistor recipient of the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics and later professor of physics at Stanford moved to the Palo Alto area and founded a company Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory The next year eight of his employees resigned and formed a competing company Fairchild Semiconductor The presence of so many high tech and semiconductor firms helped to establish Stanford and the mid Peninsula as a hotbed of innovation eventually named Silicon Valley after the key ingredient in transistors 71 Shockley and Terman are often described separately or jointly as the fathers of Silicon Valley 72 73 Stanford limited Jewish student admissions during the 1950s 74 Stanford in the 1960s rose from a regional university to one of the most prestigious in the United States when it appeared on lists of the top ten universities in America This swift rise to performance was understood at the time as related directly to the university s defense contracts 75 In the following decades however controversies would damage the reputation of the school The 1971 Stanford prison experiment was criticized as unethical 76 and the misuse of government funds from 1981 resulted in severe penalties to the school s research funding 77 78 and the resignation of Stanford President Donald Kennedy in 1992 79 Land Edit An aerial photograph of the center of the Stanford University campus in 2008 Most of Stanford is on an 8 180 acre 12 8 sq mi 33 1 km2 6 campus one of the largest in the United States note 2 It is on the San Francisco Peninsula in the northwest part of the Santa Clara Valley Silicon Valley approximately 37 miles 60 km southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles 30 km northwest of San Jose 4 5 billion was received by Stanford in 2006 and spent more than 2 1 billion in 2 counties named Santa Clara and San Mateo In 2008 60 of this land remained undeveloped 82 Stanford s main campus includes a census designated place within unincorporated Santa Clara County although some of the university land such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park is within the city limits of Palo Alto The campus also includes much land in unincorporated San Mateo County including the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park Stanford Hills neighborhood Woodside and Portola Valley 83 The central campus includes a seasonal lake Lake Lagunita actually an irrigation reservoir home to the vulnerable California tiger salamander As of 2012 Lake Lagunita was often dry and the university had no plans to artificially fill it 84 Two other reservoirs Searsville Lake on San Francisquito Creek and Felt Lake 85 are on more remote sections of the founding grant Central campus Edit The central academic campus is adjacent to Palo Alto bounded by El Camino Real Stanford Avenue Jane Stanford Way and Sand Hill Road The United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP Codes 94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P O box mail It lies within area code 650 View of the main quadrangle of Stanford with Memorial Church in the center background from across the grass covered Oval Non central campus Edit Stanford currently operates in various locations outside of its central campus On the founding grant Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve is a 1 200 acre 490 ha natural reserve south of the central campus owned by the university and used by wildlife biologists for research Researchers and students are involved in biological research Professors can teach the importance of biological research to the biological community The primary goal is to understand the system of the natural Earth 86 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is a facility west of the central campus operated by the university for the Department of Energy It contains the longest linear particle accelerator in the world 2 miles 3 2 km on 426 acres 172 ha of land 87 Off the founding grant Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove California is a marine biology research center owned by the university since 1892 Based on US Pacific Coast it is one of the oldest marine laboratories It includes 10 research laboratories and is also used for archaeological exploration purposes 88 A graduate student of the anthropology department discover some broken elements which leads to proof that 100 years before it was home to a Chinese American fishing village 89 Study abroad locations unlike typical study abroad programs Stanford itself operates in several locations around the world thus each location has Stanford faculty in residence and staff in addition to students creating a mini Stanford 90 Redwood City campus for many of the university s administrative offices in Redwood City California a few miles north of the main campus In 2005 the university purchased a small 35 acre 14 ha campus in Midpoint Technology Park intended for staff offices development was delayed by The Great Recession 91 92 In 2015 the university announced a development plan 93 and the Redwood City campus opened in March 2019 94 The Bass Center in Washington D C provides a base including housing for the Stanford in Washington program for undergraduates 95 It includes a small art gallery open to the public 96 China Stanford Center at Peking University housed in the Lee Jung Sen Building is a small center for researchers and students in collaboration with Peking University 97 98 Lake Lagunita in winter the Dish a large radio telescope and local landmark is visible in the Stanford owned foothills behind the lake and is the high point of a popular campus jogging and walking trail Faculty residences Edit Many Stanford faculty members live in the Faculty Ghetto within walking or biking distance of campus 99 The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned by Stanford Similar to a condominium the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a 99 year lease Houses in the Ghetto appreciate and depreciate but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley values For faculty housing there are some changes that come from the date February 1 2022 100 Other uses Edit Some of the land is managed to provide revenue for the university such as the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park Stanford land is also leased for a token rent by the Palo Alto Unified School District for several schools including Palo Alto High School and Gunn High School 101 El Camino Park the oldest Palo Alto city park established 1914 is also on Stanford land 102 Stanford also has the Stanford Golf Course 103 and Stanford Red Barn Equestrian Center 104 used by Stanford athletics though the golf course can also be used by the general public Landmarks Edit Contemporary campus landmarks include the Main Quad and Memorial Church the Cantor Center for Visual Arts and the Bing Concert Hall the Stanford Mausoleum with the nearby Angel of Grief Hoover Tower the Rodin Sculpture Garden the Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden the Arizona Cactus Garden the Stanford University Arboretum Green Library and the Dish Frank Lloyd Wright s 1937 Hanna Honeycomb House and the 1919 Lou Henry Hoover House are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places White Memorial Fountain also known as The Claw between the Stanford Bookstore and the Old Union is a popular place to meet and to engage in the Stanford custom of fountain hopping it was installed in 1964 and designed by Aristides Demetrios after a national competition as a memorial for two brothers in the class of 1949 William N White and John B White II one of whom died before graduating and one shortly after in 1952 105 106 107 108 Interior of the Stanford Memorial Church at the center of the Main Quad Hoover Tower at 285 feet 87 m the tallest building on campus The new 2006 Stanford Stadium site of home football games Stanford Quad with Memorial Church in the background The Dish a 150 feet 46 m diameter radio telescope on the Stanford foothills overlooking the main campus White Memorial Fountain The Claw Administration and organization Edit Marc Tessier Lavigne is the president of Stanford University Stanford is a private non profit university administered as a corporate trust governed by a privately appointed board of trustees with a maximum membership of 38 109 note 3 Trustees serve five year terms not more than two consecutive terms and meet five times annually 112 A new trustee is chosen by the current trustees by ballot 110 The Stanford trustees also oversee the Stanford Research Park the Stanford Shopping Center the Cantor Center for Visual Arts Stanford University Medical Center and many associated medical facilities including the Lucile Packard Children s Hospital 113 The board appoints a president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university to prescribe the duties of professors and course of study to manage financial and business affairs and to appoint nine vice presidents 114 The 11th and current president of Stanford University is Marc Trevor Tessier Lavigne a Canadian born neuroscientist 115 The provost is the chief academic and budget officer to whom the deans of each of the seven schools report 116 117 Persis Drell became the 13th provost in February 2017 As of 2018 the university was organized into seven academic schools 118 The schools of Humanities and Sciences 27 departments 119 Engineering nine departments 120 and Earth Energy amp Environmental Sciences four departments 121 have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the Schools of Law 122 Medicine 123 Education 124 and Business 125 have graduate programs only A new School of Sustainability will supersede the School of Earth Energy amp Environmental Sciences in September 2022 The powers and authority of the faculty are vested in the Academic Council which is made up of tenure and non tenure line faculty research faculty senior fellows in some policy centers and institutes the president of the university and some other academic administrators But most matters are handled by the Faculty Senate made up of 54 elected representatives of the faculty for the year 2021 22 126 The Associated Students of Stanford University ASSU is the student government for Stanford and all registered students are members Its elected leadership consists of the Undergraduate Senate elected by the undergraduate students the Graduate Student Council elected by the graduate students and the President and Vice President elected as a ticket by the entire student body 127 Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the California Constitution which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as the property is used for educational purposes 128 Endowment and donations Edit The university s endowment managed by the Stanford Management Company was valued at 36 3 billion as of August 31 2022 4 Payouts from the Stanford endowment covered approximately 21 of university expenses in the 2022 fiscal year 4 In the 2018 NACUBO TIAA survey of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada only Harvard University the University of Texas System and Yale University had larger endowments than Stanford 129 The original Golden spike on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University In 2006 President John L Hennessy launched a five year campaign called the Stanford Challenge which reached its 4 3 billion fundraising goal in 2009 two years ahead of time but continued fundraising for the duration of the campaign It concluded on December 31 2011 having raised 6 23 billion and breaking the previous campaign fundraising record of 3 88 billion held by Yale 130 131 Specifically the campaign raised 253 7 million for undergraduate financial aid as well as 2 33 billion for its initiative in Seeking Solutions to global problems 1 61 billion for Educating Leaders by improving K 12 education and 2 11 billion for Foundation of Excellence aimed at providing academic support for Stanford students and faculty Funds supported 366 new fellowships for graduate students 139 new endowed chairs for faculty and 38 new or renovated buildings The new funding also enabled the construction of a facility for stem cell research a new campus for the business school an expansion of the law school a new Engineering Quad a new art and art history building an on campus concert hall the new Cantor Arts Center and a planned expansion of the medical school among other things 132 133 In 2012 the university raised 1 035 billion becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year 134 In April 2022 Stanford University announced a 75 million donation in support of a multidisciplinary neurodegenerative brain disease research initiative at the university s Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute The donation came from Nike co founder Phil Knight and his wife Penny hence The Phil and Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience will explore cognitive declines from diseases such as Alzheimer s and Parkinson s 135 Academics EditAdmissions Edit First time fall freshman statistics 2021 136 2020 137 2019 138 2018 139 2017 140 2016 141 2015 142 2014 143 2013 144 Applicants 55 471 45 227 47 498 47 452 44 073 43 997 42 497 42 167 38 827Admits 2 190 2 349 2 062 2 071 2 085 2 118 2 140 2 145 2 208Admit rate 3 9 5 19 4 34 4 36 4 73 4 81 5 04 5 09 5 69 Enrolled 1 757 1 607 1 701 1 697 1 703 1 739 1 720 1 687 1 677Yield 80 23 68 41 82 49 81 94 81 68 82 11 80 37 78 23 75 96 SAT range 1420 1570 1420 1550 1440 1550 1420 1570 1390 1540 2170 2370 2080 2360 2070 2360 2070 2350ACT range 32 35 31 35 32 35 32 35 32 35 32 35 31 35 31 34 30 34Stanford is considered by US News to be most selective with an acceptance rate of 4 Half of the applicants accepted to Stanford have an SAT score between 1440 and 1570 or an ACT score of 32 and 35 Admissions officials consider a student s GPA to be an important academic factor with emphasis on an applicant s high school class rank and letters of recommendation 145 In terms of non academic materials as of 2019 Stanford ranks extracurricular activities talent ability and character personal qualities as very important in making first time first year admission decisions while ranking the interview whether the applicant is a first generation university applicant legacy preferences volunteer work and work experience as considered 138 Teaching and learning Edit Stanford follows a quarter system with the autumn quarter usually beginning in late September and the spring quarter ending in mid June 146 The full time four year undergraduate program has arts and sciences focus with high graduate student coexistence 146 Stanford is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges 147 Stanford s admission process is need blind for U S citizens and permanent residents while it is not need blind for international students 64 are on need based aid with an average aid package of 31 411 148 In 2012 13 the university awarded 126 million in need based financial aid to 3 485 students with an average aid package of 40 460 148 Eighty percent of students receive some form of financial aid 148 Stanford has a no loan policy 148 For undergraduates admitted starting in 2015 Stanford waives tuition room and board for most families with incomes below 65 000 and most families with incomes below 125 000 are not required to pay tuition those with incomes up to 150 000 may have tuition significantly reduced 149 Seventeen percent of students receive Pell Grants 148 a common measure of low income students at a college In 2022 Stanford started its first dual enrollment computer science program for high school students from low income communities 150 as a pilot project which then inspired the founding of the Qualia Global Scholars Program 151 Stanford plans to expand the program to include courses in Structured Liberal Education and writing 150 The Cantonese language had classes at Stanford until 2020 when the remaining Cantonese instructor was laid off 152 Research centers and institutes Edit Hoover Tower inspired by the cathedral tower at Salamanca in Spain Main article Stanford University centers and institutes Stanford is classified among R1 Doctoral Universities Very high research activity 146 The university s research expenditure in fiscal year 2021 was 1 69 billion and total sponsored projects was 7 900 153 As of 2016 the Office of the Vice Provost and Dean of Research oversaw eighteen independent laboratories centers and institutes Dr Kathryn Ann Moler is the key person for leading those research centers for choosing problems faculty members and students Funding is also provided for undergraduate and graduate students by those labs centers and institutes for collaborative research 154 Other Stanford affiliated institutions include the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory originally the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center the Stanford Research Institute an independent institution which originated at the university the Hoover Institution a conservative 155 think tank and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design a multidisciplinary design school in cooperation with the Hasso Plattner Institute of University of Potsdam that integrates product design engineering and business management education citation needed Stanford is home to the Martin Luther King Jr Research and Education Institute which grew out of and still contains the Martin Luther King Jr Papers Project a collaboration with the King Center to publish the King papers held by the King Center 156 It also runs the John S Knight Fellowship for Professional Journalists and the Center for Ocean Solutions which brings together marine science and policy to address challenges facing the ocean It focuses mainly 5 points such as climate change overfishing coastal development pollution and plastics 157 Together with UC Berkeley and UC San Francisco Stanford is part of the Biohub a new medical science research center founded in 2016 by a 600 million commitment from Facebook CEO and founder Mark Zuckerberg and pediatrician Priscilla Chan This medical research center is working for designing advanced level health care units 158 Libraries and digital resources Edit Green Library Main article Stanford University Libraries As of 2014 Stanford University Libraries SUL has 24 libraries in total The Hoover Institution Library and Archives is a research center based on history of 20th century 159 Stanford University Libraries SUL held a collection of more than 9 3 million volumes nearly 300 000 rare or special books 1 5 million e books 2 5 million audiovisual materials 77 000 serials nearly 6 million microform holdings thousands of other digital resources 160 and 516 620 journal 526 414 images 11 000 software collection 1 00 000 videos etc 161 The main library in the SU library system is the Green Library which also contains various meeting and conference rooms study spaces and reading rooms Lathrop Library previously Meyer Library demolished in 2015 holds various student accessible media resources and houses one of the largest East Asia collections with 540 000 volumes Stanford University Press was founded in 1892 It published about 130 books per year has printed more than 3 000 books 162 It also has fifteen subject areas 163 Arts Edit Bronze statues by Auguste Rodin are scattered throughout the campus including these Burghers of Calais Stanford is home to the Cantor Center for Visual Arts a museum with 24 galleries sculpture gardens terraces and a courtyard first established in 1891 by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child The center s collection of works by Rodin is among the largest in the world 164 The Thomas Welton Stanford Gallery which was built in 1917 serves as a teaching resource for the Department of Art amp Art History as well as an exhibition venue In 2014 Stanford opened the Anderson Collection a new museum focused on postwar American art and founded by the donation of 121 works by food service moguls Mary and Harry Anderson 165 166 167 There are outdoor art installations throughout the campus primarily sculptures but some murals as well The Papua New Guinea Sculpture Garden near Roble Hall features includes wood carvings and totem poles The Stanford music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs the Stanford Symphony Orchestra Stanford Taiko and the Stanford Wind Ensemble Extracurricular activities include theater groups such as Ram s Head Theatrical Society the Stanford Improvisors 168 the Stanford Shakespeare Company and the Stanford Savoyards a group dedicated to performing the works of Gilbert and Sullivan Stanford is also host to ten a cappella groups including the Mendicants Stanford s first 169 Counterpoint the first all female group on the West Coast 170 the Harmonics the Stanford Fleet Street Singers 171 Talisman Everyday People and Raagapella 172 Reputation and rankings Edit Slate in 2014 dubbed Stanford as the Harvard of the 21st century 173 In the same year The New York Times dubbed Harvard as the Stanford of the East In that article titled To Young Minds of Today Harvard Is the Stanford of the East The New York Times concluded that Stanford University has become America s it school by measures that Harvard once dominated 174 In 2019 Stanford University took 1st place on Reuters list of the World s Most Innovative Universities for the fifth consecutive year 175 In 2022 Washington Monthly ranked Stanford at 1st position in their annual list of top universities in USA 176 In a 2022 survey by The Princeton Review Stanford was ranked 1st among the top ten dream colleges of America and was considered to be the ultimate dream college of both students and parents 177 178 Stanford Graduate School of Business was ranked 1st in the list of America s best business schools by Bloomberg for 2022 23 179 180 From polls of college applicants done by The Princeton Review every year from 2013 to 2020 the most commonly named dream college for students was Stanford separately parents too most frequently named Stanford their ultimate dream college 181 182 Academic rankingsNationalForbes 183 2THE WSJ 184 2U S News amp World Report 185 3Washington Monthly 186 1GlobalARWU 187 2QS 188 3THE 189 4U S News amp World Report 190 3 Globally Stanford is also ranked among the top universities in the world see infoboxes above The Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU ranked Stanford second in the world after Harvard most years from 2003 to 2020 192 Times Higher Education recognizes Stanford as one of the world s six super brands on its World Reputation Rankings along with Berkeley Cambridge Harvard MIT and Oxford 193 194 Discoveries and innovation EditSee also Carnegie Mellon discoveries and innovation Illinois discoveries and innovation MIT discoveries and innovation and UC Berkeley discoveries and innovation Natural sciences Edit Felix Bloch physics professor 1952 Nobel laureate for his work at Stanford Biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Arthur Kornberg discovered the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his work at Stanford 195 By studying bacteria Kornberg succeeded in isolating DNA polymerase in 1956 an enzyme that is active in the formation of DNA First Transgenic organism Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another a fundamental discovery for genetic engineering 196 197 Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of their work including human growth hormone and hepatitis B vaccine Laser Arthur Leonard Schawlow shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Kai Siegbahn for his work on lasers 198 199 Nuclear magnetic resonance Felix Bloch developed new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements which are the underlying principles of the MRI 200 201 Computer and applied sciences Edit Vint Cerf BS 1965 co leader of the Stanford team that designed the architecture of the internet ARPANET Stanford Research Institute formerly part of Stanford but on a separate campus was the site of one of the four original ARPANET nodes 202 203 In the early 1970s Bob Kahn amp Vint Cerf s research project about Internetworking later DARPA formulated it to the TCP Transmission Control Program 204 Internet Stanford was the site where the original design of the Internet was undertaken Vint Cerf led a research group to elaborate the design of the Transmission Control Protocol TCP IP that he originally co created with Robert E Kahn Bob Kahn in 1973 and which formed the basis for the architecture of the Internet 205 Frequency modulation synthesis John Chowning of the Music department invented the FM music synthesis algorithm in 1967 and Stanford later licensed it to Yamaha Corporation 206 207 Google Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford 208 They were working on the Stanford Digital Library Project SDLP which is started in 1999 The SDLP s goal was to develop the enabling technologies for a single integrated and universal digital library 209 and it was funded through the National Science Foundation among other federal agencies 210 Klystron tube invented by the brothers Russell and Sigurd Varian at Stanford 211 Their prototype was completed and demonstrated successfully on August 30 1937 212 Upon publication in 1939 news of the klystron immediately influenced the work of U S and UK researchers working on radar equipment 213 214 RISC ARPA funded VLSI project of microprocessor design Stanford and UC Berkeley are most associated with the popularization of this concept The Stanford MIPS would go on to be commercialized as the successful MIPS architecture while Berkeley RISC gave its name to the entire concept commercialized as the SPARC Another success from this era were IBM s efforts that eventually led to the IBM POWER instruction set architecture PowerPC and Power ISA As these projects matured a wide variety of similar designs flourished in the late 1980s and especially the early 1990s representing a major force in the Unix workstation market as well as embedded processors in laser printers routers and similar products 215 SUN workstation Andy Bechtolsheim designed the SUN workstation 216 for the Stanford University Network communications project as a personal CAD workstation 217 which led to Sun Microsystems Businesses and entrepreneurship Edit Main article List of companies founded by Stanford University alumni Stanford is one of the most successful universities in creating companies and licensing its inventions to existing companies and it is often considered a model for technology transfer 47 48 Stanford s Office of Technology Licensing is responsible for commercializing university research intellectual property and university developed projects The university is described as having a strong venture culture in which students are encouraged and often funded to launch their own companies 49 Companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than 2 7 trillion in annual revenue and have created some 5 4 million jobs since the 1930s 218 When combined these companies would form the tenth largest economy in the world 53 Co founders of Hewlett Packard Bill Hewlett BS 1934 left and David Packard BA 1934 right Some companies closely associated with Stanford and their connections include Hewlett Packard 1939 co founders William R Hewlett B S PhD and David Packard M S 219 Silicon Graphics 1981 co founders James H Clark Associate Professor and several of his graduate students 220 Sun Microsystems 1982 221 co founders Vinod Khosla M B A Andy Bechtolsheim PhD and Scott McNealy M B A Cisco 1984 222 co founders Leonard Bosack M S and Sandy Lerner M S were in charge of the Stanford Computer Science and the Graduate School of Business computer operations groups respectively when the hardware was developed 223 Yahoo 1994 224 co founders Jerry Yang B S M S and David Filo M S Google 1998 225 co founders Larry Page M S and Sergey Brin M S LinkedIn 2002 226 co founders Reid Hoffman B S Konstantin Guericke B S M S Eric Lee B S and Alan Liu B S Instagram 2010 227 co founders Kevin Systrom B S and Mike Krieger B S 228 Snapchat 2011 co founders Evan Spiegel B S Reggie Brown B S and Bobby Murphy B S 229 Coursera 2012 230 co founders Andrew Ng Associate Professor and Daphne Koller Professor PhD Student life EditStudent body Edit Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2020 Race and ethnicity 231 TotalWhite 29 29 Asian 25 25 Hispanic 17 17 Foreign national 11 11 Other a 10 10 Black 7 7 Native American 1 1 Economic diversityLow income b 18 18 Affluent c 82 82 Stanford enrolled 6 996 undergraduate 148 and 10 253 graduate students 148 as of the 2019 2020 school year Women made up 50 4 of undergraduates and 41 5 of graduate students 148 In the same academic year the freshman retention rate was 99 Stanford awarded 1 819 undergraduate degrees 2 393 master s degrees 770 doctoral degrees and 3270 professional degrees in the 2018 2019 school year 148 The four year graduation rate for the class of 2017 cohort was 72 9 and the six year rate was 94 4 148 The relatively low four year graduation rate is a function of the university s coterminal degree or coterm program which allows students to earn a master s degree as a 1 to 2 year extension of their undergraduate program 232 As of 2010 fifteen percent of undergraduates were first generation students 233 Dormitories and student housing Edit Main article Stanford University student housing As of 2013 89 of undergraduate students lived in on campus university housing First year undergraduates are required to live on campus and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years 148 234 Undergraduates live in 80 different houses including dormitories co ops row houses and fraternities and sororities 235 At Manzanita Park 118 mobile homes were installed as temporary housing from 1969 to 1991 but as of 2015 was the site of newer dorms Castano Kimball Lantana and the Humanities House completed in 2015 236 237 Most student residences are just outside the campus core within ten minutes on foot or bike of most classrooms and libraries Some are reserved for freshmen sophomores or upper class students and some are open to all four classes Most residences are co ed seven are all male fraternities three are all female sororities and there is also one all female non sorority house Roth House In most residences men and women live on the same floor but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors single gender floors 238 Many students use bicycles to get around the large campus Several residences are considered theme houses The Academic Language and Culture Houses include EAST Education and Society Themed House Hammarskjold International Themed House Haus Mitteleuropa Central European Themed House La Casa Italiana Italian Language and Culture La Maison Francaise French Language and Culture House Slavianskii Dom Slavic East European Themed House Storey Human Biology Themed House and Yost Spanish Language and Culture Cross Cultural Themed Houses include Casa Zapata Chicano Latino Theme in Stern Hall Muwekma tah ruk American Indian Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Themed House Okada Asian American Themed House in Wilbur Hall and Ujamaa Black African American Themed House in Lagunita Court Focus Houses include Freshman Sophomore College Academic Focus Branner Hall Community Service Kimball Arts amp Performing Arts Crothers Global Citizenship and Toyon Sophomore Priority 235 Theme houses predating the current theme classification system are Columbae Social Change Through Nonviolence since 1970 239 and Synergy Exploring Alternatives since 1972 240 Co ops or Self Ops are another housing option These houses feature cooperative living where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces These houses have unique themes around which their community is centered Many co ops are hubs of music art and philosophy The co ops on campus are 576 Alvarado Row formerly Chi Theta Chi Columbae Enchanted Broccoli Forest EBF Hammarskjold Kairos Terra the unofficial LGBT house 241 and Synergy 242 Phi Sigma at 1018 Campus Drive was formerly Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity but in 1973 became a Self Op 243 As of 2015 around 55 percent of the graduate student population lived on campus 244 First year graduate students are guaranteed on campus housing Stanford also subsidizes off campus apartments in nearby Palo Alto Menlo Park and Mountain View for graduate students who are guaranteed on campus housing but are unable to live on campus due to a lack of space 245 Athletics Edit Main article Stanford Cardinal The Leland Stanford Junior University Marching Band rallies football fans with arrangements of All Right Now and other contemporary music As of 2016 Stanford had 16 male varsity sports and 20 female varsity sports 246 19 club sports 247 and about 27 intramural sports 248 In 1930 following a unanimous vote by the executive committee for the Associated Students the athletic department adopted the mascot Indian The Indian symbol and name were dropped by President Richard Lyman in 1972 after objections from Native American students and a vote by the student senate 249 The sports teams are now officially referred to as the Stanford Cardinal referring to the deep red color not the cardinal bird Stanford is a member of the Pac 12 Conference in most sports the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several other sports and the America East Conference in field hockey 250 with the participation in the inter collegiate NCAA s Division I FBS Its traditional sports rival is the University of California Berkeley the neighbor to the north in the East Bay The winner of the annual Big Game between the Cal and Cardinal football teams gains custody of the Stanford Axe 251 As of May 9 2022 Stanford has won 130 NCAA team championships more than any other school Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 46 consecutive years starting in 1976 77 and continuing through 2021 22 252 The second longest NCAA championship streak was 19 years achieved by USC from 1959 to 1960 through 1977 78 As of January 1 2022 Stanford athletes have won 529 NCAA individual championships No other Division I school is within 100 of Stanford s total 253 Stanford won 25 consecutive NACDA Directors Cups from 1994 to 1995 through 2018 19 awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation 252 177 Stanford affiliated athletes have won a total of 296 Summer Olympic medals 150 gold 79 silver 67 bronze including 26 medals at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 27 medals at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics 252 In the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics Stanford affiliated athletes won 26 medals more than any other university 254 Stanford athletes have won medals in every Summer Olympic Games since 1912 Traditions Edit Hail Stanford Hail is the Stanford hymn sometimes sung at ceremonies or adapted by the various university singing groups It was written in 1892 by mechanical engineering professor Albert W Smith and his wife Mary Roberts Smith in 1896 she earned the first Stanford doctorate in economics and later became associate professor of sociology but was not officially adopted until after a performance on campus in March 1902 by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir 255 256 Big Game The central football rivalry between Stanford and UC Berkeley First played in 1892 and for a time played by the universities rugby teams it is one of the oldest college rivalries in the United States The Stanford Axe A trophy earned by the winner of Big Game exchanged only as necessary The axe originated in 1899 when Stanford yell leader Billy Erb wielded a lumberman s axe to inspire the team Stanford lost and the Axe was stolen by Berkeley students following the game In 1930 Stanford students staged an elaborate heist to recover the Axe In 1933 the schools agreed to exchange it as a prize for winning Big Game As of 2021 a restaurant centrally located on Stanford s campus is named The Axe and Palm in reference to the Axe 257 Big Game Gaieties In the week ahead of Big Game a 90 minute original musical written composed produced and performed by the students of Ram s Head Theatrical Society is performed in Memorial Auditorium 258 Full Moon on the Quad An annual event at Main Quad where students gather to kiss one another starting at midnight Typically organized by the junior class cabinet the festivities include live entertainment such as music and dance performances 259 The Stanford Marriage Pact An annual matchmaking event where thousands of students complete a questionnaire about their values and are subsequently matched with the best person for them to make a marriage pact with 260 261 262 263 Fountain Hopping At any time of year students tour Stanford s main campus fountains to dip their feet or swim in some of the university s 25 fountains 259 264 265 Mausoleum Party An annual Halloween party at the Stanford Mausoleum the final resting place of Leland Stanford Jr and his parents A 20 year tradition the Mausoleum party was on hiatus from 2002 to 2005 due to a lack of funding but was revived in 2006 259 266 In 2008 it was hosted in Old Union rather than at the actual Mausoleum because rain prohibited generators from being rented 267 In 2009 after fundraising efforts by the Junior Class Presidents and the ASSU Executive the event was able to return to the Mausoleum despite facing budget cuts earlier in the year 268 Wacky Walk At commencement graduates forgo a more traditional entrance and instead stride into Stanford Stadium in a large procession wearing wacky costumes 265 269 Steam Tunneling Stanford has a network of underground brick lined tunnels that conduct central heating to more than 200 buildings via steam pipes Students sometimes navigate the corridors rooms and locked gates carrying flashlights and water bottles 270 Stanford Magazine named steam tunneling one of the 101 things you must do before graduating from the Farm in 2000 271 Band Run An annual festivity at the beginning of the school year where the band picks up freshmen from dorms across campus while stopping to perform at each location culminating in a finale performance at Main Quad 259 Viennese Ball a formal ball with waltzes that was initially started in the 1970s by students returning from the now closed since 1987 Stanford in Vienna overseas program 272 It is now open to all students The long unofficial motto of Stanford selected by President Jordan is Die Luft der Freiheit weht 273 Translated from the German language this quotation from Ulrich von Hutten means The wind of freedom blows The motto was controversial during World War I when anything in German was suspect at that time the university disavowed that this motto was official 1 It was made official by way of incorporation into an official seal by the board of trustees in December 2002 274 Degree of Uncommon Man Uncommon Woman Stanford does not award honorary degrees 275 276 but in 1953 the degree of Uncommon Man Uncommon Woman was created by Stanford Associates part of the Stanford alumni organization to recognize alumni who give rare and extraordinary service to the university It is awarded not at prescribed intervals but instead only when the president of the university deems it appropriate to recognize extraordinary service Recipients include Herbert Hoover Bill Hewlett Dave Packard Lucile Packard and John Gardner 277 Former campus traditions include the Big Game bonfire on Lake Lagunita a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall which was formally ended in 1997 because of the presence of endangered salamanders in the lake bed 278 Religious life Edit Students and staff at Stanford are of many different religions The Stanford Office for Religious Life s mission is to guide nurture and enhance spiritual religious and ethical life within the Stanford University community by promoting enriching dialogue meaningful ritual and enduring friendships among people of all religious backgrounds It is headed by a dean with the assistance of a senior associate dean and an associate dean Stanford Memorial Church in the center of campus has a Sunday University Public Worship service UPW usually in the Protestant Ecumenical Christian tradition where the Memorial Church Choir sings and a sermon is preached usually by one of the Stanford deans for Religious Life UPW sometimes has multifaith services 279 In addition the church is used by the Catholic community and by some of the other Christian denominations at Stanford Weddings happen most Saturdays and the university has for over 20 years allowed blessings of same gender relationships and now legal weddings In addition to the church the Office for Religious Life has a Center for Inter Religious Community Learning and Experiences CIRCLE on the third floor of Old Union It offers a common room an interfaith sanctuary a seminar room a student lounge area and a reading room as well as offices housing a number of Stanford Associated Religions SAR member groups and the Senior Associate Dean and Associate Dean for Religious Life Most though not all religious student groups belong to SAR The SAR directory includes organizations that serve atheist Baha i Buddhist Christian Hindu Islam Jewish and Sikh groups though these groups vary year by year 280 The Windhover Contemplation Center was dedicated in October 2014 and was intended to provide spiritual sanctuary for students and staff in the midst of their course and work schedules the center displays the Windhover paintings by Nathan Oliveira the late Stanford professor and artist 281 Some religions have a larger and more formal presence on campus in addition to the student groups these include the Catholic Community at Stanford 282 and Hillel at Stanford 283 Greek life Edit Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since 1891 when the university first opened In 1944 University President Donald Tresidder banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition 284 However following Title IX the Board of Trustees lifted the 33 year ban on sororities in 1977 285 Students are not permitted to join a fraternity or sorority until spring quarter of their freshman year 286 As of 2016 Stanford had 31 Greek organizations including 14 sororities and 16 fraternities Nine of the Greek organizations were housed eight in University owned houses and one Sigma Chi in their own house although the land is owned by the university 287 Six chapters were members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association 11 chapters were members of the Interfraternity Council seven chapters belonged to the Intersorority Council and six chapters belonged to the Multicultural Greek Council 288 Stanford is home to three unhoused historically National Pan Hellenic Council NPHC or Divine Nine sororities Alpha Kappa Alpha Delta Sigma Theta and Sigma Gamma Rho and three unhoused NPHC fraternities Alpha Phi Alpha Kappa Alpha Psi and Phi Beta Sigma These fraternities and sororities operate under the African American Fraternal Sororal Association AAFSA at Stanford 289 Seven historically National Panhellenic Conference NPC sororities four of which are unhoused Alpha Phi Alpha Epsilon Phi Chi Omega and Kappa Kappa Gamma and three of which are housed Delta Delta Delta Kappa Alpha Theta and Pi Beta Phi call Stanford home These sororities operate under the Stanford Inter sorority Council ISC 290 Eleven historically National Interfraternity Conference NIC fraternities are also represented at Stanford including five unhoused fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi Delta Kappa Epsilon Delta Tau Delta Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Kappa Alpha Order and four housed fraternities Sigma Phi Epsilon Kappa Sigma Phi Kappa Psi and Sigma Nu These fraternities operate under the Stanford Inter fraternity Council IFC 291 There are also four unhoused Multicultural Greek Council MGC sororities on campus alpha Kappa Delta Phi Lambda Theta Nu Sigma Psi Zeta and Sigma Theta Psi as well as two unhoused MGC fraternities Gamma Zeta Alpha and Lambda Phi Epsilon Lambda Phi Epsilon is recognized by the National Interfraternity Conference NIC 292 Student groups Edit Stanford College Republicans tabling on campus in April 2022 As of 2020 Stanford had more than 600 student organizations 293 Groups are often though not always partially funded by the university via allocations directed by the student government organization the ASSU These funds include special fees which are decided by a Spring Quarter vote by the student body Groups span athletics and recreation careers pre professional community service ethnic cultural fraternities and sororities health and counseling media and publications the arts political and social awareness and religious and philosophical organizations In contrast to many other selective universities Stanford policy mandates that all recognized student clubs be broadly open for all interested students to join 294 295 296 297 Stanford is home to a set of student journalism publications The Stanford Daily is a student run daily newspaper and has been published since the university was founded in 1892 298 The student run radio station KZSU Stanford 90 1 FM features freeform music programming sports commentary and news segments it started in 1947 as an AM radio station 299 The Stanford Review is a conservative student newspaper founded in 1987 300 The Fountain Hopper FoHo is a financially independent anonymous student run campus rag publication notable for having broken the Brock Turner story 301 Stanford hosts numerous environmental and sustainability oriented student groups including Students for a Sustainable Stanford Students for Environmental and Racial Justice and Stanford Energy Club 302 Stanford is also home to a large number of pre professional student organizations organized around missions from startup incubation to paid consulting The Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students BASES is one of the largest professional organizations in Silicon Valley with over 5 000 members 303 Its goal is to support the next generation of entrepreneurs 304 StartX is a non profit startup accelerator for student and faculty led startups 305 It is staffed primarily by students 306 Stanford Women In Business SWIB is an on campus business organization aimed at helping Stanford women find paths to success in the generally male dominated technology industry 307 Stanford Marketing is a student group that provides students hands on training through research and strategy consulting projects with Fortune 500 clients as well as workshops led by people from industry and professors in the Stanford Graduate School of Business 308 309 Stanford Finance provides mentoring and internships for students who want to enter a career in finance Stanford Pre Business Association is intended to build connections among industry alumni and student communities 310 Other groups include The Stanford Axe Committee is the official guardian of the Stanford Axe and the rest of the time assists the Stanford Band as a supplementary spirit group It has existed since 1982 311 The Stanford solar car project in which students build a solar powered car every 2 years and race it in either the North American Solar Challenge or the World Solar Challenge Stanford American Indian Organization SAIO which hosts the annual Stanford Powwow started in 1971 This is the largest student run event on campus and the largest student run powwow in the country 312 313 The Stanford Improvisors SImps for short teach and perform improvisational theatre on campus and in the surrounding community 314 In 2014 the group finished second in the Golden Gate Regional College Improv tournament 315 and they have since been invited twice to perform at the annual San Francisco Improv Festival 316 Asha for Education is a national student group founded in 1991 It focuses mainly on education in India and supporting nonprofit organizations that work mainly in the education sector Asha s Stanford chapter organizes events like Holi as well as lectures by prominent leaders from India on the university campus 317 318 319 Safety Edit Stanford s Department of Public Safety is responsible for law enforcement and safety on the main campus Its deputy sheriffs are peace officers by arrangement with the Santa Clara County Sheriff s Office 320 The department is also responsible for publishing an annual crime report covering the previous three years as required by the Clery Act 321 Fire protection has been provided by contract with the Palo Alto Fire Department since 1976 322 Murder is rare on the campus although a few cases have been notorious including the 1974 murder of Arlis Perry in Stanford Memorial Church which was not solved until 2018 323 Also notorius was Theodore Streleski s murder of his faculty advisor in 1978 324 Campus sexual misconduct Edit In 2014 Stanford was the tenth highest in the nation in total of reports of rape on their main campus with 26 reports of rape 325 In Stanford s 2015 Campus Climate Survey 4 7 percent of female undergraduates reported experiencing sexual assault as defined by the university and 32 9 percent reported experiencing sexual misconduct 326 According to the survey 85 of perpetrators of misconduct were Stanford students and 80 were men 326 Perpetrators of sexual misconduct were frequently aided by alcohol or drugs according to the survey Nearly three fourths of the students whose responses were categorized as sexual assault indicated that the act was accomplished by a person or persons taking advantage of them when they were drunk or high according to the survey Close to 70 percent of students who reported an experience of sexual misconduct involving nonconsensual penetration and or oral sex indicated the same 326 Associated Students of Stanford and student and alumni activists with the anti rape group Stand with Leah criticized the survey methodology for downgrading incidents involving alcohol if students did not check two separate boxes indicating they were both intoxicated and incapacity while sexually assaulted 326 Reporting on the Brock Turner rape case a reporter from The Washington Post analyzed campus rape reports submitted by universities to the U S Department of Education and found that Stanford was one of the top ten universities in campus rapes in 2014 with 26 reported that year but when analyzed by rapes per 1000 students Stanford was not among the top ten 327 People v Turner Edit Main article People v Turner On the night of January 17 18 2015 22 year old Chanel Miller who was visiting the campus to attend a party at the Kappa Alpha fraternity was sexually assaulted by Brock Turner a nineteen year old freshman student athlete from Ohio Two Stanford graduate students witnessed the attack and intervened when Turner attempted to flee the two held him down on the ground until police arrived 328 Stanford immediately referred the case to prosecutors and offered Miller counseling and within two weeks had barred Turner from campus after conducting an investigation 329 Turner was convicted on three felony charges in March 2016 and in June 2016 he received a jail sentence of six months and was declared a sex offender requiring him to register as such for the rest of his life prosecutors had sought a six year prison sentence out of the maximum 14 years that was possible 330 The case and the relatively lenient sentence drew nationwide attention 331 Two years later the judge in the case Stanford graduate Aaron Persky was recalled by the voters 332 333 Joe Lonsdale Edit In February 2015 Elise Clougherty filed a sexual assault and harassment lawsuit against venture capitalist Joe Lonsdale 334 335 Lonsdale and Clougherty entered into a relationship in the spring of 2012 when she was a junior and he was her mentor in a Stanford entrepreneurship course 335 By the spring of 2013 Clougherty had broken off the relationship and filed charges at Stanford that Lonsdale had broken the Stanford policy against consensual relationships between students and faculty and that he had sexually assaulted and harassed her which resulted in Lonsdale being banned from Stanford for 10 years 335 Lonsdale challenged Stanford s finding that he had sexually assaulted and harassed her and Stanford rescinded that finding and the campus ban in the fall of 2015 336 Clougherty withdrew her suit that fall as well 337 Notable people EditFor a more comprehensive list see List of Stanford University people and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Stanford University Herbert Hoover BS 1895 31st President of the United States founder of Hoover Institution at Stanford recipient of the Uncommon Man award John F Kennedy attended 1940 338 35th President of the United States As of late 2021 Stanford had 2 288 tenure line faculty senior fellows center fellows and medical center faculty 339 Award laureates and scholars Edit Stanford s current community of scholars includes 20 Nobel Prize laureates as of October 2020 85 affiliates in total 339 174 members of the National Academy of Sciences 339 113 members of National Academy of Engineering 339 90 members of National Academy of Medicine 339 303 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 339 10 recipients of the National Medal of Science 339 3 recipients of the National Medal of Technology 339 6 recipients of the National Humanities Medal 339 47 members of American Philosophical Society 339 56 fellows of the American Physics Society since 1995 340 4 Pulitzer Prize winners 339 33 MacArthur Fellows 339 6 Wolf Foundation Prize winners 339 2 ACL Lifetime Achievement Award winners 341 14 AAAI fellows 342 2 Presidential Medal of Freedom winners 339 343 Stanford s faculty and former faculty includes 48 Nobel laureates 339 5 Fields Medalists as well as 17 winners of the Turing Award the so called Nobel Prize in computer science comprising one third of the awards given in its 44 year history The university has 27 ACM fellows It is also affiliated with 4 Godel Prize winners 4 Knuth Prize recipients 10 IJCAI Computers and Thought Award winners and about 15 Grace Murray Hopper Award winners for their work in the foundations of computer science Stanford alumni have started many companies and according to Forbes has produced the second highest number of billionaires of all universities 344 345 346 As of 2020 15 Stanford alumni have won the Nobel Prize 347 348 349 350 351 As of 2022 128 Stanford students or alumni have been named Rhodes Scholars 352 See also Edit San Francisco Bay Area portal California portalList of universities by number of billionaire alumni List of colleges and universities in California S a collaboration between seven universities and the Karolinska Institute for training in bioinformatics and genomics Stanford SchoolExplanatory notes Edit Undergraduate school alumni who received the Turing Award Vint Cerf BS Math Stanford 1965 MS CS UCLA 1970 PhD CS UCLA 1972 26 Allen Newell BS Physics Stanford 1949 PhD Carnegie Institute of Technology 1957 27 Graduate school alumni who received the Turing Award Martin Hellman BE New York University 1966 MS Stanford University 1967 Ph D Stanford University 1969 all in electrical engineering Professor at Stanford 1971 1996 28 John Hopcroft BS Seattle University MS EE Stanford 1962 Phd EE Stanford 1964 29 Barbara Liskov BSc Berkeley 1961 PhD Stanford 30 Raj Reddy BS from Guindy College of Engineering Madras India 1958 M Tech University of New South Wales 1960 Ph D Stanford 1966 31 Ronald Rivest BA Yale 1969 PhD Stanford 1974 32 Robert Tarjan BS Caltech 1969 MS Stanford 1971 PhD 1972 33 Non alumni former and current faculty staff and researchers who received the Turing Award Whitfield Diffie BS Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1965 Visiting scholar at Stanford from 2009 2010 and an affiliate from 2010 2012 currently a consulting professor at CISAC The Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University 34 Doug Engelbart BS EE Oregon State University 1948 MS EE Berkeley 1953 PhD Berkeley 1955 Researcher Director at Stanford Research Institute SRI 1957 1977 Director Bootstrap Project at Stanford University 1989 1990 35 Edward Feigenbaum BS Carnegie Institute of Technology 1956 Ph D Carnegie Institute of Technology 1960 Associate Professor at Stanford 1965 1968 Professor at Stanford 1969 2000 Professor Emeritus at Stanford 2000 present 36 Robert W Floyd BA 1953 BSc Physics both from the University of Chicago Professor at Stanford 1968 1994 37 Sir Antony Hoare Undergraduate at Oxford University Visiting Professor at Stanford 1973 38 Alan Kay BA BS from the University of Colorado at Boulder Ph D 1969 from the University of Utah Researcher at Stanford 1969 1971 39 John McCarthy BS Math Caltech PhD Princeton Assistant Professor at Stanford 1953 1955 Professor at Stanford 1962 2011 40 Robin Milner BSc 1956 from Cambridge University Researcher at Stanford University 1971 1972 41 Amir Pnueli BSc Math from Technion 1962 PhD Weizmann Institute of Science 1967 Instructor at Stanford 1967 Visitor at Stanford 1970 42 Dana Scott BA Berkeley 1954 Ph D Princeton 1958 Associate Professor at Stanford 1963 1967 43 Niklaus Wirth BS Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 1959 MSC Universite Laval Canada 1960 Ph D Berkeley 1963 Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1963 1967 44 Andrew Yao BS physics National University of Taiwan 1967 AM Physics Harvard 1969 Ph D Physics Harvard 1972 Ph D CS University of Illinois Urbana Champaign 1975 Assistant Professor at Stanford University 1976 1981 Professor at Stanford University 1982 1986 45 It is often stated that Stanford has the largest contiguous campus in the world or the United States 80 81 but that depends on definitions Berry College with over 26 000 acres 40 6 sq mi 105 2 km2 Paul Smith s College with 14 200 acres 22 2 sq mi 57 5 km2 and the United States Air Force Academy with 18 500 acres 7 500 ha are larger but are not usually classified as universities Duke University at 8 610 acres 13 5 sq mi 34 8 km2 does have more land but it is not contiguous However the University of the South has over 13 000 acres 20 3 sq mi 52 6 km2 The rules governing the board have changed over time The original 24 trustees were appointed for life in 1885 by the Stanfords as were some of the subsequent replacements In 1899 Jane Stanford changed the maximum number of trustees from 24 to 15 and set the term of office to 10 years On June 1 1903 she resigned her powers as founder and the board took on its full powers In the 1950s the board decided that its fifteen members were not sufficient to do all the work needed and in March 1954 petitioned the courts to raise the maximum number to 23 of whom 20 would be regular trustees serving 10 year terms and 3 would be alumni trustees serving 5 year terms In 1970 another petition was successfully made to have the number raised to a maximum of 35 with a minimum of 25 that all trustees would be regular trustees and that the university president would be a trustee ex officio 110 The last original trustee Timothy Hopkins died in 1936 the last life trustee Joseph D Grant appointed in 1891 died in 1942 111 Other consists of Multiracial Americans amp those who prefer to not say The percentage of students who received an income based federal Pell grant intended for low income students The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum References Edit a b c Casper Gerhard October 5 1995 Die Luft der Freiheit weht On and Off Speech Retrieved August 20 2021 a b c History Stanford University Stanford University Retrieved June 3 2020 a b Chapter 1 The University and the Faculty Faculty Handbook Stanford University September 7 2016 Archived from the original on May 25 2017 Retrieved April 26 2017 a b c Stanford University reports return on investment portfolio 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