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Wikipedia

James Cameron

January 31, 2023

This article is about the Canadian filmmaker. For other people, see James Cameron (disambiguation).

James Francis Cameron CC (born August 16, 1954) is a Canadian filmmaker. A major figure in the post-New Hollywood era, he is considered one of the industry's most innovative filmmakers, regularly pushing the boundaries of cinematic capability with his use of novel technologies. He first gained recognition for writing and directing The Terminator (1984) and found further success with Aliens (1986), The Abyss (1989), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), and the action comedy True Lies (1994). He wrote and directed Titanic (1997) and Avatar (2009), with Titanic earning him Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Film Editing. A recipient of various other industry accolades, two of his films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

James Cameron

CC
Cameron at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con
Born
James Francis Cameron

(1954-08-16) August 16, 1954 (age 68)
Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada
Alma materFullerton College
OccupationFilmmaker
Years active1978–present
WorksFilmography
Spouses
Children4
AwardsFull list

Cameron co-founded the production companies Lightstorm Entertainment, Digital Domain, and Earthship Productions. In addition to filmmaking, he is a National Geographic sea explorer and has produced many documentaries on the subject, including Ghosts of the Abyss (2003) and Aliens of the Deep (2005). Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies and helped create the digital 3D Fusion Camera System. In 2012, Cameron became the first person to do a solo descent to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the Earth's ocean, in the Deepsea Challenger submersible.

Cameron's films have grossed over $8 billion worldwide, making him the second highest-grossing film director of all time. Three of Cameron's films are amongst the top four highest-grossing films of all time; Avatar, Titanic, and Avatar: The Way of Water (2022), are the highest, third, and fourth highest-grossing films of all time, respectively. Cameron holds the achievement of having directed the first two of the six films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide. He is also the only director to have three films grossed over $2 billion worldwide.[1][2] In 2010, Time named Cameron as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Cameron is also an environmentalist and runs several sustainability businesses.

Early life

James Francis Cameron[3] was born on August 16, 1954, in Kapuskasing, Ontario, to Philip Cameron, an electrical engineer, and Shirley (née Lowe), an artist and nurse.[4] He is the first of five children, with two brothers and two sisters.[4] His paternal great-great-great-grandfather immigrated from Balquhidder, Scotland, in 1825.[4] Cameron spent summers on his grandfather's farm in southern Ontario.[5] He attended Stamford Collegiate in Niagara Falls. At age 17, Cameron and his family moved from Chippawa to Brea, California.[6] He attended Sonora High School and then moved to Brea Olinda High School. Classmates recalled that he was not a sportsman but instead enjoyed building things that "either went up into the air or into the deep".[7]

After high school, Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College, a community college in 1973 to study physics. He switched subjects to English, but left the college at the end of 1974.[8] He worked odd jobs, including as a truck driver and a janitor, but wrote in his free time.[9] During this period, he learned about special effects by reading other students' work on "optical printing, or front screen projection, or dye transfers, anything that related to film technology" at the library.[10] After the excitement of seeing Star Wars in 1977, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry.[11]

Film career

Early work and 1980s

 
Cameron, September 1986

Cameron's directing career began in 1978.[12] After borrowing money from a consortium of dentists, he learned to direct, write and produce his first short film, Xenogenesis (1978) with a friend.[13] Learning as they went, Cameron said he felt like a doctor doing his first surgical procedure.[10] He then served as a production assistant for Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979). While educating himself about filmmaking techniques, Cameron started a job as a miniature model maker at Roger Corman Studios.[9][14] He was soon employed as an art director for the science-fiction film Battle Beyond the Stars (1980). He carried out the special effects for John Carpenter's Escape from New York (1981), served as production designer for Galaxy of Terror (1981), and consulted on the design for Android (1982).

Cameron was hired as the special effects director for the sequel to Piranha (1978), titled Piranha II: The Spawning in 1982. The original director, Miller Drake, left the project due to creative differences with producer Ovidio Assonitis. Shot in Rome, Italy and on Grand Cayman, the film gave Cameron the opportunity to become director for a major film for the first time. However, Cameron later said that it did not feel like his first film due to power-struggles with Assonitis.[15] Disillusioned from being in Rome and suffering a fever, Cameron had a nightmare about an invincible robot hit-man sent from the future to assassinate him, which later led to the inspiration of The Terminator.[16] Upon release of Piranha II: The Spawning, critics were not impressed; author Tim Healey called it "a marvellously bad movie which splices clichés from every conceivable source".[17]

Inspired by John Carpenter's horror film Halloween (1978),[18] in 1982 Cameron wrote the script for The Terminator (1984), a sci-fi action film about a cyborg sent from the future to carry out a lethal mission. Cameron wanted to sell the script so that he could direct the movie. Whilst some film studios expressed interest in the project, many executives were unwilling to let a new and unfamiliar director make the movie. Gale Anne Hurd, a colleague and founder of Pacific Western Productions, agreed to buy Cameron's script for one dollar, on the condition that Cameron direct the film. He convinced the president of Hemdale Pictures to make the film, with Cameron as director and Hurd as a producer. Lance Henriksen, who starred in Piranha II: The Spawning, was considered for the lead role, but Cameron decided that Arnold Schwarzenegger was more suitable as the cyborg villain due to his bodybuilder appearance.[19] Henriksen was given a smaller role instead. Michael Biehn and Linda Hamilton also joined the cast. The Terminator was a box office success, exceeding expectations set by Orion Pictures.[19] The film proved popular with audiences and earned over $78 million worldwide.[20] George Perry of the BBC praised Cameron's direction, writing "Cameron laces the action with ironic jokes, but never lets up on hinting that the terror may strike at any moment".[21] In 2008, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[22]

In 1984, Cameron was hired to write a sequel to First Blood; it was rewritten by Sylvester Stallone and released as Rambo: First Blood Part II.[23][24] Cameron was then hired to write and direct a sequel to Alien (1979), a science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott. Like the original, the sequel Aliens (1986) featured Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley. Aliens follows Ripley as she helps a group of marines fight off extraterrestrials. Despite conflicts with cast and crew during production, and having to replace one of the lead actors—James Remar with Michael Biehn—Aliens was a box office success, generating over $130 million worldwide.[25] The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1987; Best Actress, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score and Best Sound. It won awards for Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects.[26] In addition, Weaver and the film made the cover of Time magazine in July 1986.[27]

 
Cameron with Gale Anne Hurd, 1986

After Aliens, Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd decided to make The Abyss, a story about oil-rig workers who discover strange intelligent life in the ocean. Based on an idea which Cameron had conceived of during high school, the film was initially budgeted at $41 million, although it ran considerably over this amount. It starred Ed Harris, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio and Michael Biehn. The production process began in the Cayman Islands and in South Carolina, inside the building of an unfinished nuclear power plant with two huge water tanks.[28] The cast and crew recall Cameron's dictatorial behavior, and the filming of water scenes which were mentally and physically exhausting.[29] Upon the film's release, The Abyss was praised for its special effects, and earned $90 million at the worldwide box office.[30] The Abyss received four Academy Award nominations and won Best Visual Effects.[31]

1990s

In 1990, Cameron co-founded the firm Lightstorm Entertainment with partner Lawrence Kasanoff. In 1991, Cameron served as executive producer for Point Break (1991), directed by Kathryn Bigelow. After the success of The Terminator there were discussions for a sequel and by the late 1980s, Mario Kassar of Carolco Pictures secured the rights to the sequel, allowing Cameron to begin production of the film, Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Written by Cameron and William Wisher Jr., Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton reprise their roles. The story follows on from Terminator, depicting a new villain (T-1000), with shape-shifting ability and hunts for Sarah Connor's son, John (Edward Furlong). Cameron cast Robert Patrick as T-1000 because of his lean and thin appearance—a sharp contrast to Schwarzenegger. Cameron explained, "I wanted someone who was extremely fast and agile. If the T-800 is a human Panzer tank, then the T-1000 is a Porsche".[32] Terminator 2 was one of the most expensive films to be produced, costing at least $94 million.[33] Despite the challenging use of computer-generated imagery (CGI), the film was completed on time and released on July 3, 1991. Terminator 2 broke box office records (including the opening weekend record for an R-rated film), earning over $200 million in North America and being the first to earn over $300 million worldwide.[34] It won four Academy Awards: Best Makeup, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing, and Best Visual Effects. It also received nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing, but lost both to political thriller JFK (1991).[35]

In subsequent years, Cameron planned to do a third Terminator film but plans never materialized. The rights to the Terminator franchise were eventually purchased by Kassar from a bankruptcy sale of Carolco's assets.[36] Cameron moved on to other projects and, in 1993, co-founded Digital Domain, a visual effects production company. In 1994, Cameron and Schwarzenegger reunited for their third collaboration, True Lies, a remake of the 1991 French comedy La Totale! The story depicts an American secret agent who leads a double life as a married man, whose wife believes he is a computer salesman. The film co-stars Jamie Lee Curtis, Eliza Dushku and Tom Arnold. Cameron's Lightstorm Entertainment signed a deal with 20th Century Fox for the production of True Lies. Budgeted at a minimum of $100 million, the film earned $146 million in the United States and Canada.[37][38] The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and Curtis won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress.[39][40] In 1995, Cameron co-produced Strange Days, a science fiction thriller. Directed by Kathryn Bigelow and co-written by Jay Cocks, Strange Days was critically and financially unsuccessful.[41] In 1996, Cameron reunited with the cast of Terminator 2 to film T2 3-D: Battle Across Time, an attraction at Universal Studios Florida, and in other parks around the world.[42]

His next major project was Titanic (1997), an epic about RMS Titanic, which sank in 1912 after striking an iceberg. With a production budget of $200 million, at the time it was the most expensive film ever made. Starting in 1995, Cameron took several dives to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean to capture footage of the wreck, which would later be used in the film.[43] A replica of the ship was built in Rosarito Beach and principal photography began in September 1996. Titanic made headlines before its release for being over-budget and exceeding its schedule.[44][45] Cameron's completed screenplay depicts two star-crossed lovers, portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet, from different social classes who fall in love amid the backdrop of the tragedy; a radical departure from his previous work. The supporting cast includes Billy Zane, Kathy Bates, Frances Fisher, Gloria Stuart, Bernard Hill, Jonathan Hyde, Victor Garber, Danny Nucci, David Warner and Bill Paxton.

 
Cameron promoting Avatar at the San Diego Comic-Con, 2009

After months of delay, Titanic premiered on December 19, 1997. The film received strong critical acclaim and became the highest-grossing film of all time, holding this position for 12 years until Cameron's Avatar beat the record in 2010.[46] The costumes and sets were praised, and The Washington Post considered the CGI graphics to be spectacular.[47][48] Titanic received a record-tie of fourteen nominations (tied with All About Eve (1950)) at the 1998 Academy Awards. It won 11 of the awards, tying the record for most wins with 1959's Ben-Hur, and 2003's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, including: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best Costume Design, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song.[49] Upon receiving Best Picture, Cameron and producer Jon Landau asked for a moment of silence to remember the 1,500 people who died when the ship sank.[50] Film critic Roger Ebert praised Cameron's storytelling, writing "It is flawlessly crafted, intelligently constructed, strongly acted, and spellbinding".[51] Authors Kevin Sandler and Gaylyn Studlar wrote in 1999 that the romance, historical nostalgia and James Horner's music contributed to the film's cultural phenomenon.[52] In 2017, on its 20th anniversary, Titanic became Cameron's second film to be selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.[53]

After the huge publicity of Titanic, Cameron kept a low profile. In 1998, he and his brother, John, formed Earthship Productions, to stream documentaries about the deep sea, one of Cameron's interests.[54][55] He had planned to make a film about Spider-Man, a project developed by Menahem Golan of Cannon Films. Columbia hired David Koepp to adapt Cameron's ideas into a screenplay, but due to various disagreements, Cameron abandoned the project.[56] In 2002, Spider-Man was released with the screenplay credited solely to Koepp.[57]

2000s

In 2000, Cameron made his debut in television and co-created Dark Angel with Charles H. Eglee, a television series influenced by cyberpunk, biopunk, contemporary superheroes and third-wave feminism. Dark Angel starred Jessica Alba as Max Guevara, a genetically enhanced super-soldier created by a secretive organization. While the first season was moderately successful, the second season did less well, which led to its cancellation.[58]

In 2002, Cameron served as producer on the 2002 film Solaris, a science fiction drama directed by Steven Soderbergh. The film gained mixed reviews and failed at the box office.[59][60] Keen to make documentaries, Cameron directed Expedition: Bismarck, about the German Battleship Bismarck. In 2003, he directed Ghosts of the Abyss, a documentary about RMS Titanic which was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media, and designed for 3D theaters. Cameron told The Guardian his intention for filming everything in 3D.[61] In 2005, Cameron co-directed Aliens of the Deep, a documentary about the various forms of life in the ocean. He also starred in Titanic Adventure with Tony Robinson, another documentary about the Titanic shipwreck. In 2006, Cameron co-created and narrated The Exodus Decoded, a documentary exploring the Biblical account of the Exodus. In 2007, Cameron and fellow director Simcha Jacobovici, produced The Lost Tomb of Jesus. It was broadcast on Discovery Channel on March 4, 2007; the documentary was controversial for arguing that the Talpiot Tomb was the burial place of Jesus of Nazareth.[62][63]

 
Cameron speaking at a TED talk, February 2010

By the mid-2000s, Cameron returned to directing and producing another mainstream film since Titanic. Cameron had displayed interest in making Avatar (2009) and Alita: Battle Angel (2019) as early as June 2005 with both films to be shot using 3D technology.[64] He wanted to make Alita: Battle Angel first, followed by Avatar but switched the order in February 2006. Although Cameron had written an 80-page treatment for Avatar in 1995, Cameron stated that he wanted the necessary technology to improve before starting production.[65][66] Avatar, with the story line set in the mid-22nd century, had an estimated budget in excess of $300 million. The cast includes Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez and Sigourney Weaver. It was composed with a mix of live-action footage and computer-generated animation, using an advanced version of the performance capture technique, previously used by director Robert Zemeckis in The Polar Express.[67] Cameron intended Avatar to be 3D-only but decided to adapt it for conventional viewing as well.[68]

Intended for release in May 2009, Avatar premiered on December 18, 2009. This delay allowed more time for post-production and the opportunity for theaters to install 3D projectors.[69] Avatar broke several box office records during its initial theatrical run. It grossed $749.7 million in the United States and Canada and more than $2.74 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada, surpassing Titanic.[70] It was the first film to earn more than $2 billion worldwide. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, and Best Visual Effects.[71] In July 2010, an extended theatrical re-release generated a worldwide $33.2 million at the box office. In his mixed review, Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph complimented the 3D, but opined that Cameron "should have been more brutal in his editing".[72] That year, Vanity Fair reported that Cameron's earnings were USD $257 million, making him the highest earner in Hollywood.[73] As of 2022, Avatar and Titanic hold the achievement for being the first two of the five films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide.[74]

2010s

 
Cameron in October 2012

In 2011, Cameron served as an executive producer for Sanctum, a disaster-survival film about a cave diving expedition which turns deadly. Although receiving mixed reviews, the film earned a fair $108 million at the worldwide box office.[75] Cameron re-investigated the sinking of RMS Titanic with eight experts in a 2012 TV documentary special, Titanic: The Final Word with James Cameron, which premiered on April 8 on the National Geographic channel.[76] In the feature, the experts revised the CGI animation of the sinking conceived in 1995.[77][78] In March 2010, Cameron announced that Titanic will be converted and re-released in 3D to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the tragedy.[79] On March 27, 2012, Titanic 3D premiered at London's Royal Albert Hall.[80] He also served as executive producer of Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away and Deepsea Challenge 3D in 2012 and 2014, respectively.[81][82]

Cameron starred in the 2017 documentary Atlantis Rising, with collaborator Simcha Jacobovici. The pair go on an adventure to explore the existence of the city of Atlantis. The programme aired on January 29 on National Geographic.[83] Next, Cameron produced and appeared in a documentary about the history of science fiction. James Cameron’s Story of Science Fiction, the six-episodic series was broadcast on AMC in 2018.[84] The series featured interviews with guests including Ridley Scott, Steven Spielberg, George Lucas and Christopher Nolan.[85] He stated "Without Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, there wouldn't have been Ray Bradbury or Robert A. Heinlein, and without them, there wouldn't be [George] Lucas, [Steven] Spielberg, Ridley Scott or me".[86]

Alita: Battle Angel was finally released in 2019 after being in parallel development with Avatar. Written by Cameron and friend Jon Landau, the film was directed by Robert Rodriguez, and produced by Cameron.[87] The film is based on a 1990s Japanese manga series Battle Angel Alita, depicting a cyborg who cannot remember anything of her past life and tries to uncover the truth. Produced with similar techniques and technology as in Avatar, the film starred Rosa Salazar, Christoph Waltz, Jennifer Connelly, Mahershala Ali, Ed Skrein, Jackie Earle Haley and Keean Johnson. The film premiered on January 31, 2019, to generally positive reviews and $404 million at the worldwide box office.[88] In her review, Monica Castillo of RogerEbert.com called it "an awe-inspiring jump for [Rodriguez]" and "a visual bonanza" despite the bulky script.[89] Cameron then returned to the Terminator franchise as producer and writer for Tim Miller's Terminator: Dark Fate (2019).[90]

In August 2013, Cameron announced plans to direct three sequels to Avatar simultaneously, for release in December 2016, 2017, and 2018.[91] However, the release dates were adjusted due to Cameron's other priorities, with Avatar 3, 4 and 5 to be released, respectively, on December 20, 2024, December 18, 2026, and December 22, 2028.[92] Deadline Hollywood estimated that the budget for these would be over $1 billion.[93] Avatar 2 (later given the subtitle The Way of Water) and Avatar 3 began simultaneous production in Manhattan Beach, California on August 15, 2017. Principal photography began in New Zealand on September 25, 2017.[94][95][96][97][98][99] The other sequels are expected to begin production as soon as The Way of Water and Avatar 3 are released, but this is still to be decided.[100][101][102][103] Cameron stated in a 2017 interview, "Let's face it, if Avatar 2 and 3 don't make enough money, there's not going to be a 4 and 5".[104] Avatar: The Way of Water had its world premiere in London on December 6, 2022.[105]

Lightstorm Entertainment bought the film rights to the Taylor Stevens novel, The Informationist, a thriller set in Africa with Cameron planning to direct.[106] In 2010, he indicated he would adapt the Charles R. Pellegrino book The Last Train from Hiroshima, which is about the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Cameron met with survivor Tsutomu Yamaguchi before his death in 2010.[107]

Activism and other work

As of 2012, Cameron and his family have adopted a vegan diet.[108][109] Cameron states that "by changing what you eat, you will change the entire contract between the human species and the natural world".[110] He and his wife are advocates of plant-based food and have called for constructive actions to produce more plant-based food and less meat to mitigate the impact of climate change.[111] In 2006, Cameron's wife co-founded MUSE School, which became the first K-12 vegan school in the United States.[112] He has also hosted events for Global Green USA, and pushed for sustainable solutions to energy use.[113]

In early 2014, Cameron purchased the Beaufort Vineyard and Estate Winery in Courtenay, British Columbia for $2.7 million, to pursue his passion for sustainable agribusiness.[114] He sold the vineyard in 2020.[115][116] In June 2019, Cameron announced a business venture with film director Peter Jackson, to produce plant-based meat, cheese, and dairy products in New Zealand. He suggested that we need "a nice transition to a meatless or relatively meatless world in 20 or 30 years".[117] In 2012, Cameron purchased more than 1,000 hectares (2,471 acres) of land in remote South Wairarapa, New Zealand; subsequent purchases have seen that grow to approximately 5,000 hectares. The Camerons grow a range of organic fruit, nuts and vegetables on the land. Nearby in Greytown, they run a café and grocery store, Forest Food Organics, selling produce from their land.[118][119][120]

In June 2010, Cameron met with officials of the Environmental Protection Agency to discuss possible solutions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It was reported that he offered his assistance to help stop the oil well from leaking.[121][122] He is a member of the NASA Advisory Council and he worked with the space agency to build cameras for the Curiosity rover sent for Mars.[123] NASA launched the rover without Cameron's technology due to a lack of time during testing.[124] He has expressed interest in a project about Mars, stating: "I've been very interested in the Humans to Mars movement ... and I've done a tremendous amount of personal research for a novel, a miniseries, and a 3D film."[125] Cameron is a member of the Mars Society, a non-profit organization lobbying for the colonization of Mars.[126][127] Cameron endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton for the 2016 United States presidential election.[128]

Cameron is an expert on deep-sea exploration, in part because of his work on The Abyss and Titanic,[121] and his childhood fascination with shipwrecks. He has contributed to advancements in underwater filming and remotely operated vehicles, and helped develop the 3D Fusion Camera System.[129][130][131] In 2011, Cameron became a National Geographic explorer-in-residence.[132] In his role on March 7, 2012, he dived five miles deep to the bottom of the New Britain Trench with the Deepsea Challenger.[133] 19 days later, Cameron reached the Challenger Deep, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench.[134][135][136] He spent more than three hours exploring the ocean floor, becoming the first to accomplish the trip alone.[134][137] During his dive to the Challenger Deep, he discovered new species of sea cucumber, squid worm and a giant single-celled amoeba.[138] He was preceded by unmanned dives in 1995 and 2009, as well as by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, the first men to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench aboard the Bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960.[139]

Personal life

Cameron has been married five times.[140] He was married to Sharon Williams from 1978 to 1984. A year after he and Sharon divorced, Cameron married film producer Gale Anne Hurd, a close collaborator for his 1980s films. They divorced in 1989. Soon after separating from Hurd, Cameron met the director Kathryn Bigelow whom he wed in 1989, and they divorced in 1991. Cameron then began a relationship with Linda Hamilton, actress in The Terminator series. Their daughter was born in 1993. Cameron married Hamilton in 1997. Amid speculation of an affair between Cameron and actress Suzy Amis, Cameron and Hamilton separated after two years of marriage, with Hamilton receiving a settlement of $50 million.[141][142][143] He married Amis, his fifth wife, in 2000. They have one son and two daughters together.[113]

Cameron applied for American citizenship in 2004, but withdrew his application after George W. Bush won the presidential election.[144] Cameron resided in the United States, but after filming Avatar in New Zealand, Cameron bought a home and a farm there in 2012.[145][146][147] He divided his time between Malibu, California and New Zealand until 2020,[148] after which he sold his Malibu home and decided to live in New Zealand permanently.[149] He said in August 2020, "I plan to make all my future films in New Zealand, and I see the country having an opportunity to demonstrate to the international film industry how to safely return to work. Doing so with Avatar [sequels] will be a beacon that, when this is over [COVID-19 pandemic], will attract more production to New Zealand and continue to stimulate the screen industry and the economy for years.[150][151]

Cameron has said he is a "Converted Agnostic", adding "I've sworn off agnosticism, which I now call cowardly atheism".[54]

Cameron met close friend Guillermo del Toro on the production of his 1993 film, Cronos.[152] In 1998, del Toro's father was kidnapped in Guadalajara and Cameron gave del Toro more than $1 million in cash to pay a ransom and have his father released.[152][153][154]

In June 2013, British artist Roger Dean filed a copyright complaint against Cameron, seeking damages of $50 million.[155] Relating to Avatar, Cameron was accused of "wilful and deliberate copying, dissemination and exploitation" of Dean's original images; the case was dismissed by US district judge Jesse Furman in 2014.[156] In 2016, Premier Exhibitions, owner of many RMS Titanic artifacts, filed for bankruptcy. Cameron supported the UK's National Maritime Museum and National Museums Northern Ireland decision to bid for the artifacts, but they were acquired by an investment group before a formal bid took place.[157][158]

Filmmaking style

Themes

Cameron's films are often based on themes which explore the conflicts between intelligent machines and humanity or nature,[159][160] dangers of corporate greed,[161] strong female characters, and a romance subplot.[162] Cameron has further stated in an interview with The Talks, "All my movies are love stories."[163] Both Titanic and Avatar are noted for featuring star-crossed lovers.[164] Characters suffering from emotionally intense and dramatic environments in the sea wilderness are explored in The Abyss and Titanic. The Terminator series amplifies technology as an enemy which could lead to devastation of mankind. Similarly, Avatar views tribal people as an honest group, whereas a "technologically advanced imperial culture is fundamentally evil".[165][166]

 
Cameron in 2012

Method

Cameron is regarded as an innovative filmmaker in the industry, as well as not easy to work for.[167][168][169] Radio Times critic John Ferguson described Cameron as "the king of hi-tech thrillers".[170] Dalin Rowell of /Film stated, "Known for his larger-than-life creations and unique filmmaking style, director James Cameron is in a league all of his own. With his genre-spanning work, lofty ambitions, and unrestrained energy, Cameron has carved out a name for himself in Hollywood as an artist willing to do anything to see his vision come true."[171] Rebecca Keegan, author of The Futurist: The Life and Films of James Cameron, describes Cameron as "comically hands-on" and would try to do every job on the set.[167] Andrew Gumbel of The Independent says Cameron "is a nightmare to work with. Studios fear his habit of straying way over schedule and over budget. He is notorious on set for his uncompromising and dictatorial manner, as well as his flaming temper".[172] Author Alexandra Keller writes that Cameron is an egomaniac, obsessed with vision, but praises his "technological ingenuity" at creating a "visceral viewing experience".[47]

According to Ed Harris, who starred in Cameron's film The Abyss, Cameron behaved in an autocratic manner.[29] Orson Scott Card, who novelized The Abyss, stated that Cameron "made everyone around him miserable, and his unkindness did nothing to improve the film in any way. Nor did it motivate people to work faster or better".[173] Harris later said, "I like Jim. He's an incredibly talented, intelligent guy", adding that "it was always good to see him" in later years.[174] Speaking of her experience on Titanic, Kate Winslet said that she admired Cameron but "there were times I was genuinely frightened of him".[175] Describing him as having "a temper like you wouldn't believe", she had said she would not work with him again unless it was "for a lot of money".[176] Despite this, Winslet and Cameron still looked for future projects and Winslet was eventually cast in Avatar 2.[177] Her co-star Leonardo DiCaprio told Esquire magazine, "when somebody felt a different way on the set, there was a confrontation. He lets you know exactly how he feels", but complimented Cameron, "he's of the lineage of John Ford. He knows what he wants his film to be."[178] Sam Worthington, who starred in Avatar, said that if a mobile phone rang during filming, Cameron would "nail it to the wall with a nail gun".[179] Composer James Horner was also not immune to Cameron's demands; he recalls having to write music in a short time frame for Aliens.[180] After the experience, Horner did not work with Cameron for a decade.[181] In 1996, they reconciled their friendship and Horner produced the soundtracks for Titanic and Avatar.[182]

Despite this reputation, Sigourney Weaver has praised Cameron's perfectionism and attention to detail, saying, "He really does want us to risk our lives and limbs for the shot, but he doesn't mind risking his own".[176] In 2015, Weaver and Jamie Lee Curtis both applauded Cameron in an interview. Curtis remarked, "He can do every other job [than acting]. I'm talking about every single department, from art direction to props to wardrobe to cameras, he knows more than everyone doing the job". Curtis also said Cameron "loves actors", while Weaver referred to Cameron as "so generous to actors" and a "genius".[183] Michael Biehn, a frequent collaborator, also praised Cameron, saying he "is a really passionate person. He cares more about his movies than other directors care about their movies", adding, "I've never seen him yell at anybody". Biehn, however, acknowledged that Cameron is "not real sensitive when it comes to actors and their trailers, and waiting for actors to come to the set".[184] Worthington commented, "He demands excellence. If you don't give it to him, you're going to get chewed out. And that's a good thing".[176] When asked in 2012 about his reputation, Cameron dryly responded, "I don't have to shout any more, because the word is out there already".[185] In 2021, while giving a MasterClass during a break from his work on the Avatar sequels, Cameron acknowledged his past demanding behaviour, opining that if he could go back in time, he would improve the working relationship with his cast and crew members by being less autocratic, thinking of himself as a "tinpot dictator"; Cameron stated that when he visited one of Ron Howard's sets, he was "dumbfounded" at how much time Howard took to compliment his crew, aspiring to become "his inner Ron Howard".[186]

Influence

Cameron's work has had an influence in the Hollywood film industry. The Avengers (2012), directed by Joss Whedon, was inspired by Cameron's approach to action sequences.[187] Whedon also admires Cameron's ability for writing heroic female characters such as Ellen Ripley of Aliens,[188] adding that he is "the leader and the teacher and the Yoda".[187] Director Michael Bay idolizes Cameron and was convinced by him to use 3D cameras for filming Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011).[189] Cameron's approach to 3D inspired Baz Luhrmann during the production of The Great Gatsby (2013).[190] Other directors that have been inspired by Cameron include Peter Jackson, Neill Blomkamp, and Xavier Dolan.[191][192][193]

Filmography

Main article: James Cameron filmography
Directed feature films
Year Title Distributor
1982 Piranha II: The Spawning Saturn International Pictures / Columbia Pictures
1984 The Terminator Orion Pictures
1986 Aliens 20th Century Fox
1989 The Abyss
1991 Terminator 2: Judgment Day TriStar Pictures
1994 True Lies 20th Century Fox / Universal Pictures
1997 Titanic Paramount Pictures / 20th Century Fox
2009 Avatar 20th Century Fox
2022 Avatar: The Way of Water 20th Century Studios
2024 Avatar 3 20th Century Studios
2026 Avatar 4 20th Century Studios

Awards and recognition

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by James Cameron
 
Cameron receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, December 2009

Cameron received the inaugural Ray Bradbury Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 1992 for Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[194] In recognition of "a distinguished career as a Canadian filmmaker", Carleton University awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts on June 13, 1998.[195] Cameron received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1998, presented by Awards Council member George Lucas.[196] He also received an honorary doctorate in 1998 from Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, for his accomplishments in the international film industry.[197] In 1998, Cameron attended a convocation to receive an honorary degree from Ryerson University, Toronto.[195] The university awards its highest honor to those who have made extraordinary contributions in Canada or internationally. A year later, Cameron received the honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from California State University, Fullerton.[198] He accepted the degree at the university's summer annual commencement exercise.[199]

Cameron's work has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; as one of the few directors to have won three Academy Awards in a single year. For Titanic, he won Best Director, Best Picture (shared with Jon Landau) and Best Film Editing (shared with Conrad Buff and Richard A. Harris). In 2009, he was nominated for awards in Best Film Editing (shared with John Refoua and Stephen E. Rivkin,[200] Best Director and Best Picture for Avatar. Cameron has won two Golden Globes: Best Director for Titanic and Avatar.[201]

In recognition of his contributions to underwater filming and remote vehicle technology, University of Southampton awarded Cameron the honorary degree of doctor of the university in July 2004. Cameron accepted the award at the National Oceanography Centre.[202] In 2008, Cameron received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame[203] and a year later, received the 2,396th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[204] On February 28, 2010, Cameron was honored with a Visual Effects Society (VES) Lifetime Achievement Award.[205] In June 2012, Cameron was inducted to The Science Fiction Hall of Fame at the Museum of Pop Culture for his contribution to the science fiction and fantasy field.[206] Cameron collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering and served as a creative consultant on Pandora – The World of Avatar, an Avatar-themed land at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida which opened to the public on May 27, 2017.[207][208] A species of frog, Pristimantis jamescameroni, was named after Cameron for his work in promoting environmental awareness and advocacy of veganism.[209][210][211]

In 2010, Time magazine named Cameron one of the 100 most influential people in the world.[212] That same year, he was ranked at the top of the list in The Guardian Film Power 100[213] and in 30th place in New Statesman's list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[214] In 2013, Cameron received the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public, which is annually awarded by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[215] In 2019, Cameron was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada by Governor General Julie Payette, giving him the Post Nominal Letters "CC" for life.[216]

In 2020, Cameron was the subject of the second season of the Epicleff Media dramatic podcast Blockbuster. The audio drama, created and narrated by Emmy Award-winning journalist and filmmaker Matt Schrader, chronicles Cameron's life and career (leading up to the creation and release of Titanic), and stars actor Ross Marquand in the lead voice role as Cameron.[217]

Awards and nominations received by Cameron's films
Year Title Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe Awards
Nominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins
1986 Aliens 7 2 4 1 1
1989 The Abyss 4 1
1991 Terminator 2: Judgment Day 6 4 3 2
1994 True Lies 1 1 1 1
1997 Titanic 14 11 10 8 4
2009 Avatar 9 3 8 2 4 2
2022 Avatar: The Way of Water 4 2 2
Total 45 21 28 5 16 7

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Matthew Wilhelm Kapell and Stephen McVeigh, The Films of James Cameron: Critical Essays. McFarland & Company. 2011.
  • Keegan, Rebecca Winters (2009), The Futurist: The Life and Films of James Cameron, Crown Publishers, ISBN 978-0-307-46031-8
  • Parisi, Paula (1999), Titanic and the Making of James Cameron: The Inside Story of the Three-Year Adventure That Rewrote Motion Picture History, Newmarket Press, ISBN 1-55704-364-7

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Cameron.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to James Cameron.

January 31, 2023
james, cameron, this, article, about, canadian, filmmaker, other, people, disambiguation, james, francis, cameron, born, august, 1954, canadian, filmmaker, major, figure, post, hollywood, considered, industry, most, innovative, filmmakers, regularly, pushing, . This article is about the Canadian filmmaker For other people see James Cameron disambiguation James Francis Cameron CC born August 16 1954 is a Canadian filmmaker A major figure in the post New Hollywood era he is considered one of the industry s most innovative filmmakers regularly pushing the boundaries of cinematic capability with his use of novel technologies He first gained recognition for writing and directing The Terminator 1984 and found further success with Aliens 1986 The Abyss 1989 Terminator 2 Judgment Day 1991 and the action comedy True Lies 1994 He wrote and directed Titanic 1997 and Avatar 2009 with Titanic earning him Academy Awards for Best Picture Best Director and Best Film Editing A recipient of various other industry accolades two of his films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress James CameronCCCameron at the 2016 San Diego Comic ConBornJames Francis Cameron 1954 08 16 August 16 1954 age 68 Kapuskasing Ontario CanadaAlma materFullerton CollegeOccupationFilmmakerYears active1978 presentWorksFilmographySpousesSharon Williams m 1978 div 1984 wbr Gale Anne Hurd m 1985 div 1989 wbr Kathryn Bigelow m 1989 div 1991 wbr Linda Hamilton m 1997 div 1999 wbr Suzy Amis m 2000 wbr Children4AwardsFull listCameron co founded the production companies Lightstorm Entertainment Digital Domain and Earthship Productions In addition to filmmaking he is a National Geographic sea explorer and has produced many documentaries on the subject including Ghosts of the Abyss 2003 and Aliens of the Deep 2005 Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies and helped create the digital 3D Fusion Camera System In 2012 Cameron became the first person to do a solo descent to the bottom of the Mariana Trench the deepest part of the Earth s ocean in the Deepsea Challenger submersible Cameron s films have grossed over 8 billion worldwide making him the second highest grossing film director of all time Three of Cameron s films are amongst the top four highest grossing films of all time Avatar Titanic and Avatar The Way of Water 2022 are the highest third and fourth highest grossing films of all time respectively Cameron holds the achievement of having directed the first two of the six films in history to gross over 2 billion worldwide He is also the only director to have three films grossed over 2 billion worldwide 1 2 In 2010 Time named Cameron as one of the 100 most influential people in the world Cameron is also an environmentalist and runs several sustainability businesses Contents 1 Early life 2 Film career 2 1 Early work and 1980s 2 2 1990s 2 3 2000s 2 4 2010s 3 Activism and other work 4 Personal life 5 Filmmaking style 5 1 Themes 5 2 Method 5 3 Influence 6 Filmography 7 Awards and recognition 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksEarly life EditJames Francis Cameron 3 was born on August 16 1954 in Kapuskasing Ontario to Philip Cameron an electrical engineer and Shirley nee Lowe an artist and nurse 4 He is the first of five children with two brothers and two sisters 4 His paternal great great great grandfather immigrated from Balquhidder Scotland in 1825 4 Cameron spent summers on his grandfather s farm in southern Ontario 5 He attended Stamford Collegiate in Niagara Falls At age 17 Cameron and his family moved from Chippawa to Brea California 6 He attended Sonora High School and then moved to Brea Olinda High School Classmates recalled that he was not a sportsman but instead enjoyed building things that either went up into the air or into the deep 7 After high school Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College a community college in 1973 to study physics He switched subjects to English but left the college at the end of 1974 8 He worked odd jobs including as a truck driver and a janitor but wrote in his free time 9 During this period he learned about special effects by reading other students work on optical printing or front screen projection or dye transfers anything that related to film technology at the library 10 After the excitement of seeing Star Wars in 1977 Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry 11 Film career EditEarly work and 1980s Edit Cameron September 1986 Cameron s directing career began in 1978 12 After borrowing money from a consortium of dentists he learned to direct write and produce his first short film Xenogenesis 1978 with a friend 13 Learning as they went Cameron said he felt like a doctor doing his first surgical procedure 10 He then served as a production assistant for Rock n Roll High School 1979 While educating himself about filmmaking techniques Cameron started a job as a miniature model maker at Roger Corman Studios 9 14 He was soon employed as an art director for the science fiction film Battle Beyond the Stars 1980 He carried out the special effects for John Carpenter s Escape from New York 1981 served as production designer for Galaxy of Terror 1981 and consulted on the design for Android 1982 Cameron was hired as the special effects director for the sequel to Piranha 1978 titled Piranha II The Spawning in 1982 The original director Miller Drake left the project due to creative differences with producer Ovidio Assonitis Shot in Rome Italy and on Grand Cayman the film gave Cameron the opportunity to become director for a major film for the first time However Cameron later said that it did not feel like his first film due to power struggles with Assonitis 15 Disillusioned from being in Rome and suffering a fever Cameron had a nightmare about an invincible robot hit man sent from the future to assassinate him which later led to the inspiration of The Terminator 16 Upon release of Piranha II The Spawning critics were not impressed author Tim Healey called it a marvellously bad movie which splices cliches from every conceivable source 17 Inspired by John Carpenter s horror film Halloween 1978 18 in 1982 Cameron wrote the script for The Terminator 1984 a sci fi action film about a cyborg sent from the future to carry out a lethal mission Cameron wanted to sell the script so that he could direct the movie Whilst some film studios expressed interest in the project many executives were unwilling to let a new and unfamiliar director make the movie Gale Anne Hurd a colleague and founder of Pacific Western Productions agreed to buy Cameron s script for one dollar on the condition that Cameron direct the film He convinced the president of Hemdale Pictures to make the film with Cameron as director and Hurd as a producer Lance Henriksen who starred in Piranha II The Spawning was considered for the lead role but Cameron decided that Arnold Schwarzenegger was more suitable as the cyborg villain due to his bodybuilder appearance 19 Henriksen was given a smaller role instead Michael Biehn and Linda Hamilton also joined the cast The Terminator was a box office success exceeding expectations set by Orion Pictures 19 The film proved popular with audiences and earned over 78 million worldwide 20 George Perry of the BBC praised Cameron s direction writing Cameron laces the action with ironic jokes but never lets up on hinting that the terror may strike at any moment 21 In 2008 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry being deemed culturally historically or aesthetically significant 22 In 1984 Cameron was hired to write a sequel to First Blood it was rewritten by Sylvester Stallone and released as Rambo First Blood Part II 23 24 Cameron was then hired to write and direct a sequel to Alien 1979 a science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott Like the original the sequel Aliens 1986 featured Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley Aliens follows Ripley as she helps a group of marines fight off extraterrestrials Despite conflicts with cast and crew during production and having to replace one of the lead actors James Remar with Michael Biehn Aliens was a box office success generating over 130 million worldwide 25 The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1987 Best Actress Best Art Direction Best Film Editing Best Original Score and Best Sound It won awards for Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects 26 In addition Weaver and the film made the cover of Time magazine in July 1986 27 Cameron with Gale Anne Hurd 1986 After Aliens Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd decided to make The Abyss a story about oil rig workers who discover strange intelligent life in the ocean Based on an idea which Cameron had conceived of during high school the film was initially budgeted at 41 million although it ran considerably over this amount It starred Ed Harris Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio and Michael Biehn The production process began in the Cayman Islands and in South Carolina inside the building of an unfinished nuclear power plant with two huge water tanks 28 The cast and crew recall Cameron s dictatorial behavior and the filming of water scenes which were mentally and physically exhausting 29 Upon the film s release The Abyss was praised for its special effects and earned 90 million at the worldwide box office 30 The Abyss received four Academy Award nominations and won Best Visual Effects 31 1990s Edit In 1990 Cameron co founded the firm Lightstorm Entertainment with partner Lawrence Kasanoff In 1991 Cameron served as executive producer for Point Break 1991 directed by Kathryn Bigelow After the success of The Terminator there were discussions for a sequel and by the late 1980s Mario Kassar of Carolco Pictures secured the rights to the sequel allowing Cameron to begin production of the film Terminator 2 Judgment Day 1991 Written by Cameron and William Wisher Jr Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton reprise their roles The story follows on from Terminator depicting a new villain T 1000 with shape shifting ability and hunts for Sarah Connor s son John Edward Furlong Cameron cast Robert Patrick as T 1000 because of his lean and thin appearance a sharp contrast to Schwarzenegger Cameron explained I wanted someone who was extremely fast and agile If the T 800 is a human Panzer tank then the T 1000 is a Porsche 32 Terminator 2 was one of the most expensive films to be produced costing at least 94 million 33 Despite the challenging use of computer generated imagery CGI the film was completed on time and released on July 3 1991 Terminator 2 broke box office records including the opening weekend record for an R rated film earning over 200 million in North America and being the first to earn over 300 million worldwide 34 It won four Academy Awards Best Makeup Best Sound Mixing Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects It also received nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing but lost both to political thriller JFK 1991 35 In subsequent years Cameron planned to do a third Terminator film but plans never materialized The rights to the Terminator franchise were eventually purchased by Kassar from a bankruptcy sale of Carolco s assets 36 Cameron moved on to other projects and in 1993 co founded Digital Domain a visual effects production company In 1994 Cameron and Schwarzenegger reunited for their third collaboration True Lies a remake of the 1991 French comedy La Totale The story depicts an American secret agent who leads a double life as a married man whose wife believes he is a computer salesman The film co stars Jamie Lee Curtis Eliza Dushku and Tom Arnold Cameron s Lightstorm Entertainment signed a deal with 20th Century Fox for the production of True Lies Budgeted at a minimum of 100 million the film earned 146 million in the United States and Canada 37 38 The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and Curtis won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress 39 40 In 1995 Cameron co produced Strange Days a science fiction thriller Directed by Kathryn Bigelow and co written by Jay Cocks Strange Days was critically and financially unsuccessful 41 In 1996 Cameron reunited with the cast of Terminator 2 to film T2 3 D Battle Across Time an attraction at Universal Studios Florida and in other parks around the world 42 His next major project was Titanic 1997 an epic about RMS Titanic which sank in 1912 after striking an iceberg With a production budget of 200 million at the time it was the most expensive film ever made Starting in 1995 Cameron took several dives to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean to capture footage of the wreck which would later be used in the film 43 A replica of the ship was built in Rosarito Beach and principal photography began in September 1996 Titanic made headlines before its release for being over budget and exceeding its schedule 44 45 Cameron s completed screenplay depicts two star crossed lovers portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet from different social classes who fall in love amid the backdrop of the tragedy a radical departure from his previous work The supporting cast includes Billy Zane Kathy Bates Frances Fisher Gloria Stuart Bernard Hill Jonathan Hyde Victor Garber Danny Nucci David Warner and Bill Paxton Cameron promoting Avatar at the San Diego Comic Con 2009 After months of delay Titanic premiered on December 19 1997 The film received strong critical acclaim and became the highest grossing film of all time holding this position for 12 years until Cameron s Avatar beat the record in 2010 46 The costumes and sets were praised and The Washington Post considered the CGI graphics to be spectacular 47 48 Titanic received a record tie of fourteen nominations tied with All About Eve 1950 at the 1998 Academy Awards It won 11 of the awards tying the record for most wins with 1959 s Ben Hur and 2003 s The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King including Best Picture Best Director Best Art Direction Best Cinematography Best Visual Effects Best Film Editing Best Costume Design Best Sound Mixing Best Sound Editing Best Original Score and Best Original Song 49 Upon receiving Best Picture Cameron and producer Jon Landau asked for a moment of silence to remember the 1 500 people who died when the ship sank 50 Film critic Roger Ebert praised Cameron s storytelling writing It is flawlessly crafted intelligently constructed strongly acted and spellbinding 51 Authors Kevin Sandler and Gaylyn Studlar wrote in 1999 that the romance historical nostalgia and James Horner s music contributed to the film s cultural phenomenon 52 In 2017 on its 20th anniversary Titanic became Cameron s second film to be selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry 53 After the huge publicity of Titanic Cameron kept a low profile In 1998 he and his brother John formed Earthship Productions to stream documentaries about the deep sea one of Cameron s interests 54 55 He had planned to make a film about Spider Man a project developed by Menahem Golan of Cannon Films Columbia hired David Koepp to adapt Cameron s ideas into a screenplay but due to various disagreements Cameron abandoned the project 56 In 2002 Spider Man was released with the screenplay credited solely to Koepp 57 2000s Edit In 2000 Cameron made his debut in television and co created Dark Angel with Charles H Eglee a television series influenced by cyberpunk biopunk contemporary superheroes and third wave feminism Dark Angel starred Jessica Alba as Max Guevara a genetically enhanced super soldier created by a secretive organization While the first season was moderately successful the second season did less well which led to its cancellation 58 In 2002 Cameron served as producer on the 2002 film Solaris a science fiction drama directed by Steven Soderbergh The film gained mixed reviews and failed at the box office 59 60 Keen to make documentaries Cameron directed Expedition Bismarck about the German Battleship Bismarck In 2003 he directed Ghosts of the Abyss a documentary about RMS Titanic which was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media and designed for 3D theaters Cameron told The Guardian his intention for filming everything in 3D 61 In 2005 Cameron co directed Aliens of the Deep a documentary about the various forms of life in the ocean He also starred in Titanic Adventure with Tony Robinson another documentary about the Titanic shipwreck In 2006 Cameron co created and narrated The Exodus Decoded a documentary exploring the Biblical account of the Exodus In 2007 Cameron and fellow director Simcha Jacobovici produced The Lost Tomb of Jesus It was broadcast on Discovery Channel on March 4 2007 the documentary was controversial for arguing that the Talpiot Tomb was the burial place of Jesus of Nazareth 62 63 Cameron speaking at a TED talk February 2010 By the mid 2000s Cameron returned to directing and producing another mainstream film since Titanic Cameron had displayed interest in making Avatar 2009 and Alita Battle Angel 2019 as early as June 2005 with both films to be shot using 3D technology 64 He wanted to make Alita Battle Angel first followed by Avatar but switched the order in February 2006 Although Cameron had written an 80 page treatment for Avatar in 1995 Cameron stated that he wanted the necessary technology to improve before starting production 65 66 Avatar with the story line set in the mid 22nd century had an estimated budget in excess of 300 million The cast includes Sam Worthington Zoe Saldana Stephen Lang Michelle Rodriguez and Sigourney Weaver It was composed with a mix of live action footage and computer generated animation using an advanced version of the performance capture technique previously used by director Robert Zemeckis in The Polar Express 67 Cameron intended Avatar to be 3D only but decided to adapt it for conventional viewing as well 68 Intended for release in May 2009 Avatar premiered on December 18 2009 This delay allowed more time for post production and the opportunity for theaters to install 3D projectors 69 Avatar broke several box office records during its initial theatrical run It grossed 749 7 million in the United States and Canada and more than 2 74 billion worldwide becoming the highest grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada surpassing Titanic 70 It was the first film to earn more than 2 billion worldwide Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director and won three Best Art Direction Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects 71 In July 2010 an extended theatrical re release generated a worldwide 33 2 million at the box office In his mixed review Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph complimented the 3D but opined that Cameron should have been more brutal in his editing 72 That year Vanity Fair reported that Cameron s earnings were USD 257 million making him the highest earner in Hollywood 73 As of 2022 Avatar and Titanic hold the achievement for being the first two of the five films in history to gross over 2 billion worldwide 74 2010s Edit Cameron in October 2012 In 2011 Cameron served as an executive producer for Sanctum a disaster survival film about a cave diving expedition which turns deadly Although receiving mixed reviews the film earned a fair 108 million at the worldwide box office 75 Cameron re investigated the sinking of RMS Titanic with eight experts in a 2012 TV documentary special Titanic The Final Word with James Cameron which premiered on April 8 on the National Geographic channel 76 In the feature the experts revised the CGI animation of the sinking conceived in 1995 77 78 In March 2010 Cameron announced that Titanic will be converted and re released in 3D to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the tragedy 79 On March 27 2012 Titanic 3D premiered at London s Royal Albert Hall 80 He also served as executive producer of Cirque du Soleil Worlds Away and Deepsea Challenge 3D in 2012 and 2014 respectively 81 82 Cameron starred in the 2017 documentary Atlantis Rising with collaborator Simcha Jacobovici The pair go on an adventure to explore the existence of the city of Atlantis The programme aired on January 29 on National Geographic 83 Next Cameron produced and appeared in a documentary about the history of science fiction James Cameron s Story of Science Fiction the six episodic series was broadcast on AMC in 2018 84 The series featured interviews with guests including Ridley Scott Steven Spielberg George Lucas and Christopher Nolan 85 He stated Without Jules Verne and H G Wells there wouldn t have been Ray Bradbury or Robert A Heinlein and without them there wouldn t be George Lucas Steven Spielberg Ridley Scott or me 86 Alita Battle Angel was finally released in 2019 after being in parallel development with Avatar Written by Cameron and friend Jon Landau the film was directed by Robert Rodriguez and produced by Cameron 87 The film is based on a 1990s Japanese manga series Battle Angel Alita depicting a cyborg who cannot remember anything of her past life and tries to uncover the truth Produced with similar techniques and technology as in Avatar the film starred Rosa Salazar Christoph Waltz Jennifer Connelly Mahershala Ali Ed Skrein Jackie Earle Haley and Keean Johnson The film premiered on January 31 2019 to generally positive reviews and 404 million at the worldwide box office 88 In her review Monica Castillo of RogerEbert com called it an awe inspiring jump for Rodriguez and a visual bonanza despite the bulky script 89 Cameron then returned to the Terminator franchise as producer and writer for Tim Miller s Terminator Dark Fate 2019 90 In August 2013 Cameron announced plans to direct three sequels to Avatar simultaneously for release in December 2016 2017 and 2018 91 However the release dates were adjusted due to Cameron s other priorities with Avatar 3 4 and 5 to be released respectively on December 20 2024 December 18 2026 and December 22 2028 92 Deadline Hollywood estimated that the budget for these would be over 1 billion 93 Avatar 2 later given the subtitle The Way of Water and Avatar 3 began simultaneous production in Manhattan Beach California on August 15 2017 Principal photography began in New Zealand on September 25 2017 94 95 96 97 98 99 The other sequels are expected to begin production as soon as The Way of Water and Avatar 3 are released but this is still to be decided 100 101 102 103 Cameron stated in a 2017 interview Let s face it if Avatar 2 and 3 don t make enough money there s not going to be a 4 and 5 104 Avatar The Way of Water had its world premiere in London on December 6 2022 105 Lightstorm Entertainment bought the film rights to the Taylor Stevens novel The Informationist a thriller set in Africa with Cameron planning to direct 106 In 2010 he indicated he would adapt the Charles R Pellegrino book The Last Train from Hiroshima which is about the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cameron met with survivor Tsutomu Yamaguchi before his death in 2010 107 Activism and other work EditAs of 2012 Cameron and his family have adopted a vegan diet 108 109 Cameron states that by changing what you eat you will change the entire contract between the human species and the natural world 110 He and his wife are advocates of plant based food and have called for constructive actions to produce more plant based food and less meat to mitigate the impact of climate change 111 In 2006 Cameron s wife co founded MUSE School which became the first K 12 vegan school in the United States 112 He has also hosted events for Global Green USA and pushed for sustainable solutions to energy use 113 In early 2014 Cameron purchased the Beaufort Vineyard and Estate Winery in Courtenay British Columbia for 2 7 million to pursue his passion for sustainable agribusiness 114 He sold the vineyard in 2020 115 116 In June 2019 Cameron announced a business venture with film director Peter Jackson to produce plant based meat cheese and dairy products in New Zealand He suggested that we need a nice transition to a meatless or relatively meatless world in 20 or 30 years 117 In 2012 Cameron purchased more than 1 000 hectares 2 471 acres of land in remote South Wairarapa New Zealand subsequent purchases have seen that grow to approximately 5 000 hectares The Camerons grow a range of organic fruit nuts and vegetables on the land Nearby in Greytown they run a cafe and grocery store Forest Food Organics selling produce from their land 118 119 120 In June 2010 Cameron met with officials of the Environmental Protection Agency to discuss possible solutions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill It was reported that he offered his assistance to help stop the oil well from leaking 121 122 He is a member of the NASA Advisory Council and he worked with the space agency to build cameras for the Curiosity rover sent for Mars 123 NASA launched the rover without Cameron s technology due to a lack of time during testing 124 He has expressed interest in a project about Mars stating I ve been very interested in the Humans to Mars movement and I ve done a tremendous amount of personal research for a novel a miniseries and a 3D film 125 Cameron is a member of the Mars Society a non profit organization lobbying for the colonization of Mars 126 127 Cameron endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton for the 2016 United States presidential election 128 Cameron is an expert on deep sea exploration in part because of his work on The Abyss and Titanic 121 and his childhood fascination with shipwrecks He has contributed to advancements in underwater filming and remotely operated vehicles and helped develop the 3D Fusion Camera System 129 130 131 In 2011 Cameron became a National Geographic explorer in residence 132 In his role on March 7 2012 he dived five miles deep to the bottom of the New Britain Trench with the Deepsea Challenger 133 19 days later Cameron reached the Challenger Deep the deepest part of the Mariana Trench 134 135 136 He spent more than three hours exploring the ocean floor becoming the first to accomplish the trip alone 134 137 During his dive to the Challenger Deep he discovered new species of sea cucumber squid worm and a giant single celled amoeba 138 He was preceded by unmanned dives in 1995 and 2009 as well as by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh the first men to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench aboard the Bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960 139 Personal life EditCameron has been married five times 140 He was married to Sharon Williams from 1978 to 1984 A year after he and Sharon divorced Cameron married film producer Gale Anne Hurd a close collaborator for his 1980s films They divorced in 1989 Soon after separating from Hurd Cameron met the director Kathryn Bigelow whom he wed in 1989 and they divorced in 1991 Cameron then began a relationship with Linda Hamilton actress in The Terminator series Their daughter was born in 1993 Cameron married Hamilton in 1997 Amid speculation of an affair between Cameron and actress Suzy Amis Cameron and Hamilton separated after two years of marriage with Hamilton receiving a settlement of 50 million 141 142 143 He married Amis his fifth wife in 2000 They have one son and two daughters together 113 Cameron applied for American citizenship in 2004 but withdrew his application after George W Bush won the presidential election 144 Cameron resided in the United States but after filming Avatar in New Zealand Cameron bought a home and a farm there in 2012 145 146 147 He divided his time between Malibu California and New Zealand until 2020 148 after which he sold his Malibu home and decided to live in New Zealand permanently 149 He said in August 2020 I plan to make all my future films in New Zealand and I see the country having an opportunity to demonstrate to the international film industry how to safely return to work Doing so with Avatar sequels will be a beacon that when this is over COVID 19 pandemic will attract more production to New Zealand and continue to stimulate the screen industry and the economy for years 150 151 Cameron has said he is a Converted Agnostic adding I ve sworn off agnosticism which I now call cowardly atheism 54 Cameron met close friend Guillermo del Toro on the production of his 1993 film Cronos 152 In 1998 del Toro s father was kidnapped in Guadalajara and Cameron gave del Toro more than 1 million in cash to pay a ransom and have his father released 152 153 154 In June 2013 British artist Roger Dean filed a copyright complaint against Cameron seeking damages of 50 million 155 Relating to Avatar Cameron was accused of wilful and deliberate copying dissemination and exploitation of Dean s original images the case was dismissed by US district judge Jesse Furman in 2014 156 In 2016 Premier Exhibitions owner of many RMS Titanic artifacts filed for bankruptcy Cameron supported the UK s National Maritime Museum and National Museums Northern Ireland decision to bid for the artifacts but they were acquired by an investment group before a formal bid took place 157 158 Filmmaking style EditThemes Edit Cameron s films are often based on themes which explore the conflicts between intelligent machines and humanity or nature 159 160 dangers of corporate greed 161 strong female characters and a romance subplot 162 Cameron has further stated in an interview with The Talks All my movies are love stories 163 Both Titanic and Avatar are noted for featuring star crossed lovers 164 Characters suffering from emotionally intense and dramatic environments in the sea wilderness are explored in The Abyss and Titanic The Terminator series amplifies technology as an enemy which could lead to devastation of mankind Similarly Avatar views tribal people as an honest group whereas a technologically advanced imperial culture is fundamentally evil 165 166 Cameron in 2012 Method Edit Cameron is regarded as an innovative filmmaker in the industry as well as not easy to work for 167 168 169 Radio Times critic John Ferguson described Cameron as the king of hi tech thrillers 170 Dalin Rowell of Film stated Known for his larger than life creations and unique filmmaking style director James Cameron is in a league all of his own With his genre spanning work lofty ambitions and unrestrained energy Cameron has carved out a name for himself in Hollywood as an artist willing to do anything to see his vision come true 171 Rebecca Keegan author of The Futurist The Life and Films of James Cameron describes Cameron as comically hands on and would try to do every job on the set 167 Andrew Gumbel of The Independent says Cameron is a nightmare to work with Studios fear his habit of straying way over schedule and over budget He is notorious on set for his uncompromising and dictatorial manner as well as his flaming temper 172 Author Alexandra Keller writes that Cameron is an egomaniac obsessed with vision but praises his technological ingenuity at creating a visceral viewing experience 47 According to Ed Harris who starred in Cameron s film The Abyss Cameron behaved in an autocratic manner 29 Orson Scott Card who novelized The Abyss stated that Cameron made everyone around him miserable and his unkindness did nothing to improve the film in any way Nor did it motivate people to work faster or better 173 Harris later said I like Jim He s an incredibly talented intelligent guy adding that it was always good to see him in later years 174 Speaking of her experience on Titanic Kate Winslet said that she admired Cameron but there were times I was genuinely frightened of him 175 Describing him as having a temper like you wouldn t believe she had said she would not work with him again unless it was for a lot of money 176 Despite this Winslet and Cameron still looked for future projects and Winslet was eventually cast in Avatar 2 177 Her co star Leonardo DiCaprio told Esquire magazine when somebody felt a different way on the set there was a confrontation He lets you know exactly how he feels but complimented Cameron he s of the lineage of John Ford He knows what he wants his film to be 178 Sam Worthington who starred in Avatar said that if a mobile phone rang during filming Cameron would nail it to the wall with a nail gun 179 Composer James Horner was also not immune to Cameron s demands he recalls having to write music in a short time frame for Aliens 180 After the experience Horner did not work with Cameron for a decade 181 In 1996 they reconciled their friendship and Horner produced the soundtracks for Titanic and Avatar 182 Despite this reputation Sigourney Weaver has praised Cameron s perfectionism and attention to detail saying He really does want us to risk our lives and limbs for the shot but he doesn t mind risking his own 176 In 2015 Weaver and Jamie Lee Curtis both applauded Cameron in an interview Curtis remarked He can do every other job than acting I m talking about every single department from art direction to props to wardrobe to cameras he knows more than everyone doing the job Curtis also said Cameron loves actors while Weaver referred to Cameron as so generous to actors and a genius 183 Michael Biehn a frequent collaborator also praised Cameron saying he is a really passionate person He cares more about his movies than other directors care about their movies adding I ve never seen him yell at anybody Biehn however acknowledged that Cameron is not real sensitive when it comes to actors and their trailers and waiting for actors to come to the set 184 Worthington commented He demands excellence If you don t give it to him you re going to get chewed out And that s a good thing 176 When asked in 2012 about his reputation Cameron dryly responded I don t have to shout any more because the word is out there already 185 In 2021 while giving a MasterClass during a break from his work on the Avatar sequels Cameron acknowledged his past demanding behaviour opining that if he could go back in time he would improve the working relationship with his cast and crew members by being less autocratic thinking of himself as a tinpot dictator Cameron stated that when he visited one of Ron Howard s sets he was dumbfounded at how much time Howard took to compliment his crew aspiring to become his inner Ron Howard 186 Influence Edit Cameron s work has had an influence in the Hollywood film industry The Avengers 2012 directed by Joss Whedon was inspired by Cameron s approach to action sequences 187 Whedon also admires Cameron s ability for writing heroic female characters such as Ellen Ripley of Aliens 188 adding that he is the leader and the teacher and the Yoda 187 Director Michael Bay idolizes Cameron and was convinced by him to use 3D cameras for filming Transformers Dark of the Moon 2011 189 Cameron s approach to 3D inspired Baz Luhrmann during the production of The Great Gatsby 2013 190 Other directors that have been inspired by Cameron include Peter Jackson Neill Blomkamp and Xavier Dolan 191 192 193 Filmography EditMain article James Cameron filmography Directed feature films Year Title Distributor1982 Piranha II The Spawning Saturn International Pictures Columbia Pictures1984 The Terminator Orion Pictures1986 Aliens 20th Century Fox1989 The Abyss1991 Terminator 2 Judgment Day TriStar Pictures1994 True Lies 20th Century Fox Universal Pictures1997 Titanic Paramount Pictures 20th Century Fox2009 Avatar 20th Century Fox2022 Avatar The Way of Water 20th Century Studios2024 Avatar 3 20th Century Studios2026 Avatar 4 20th Century StudiosAwards and recognition EditMain article List of awards and nominations received by James Cameron Cameron receiving a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame December 2009 Cameron received the inaugural Ray Bradbury Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 1992 for Terminator 2 Judgment Day 194 In recognition of a distinguished career as a Canadian filmmaker Carleton University awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts on June 13 1998 195 Cameron received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1998 presented by Awards Council member George Lucas 196 He also received an honorary doctorate in 1998 from Brock University in St Catharines Ontario for his accomplishments in the international film industry 197 In 1998 Cameron attended a convocation to receive an honorary degree from Ryerson University Toronto 195 The university awards its highest honor to those who have made extraordinary contributions in Canada or internationally A year later Cameron received the honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from California State University Fullerton 198 He accepted the degree at the university s summer annual commencement exercise 199 Cameron s work has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences as one of the few directors to have won three Academy Awards in a single year For Titanic he won Best Director Best Picture shared with Jon Landau and Best Film Editing shared with Conrad Buff and Richard A Harris In 2009 he was nominated for awards in Best Film Editing shared with John Refoua and Stephen E Rivkin 200 Best Director and Best Picture for Avatar Cameron has won two Golden Globes Best Director for Titanic and Avatar 201 In recognition of his contributions to underwater filming and remote vehicle technology University of Southampton awarded Cameron the honorary degree of doctor of the university in July 2004 Cameron accepted the award at the National Oceanography Centre 202 In 2008 Cameron received a star on Canada s Walk of Fame 203 and a year later received the 2 396th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 204 On February 28 2010 Cameron was honored with a Visual Effects Society VES Lifetime Achievement Award 205 In June 2012 Cameron was inducted to The Science Fiction Hall of Fame at the Museum of Pop Culture for his contribution to the science fiction and fantasy field 206 Cameron collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering and served as a creative consultant on Pandora The World of Avatar an Avatar themed land at Disney s Animal Kingdom in Florida which opened to the public on May 27 2017 207 208 A species of frog Pristimantis jamescameroni was named after Cameron for his work in promoting environmental awareness and advocacy of veganism 209 210 211 In 2010 Time magazine named Cameron one of the 100 most influential people in the world 212 That same year he was ranked at the top of the list in The Guardian Film Power 100 213 and in 30th place in New Statesman s list of The World s 50 Most Influential Figures 2010 214 In 2013 Cameron received the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public which is annually awarded by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 215 In 2019 Cameron was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada by Governor General Julie Payette giving him the Post Nominal Letters CC for life 216 In 2020 Cameron was the subject of the second season of the Epicleff Media dramatic podcast Blockbuster The audio drama created and narrated by Emmy Award winning journalist and filmmaker Matt Schrader chronicles Cameron s life and career leading up to the creation and release of Titanic and stars actor Ross Marquand in the lead voice role as Cameron 217 Awards and nominations received by Cameron s films Year Title Academy Awards BAFTA Awards Golden Globe AwardsNominations Wins Nominations Wins Nominations Wins1986 Aliens 7 2 4 1 11989 The Abyss 4 11991 Terminator 2 Judgment Day 6 4 3 21994 True Lies 1 1 1 11997 Titanic 14 11 10 8 42009 Avatar 9 3 8 2 4 22022 Avatar The Way of Water 4 2 2Total 45 21 28 5 16 7See also EditHans Hass Award James Cameron s unrealized projects List of people who descended to Challenger Deep List of vegansReferences Edit Avatar Sequel Will Break 2 Billion in Next Few Days Cameron Says Gaining on Other Highest Grossing Films of All Time Forbes James Cameron becomes first director in history to have three films reach 1 5 billion at the box office UNILAD Retrieved January 8 2023 Space Foundation n d America s vision The case for space exploration Archived February 21 2011 at the Wayback Machine p 42 Retrieved December 12 2009 a b c Keegan Rebecca January 15 2010 The Futurist The Life and Films of James Cameron The New York Times Archived from the original on October 18 2018 Retrieved February 18 2010 James Cameron compares upcoming Avatar sequels to The Godfather from his walnut farm in New Zealand National Post Associated Press December 16 2013 Retrieved September 24 2021 Goodyear Dana October 26 2009 Man of Extremes The Return of James Cameron The New Yorker Archived from the original on September 13 2019 Retrieved January 29 2010 Hedegaard Erik December 24 2009 The Impossible Reality of James Cameron Rolling Stone Archived from the original on October 18 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 Marc Shapiro James Cameron An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker Renaissance Books Los Angeles 2000 pp 44 47 a b Media Pro Tech Inc James Cameron Biography by FilmMakers Magazine Filmmakers com Archived from the original on June 17 2010 Retrieved August 27 2010 a b Field Syd Terminator 2 Judgment Day Part I Archived from the original on April 18 2019 Retrieved February 7 2015 The Force Is With Them The Legacy of Star Wars 2004 James Cameron Simply do it Simply pick up a camera and begin shooting something September 6 2021 Retrieved November 19 2021 James Cameron and his unmade films Den of Geek February 4 2015 Archived from the original on October 19 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 James Cameron Biography and Interview www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Archived from the original on February 28 2019 US James Cameron Interview www terminatorfiles com Archived from the original on August 9 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 Phillips Ian James Cameron came up with the idea for Terminator during a fever dream Business Insider Archived from the original on July 17 2019 Retrieved October 23 2019 Healey Tim 1986 The world s worst movies London Octopus p 7 ISBN 0706425057 OCLC 59676875 Lambie Ryan July 23 2014 Why The Terminator is a horror classic Den of Geek Archived from the 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2019 The 59th Academy Awards 1987 Oscars org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Archived from the original on January 2 2017 Retrieved April 10 2020 Aliens Turner Classic Movies December 16 2018 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved October 24 2019 Flashback Five James Cameron s Best Movies Amctv com October 5 2010 Archived from the original on November 7 2010 Retrieved October 7 2010 a b Harmetz Aljean August 6 1989 A Foray into Deep Waters The New York Times Archived from the original on October 27 2010 Retrieved October 18 2019 The Abyss Box Office Mojo Archived from the original on October 25 2019 Retrieved October 24 2019 The 62nd Academy Awards 1990 Oscars org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Archived from the original on April 11 2020 Retrieved April 10 2020 The Story About Making T2 www terminatorfiles com Archived from the original on February 28 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 David Ansen July 7 1991 Conan The Humanitarian Newsweek 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Titanic Newsday February 3 2010 Archived from the original on June 29 2019 Retrieved December 3 2012 a b Keller Alexandra 1967 2014 James Cameron Abingdon Oxon Routledge pp 3 32 ISBN 9781134700141 OCLC 879383254 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Titanic Weighs Anchor With Record Tying 11 Oscars at Academy Awards The Washington Post March 23 1998 Archived from the original on October 18 2018 Retrieved October 24 2019 Weinraub Bernard March 24 1998 Titanic Ties Record With 11 Oscars Including Best Picture The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 15 2019 Retrieved October 24 2019 James Cameron s Titanic wins 11 Academy Awards Mar 23 1998 HISTORY com HISTORY com Archived from the original on May 27 2019 Retrieved November 21 2017 Ebert Roger Titanic movie review amp film summary 1997 Roger Ebert www rogerebert com Archived from the original on October 27 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 Titanic anatomy of a blockbuster Sandler Kevin S 1969 Studlar Gaylyn New Brunswick N J Rutgers University Press 1999 pp 16 ISBN 081352668X OCLC 40545439 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Complete National Film Registry Listing Library of Congress Archived from the original on May 7 2016 Retrieved May 24 2020 a b Seering Lauryn James Cameron Freedom From Religion Foundation ffrf org Archived from the original on October 19 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 20 000 Stories Under the Sea Los Angeles Times November 13 2001 Archived from the original on October 24 2019 Retrieved October 24 2019 King of the World The Complete Works of James Cameron Total Film special supplement pub December 2009 January 2010 After the success of The Terminator Cameron was announced as writer and director of a 60 m big screen adaptation of the comic book classic But thanks to a tangled web of litigation studio bankruptcies and wrangling over screenplay credits that movie never saw light What remains however is Cameron s tantalising 47 page Spidey scriptment a compacted screenplay cum narrative that mapped out his entire film in brief Koepp s first draft is taken often word for word from Cameron s story though later versions were heavily rewritten by numerous screenwriters Despite this and much to Cameron s chagrin Koepp s name is the only one on the screenplay Who Is Spider Man Hollywood com March 19 2001 Archived from the original on March 3 2018 Retrieved August 27 2010 Michaels Taylor July 28 2002 Dark Angel was canceled due to chicagotribune com Retrieved September 7 2020 Solaris Rotten Tomatoes retrieved November 26 2022 Solaris Box Office Mojo Retrieved November 26 2022 Wootton Adrian April 24 2003 James Cameron part two The Guardian London Archived from the original on December 13 2017 Retrieved April 2 2010 Ankerberg John September 3 2007 The Lost Tomb of Jesus A Response to the Discovery Channel Documentary John Ankerberg Show Archived from the original on October 24 2019 Retrieved October 24 2019 Stanley Alessandra March 3 2007 The Lost Tomb of Jesus TV Review The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 31 2018 Retrieved October 24 2019 Anne Thompson and Sheigh Crabtree June 14 2005 Cameron turns to new project The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on August 28 2009 Retrieved August 27 2010 Jensen Jeff January 15 2007 James Cameron talks Avatar Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on August 17 2019 Waxman Sharon January 9 2007 Computers Join Actors in Hybrids On Screen The New York Times Archived from the original on July 10 2011 Retrieved April 2 2010 Harry Knowles January 9 2007 Harry interviews James Cameron regarding AVATAR No Not that one The One You re Dying To See Part 1 Ain t It Cool News Archived from the original on August 15 2019 Retrieved January 10 2007 Robey Tim December 19 2009 Avatar changing the face of film for ever London Telegraph co uk Archived from the original on July 6 2018 Retrieved January 5 2010 McClintock Pamela December 11 2007 Fox shifts Avatar Museum Variety Archived from the original on January 15 2016 Smith Olivia January 26 2010 Avatar ends Titanic s reign as highest grossing movie ever NY Daily News New York Archived from the original on January 29 2010 Retrieved January 26 2010 List of Academy Award nominations CNN February 2 2010 Archived from the original on May 22 2019 Retrieved February 2 2010 Sandhu Sukhdev December 17 2009 Avatar full review Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on June 3 2019 Retrieved April 26 2020 James Cameron tops Hollywood s richest survey Archived April 10 2011 at the Wayback Machine published by the International Business Times AU Archived July 14 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 2 2011 All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses Boxofficemojo com Archived from the original on May 30 2010 Retrieved May 5 2019 Sanctum Box Office Mojo Retrieved April 10 2020 Titanic 100 Years Titanic The Final Word with James Cameron National Geographic Channel 2012 Archived from the original on April 20 2012 Retrieved April 23 2012 Ford Allan April 5 2012 Titanic The Final Word with James Cameron New Footage Demonstrating Exactly How the Titanic Sank FilmoFilia Archived from the original on May 29 2018 Retrieved April 23 2012 Moss Gabrielle April 8 2012 Titanic The Final Word with James Cameron The Faster Times Archived from the original on April 22 2012 Retrieved April 23 2012 Avatar director James Cameron 3D promising but caution needed USATODAY COM Archived from the original on March 24 2019 Retrieved October 24 2019 Stars attend Titanic 3D premiere March 28 2012 Archived from the original on December 3 2018 Retrieved October 24 2019 Lehmann Megan October 20 2012 Cirque du Soleil Worlds Away Tokyo Review The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved November 26 2022 Foundas Scott August 1 2014 Film Review Deepsea Challenge Variety Retrieved November 26 2022 Riesman Abraham January 27 2017 James Cameron Is Worried About Atlantis America and Alien Covenant www vulture com Archived from the original on July 27 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 Trumbore Dave April 30 2018 James Cameron s Story of Science Fiction A Must Watch for Cinephiles amp Sci Fi Enthusiasts Collider Archived from the original on October 17 2019 Retrieved October 17 2019 Travers Ben May 1 2018 James Cameron s Story of Science Fiction Can t Possibly Be the Start of the Avatar Hype Machine Right IndieWire Archived from the original on October 17 2019 Retrieved October 17 2019 Titanic and Avatar director James Cameron is making a history of sci fi documentary Radio Times Archived from the original on April 3 2019 Retrieved October 24 2019 James Cameron s Alita Battle Angel Casts Jackie Earle Haley Exclusive The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on January 6 2019 Retrieved November 23 2017 Alita Battle Angel Box Office Mojo Archived from the original 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Avatar Sequels Deadpool 2 Greatest Showman On Earth Updates Vanilla Ice Raps Assassin s Creed Birth Of A Nation amp More Deadline Archived from the original on December 6 2019 Retrieved December 6 2019 Rosenberg Adam August 7 2010 EXCLUSIVE Avatar Sequels Could Shoot Back To Back Story Hints In Upcoming Novel MTV Archived from the original on August 14 2010 Retrieved August 7 2010 Avatar 2 Will Finally Begin Shooting in Late Summer Movie Web February 1 2018 Archived from the original on March 7 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 Keegan Rebecca November 26 2017 James Cameron on Titanic s Legacy and the Impact of a Fox Studio Sale Vanity Fair Archived from the original on November 27 2017 Retrieved November 27 2017 Utichi Joe Tartaglione Nancy December 6 2022 James Cameron Intros Avatar The Way Of Water At London World Premiere To Me Tonight Is Not About A New Avatar It s About Cinema Watch The Video Deadline Retrieved December 8 2022 Keegan Rebecca October 23 2012 James Cameron to direct The Informationist Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on April 14 2013 Retrieved March 13 2013 James Cameron on his Hiroshima movie due sometime before the next nuclear war Entertainment Weekly I Archived from the original on October 12 2010 Retrieved January 2 2012 Barclay Eliza June 8 2014 James Cameron Backed School To Terminate Meat And Dairy NPR Archived from the original on August 2 2014 Retrieved August 15 2014 The turn happened Amis Cameron says when the couple went vegan in 2012 after watching the documentary Forks over Knives Woods Judith October 2 2012 Rare interview with director James Cameron Titanic temper Kate Winslet and veganism Calgary Herald Archived from the original on October 6 2012 Retrieved August 15 2014 He drives a Toyota Hybrid that is a whole six years old and recently became vegan along with his family of five children aged from five to 23 National Geographic 125th gala James Cameron goes vegan Felix Baumgartner dazzles the ladies Washington Post June 15 2013 Archived from the original on March 19 2019 Hollywood heavyweight calls for more plants less meat and dairy Stuff May 9 2019 Archived from the original on June 18 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Metro co uk Deni Kirkova for November 12 2015 First ever vegan school in the US says you can t consume animals and care for the environment Metro Archived from the original on June 19 2018 Retrieved January 9 2016 a b Etingoff Kim 2013 James Cameron from truck driver to director Philadelphia Mason Crest Publishers pp 48 52 ISBN 978 1 4222 2481 6 OCLC 726621685 Penner Drew February 13 2014 James Cameron purchases Valley winery Times Colonist Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved February 13 2014 Duffy Andrew August 14 2020 Movie director James Cameron s Island winery is for sale Victoria Times Colonist Retrieved May 14 2022 Vancouver Island Winery amp Vineyard For Sale SOLD VineSmart Retrieved May 14 2022 Sir Peter Jackson and James Cameron team up to promote meatless future Stuff co nz June 16 2019 Archived from the original on September 28 2019 Retrieved June 16 2019 James Cameron pays 20m for Wairarapa farms Stuff February 2 2012 Archived from the original on May 9 2020 Retrieved April 11 2020 Organic week increasingly tasty Times Age August 23 2019 Archived from the original on April 11 2020 Retrieved April 11 2020 James Cameron snaps up organic empire Stuff April 2015 Archived from the original on April 11 2020 Retrieved April 11 2020 a b Ed Pilkington June 27 2010 Top kill meets Titanic James Cameron enters fight against oil spill guardian co uk London Archived from the original on August 6 2019 Retrieved March 29 2012 James Quinn May 13 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill James Cameron offers private submarines to help BP clean up The Telegraph London Archived from the original on November 10 2018 Retrieved March 29 2012 Director James Cameron Works with NASA on Future Mars Mission Space com Space com February 10 2005 Archived from the original on January 3 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Nasa ditches James Cameron s 3 D cameras from Mars mission Daily Telegraph March 28 2011 ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on October 17 2019 Retrieved October 17 2019 James Cameron s Mars Reference Design Astrobiology January 30 2004 Archived from the original on December 23 2006 Retrieved January 10 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link The fans of Mars The Economist March 9 2000 ISSN 0013 0613 Archived from the original on October 25 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Michaud Jon March 8 2012 James Cameron Goes Deep The New Yorker ISSN 0028 792X Archived from the original on December 16 2017 Retrieved October 25 2019 Johnson Ted October 7 2016 Clinton vs Trump in Hollywood Who s Giving Variety Archived from the original on April 8 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Greenfield Rebecca January 28 2011 Celebrity Invention James Cameron s Underwater Dolly The Atlantic Archived from the original on December 8 2011 Retrieved October 23 2019 Thompson A 2009 The innovative new 3D tech behind James Cameron s Avatar Archived November 18 2010 at the Wayback Machine Fox News Retrieved December 25 2009 The films of James Cameron critical essays Kapell Matthew McVeigh Stephen Jefferson N C McFarland amp Co Publishers 2011 ISBN 9780786487547 OCLC 756484492 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Cameron receives explorer honour BBC June 24 2011 Archived from the original on September 11 2014 Retrieved October 25 2019 Cameron James March 8 2012 You d have loved it National Geographic Society Archived from the original on March 23 2012 Retrieved March 26 2012 a b Than Ker March 25 2012 James Cameron Completes Record Breaking Mariana Trench Dive National Geographic Society Archived from the original on September 19 2019 Retrieved March 25 2012 James Cameron makes first ever successful solo dive to Mariana Trench ocean s deepest point ScienceDaily Archived from the original on October 20 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 Broad William J March 25 2012 Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea New York Times Archived from the original on March 28 2019 Retrieved March 25 2012 Morelle Rebecca March 26 2012 James Cameron back on surface after deepest ocean dive BBC News Archived from the original on October 8 2019 Retrieved March 26 2012 Video from Cameron s Dive Reveals New Species livescience com February 22 2013 Archived from the original on September 14 2019 Retrieved July 11 2017 Man s Deepest Dive Archived March 27 2012 at the Wayback Machine Jacques Piccard National Geographic August 1960 Singh Anita March 1 2010 Linda Hamilton life with James Cameron was terrible on every level The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on September 10 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 Linda Hamilton Everyone s terrified of James Cameron I m not The Independent October 21 2019 Archived from the original on October 22 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Hall Katy February 5 2010 One Of James Cameron s Ex Wives Tells Tales Of His Huge Ego Huffingtonpost com Archived from the original on September 4 2019 Retrieved March 23 2012 Persaud Vishal Cameron s Ex Wife Shares Details on Failed Marriage NBC4 Washington Archived from the original on October 18 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 Goodyear Dana October 26 2009 Man of Extremes The Return of James Cameron The New Yorker Archived from the original on September 13 2019 Retrieved August 31 2010 James Cameron s house ready for family Stuff June 29 2012 Archived from the original on September 4 2012 Retrieved October 25 2019 Crombie Nathan February 1 2012 James Avatar Cameron to live in Wairarapa NZ Herald ISSN 1170 0777 Retrieved October 25 2019 James Cameron Stars in Tourism NZ Campaign New Zealand News Travel amp Tourism NZEDGE July 16 2016 Archived from the original on May 10 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Freeman Hadley August 24 2017 James Cameron The downside of being attracted to independent women is that they don t need you The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on October 24 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 David Mark June 9 2021 James Cameron Gets 8 2 Million for Half of Malibu Compound DIRT Retrieved May 14 2022 Hunt Tom August 8 2020 James Cameron I want to make all my films in New Zealand Stuff co nz Retrieved May 15 2022 Blake Persen Nita April 16 2021 Film director James Cameron explains dairy cows on his Wairarapa farm New Zealand Herald Retrieved May 15 2022 a b Wakeman Gregory 2014 How James Cameron Saved Guillermo del Toro s Father From Mexican Kidnappers Cinema Blend Archived from the original on April 13 2019 Retrieved March 6 2018 Somos una familia de cirqueros in Spanish El Manana July 13 2008 Archived from the original on July 14 2008 Retrieved July 11 2015 Cruz Gilbert September 5 2011 10 Questions for Guillermo del Toro Time Archived from the original on April 13 2019 Retrieved July 30 2013 James Cameron sued by artist Roger Dean over Avatar BBC News June 30 2013 Archived from the original on June 26 2019 Retrieved June 30 2013 Courthouse News Service Archived from the original on April 5 2015 Retrieved April 27 2015 Greshko Michael July 24 2018 James Cameron Getting Titanic Artifacts to U K Would Be a Dream Science Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 The Basch Report Hedge funds buy Titanic artifacts for 19 5 million Jax Daily Record Financial News amp Daily Record Jacksonville Florida October 25 2018 Archived from the original on November 7 2018 Retrieved October 25 2019 P Vlad December 27 2009 De Star Wars a Avatar prouesse technologique et science fiction politique in French Archived from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved January 2 2010 Perno G S June 5 2017 Directors Trademarks James Cameron Cinelinx Archived from the original on October 20 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 Linh December 17 2009 Avatar in 3D sci fi fantasy action drama film review Archived from the original on December 18 2009 Retrieved January 2 2010 Joseph Dilworth Jr December 18 2009 Review James Cameron s Avatar Archived from the original on December 21 2009 Retrieved January 2 2010 James Cameron All my movies are love stories The Talks The Talks Retrieved July 9 2021 Eric Ditzian with reporting by Josh Horowitz January 7 2010 James Cameron Compares His Avatar And Titanic Couples The director notes the similarities between Sully and Neytiri and Jack and Rose MTV Archived from the original on February 6 2010 Retrieved January 9 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Some Cameroning Part 2 Cameron as Auteur Bright Lights Film Journal January 28 2010 Retrieved October 20 2019 Glionna John M March 16 1998 Titanic Refuses to Sink Passes Star Wars as Top Moneymaker Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 24 2010 a b Keegan Rebecca March 5 2010 Firing Is Too Merciful How James Cameron Leads Harvard Business Review ISSN 0017 8012 Archived from the original on October 18 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 MacKay Jenny 1978 2014 James Cameron Detroit Lucent Books a part of Gale Cengage Learning p 81 ISBN 9781420511741 OCLC 862151367 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Thorpe Vanessa October 24 2009 James Cameron Hard man with a soft centre Vanessa Thorpe The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on October 18 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 Ferguson John The Abyss Radio Times Retrieved October 17 2021 Rowell Dalin September 28 2021 Every James Cameron Film Ranked From Worst To Best Film Retrieved October 17 2021 Gumbel Andrew January 11 2007 The Return of James Cameron The Independent London Archived from the original on December 14 2007 Barnes and Noble Chat 8 31 99 Barnes and Noble Barnes amp Noble August 31 1999 Archived from the original on November 28 1999 Retrieved October 18 2019 Hibberd James November 29 2016 Ed Harris discusses his 9 best movie roles Entertainment Weekly Retrieved November 15 2021 Back From the Abyss Los Angeles Times May 11 1997 Archived from the original on February 4 2017 Retrieved October 18 2019 a b c Walker Tim December 12 2009 James Cameron Another Planet The Independent London Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Mike Fleming Jr October 3 2017 Kate Winslet Joins Avatar Universe For Titanic Reunion With James Cameron Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved December 11 2020 10 Essential Lessons from Leo DiCaprio Esquire February 11 2010 Archived from the original on October 2 2015 Retrieved October 18 2019 James Cameron Don t get high on your own supply The Independent June 9 2013 Archived from the original on September 28 2018 Retrieved October 18 2019 Martin Jean Baptiste June 21 2019 The Reconciliation Between James Horner and James Cameron for Titanic James Horner Film Music Archived from the original on October 18 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 James Horner James Cameron pays tribute to composer BBC News BBC News June 24 2015 Archived from the original on August 25 2016 Retrieved June 6 2016 Flores Marshall June 23 2015 In Memoriam a Tribute to James Horner 1953 2015 Awards Daily Archived from the original on March 12 2018 Retrieved June 6 2016 Jamie Lee Curtis and Kids Arrive for Avatar interviewmagazine com February 18 2015 Archived from the original on May 28 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 Bowles Duncan August 31 2011 The ultimate Michael Biehn interview The Abyss Tombstone and his directorial debut The Victim Den of Geek Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 Woods Judith October 1 2012 James Cameron I once nail gunned 20 mobiles to a wall Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on June 16 2019 Retrieved October 18 2019 Evangelista Chris June 23 2021 7 Things We Learned From the James Cameron MasterClass Film Retrieved June 25 2021 a b Film Interview Joss Whedon Writer and Director of The Avengers Slash Film April 23 2012 Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved July 16 2012 John Emma June 2 2013 Joss Whedon I kept telling my mum reading comics would pay off The Guardian Archived from the original on August 6 2018 Retrieved July 11 2017 Fernandez Jay A May 25 2011 Michael Bay Reveals James Cameron s Secret Role in the Making of Transformers The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on August 7 2019 Retrieved July 16 2012 Hogan Mike May 13 2013 Baz Luhrmann Great Gatsby Director Explains The 3D The Hip Hop The Sanitarium And More Huffington Post Archived from the original on September 16 2017 Retrieved December 6 2019 PJ FAQ Archived from the original on December 25 2007 Retrieved June 5 2013 Chappie review Director Neill Blomkamp stumbles with grating sci fi comedy mlive com March 9 2015 Archived from the original on October 25 2019 Retrieved July 11 2017 Blasberg Derek November 20 2015 How Titanic Changed Director Xavier Dolan s Life Vanity Fair Archived from the original on November 22 2015 Retrieved November 30 2015 Cameron James Archived May 27 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Locus Index to SF Awards Index of Dramatic Nominees Locus Publications Retrieved April 11 2013 a b A critical companion to James Cameron Barkman Adam 1979 Sanna Antonio 1978 Lanham 2019 pp xvii ISBN 9781498572309 OCLC 1048935614 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Archived from the original on December 15 2016 Retrieved October 5 2020 Law John January 8 2016 Appreciating Cameron s amazing run now that it s over Niagara Falls Review Archived from the original on March 7 2018 Retrieved March 7 2018 Honorary Degrees Awarded by Campus CSU Calstate edu Archived from the original on August 10 2010 Retrieved August 27 2010 FULLERTON Los Angeles Times May 28 1999 Archived from the original on October 25 2019 Retrieved October 25 2019 67th Annual Golden Globe Awards January 10 2010 Archived from the original on January 8 2010 Retrieved January 10 2010 James Cameron www goldenglobes com Retrieved October 5 2020 National Oceanography Centre heralds Cameron achievement National Oceanography Centre March 26 2012 Archived from the original on October 11 2012 Retrieved July 5 2012 Canada s Walk of Fame Canada s Walk of Fame Archived from the original on September 3 2009 Retrieved October 20 2019 Avatar Director Gets Star On Walk Of Fame CBS December 18 2009 Archived from the original on February 2 2010 Retrieved December 19 2009 8th Annual VES Awards www visualeffectssociety com March 24 2015 Archived from the original on May 15 2019 Retrieved October 20 2019 Science Fiction Hall of Fame EMP Museum Announces the 2012 Science Fiction Hall of Fame Inductees May June 2012 EMP Museum empmuseum org Archived July 22 2012 Retrieved March 19 2013 Just Announced Pandora The World of Avatar Will Open May 27 at Disney s Animal Kingdom Disney Parks Blog Archived from the original on April 10 2019 Retrieved October 19 2019 Cody Anthony September 22 2011 Disney to build Avatar attractions at its theme parks The Telegraph London Archived from the original on March 29 2019 Retrieved September 23 2011 Sergio Prostak November 4 2013 Two New Frog Species Discovered in Venezuela One Named after James Cameron Sci News com Archived from the original on June 12 2018 Retrieved November 5 2013 Kok Philippe J R 2013 Two new charismatic Pristimantis species Anura Craugastoridae from the tepuis of the Lost World Pantepui region South America European Journal of Taxonomy 60 doi 10 5852 ejt 2013 60 Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved November 5 2013 Michael Destries April 12 2014 Director James Cameron on Vegan Diet Like I ve Set the Clock Back 15 Years Ecorazzi com Archived from the original on September 29 2019 Retrieved April 12 2014 The 2010 TIME 100 Time ISSN 0040 781X Archived from the original on July 3 2015 Retrieved May 8 2018 Bradshaw Peter Kermode Mark September 24 2010 The 2010 Guardian Film Power 100 The Guardian London Archived from the original on May 16 2019 30th James Cameron 50 People Who Matter 2010 NewStatesman Archived from the original on July 1 2017 Retrieved November 2 2010 James Cameron Honored with Scripps Nierenberg Prize Scripps Institution of Oceanography May 15 2013 Archived from the original on November 16 2019 Retrieved November 16 2019 Ex PM Oscar winning director Nobel laureate and Inuk actor and athlete among Order of Canada appointees CBC News Archived from the original on December 27 2019 Retrieved December 27 2019 The Director Becomes the Story as Blockbuster Tells Story of Movie Great James Cameron InsideRadio Retrieved August 23 2020 Further reading EditMatthew Wilhelm Kapell and Stephen McVeigh The Films of James Cameron Critical Essays McFarland amp Company 2011 Keegan Rebecca Winters 2009 The Futurist The Life and Films of James Cameron Crown Publishers ISBN 978 0 307 46031 8 Parisi Paula 1999 Titanic and the Making of James Cameron The Inside Story of the Three Year Adventure That Rewrote Motion Picture History Newmarket Press ISBN 1 55704 364 7External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Cameron Wikiquote has quotations related to James Cameron James Cameron at IMDb Works by or about James Cameron in libraries WorldCat catalog James Cameron at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Appearances on C SPAN James Cameron collected news and commentary at The Guardian James Cameron collected news and commentary at The New York Times James Cameron at AllMovie James Cameron at TED Cameron at Library of Congress Authorities with 22 catalog records Portals Film Speculative fiction Canada Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title James Cameron amp oldid 1136592813, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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