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National academy

February 15, 2024

A national academy is an organizational body, usually operating with state financial support and approval, that co-ordinates scholarly research activities and standards for academic disciplines, and serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants for governments or on issues of public importance, most frequently in the sciences but also in the humanities. Typically the country's learned societies in individual disciplines will liaise with or be coordinated by the national academy. National academies play an important organisational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries.

The extent of official recognition of national academies varies between countries. In some cases they are explicitly or de facto an arm of government; in others, as in the United Kingdom, they are voluntary, non-profit bodies with which the government has agreed to negotiate, and which may receive government financial support while retaining substantial independence. In some countries, a single academy covers all disciplines. In others, there are several academies, which work together more or less closely; for example, France, where the Institut de France groups five self-governing Academies, or Australia. In many states, they are organized in academies of science. In the countries of the former Soviet Union, and in the People's Republic of China, the national academies have considerable power over policy and personnel in their areas. There is, however, a growing consensus among international federations of learned academies that bona fide national (or learned) academies need to adhere to certain criteria:

  • The fellowship is elected, on the basis of excellence, by existing fellows (members)
  • The number of fellows is restricted either to a total number or to a rate of accretion
  • The governance of the academy is democratic and "bottom up". The fellowship is the ultimate source of the academy's authority
  • The academy is independent of government, industry and professional associations. Most, if not all, academies derive some financial support from some or all of these other organisations but this support needs to be given in a manner that does not compromise the academy's independence.

United States edit

In 1863, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln incorporated the United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). The affiliated organizations were granted congressional charters to operate under the National Academy of Sciences. In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson reincorporated the organization under the National Research Council to foster scientific research emphasizing American industries. Today NASEM is composed of three non-profit member organizations: the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) (after 2015; formerly Institute of Medicine (IoM)). The U.S. national academies also serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government.[1][2][3]

Name Year founded Area of focus President Notes
National Academy of Sciences 1863 Science Marcia McNutt
National Academy of Engineering 1964 Engineering John L. Anderson
National Academy of Medicine 1970 Medicine Victor Dzau Established as the Institute of Medicine (1970–2015)

United Kingdom edit

In the United Kingdom four national academies are the major learned societies of England: the Academy of Medical Sciences, British Academy, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society.[4] In addition, there are the Learned Society of Wales in Wales and the Royal Society of Edinburgh in Scotland. The UK Young Academy is for young scientists.

Name Country Year founded Area of focus Patron or President Notes
Royal Society England 1660 Hard sciences, soft sciences Charles III[5] The Invisible College was a precursor to the Royal Society of London. In 1660, the informal committee of 12 philosophers formed the College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning.
Royal Society of Edinburgh Scotland 1783 Hard sciences, soft sciences, arts, humanities, medicine, social sciences Professor Dame Anne Glover as President The Royal Society was founded during the Scottish Enlightenment as the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences.
British Academy England 1902 Humanities and social sciences Sir David Cannadine as President The British Academy was first proposed in 1899 as the British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Studies. The name was subsequently shortened and incorporated in 1901, receiving royal charter from King Edward VII in 1902.
Royal Academy of Engineering England 1976 Engineering Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was Senior Fellow until his death[6]

Anne, Princess Royal and Prince Edward, Duke of Kent as Royal Fellows[7]
Sir James McDonald as President[8]

 The Fellowship of Engineering was conceived in the late 1960s under Harold Wilson, and subsequently established in 1976. It was granted royal charter in 1983 and renamed the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1992.
Academy of Medical Sciences England 1998 Biomedical and health research Professor Dame Anne Johnson as President The academy was established by a working group chaired by Michael Atiyah.
Learned Society of Wales Wales 2010 Hard sciences, soft sciences, arts, humanities, medicine, social sciences Hywel R. Thomas as President;

Charles, Prince of Wales as Patron

UK Young Academy United Kingdom & Ireland 2022 Young scientists The academy was established by seven UK/Irish academies.

Japan edit

In Japan, all of the national academies were established during the early years of the Showa Era. The two premier national academies in the country are the Science Council of Japan and The Japan Academy. Representing the artistic profession and literature is the Japan Art Academy.

The Science Council of Japan (SCJ) was founded by American physicist Harry C. Kelly in 1949 during the Allied occupation of Japan as a special organisation under the Prime Minister's jurisdiction, operating independently from the Government of Japan to promoting and enhancing scientific research in the country. The SCJ represents all Japanese scientists, researchers and engineers from multiple fields from the natural sciences to the humanities, making necessary policy recommendations relating to science and technology to the national government. The SCJ has 210 Council Members stipulated by a mandated quota as well as 2,000 Associate Members nationwide.

Name Japanese name Year founded Area of focus President Notes
Science Council of Japan 日本学術会議 1949 Social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, medicine, humanities Takaaki Kajita
The Japan Academy 日本学士院 1947 Social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, medicine, humanities Takeshi Sasaki The Japan Academy was originally established as the Tokyo Academy, becoming the Imperial Academy later in 1907. The Academy awards three prestigious awards: The Imperial Prize, The Duke of Edinburgh Prize, and The Japan Academy Prize.
Japan Art Academy 日本芸術院 1937 Fine art, literature, music, drama, dance Man Nomura

List edit

Main category: National academies
See also: List of academies of sciences

Within most countries, the unqualified phrase "National Academy" will normally refer to that country's academy. For example, within the United States, the plural phrase "National Academies" is widely understood to refer to the U.S. National Academies.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Policy and Global Affairs Units". www.nationalacademies.org. from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
  2. ^ "Cooperative Research Programs Division". www.trb.org. from the original on 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
  3. ^ Blair, Peter D. (2016-06-07). "The evolving role of the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in providing science and technology policy advice to the US government". Palgrave Communications. 2 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.30. ISSN 2055-1045. S2CID 148496966.
  4. ^ "Joint Academies' Statement: Building a Stronger Future". The Academy of Medical Sciences. from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  5. ^ . Royal Society. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  6. ^ "Senior Fellow". Royal Academy of Engineering. from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Royal Fellows". Royal Academy of Engineering. from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  8. ^ "President of the Royal Academy of Engineering". Royal Academy of Engineering. from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-05-15.
  10. ^ Hoare, James E. (2012). "Academy of Sciences". Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8108-7987-4. from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2017-02-06.

February 15, 2024
national, academy, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, february. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources National academy news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message A national academy is an organizational body usually operating with state financial support and approval that co ordinates scholarly research activities and standards for academic disciplines and serve as public policy advisors research institutes think tanks and public administration consultants for governments or on issues of public importance most frequently in the sciences but also in the humanities Typically the country s learned societies in individual disciplines will liaise with or be coordinated by the national academy National academies play an important organisational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries The extent of official recognition of national academies varies between countries In some cases they are explicitly or de facto an arm of government in others as in the United Kingdom they are voluntary non profit bodies with which the government has agreed to negotiate and which may receive government financial support while retaining substantial independence In some countries a single academy covers all disciplines In others there are several academies which work together more or less closely for example France where the Institut de France groups five self governing Academies or Australia In many states they are organized in academies of science In the countries of the former Soviet Union and in the People s Republic of China the national academies have considerable power over policy and personnel in their areas There is however a growing consensus among international federations of learned academies that bona fide national or learned academies need to adhere to certain criteria The fellowship is elected on the basis of excellence by existing fellows members The number of fellows is restricted either to a total number or to a rate of accretion The governance of the academy is democratic and bottom up The fellowship is the ultimate source of the academy s authority The academy is independent of government industry and professional associations Most if not all academies derive some financial support from some or all of these other organisations but this support needs to be given in a manner that does not compromise the academy s independence Contents 1 United States 2 United Kingdom 3 Japan 4 List 5 See also 6 ReferencesUnited States editIn 1863 President of the United States Abraham Lincoln incorporated the United States National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine NASEM The affiliated organizations were granted congressional charters to operate under the National Academy of Sciences In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson reincorporated the organization under the National Research Council to foster scientific research emphasizing American industries Today NASEM is composed of three non profit member organizations the National Academy of Sciences NAS the National Academy of Engineering NAE and the National Academy of Medicine NAM after 2015 formerly Institute of Medicine IoM The U S national academies also serve as public policy advisors research institutes think tanks and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government 1 2 3 Name Year founded Area of focus President NotesNational Academy of Sciences 1863 Science Marcia McNuttNational Academy of Engineering 1964 Engineering John L AndersonNational Academy of Medicine 1970 Medicine Victor Dzau Established as the Institute of Medicine 1970 2015 United Kingdom editIn the United Kingdom four national academies are the major learned societies of England the Academy of Medical Sciences British Academy the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society 4 In addition there are the Learned Society of Wales in Wales and the Royal Society of Edinburgh in Scotland The UK Young Academy is for young scientists Name Country Year founded Area of focus Patron or President NotesRoyal Society England 1660 Hard sciences soft sciences Charles III 5 The Invisible College was a precursor to the Royal Society of London In 1660 the informal committee of 12 philosophers formed the College for the Promoting of Physico Mathematical Experimental Learning Royal Society of Edinburgh Scotland 1783 Hard sciences soft sciences arts humanities medicine social sciences Professor Dame Anne Glover as President The Royal Society was founded during the Scottish Enlightenment as the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences British Academy England 1902 Humanities and social sciences Sir David Cannadine as President The British Academy was first proposed in 1899 as the British Academy for the Promotion of Historical Philosophical and Philological Studies The name was subsequently shortened and incorporated in 1901 receiving royal charter from King Edward VII in 1902 Royal Academy of Engineering England 1976 Engineering Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh was Senior Fellow until his death 6 Anne Princess Royal and Prince Edward Duke of Kent as Royal Fellows 7 Sir James McDonald as President 8 The Fellowship of Engineering was conceived in the late 1960s under Harold Wilson and subsequently established in 1976 It was granted royal charter in 1983 and renamed the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1992 Academy of Medical Sciences England 1998 Biomedical and health research Professor Dame Anne Johnson as President The academy was established by a working group chaired by Michael Atiyah Learned Society of Wales Wales 2010 Hard sciences soft sciences arts humanities medicine social sciences Hywel R Thomas as President Charles Prince of Wales as PatronUK Young Academy United Kingdom amp Ireland 2022 Young scientists The academy was established by seven UK Irish academies Japan editIn Japan all of the national academies were established during the early years of the Showa Era The two premier national academies in the country are the Science Council of Japan and The Japan Academy Representing the artistic profession and literature is the Japan Art Academy The Science Council of Japan SCJ was founded by American physicist Harry C Kelly in 1949 during the Allied occupation of Japan as a special organisation under the Prime Minister s jurisdiction operating independently from the Government of Japan to promoting and enhancing scientific research in the country The SCJ represents all Japanese scientists researchers and engineers from multiple fields from the natural sciences to the humanities making necessary policy recommendations relating to science and technology to the national government The SCJ has 210 Council Members stipulated by a mandated quota as well as 2 000 Associate Members nationwide Name Japanese name Year founded Area of focus President NotesScience Council of Japan 日本学術会議 1949 Social sciences natural sciences engineering medicine humanities Takaaki KajitaThe Japan Academy 日本学士院 1947 Social sciences natural sciences engineering medicine humanities Takeshi Sasaki The Japan Academy was originally established as the Tokyo Academy becoming the Imperial Academy later in 1907 The Academy awards three prestigious awards The Imperial Prize The Duke of Edinburgh Prize and The Japan Academy Prize Japan Art Academy 日本芸術院 1937 Fine art literature music drama dance Man NomuraList editMain category National academies See also List of academies of sciences nbsp Albania Academy of Sciences of Albania nbsp Armenia Armenian National Academy of Sciences nbsp Australia Australian Academy of Science Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering Australian Academy of the Humanities Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia National Academies Forum nbsp Austria Austrian Academy of Sciences nbsp Belarus National Academy of Sciences of Belarus nbsp Belgium Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature see also Academies of Belgium nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina nbsp Brazil Brazilian Academy of Sciences nbsp Bulgaria Bulgarian Academy of Sciences nbsp Canada Royal Society of Canada Canadian Academy of Health Sciences Canadian Academy of Engineering nbsp Cambodia Royal Academy of Cambodia nbsp Chile Academia Chilena de Ciencias es nbsp China Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chinese Academy of Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences nbsp Hong Kong Hong Kong Academy of the Humanities nbsp Costa Rica Academia Nacional de Ciencias Costa Rica nbsp Cote d Ivoire Academie des sciences des arts des cultures d Afrique et des diasporas africaines nbsp Croatia Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts nbsp Czech Republic Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic nbsp Denmark Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters nbsp Estonia Estonian Academy of Sciences nbsp Ethiopia Imperial Academy former nbsp Finland The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters Finnish Suomalainen tiedeakatemia is a Finnish speaking academy while The Finnish Society of Science and Letters Swedish Finska vetenskaps societeten Finnish Suomen tiedeseura is bilingual In the field of engineering the Finnish Academy of Technology Finnish Teknillisten tieteiden akatemia Swedish Akademin for Tekniska Vetenskaper is bilingual while the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland Swedish Svenska tekniska vetenskapsakademien i Finland Swedish speaking The Academy of Finland is not an academy in the sense of this article but the state research funding agency nbsp France The Institut de France comprises five academies including the Academie francaise and French Academy of Sciences nbsp Georgia country Georgian National Academy of Sciences nbsp Germany Leopoldina nbsp Ghana Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences nbsp Greece Academy of Athens nbsp Hungary Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hungarian Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia 9 nbsp India The National Academy of Sciences India Indian National Science Academy Indian Academy of Sciences Indian National Academy of Engineering Sahitya Akademi National Bal Bhawan Lalit Kala Akademi nbsp Indonesia Indonesian Academy of Sciences Indonesian Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia nbsp Iran Academy of Persian Language and Literature Academy of Sciences of Iran Iranian Academy of the Arts Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences nbsp Ireland Royal Irish Academy nbsp Israel Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities nbsp Italy Accademia dei Fisiocritici National Academy of Sciences of Siena Accademia dei Lincei for sciences Accademia della Crusca for Italian language Accademia nazionale delle scienze detta dei XL a general and supreme national academy was the Accademia d Italia during the Fascist period nbsp Kosovo Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo nbsp Latvia Latvian Academy of Sciences nbsp Lithuania Lithuanian Academy of Sciences nbsp Netherlands Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences nbsp North Korea Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea 10 nbsp North Macedonia Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts nbsp Norway Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters nbsp Pakistan Pakistan Academy of Letters Pakistan Academy of Sciences nbsp Philippines National Academy of Science and Technology nbsp Poland Polish Academy of Sciences Polish Academy of Learning nbsp Portugal Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa nbsp Romania The Romanian Academy covers the scientific artistic and literary domains nbsp Russia The Russian Academy of Sciences is the main organising body for fundamental sciences and humanities There are also five independent specialised national academies Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences Russian Academy of Education Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences and Russian Academy of Arts These are government funded but self governing nbsp San Marino International Academy of Sciences San Marino nbsp Scotland Royal Society of Edinburgh nbsp Serbia Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts nbsp Slovenia Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts nbsp South Africa Academy of Science of South Africa nbsp Spain The Royal Academy is the main reference body for the Spanish language Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando covers the artistic fields Real Academia de la Historia is the organising body for History the Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences covers the humanities Royal Academy of Exact Physical and Natural Sciences covers natural sciences and mathematics Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislacion covers the field of law nbsp Sri Lanka National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka nbsp Sudan Sudanese National Academy of Sciences nbsp Sweden Swedish Academy for language Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences nbsp Taiwan Republic of China Academia Sinica nbsp Thailand Royal Institute of Thailand nbsp Turkey Turkish Academy of Sciences is funded by the government but maintains autonomy nbsp Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Other state organizations also include National Academy of Arts of Ukraine National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine Minor Academy of Sciences of Ukraine nbsp United Kingdom the Royal Society is recognised as the national academy for the sciences the British Academy for the social sciences and the humanities the Royal Academy of Engineering for engineering and the Academy of Medical Sciences for medicine the UK Young Academy is for young scientists nbsp United States The National Academies of the United States include four organisations the National Academy of Sciences NAS the National Academy of Engineering NAE the National Academy of Medicine NAM and the National Research Council NRC See also American Academy of Arts and Sciences American Academy of Arts and Letters American Academy of Diplomacy Academy of American Poets National Academy of Design nbsp Vatican City Pontifical Academy of Sciences nbsp Vietnam Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology VAST Within most countries the unqualified phrase National Academy will normally refer to that country s academy For example within the United States the plural phrase National Academies is widely understood to refer to the U S National Academies See also editAcademy of Medicine disambiguation Academy of Sciences International Science CouncilReferences edit Policy and Global Affairs Units www nationalacademies org Archived from the original on 2020 06 05 Retrieved 2020 06 05 Cooperative Research Programs Division www trb org Archived from the original on 2020 06 07 Retrieved 2020 06 05 Blair Peter D 2016 06 07 The evolving role of the US National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine in providing science and technology policy advice to the US government Palgrave Communications 2 1 1 7 doi 10 1057 palcomms 2016 30 ISSN 2055 1045 S2CID 148496966 Joint Academies Statement Building a Stronger Future The Academy of Medical Sciences Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 Retrieved 26 September 2017 Royal Fellows Royal Society Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 Retrieved 6 November 2019 Senior Fellow Royal Academy of Engineering Archived from the original on 26 August 2021 Retrieved 1 September 2021 Royal Fellows Royal Academy of Engineering Archived from the original on 26 August 2021 Retrieved 1 September 2021 President of the Royal Academy of Engineering Royal Academy of Engineering Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 Retrieved 1 September 2021 MTA Cimlap Archived from the original on 2006 05 15 Hoare James E 2012 Academy of Sciences Historical Dictionary of Democratic People s Republic of Korea Lanham Scarecrow Press p 36 ISBN 978 0 8108 7987 4 Archived from the original on 2023 07 07 Retrieved 2017 02 06 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National academy amp oldid 1199205736, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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