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Brokeback Mountain

February 15, 2024

For other uses, see Brokeback Mountain (disambiguation).

Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American neo-Western romantic drama film directed by Ang Lee and produced by Diana Ossana and James Schamus. Adapted from the 1997 short story of the same name by Annie Proulx, the screenplay was written by Ossana and Larry McMurtry. The film stars Heath Ledger, Jake Gyllenhaal, Anne Hathaway, and Michelle Williams. Its plot depicts the complex romantic relationship between two American cowboys, Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist, in the American West from 1963 to 1983.

Brokeback Mountain
Theatrical release poster
Directed byAng Lee
Screenplay by
Based on"Brokeback Mountain"
by Annie Proulx
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyRodrigo Prieto
Edited by
Music byGustavo Santaolalla
Production
company
Distributed byFocus Features
Release dates
  • September 2, 2005 (2005-09-02) (Venice)
  • December 9, 2005 (2005-12-09) (United States)
Running time
134 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$14 million[2]
Box office$178 million[2]

Lee became attached to the project in 2001 after previous attempts to adapt Proulx's story into a film did not materialize. Focus Features and River Road Entertainment would jointly produce and distribute the film. After Ledger and Gyllenhaal's casting was announced in 2003, filming commenced in various locations in Alberta in 2004. Brokeback Mountain premiered at the 2005 Venice International Film Festival, where it won the Golden Lion, and was released to theaters on December 9 that year.

The film received critical acclaim, with particular praise for the performances of Ledger and Gyllenhaal, and was a commercial success, grossing over $178 million worldwide against its $14 million budget. At the 78th Academy Awards, Brokeback Mountain was nominated for Best Picture and won for Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Original Score. It garnered seven nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, and won four awards. At the 59th British Academy Film Awards, Brokeback Mountain was nominated for nine awards, winning Best Film, Best Direction, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor (Gyllenhaal).

Brokeback Mountain was subject to controversies; its loss to Crash (2004) for the Academy Award for Best Picture, subsequent censorship, and criticism from conservative media outlets received significant attention. The sexuality of the main characters has been subject to discussion. Brokeback Mountain has also been regarded as a turning point for the advancement of queer cinema into the mainstream. It has since been considered to be one of the best films of the 2000s and of all time.[3][4][5] In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot edit

In Wyoming in 1963, cowboys Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist are hired by foreman Joe Aguirre to herd his sheep through the summer on grazing pastures on Brokeback Mountain. After a night of heavy drinking, Jack makes a pass at Ennis. While initially reluctant, Ennis becomes receptive, and he and Jack have sex in their tent. Despite Ennis telling Jack that it was a one-time incident, they develop a sexual and emotional relationship. Before parting ways, Ennis and Jack have a brawl that leaves both of them bloodied. Ennis later marries his longtime fiancée Alma Beers and has two daughters with her: Alma Jr. and Jenny. Jack returns the next summer seeking work, but Aguirre, who had observed Jack and Ennis on the mountain, refuses to hire him again. Jack moves to Texas, where he meets wealthy rodeo rider Lureen Newsome; they marry and have a son.

After four years apart, Jack visits Ennis. Upon meeting, the two passionately kiss, which a stunned Alma inadvertently witnesses. In the privacy of a motel room, Jack broaches the subject of creating a life with Ennis on a ranch, but Ennis refuses, as he is unwilling to abandon his family and is haunted by a childhood memory of his father showing him the body of a man who was tortured and killed for suspected homosexuality. Ennis and Jack continue to infrequently meet for private fishing trips while their respective marriages deteriorate. Lureen abandons the rodeo and goes into business with her father, which causes Jack to work in sales. Alma and Ennis divorce in 1975. Upon hearing about the divorce, Jack drives to Wyoming and tells Ennis that they should live together, but Ennis refuses to move away from his children. Upset, Jack finds solace with male sex workers in Mexico.

Alma takes custody of Alma Jr. and Jenny, and marries Monroe, manager of the grocery store where she works as a clerk. Ennis visits them during a Thanksgiving dinner. In the kitchen, when Alma and Ennis are alone, she confronts him about the true nature of his relationship with Jack. The two spar, causing Ennis to storm out and cease contact with Alma. Ennis has a short-lived romantic relationship with a waitress named Cassie. Jack and Lureen befriend another couple, Randall and Lashawn Malone, and it is implied that Jack and Randall have a brief affair. At the end of a fishing trip, Ennis tells Jack that he cannot see him again before November due to work demands. The pair argue, blaming each other for their not being together. Ennis begins to cry, and Jack embraces him.

Sometime later, Ennis receives a returned postcard that he had sent to Jack, stamped with "Deceased". Ennis calls Jack's phone number, and Lureen picks up the call. She tells Ennis that Jack died in an accident from drowning in his own blood after a car tire exploded in his face. While she is describing what happened, Ennis envisions a group of men brutally beating Jack to death with a tire iron. Lureen tells Ennis that Jack wanted to have his ashes scattered on Brokeback Mountain, and Ennis visits Jack's parents in hopes of carrying out that wish. Jack's father refuses and contends that Jack's ashes will be interred in a family plot. Jack's mother tells Ennis that he is welcome to go to Jack's bedroom upstairs, if he wants. Ennis goes there alone, and in the closet, he finds the shirts which the two cowboys wore during their brawl long back, with Ennis's shirt inside Jack's. Ennis holds the shirts to his face, inhales deeply, and silently weeps. When Ennis returns downstairs, Jack's mother sees him holding the two shirts, and allows him to keep them.

Later, a 19-year-old Alma Jr. arrives at Ennis's trailer to tell him that she is engaged to Kurt, a man who works in the oil fields. She asks for his blessing and invites him to the wedding. Ennis briefly hesitates due to his work commitments, but then he agrees to attend the wedding. Once Alma Jr. leaves, Ennis goes to the closet where the two shirts hang together, though now Jack's shirt is inside Ennis's. Next to them, tacked to the closet door, is a postcard of Brokeback Mountain. With tears in his eyes, he stares at the mementos, and says, "Jack, I swear..."

Cast edit

Credits adapted from TV Guide.[6]

Production edit

Development edit

 
Director Ang Lee in 2013

Screenwriter Diana Ossana discovered Annie Proulx's short story, Brokeback Mountain, in October 1997, just days after its publication. She convinced writing partner Larry McMurtry to read it, who thought it was a "masterpiece". The pair asked Proulx if they could adapt it into a film screenplay; although she did not think that the story would work as a film, she agreed.[7] In a 1999 interview with The Missouri Review, Proulx praised their screenplay.[8] Ossana said that convincing a director and production company to make the film was a challenging and nonstop process.[7] Gus Van Sant attempted to make the film, hoping to cast Matt Damon and Joaquin Phoenix as Ennis and Jack, respectively. He also considered Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt and Ryan Phillippe.[9] Josh Hartnett was originally attached to the film but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts with The Black Dahlia.[10] Damon, who previously worked with Van Sant on Good Will Hunting, told the director, "Gus, I did a gay movie (The Talented Mr. Ripley), then a cowboy movie (All the Pretty Horses). I can't follow it up with a gay-cowboy movie!"[11] Instead, Van Sant went on to make the 2008 biographical film Milk, based on the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk. Edward Norton and Joel Schumacher were also linked with the project at one point.[12][13]

Focus Features CEO James Schamus optioned the film rights in 2001, but thought it was a risky project. Pedro Almodóvar was initially offered the opportunity to direct, but turned it down, citing concerns about artistic freedom.[14] At Ossana's request, Schamus showed the story and screenplay to director Ang Lee.[7] Lee decided to make Hulk instead; his experience of Hulk, and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon from two years prior left him exhausted. In 2003, he considered retirement but Brokeback Mountain came back to his mind and tempted him back into filmmaking.[15] Lee attempted to get the film made as an independent producer.[12] However, this did not work out, and before Lee would take a break after finishing Hulk, he contacted Schamus about Brokeback Mountain.[16] Schamus thought Brokeback Mountain embraces the American West without being a traditional Western,[17] and told Lee that he should consider directing it. Lee said, "Towards the end [of the script] ... I got tears in my eyes".[18] He was particularly drawn to the authentic rural American life and repression depicted in the story.[18][19] Bill Pohlad of River Road Entertainment, who had a two-year partnership with Focus Features, helped finance the film.[20]

Casting edit

Casting director Avy Kaufman said Lee was very decisive about the actors for the lead roles. In 2003, screenwriters Ossana and McMurty suggested Heath Ledger (after being impressed by his performance in Monster's Ball), but the film studio thought he was not masculine enough. Regardless, Kaufman sent the script to Ledger, who thought it was "beautiful" and put himself forward.[7][15] Gyllenhaal reacted to the script positively and signed on for the role; he also did not want to miss the opportunity working with Lee and friend Ledger. Lee met with Mark Wahlberg for a role in the film, but Wahlberg declined as he was "creeped out" by the script.[21] Gyllenhaal admired Ledger and described him as "way beyond his years as a human".[22][23] Other actors were considered for the leads but Lee said they were too afraid to take on the roles.[24]

From the beginning, Ledger wanted to portray Ennis and not Jack. He opined that Ennis was more complex; a masculine and homophobic character. Ledger said, "The lack of words he [Ennis] had to express himself, his inability to love", made the role enjoyable.[25] Ledger, who grew up around horses, researched his character's personal traits, and learned to speak in Wyoming and Texas accents.[25][26] Lee gave Ledger and Gyllenhaal books about cowboys who were gay or shared similar experiences as the characters depicted in Proulx's book.[22] Ledger and Gyllenhaal also went to a ranch on the outskirts of Los Angeles and learned to ride horses.[15] Gyllenhaal later said:

That what ties these two characters together is not just a love, but a loneliness. I think primarily it was deep loneliness. And what I always say about that movie [Brokeback Mountain], which I think maybe over time is more understood, is that this is about two people desperately looking for love. To be loved. And who were probably capable of it. And they just found it with someone of the same sex. And that does not dismiss the fact that it is about, really, primarily, the first kind of very profound gay love story. Hopefully it can create an equality of an idea: that is, it's possible that you can find love anywhere. That intimacy exists in so many places that convention and society won't always allow us to see. And we won't allow ourselves to see, because of what criticism—and danger, really—it might provoke.[22]

Lee interviewed between 20 and 30 actresses for the roles of Alma and Lureen. Michelle Williams was one of the first to audition for the role of Alma, and Lee thought she was perfect for the part.[7] Anne Hathaway, who was filming The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement at the time, showed up to the audition during her lunch break. She was wearing a ball gown and hairpiece "that was way over the top", but she still felt focused for the audition.[15] At first, Lee did not think she was an obvious choice, but he was convinced with her audition and cast her as Lureen. Hathaway lied to Lee about her knowledge of horse riding in order to cast her.[27] She took lessons for two months to prepare.[28]

Lee was happy with Ledger and Gyllenhaal portraying Ennis and Jack, respectively, because he thought their "young innocence" will help carry a love story until the end. Lee added, "I think these two are among the best in their age group [...] Jake plays the opposite of Heath and it creates a very good couple in terms of a romantic love story. The chemistry, I think, is great."[18] Once all four leads were cast, Lee remembered being impressed with their maturity despite their young age; "It really scared me how good they were".[7]

Filming edit

 
Brokeback Mountain was filmed in Alberta, Canada

Principal photography began in the summer of 2004.[29] While the Proulx story is set in Wyoming, Brokeback Mountain was filmed almost entirely in the Canadian Rockies in southern Alberta. Lee was given a tour of the locations from the story in Wyoming by Proulx, but chose to shoot in Alberta citing financial reasons.[16] The mountain featured in the film is a composite of Mount Lougheed south of the town of Canmore, Fortress and Moose Mountain in Kananaskis Country.[30] The campsites were filmed at Goat Creek, Upper Kananaskis Lake, Elbow Falls and Canyon Creek, also in Alberta. Other scenes were filmed in Cowley, Fort Macleod, and Calgary.[31] Brokeback Mountain's production budget was approximately US$14 million.[32]

Initially, Alberta's environmental department prohibited the crew from bringing domestic sheep into the Rockies, due to a risk of disease harming the local wildlife. The authorities eventually gave permission for them to shoot on one mountain, as long as they transported the domestic sheep in and out, every day. A biologist was hired to supervise this process.[7]

Lee prefers working with cinematographers who are open minded, eager to learn, and able to show an interest in the story and content before talking about the visuals.[33] Therefore, he selected Rodrigo Prieto for the job; saying, "I think he's versatile, and I wanted somebody who could shoot quickly [...] he was able to give me the tranquil, almost passive look I wanted for Brokeback. I believe a talent's a talent".[33]

Ledger and Gyllenhaal, who were friends before Brokeback Mountain, were mostly unconcerned with the intimate scenes.[26] The first sex scene between Ennis and Jack took 13 takes to meet Lee's expectation. The director would keep his distance from them during filming, allowing the actors to be free and spontaneous. Lee said, "I don't talk too much [to them] except for technical notes. So they [the intimate scenes] are a lot easier to deal with".[18] Ledger was observant of Lee's directing style, saying, "There's two sides to Ang's direction — there's the pre-production, which is incredibly thorough and private, and then there's the shooting side, when he just doesn't say anything at all."[25] Ledger said that this helped him try harder during takes.[25] Gyllenhaal echoed Ledger's sentiment; "He just totally disconnects from you while you're shooting", but praised Lee's directorial skills.[22] In regard to acting, Ledger was sometimes disrupted by Gyllenhaal's acting style; Gyllenhaal tended to improvise whereas Ledger preferred to be highly prepared.[7][15] The director allowed Ledger to see his performance on the camera monitor so that he could improve.[26]

During the last scenes where Ennis meets Jack's parents, production designer Judy Becker was tasked in finding a suitable house. Lee took inspiration from painters Andrew Wyeth and Vilhelm Hammershoi for the white interior walls. Using two cameras, Lee would capture the actors from both angles, and then change lenses and repeat. "When you edit it together, you can apply certain emphasis to certain reactions, emotions", Lee said.[33] Ossana remembers that the last scenes were emotional for Ledger and personally affected him. The actors who played Jack's parents, Roberta Maxwell and Peter McRobbie, said Ledger was very quiet and gave a "powerful performance".[7]

...in the old-school way, people really used to spend their time together. They became a family. And that's what Ang created on the movie. It's why we are all still close — not just bonded by the success of the film, but bonded by the experience. It was an intimate project in that way. We'd wake up and make breakfast for each other, and hang out.

—Gyllenhaal on the film's experience[7]

Executive producer Michael Hausman rented Airstream trailers for the cast and crew to sleep in. He created an on-set atmosphere which mimicked a summer camp, where people could bond and feel close. Hausman recalled that they would sit around the fireplaces, cook food and go fishing on the creek.[7] The production was not without commotion; the cast suffered several injuries during filming. Williams sprained her knee in the early days of filming, therefore, her character's movements were altered to be either sitting or standing most of the time. Ledger also injured his hand when he punched a wall for a scene.[15] During a kissing scene, Ledger almost broke Gyllenhaal's nose.[18] The American Humane raised concerns that animals were treated improperly during filming, alleging that sheep were handled roughly and that an elk appeared to have been "shot on cue." They learned that the elk was shot with anesthetic, violating standard guidelines for animal handling in the film industry.[34]

During post-production, Geraldine Peroni and Dylan Tichenor served as film editors, but Peroni died in August 2004 and Tichenor took over.[35] The pair relied on Media Composer for editing, and sound engineer Eugene Gearty used Pro Tools for the creation of sound effects.[35] Buzz Image Group were hired to create 75 visual effect shots, including computer-generated clouds, landscapes and sheep.[33] For the film's theatrical poster, Schamus took inspiration from James Cameron's Titanic, which depicts two star-crossed lovers.[36]

Music edit

Main article: Brokeback Mountain: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Gustavo Santaolalla scored the film's soundtrack, which consists of 17 tracks as well as songs from Bob Dylan and Roger Miller. The album was released on October 25, 2005.[37] Based on the story and one conversation with the director, Santaolalla was able to score the music before filming began.[38] He said, "I mean if you are connected to the story and to the director, it makes a lot of sense because somehow you know, the music then becomes a part of the fabric of that film from the very beginning."[39][40] He also used a real orchestra and played his own guitar.[41]

Release edit

Box office edit

The film received a limited release in the United States on December 9, 2005,[42] and grossed $547,425 in its first weekend.[43] Over the Christmas weekend, and beginning of January 2006, the film expanded into more domestic theaters. On January 20, the film opened in 1,194 theaters, then 1,652 theaters on January 27, and 2,089 theaters on February 3, its widest release.[43]

Brokeback Mountain was released in one theater in London on December 30 and received a wider release in the United Kingdom on January 6, 2006.[44][45] The film was released in France on January 18, to 155 theaters, expanding to 290 by the third week. In its first week of release, Brokeback Mountain was in third place at the French box office. In Italy, the film grossed more than €890,000 in three days and was the fourth highest-grossing film in its first week.[43] The film was released in Australia on January 26, where it ranked fourth place at the weekend box office. Brokeback Mountain was released in many other countries during the first three months of 2006.[46] During its first week of release in Hong Kong, Brokeback Mountain was ranked first place at the box office, earning more than US$473,868 ($22,565 per theater).[47] The film opened in Lee's native Taiwan on January 20. The film grossed $83 million in North America and $95 million internationally, for a worldwide $178 million. It is the highest-grossing release for Focus Features.[43][48]

International distribution edit

The film has been given different titles in accordance to different languages and regions. For the film's release in French and Italian, it was titled Le Secret de Brokeback Mountain and I segreti di Brokeback Mountain (The Secret(s) of Brokeback Mountain), respectively.[49][50] In Canadian French, the title is Souvenirs de Brokeback Mountain (Memories of Brokeback Mountain).[51][52] The film received two Spanish titles: Brokeback Mountain: En terreno vedado (In a forbidden terrain) for its release in Spain[53] and Secreto en la Montaña (Secret in the mountain) for its release in Latin America.[54] In Hungarian, the title was Túl a barátságon (Beyond friendship).[55]

I think they are genuinely happy to see a Chinese director win an Academy Award with good artistic value. I think that pride is genuine, so I would not think that's hypocritical at all [...] I don't know how to describe it, it's just something else. So what can I say?

—Ang Lee, responding to being celebrated in China for winning the Best Director Academy Award, although the film was not released there.[56]

The film was met with mixed responses in some regions, particularly China and Islamic nations of western Asia. According to reports, the film was not shown in theaters in China, though it was freely available in bootleg DVD and VHS. The Chinese government said the audience would have been too small; the foreign media accused the government of censorship.[57][58] The word "brokeback" (Chinese: 断背; pinyin: duànbèi) also entered the Chinese lexicon as a slang for homosexuality.[59] The film was dubbed "the gay cowboy movie" by the press, a term that was propelled into the American vernacular.[23] The film was also released in Turkey.[60]

In the Middle East, distribution of the film became a political issue. Homosexuality is considered a crime in most Islamic nations and is taboo in the few countries where it is legal. Lebanon was the only Arab country to show the film, although in a censored format. The film was officially banned from screenings in the United Arab Emirates; however, the DVD of the film was permitted to be rented from stores such as Blockbuster Video.[61][62]

On December 8, 2008, the Italian state-owned television channel Rai Due aired a censored version of the film, removing all the scenes with homoerotic references. Viewers protested, saying the deletions made the plot hard to follow. The Arcigay organisation accused the channel of homophobic censorship.[63] The state-owned television network RAI said the Italian film distributor had mistakenly censored the film. RAI showed an uncensored version of the film on March 17, 2009.[64]

Home media edit

Brokeback Mountain was the first major film to be released simultaneously on both DVD and digital download via the Internet.[65] It was released in the United States on April 4, 2006.[66] More than 1 million copies of the DVD were sold in the first week, and it was the third-biggest seller of the week, behind Disney's The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and King Kong.[67] Although the ranking fluctuated daily, by late March and early April 2006, Brokeback Mountain had been the top-selling DVD on Amazon.com for several days running.[68]

The DVD in Europe was released in the UK on April 24, 2006.[69] This was followed by France in July, and Poland in September, a considerable time after the theater release in both countries.[70] Brokeback Mountain was re-released in a collector's edition on January 23, 2007.[71] On the same day, it was also released in HD DVD format.[72] The film was released on Blu-ray in the UK on August 13, 2007, and in the U.S. on March 10, 2009.[73][74] The Blu-ray contains special features including interviews with the screenwriters, director and a short documentary about composer Gustavo Santaolalla.[75]

Critical response edit

Brokeback Mountain was released to critical acclaim.[76] On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 251 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A beautifully epic Western, Brokeback Mountain's love story is imbued with heartbreaking universality, helped by moving performances by Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal."[77] On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 87/100 based on 41 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[78]

 
 
 
The performances of (left to right) Heath Ledger, Jake Gyllenhaal and Michelle Williams garnered critical acclaim and were nominated for Academy Awards.

David Ansen of Newsweek gave the film a positive review, praising the faithful screenplay. He adds, "There's neither coyness nor self-importance in Brokeback Mountain—just close, compassionate observation, deeply committed performances, a bone-deep feeling for hardscrabble Western lives. Few films have captured so acutely the desolation of frustrated, repressed passion."[79] Writing for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw praised Ledger and Gyllenhaal for their complementary performances. Bradshaw thought the film was "extremely moving, tragic even, and sensitive towards the feelings of the simple wives who attempt to understand their troubled husbands."[80] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post was equally positive, opining that the two lead actors' performances were unforgettable. In particular, she thought Ledger was impressive in his portrayal of a reserved and emotionally affected Ennis. Hornaday also praised the costumes and sets, writing "The Wyoming vistas are flawlessly manicured, Ledger and Gyllenhaal perfectly costumed and coiffed; even Ennis and Alma's sad little apartment over a laundromat seems to have been designed to death."[81]

Roger Ebert gave Brokeback Mountain a rating of four out of four stars in his review. Ebert was impressed with the level of attention to the characters, and thought that the film was as observant as the work by Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman.[82] Writing for The Sydney Morning Herald, Sandra Hall praised the screenplay and called Ledger and Gyllenhaal "finely tuned". Noting that it is a slow film, Hall thought the filmmakers had adapted Proulx's story without missing any nuances.[83] USA Today's Mike Clark observed that Brokeback Mountain was directed and photographed with restraint, and praised its old-fashioned quality, and "unassuming but people-oriented" nature.[84] The film also received a positive reaction from Christianity Today; the reviewer gave the film 3 out of 4 stars.[85] In a mixed review, Ed Gonzalez of Slant magazine thought the film was too long,[86] and the critic from Time magazine felt that the story became less intense towards the end.[87] Conservative radio host Michael Medved described it as "extremely well done" and that as a film, it was "better than the agenda".[88]

Several conservative political pundits, including commentators Bill O'Reilly, John Gibson, and Cal Thomas, shared Medved's view of the "agenda". Gibson made jokes about the film on his Fox News Radio program for months after its release. After the death of Ledger in 2008, Gibson was criticized for mocking the deceased actor, and later apologized.[89] Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh has referred to the film as "Bareback Mountain" and "Humpback Mountain".[90] Don Imus referred to the film as "Fudgepack Mountain".[91] Several conservative Christian groups, such as Concerned Women for America (CWA) and Focus on the Family, criticized the film for its subject matter. Following the success of Brokeback Mountain, Capote, and Transamerica at the Golden Globes Awards in 2006, Janice Crouse, a CWA member, cited these films as examples of how "the media elites are proving that their pet projects are more important than profit", and suggested they were not popular enough to warrant critical acclaim.[92]

Film critic Gene Shalit, of The Today Show, described the character of Jack Twist as a "sexual predator" who "tracks Ennis down and coaxes him into sporadic trysts."[93] The LGBT media group GLAAD said that Shalit's characterization of Twist was like calling Jack in Titanic a sexual predator due to his romantic pursuit of Rose.[93][94] Shalit's openly gay son, Peter Shalit, wrote an open letter to GLAAD: "He [Gene] may have had an unpopular opinion of a movie that is important to the gay community, but he defamed no one, and he is not a homophobe."[95] Gene Shalit later apologized for his review: "I did not intend to use a word that many in the gay community consider incendiary... I certainly had no intention of casting aspersions on anyone in the gay community or on the community itself. I regret any emotional hurt that may have resulted from my review of Brokeback Mountain."[94]

Some commentators accused the filmmakers for hiding content about the film in advertising and in public events, such as press conferences and award ceremonies. New York Daily News writer Wayman Wong, Dave Cullen and Daniel Mendelsohn argued that the director, cast, and publicists avoided using the word gay to describe the story, and noted that the film's trailer did not show a kiss between the two men but showed a heterosexual love scene.[96][97] The film's significance has been attributed to its portrayal of a same-sex relationship focused solely on the characters; it does not refer to the history of the LGBT social movements.[98] It emphasizes the tragic love story aspect, and many critics have compared Ennis and Jack's drama to classic and modern romances such as Romeo and Juliet or Titanic, often using the term star-crossed lovers.[99][100][101]

Proulx praised the film as "huge and powerful", adding, "I may be the first writer in America to have a piece of writing make its way to the screen whole and entire. [...] I was astonished that the characters of Jack and Ennis came surging into my mind again".[102]

Critics' lists of 2005

Brokeback Mountain appeared on numerous American critics' lists as one of their favorite films of 2005.[103]

The film was picked as one of the 400 nominated films for the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition).[105] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, best-of list.[106] In a 2016 international poll conducted by BBC, Brokeback Mountain was ranked the 40th greatest film since 2000.[107] In 2019, The Guardian ranked the film 66th in its 100 best films of the 21st century list.[108]

Legal issues edit

On January 6, 2006, Utah Jazz owner Larry H. Miller removed the film from theaters at the Jordan Commons entertainment complex in Sandy, Utah. Miller said the film's content had no resemblance of a traditional family, which he believed is "dangerous".[109][110] Focus Features threatened legal action and announced it would no longer do business with him.[110]

On March 23, 2006, Randy Quaid, who portrayed Joe Aguirre in the film, filed a lawsuit against Focus Features for misrepresenting Brokeback Mountain as "a low-budget, art house film with no prospect of making any money", in order to secure his role for a cheaper rate.[111] On May 4, Quaid's publicist said he dropped the lawsuit as the company agreed to pay him a settlement; the company denies this, however.[112]

Accolades edit

Main article: List of accolades received by Brokeback Mountain

Brokeback Mountain garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories, including for its directing, screenplay, acting, original score, and cinematography. At the 78th Academy Awards, Brokeback Mountain was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and won three awards for Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Original Score.[113] The film garnered seven nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, winning four for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, Best Song, and Best Screenplay.[114] At the 59th British Academy Film Awards, Brokeback Mountain was nominated for nine awards, winning in the categories of Best Film, Best Direction, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor for Jake Gyllenhaal.[115]

After Brokeback Mountain lost the Academy Award for Best Picture to Crash, some critics accused the Academy of homophobia and for making a non-groundbreaking choice.[116] Commentators including Kenneth Turan and Nikki Finke derided the Academy's decision,[117][118] but Roger Ebert defended the decision to award Crash Best Picture, arguing that the better film won.[119] Proulx wrote an essay expressing disappointment in the film not winning Best Picture. She also opined that Philip Seymour Hoffman's performance in Capote required less effort than that required of the actors in Brokeback Mountain.[120] Following the loss, more than 800 supporters raised up to $26,000 to place an advertisement in the Daily Variety.[121] The advert thanked the filmmakers "for transforming countless lives through the most honored film of the year."[122][123]

The film is one of several highly acclaimed LGBT-related films of 2005 to be nominated for critical awards; others include Breakfast on Pluto, Capote, Rent, and Transamerica. It was voted the top film involving homosexual relationships by readers at TheBacklot.com.[124] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years.[125]

In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter polled Academy members on controversial past decisions, in which Brokeback Mountain won the revote for Best Picture.[126][127]

Discussion on characters' sexuality edit

Critics and the cast and crew disagreed as to whether the film's two protagonists were homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual, or should be free of any sexual orientation classification. The film was frequently referred to in the media as the "gay cowboy movie", but a number of reviewers noted that both Jack and Ennis were bisexual.[128][129][130] Sex researcher Fritz Klein said that the film was "a nice film with two main characters who were bisexual" and suggested that the character of Jack is more "toward the gay side" of the spectrum and Ennis is "a bit more toward the straight side".[131]

Gyllenhaal said in 2006 that Ennis and Jack were straight men who "develop this love, this bond," saying in a Details interview: "I approached the story believing that these are actually two straight guys who fall in love."[131] However, in 2015, he told The Hollywood Reporter that this was a "gay love story", and that his character was the more "overtly gay" of the two.[132] Ledger told Time magazine in 2005: "I don't think Ennis could be labeled as gay. Without Jack Twist, I don't know that he ever would have come out. I think the whole point was that it was two souls that fell in love with each other."[133]

Others said they felt the characters' sexuality was meant to be ambiguous. Clarence Patton and Christopher Murray of New York's Gay City News wrote that Ennis and Jack's experiences were metaphors for "many men who do not identify as gay or even queer, but who nevertheless have sex with other men".[134] Entertainment Weekly wrote that "everyone called it 'The Gay Cowboy Movie' until they saw it. In the end, Ang Lee's 2005 love story wasn't gay or straight, just human."[106] Tom Ciorciari of EFilmCritic.com wrote: "We later see Jack eagerly engage Lureen sexually, with no explanation as to whether he is bisexual, so in need of physical intimacy that anyone, regardless of gender, will do, or merely very adept at faking it."[135]

LGBT non-fiction author Eric Marcus dismissed "talk of Ennis and Jack being anything but gay as box office-influenced political correctness intended to steer straight audiences to the film". Roger Ebert believed that both characters were gay, but doubted it themselves: "Jack is able to accept a little more willingly that he is inescapably gay."[136] Producer James Schamus said, "I suppose movies can be Rorschach tests for all of us, but damn if these characters aren't gay to me."[131] Brokeback Mountain author Annie Proulx said, "how different readers take the story is a reflection of their own personal values, attitudes, hang-ups."[137][138]

When Ledger and Gyllenhaal were asked if they feared being cast in controversial roles, Ledger stated that he was not afraid of the role, but rather he was concerned that he would not be mature enough as an actor to do the story justice. Gyllenhaal has stated that he is proud of the film and his role, regardless of what the reactions would be. He thinks rumors of him being bisexual are flattering, stating: "I'm open to whatever people want to call me. I've never really been attracted to men sexually, but I don't think I would be afraid of it if it happened."[139] Lee described himself as shy upon shooting the first sex scene and found it initially, technically difficult but praised Ledger and Gyllenhaal for their professionalism.[140] Ledger's performance was described by Luke Davies as a difficult and empowering portrayal given the environment of the film: "In Brokeback Mountain the vulnerability, the potential for danger, is so great – a world so masculine it might destroy you for any aberration – that [Ledger's] real brilliance was to bring to the screen a character, Ennis Del Mar, so fundamentally shut down that he is like a bible of unrequited desires, stifled yearnings, lost potential."[141]

Author Jim Kitses quoted Diana Ossana's acknowledgement of how the film "subverts the myth of the American West and its iconic heroes."[142] He commented: "What drives the emotional attack of the film is the inadequacy of its characters to articulate and understand, let alone control, the experience that strikes them like a storm. American cowboys—of all people—have no business falling in love with each other. Practical and conservative types of a rough and ready manhood are by no means ready for man-love."[142]

Legacy and impact edit

Brokeback Mountain was lauded as a landmark in LGBT cinema and credited for influencing several films and television shows featuring LGBT themes and characters.[143][144] In Out at the Movies, Steven Paul Davies explains that as a result of the film's success, "most major film studios have been clamouring to get behind new, gay-themed projects... thanks to Brokeback, film financiers will continue to back scripts that don't simply rely on gay stereotypes...and that will certainly be progress." Davies cites Milk, Transamerica, and I Love You Phillip Morris as examples of such films.[145] In 2018, Brokeback Mountain was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[146]

The pair of shirts worn by Ledger's and Gyllenhaal's characters were sold on eBay on February 20, 2006, for US$101,100.51. The shirts were sold to benefit children's charity Variety.[147] The buyer, Tom Gregory, film historian and collector, described the shirts as "the ruby slippers of our time", referring to an artifact from The Wizard of Oz film.[148] In 2009, Gregory loaned the shirts to the Autry National Center in Los Angeles for its series, Out West, which explored the history of homosexual, bisexual and transgender people in the Old West. The series included a gallery tour, panel discussions, lectures and performances, with events held in four installments over the course of 12 months. According to the Autry, the series was the "first of its kind" for a western heritage museum.[149]

A book, Beyond Brokeback: The Impact of a Film (2007) is a collection of personal stories of how people were influenced by the story and film, compiled from members of the Ultimate Brokeback Forum website. In an associated Out West series program, the Autry screened Brokeback Mountain in December 2010 to commemorate the film's fifth anniversary and held a staged reading of Beyond Brokeback by historian and Out West organizer Gregory Hinton. Beyond Brokeback has been presented as a staged reading at other venues, such as Roosevelt University in Chicago, on November 13, 2011, together with a panel discussion and screening of the film.[150] An American opera, Brokeback Mountain, was composed by Charles Wuorinen with a libretto by Annie Proulx. Written in English, it premiered at the Teatro Real in Madrid on January 28, 2014. It was championed by impresario Gerard Mortier, who had commissioned it.[151][152] A play, based on Annie Proulx's short story, written by Ashley Robinson with songs by Dan Gillespie Sells, will open on 10 May 2023 at @sohoplace in London's West End.[153]

Several years after the film's release, Proulx said she regrets writing the story. She said that people have sent her too much fan fiction presenting alternative plots.[154] Some authors, mostly men claiming to "understand men better than I do", often send their works.[154][155] She said:

[The film] is the source of constant irritation in my private life. There are countless people out there who think the story is open range to explore their fantasies and to correct what they see as an unbearably disappointing story [...] They constantly send ghastly manuscripts and pornish rewrites of the story to me, expecting me to reply with praise and applause for "fixing" the story. They certainly don't get the message that if you can't fix it you've got to stand it. Most of these "fix-it" tales have the character Ennis finding a husky boyfriend and living happily ever after, or discovering the character Jack is not really dead after all, or having the two men's children meet and marry, etc., etc.[155]

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Proulx, Annie (1997, 1999, 2006). Close Range: Wyoming Stories.
  • Proulx, Annie; McMurtry, Larry; Ossana, Diana (2005, 2006). Brokeback Mountain: Story to Screenplay. London, New York, Toronto and Sydney: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-723430-1.
  • Packard, Chris (2006) Queer Cowboys: And Other Erotic Male Friendships in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-7597-3.
  • Cante, Richard C. (March 2008). "Introduction"; "Chapter 3". Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-7230-1.
  • Rich, B. Ruby (2013). "Ang Lee's Lonesome Cowboys". New Queer Cinema: The Director's Cut. London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-5428-4.

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Brokeback Mountain.

February 15, 2024
brokeback, mountain, other, uses, disambiguation, 2005, american, western, romantic, drama, film, directed, produced, diana, ossana, james, schamus, adapted, from, 1997, short, story, same, name, annie, proulx, screenplay, written, ossana, larry, mcmurtry, fil. For other uses see Brokeback Mountain disambiguation Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American neo Western romantic drama film directed by Ang Lee and produced by Diana Ossana and James Schamus Adapted from the 1997 short story of the same name by Annie Proulx the screenplay was written by Ossana and Larry McMurtry The film stars Heath Ledger Jake Gyllenhaal Anne Hathaway and Michelle Williams Its plot depicts the complex romantic relationship between two American cowboys Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist in the American West from 1963 to 1983 Brokeback MountainTheatrical release posterDirected byAng LeeScreenplay byLarry McMurtry Diana OssanaBased on Brokeback Mountain by Annie ProulxProduced byDiana Ossana James SchamusStarringHeath Ledger Jake Gyllenhaal Linda Cardellini Anna Faris Anne Hathaway Michelle Williams Randy QuaidCinematographyRodrigo PrietoEdited byGeraldine Peroni Dylan TichenorMusic byGustavo SantaolallaProductioncompanyRiver Road EntertainmentDistributed byFocus FeaturesRelease datesSeptember 2 2005 2005 09 02 Venice December 9 2005 2005 12 09 United States Running time134 minutes 1 CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget 14 million 2 Box office 178 million 2 Lee became attached to the project in 2001 after previous attempts to adapt Proulx s story into a film did not materialize Focus Features and River Road Entertainment would jointly produce and distribute the film After Ledger and Gyllenhaal s casting was announced in 2003 filming commenced in various locations in Alberta in 2004 Brokeback Mountain premiered at the 2005 Venice International Film Festival where it won the Golden Lion and was released to theaters on December 9 that year The film received critical acclaim with particular praise for the performances of Ledger and Gyllenhaal and was a commercial success grossing over 178 million worldwide against its 14 million budget At the 78th Academy Awards Brokeback Mountain was nominated for Best Picture and won for Best Director Best Adapted Screenplay and Original Score It garnered seven nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards and won four awards At the 59th British Academy Film Awards Brokeback Mountain was nominated for nine awards winning Best Film Best Direction Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor Gyllenhaal Brokeback Mountain was subject to controversies its loss to Crash 2004 for the Academy Award for Best Picture subsequent censorship and criticism from conservative media outlets received significant attention The sexuality of the main characters has been subject to discussion Brokeback Mountain has also been regarded as a turning point for the advancement of queer cinema into the mainstream It has since been considered to be one of the best films of the 2000s and of all time 3 4 5 In 2018 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally historically or aesthetically significant Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3 1 Development 3 2 Casting 3 3 Filming 3 4 Music 4 Release 4 1 Box office 4 2 International distribution 4 3 Home media 4 4 Critical response 4 5 Legal issues 5 Accolades 6 Discussion on characters sexuality 7 Legacy and impact 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksPlot editIn Wyoming in 1963 cowboys Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist are hired by foreman Joe Aguirre to herd his sheep through the summer on grazing pastures on Brokeback Mountain After a night of heavy drinking Jack makes a pass at Ennis While initially reluctant Ennis becomes receptive and he and Jack have sex in their tent Despite Ennis telling Jack that it was a one time incident they develop a sexual and emotional relationship Before parting ways Ennis and Jack have a brawl that leaves both of them bloodied Ennis later marries his longtime fiancee Alma Beers and has two daughters with her Alma Jr and Jenny Jack returns the next summer seeking work but Aguirre who had observed Jack and Ennis on the mountain refuses to hire him again Jack moves to Texas where he meets wealthy rodeo rider Lureen Newsome they marry and have a son After four years apart Jack visits Ennis Upon meeting the two passionately kiss which a stunned Alma inadvertently witnesses In the privacy of a motel room Jack broaches the subject of creating a life with Ennis on a ranch but Ennis refuses as he is unwilling to abandon his family and is haunted by a childhood memory of his father showing him the body of a man who was tortured and killed for suspected homosexuality Ennis and Jack continue to infrequently meet for private fishing trips while their respective marriages deteriorate Lureen abandons the rodeo and goes into business with her father which causes Jack to work in sales Alma and Ennis divorce in 1975 Upon hearing about the divorce Jack drives to Wyoming and tells Ennis that they should live together but Ennis refuses to move away from his children Upset Jack finds solace with male sex workers in Mexico Alma takes custody of Alma Jr and Jenny and marries Monroe manager of the grocery store where she works as a clerk Ennis visits them during a Thanksgiving dinner In the kitchen when Alma and Ennis are alone she confronts him about the true nature of his relationship with Jack The two spar causing Ennis to storm out and cease contact with Alma Ennis has a short lived romantic relationship with a waitress named Cassie Jack and Lureen befriend another couple Randall and Lashawn Malone and it is implied that Jack and Randall have a brief affair At the end of a fishing trip Ennis tells Jack that he cannot see him again before November due to work demands The pair argue blaming each other for their not being together Ennis begins to cry and Jack embraces him Sometime later Ennis receives a returned postcard that he had sent to Jack stamped with Deceased Ennis calls Jack s phone number and Lureen picks up the call She tells Ennis that Jack died in an accident from drowning in his own blood after a car tire exploded in his face While she is describing what happened Ennis envisions a group of men brutally beating Jack to death with a tire iron Lureen tells Ennis that Jack wanted to have his ashes scattered on Brokeback Mountain and Ennis visits Jack s parents in hopes of carrying out that wish Jack s father refuses and contends that Jack s ashes will be interred in a family plot Jack s mother tells Ennis that he is welcome to go to Jack s bedroom upstairs if he wants Ennis goes there alone and in the closet he finds the shirts which the two cowboys wore during their brawl long back with Ennis s shirt inside Jack s Ennis holds the shirts to his face inhales deeply and silently weeps When Ennis returns downstairs Jack s mother sees him holding the two shirts and allows him to keep them Later a 19 year old Alma Jr arrives at Ennis s trailer to tell him that she is engaged to Kurt a man who works in the oil fields She asks for his blessing and invites him to the wedding Ennis briefly hesitates due to his work commitments but then he agrees to attend the wedding Once Alma Jr leaves Ennis goes to the closet where the two shirts hang together though now Jack s shirt is inside Ennis s Next to them tacked to the closet door is a postcard of Brokeback Mountain With tears in his eyes he stares at the mementos and says Jack I swear Cast editHeath Ledger as Ennis Del Mar Jake Gyllenhaal as Jack Twist Michelle Williams as Alma Beers Del Mar Anne Hathaway as Lureen Newsome Twist Randy Quaid as Joe Aguirre Linda Cardellini as Cassie Cartwright Anna Faris as Lashawn Malone David Harbour as Randall Malone Roberta Maxwell as Mrs Twist Peter McRobbie as John Twist Kate Mara as Alma Del Mar Jr Scott Michael Campbell as Monroe Graham Beckel as L D Newsome Mary Liboiron as Fayette Newsome Larry Reese as Jolly Minister Marty Antonini as Timmy Credits adapted from TV Guide 6 Production editDevelopment edit nbsp Director Ang Lee in 2013Screenwriter Diana Ossana discovered Annie Proulx s short story Brokeback Mountain in October 1997 just days after its publication She convinced writing partner Larry McMurtry to read it who thought it was a masterpiece The pair asked Proulx if they could adapt it into a film screenplay although she did not think that the story would work as a film she agreed 7 In a 1999 interview with The Missouri Review Proulx praised their screenplay 8 Ossana said that convincing a director and production company to make the film was a challenging and nonstop process 7 Gus Van Sant attempted to make the film hoping to cast Matt Damon and Joaquin Phoenix as Ennis and Jack respectively He also considered Leonardo DiCaprio Brad Pitt and Ryan Phillippe 9 Josh Hartnett was originally attached to the film but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts with The Black Dahlia 10 Damon who previously worked with Van Sant on Good Will Hunting told the director Gus I did a gay movie The Talented Mr Ripley then a cowboy movie All the Pretty Horses I can t follow it up with a gay cowboy movie 11 Instead Van Sant went on to make the 2008 biographical film Milk based on the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk Edward Norton and Joel Schumacher were also linked with the project at one point 12 13 Focus Features CEO James Schamus optioned the film rights in 2001 but thought it was a risky project Pedro Almodovar was initially offered the opportunity to direct but turned it down citing concerns about artistic freedom 14 At Ossana s request Schamus showed the story and screenplay to director Ang Lee 7 Lee decided to make Hulk instead his experience of Hulk and Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon from two years prior left him exhausted In 2003 he considered retirement but Brokeback Mountain came back to his mind and tempted him back into filmmaking 15 Lee attempted to get the film made as an independent producer 12 However this did not work out and before Lee would take a break after finishing Hulk he contacted Schamus about Brokeback Mountain 16 Schamus thought Brokeback Mountain embraces the American West without being a traditional Western 17 and told Lee that he should consider directing it Lee said Towards the end of the script I got tears in my eyes 18 He was particularly drawn to the authentic rural American life and repression depicted in the story 18 19 Bill Pohlad of River Road Entertainment who had a two year partnership with Focus Features helped finance the film 20 Casting edit Casting director Avy Kaufman said Lee was very decisive about the actors for the lead roles In 2003 screenwriters Ossana and McMurty suggested Heath Ledger after being impressed by his performance in Monster s Ball but the film studio thought he was not masculine enough Regardless Kaufman sent the script to Ledger who thought it was beautiful and put himself forward 7 15 Gyllenhaal reacted to the script positively and signed on for the role he also did not want to miss the opportunity working with Lee and friend Ledger Lee met with Mark Wahlberg for a role in the film but Wahlberg declined as he was creeped out by the script 21 Gyllenhaal admired Ledger and described him as way beyond his years as a human 22 23 Other actors were considered for the leads but Lee said they were too afraid to take on the roles 24 From the beginning Ledger wanted to portray Ennis and not Jack He opined that Ennis was more complex a masculine and homophobic character Ledger said The lack of words he Ennis had to express himself his inability to love made the role enjoyable 25 Ledger who grew up around horses researched his character s personal traits and learned to speak in Wyoming and Texas accents 25 26 Lee gave Ledger and Gyllenhaal books about cowboys who were gay or shared similar experiences as the characters depicted in Proulx s book 22 Ledger and Gyllenhaal also went to a ranch on the outskirts of Los Angeles and learned to ride horses 15 Gyllenhaal later said That what ties these two characters together is not just a love but a loneliness I think primarily it was deep loneliness And what I always say about that movie Brokeback Mountain which I think maybe over time is more understood is that this is about two people desperately looking for love To be loved And who were probably capable of it And they just found it with someone of the same sex And that does not dismiss the fact that it is about really primarily the first kind of very profound gay love story Hopefully it can create an equality of an idea that is it s possible that you can find love anywhere That intimacy exists in so many places that convention and society won t always allow us to see And we won t allow ourselves to see because of what criticism and danger really it might provoke 22 Lee interviewed between 20 and 30 actresses for the roles of Alma and Lureen Michelle Williams was one of the first to audition for the role of Alma and Lee thought she was perfect for the part 7 Anne Hathaway who was filming The Princess Diaries 2 Royal Engagement at the time showed up to the audition during her lunch break She was wearing a ball gown and hairpiece that was way over the top but she still felt focused for the audition 15 At first Lee did not think she was an obvious choice but he was convinced with her audition and cast her as Lureen Hathaway lied to Lee about her knowledge of horse riding in order to cast her 27 She took lessons for two months to prepare 28 Lee was happy with Ledger and Gyllenhaal portraying Ennis and Jack respectively because he thought their young innocence will help carry a love story until the end Lee added I think these two are among the best in their age group Jake plays the opposite of Heath and it creates a very good couple in terms of a romantic love story The chemistry I think is great 18 Once all four leads were cast Lee remembered being impressed with their maturity despite their young age It really scared me how good they were 7 Filming edit nbsp Brokeback Mountain was filmed in Alberta CanadaPrincipal photography began in the summer of 2004 29 While the Proulx story is set in Wyoming Brokeback Mountain was filmed almost entirely in the Canadian Rockies in southern Alberta Lee was given a tour of the locations from the story in Wyoming by Proulx but chose to shoot in Alberta citing financial reasons 16 The mountain featured in the film is a composite of Mount Lougheed south of the town of Canmore Fortress and Moose Mountain in Kananaskis Country 30 The campsites were filmed at Goat Creek Upper Kananaskis Lake Elbow Falls and Canyon Creek also in Alberta Other scenes were filmed in Cowley Fort Macleod and Calgary 31 Brokeback Mountain s production budget was approximately US 14 million 32 Initially Alberta s environmental department prohibited the crew from bringing domestic sheep into the Rockies due to a risk of disease harming the local wildlife The authorities eventually gave permission for them to shoot on one mountain as long as they transported the domestic sheep in and out every day A biologist was hired to supervise this process 7 Lee prefers working with cinematographers who are open minded eager to learn and able to show an interest in the story and content before talking about the visuals 33 Therefore he selected Rodrigo Prieto for the job saying I think he s versatile and I wanted somebody who could shoot quickly he was able to give me the tranquil almost passive look I wanted for Brokeback I believe a talent s a talent 33 Ledger and Gyllenhaal who were friends before Brokeback Mountain were mostly unconcerned with the intimate scenes 26 The first sex scene between Ennis and Jack took 13 takes to meet Lee s expectation The director would keep his distance from them during filming allowing the actors to be free and spontaneous Lee said I don t talk too much to them except for technical notes So they the intimate scenes are a lot easier to deal with 18 Ledger was observant of Lee s directing style saying There s two sides to Ang s direction there s the pre production which is incredibly thorough and private and then there s the shooting side when he just doesn t say anything at all 25 Ledger said that this helped him try harder during takes 25 Gyllenhaal echoed Ledger s sentiment He just totally disconnects from you while you re shooting but praised Lee s directorial skills 22 In regard to acting Ledger was sometimes disrupted by Gyllenhaal s acting style Gyllenhaal tended to improvise whereas Ledger preferred to be highly prepared 7 15 The director allowed Ledger to see his performance on the camera monitor so that he could improve 26 During the last scenes where Ennis meets Jack s parents production designer Judy Becker was tasked in finding a suitable house Lee took inspiration from painters Andrew Wyeth and Vilhelm Hammershoi for the white interior walls Using two cameras Lee would capture the actors from both angles and then change lenses and repeat When you edit it together you can apply certain emphasis to certain reactions emotions Lee said 33 Ossana remembers that the last scenes were emotional for Ledger and personally affected him The actors who played Jack s parents Roberta Maxwell and Peter McRobbie said Ledger was very quiet and gave a powerful performance 7 in the old school way people really used to spend their time together They became a family And that s what Ang created on the movie It s why we are all still close not just bonded by the success of the film but bonded by the experience It was an intimate project in that way We d wake up and make breakfast for each other and hang out Gyllenhaal on the film s experience 7 Executive producer Michael Hausman rented Airstream trailers for the cast and crew to sleep in He created an on set atmosphere which mimicked a summer camp where people could bond and feel close Hausman recalled that they would sit around the fireplaces cook food and go fishing on the creek 7 The production was not without commotion the cast suffered several injuries during filming Williams sprained her knee in the early days of filming therefore her character s movements were altered to be either sitting or standing most of the time Ledger also injured his hand when he punched a wall for a scene 15 During a kissing scene Ledger almost broke Gyllenhaal s nose 18 The American Humane raised concerns that animals were treated improperly during filming alleging that sheep were handled roughly and that an elk appeared to have been shot on cue They learned that the elk was shot with anesthetic violating standard guidelines for animal handling in the film industry 34 During post production Geraldine Peroni and Dylan Tichenor served as film editors but Peroni died in August 2004 and Tichenor took over 35 The pair relied on Media Composer for editing and sound engineer Eugene Gearty used Pro Tools for the creation of sound effects 35 Buzz Image Group were hired to create 75 visual effect shots including computer generated clouds landscapes and sheep 33 For the film s theatrical poster Schamus took inspiration from James Cameron s Titanic which depicts two star crossed lovers 36 Music edit Main article Brokeback Mountain Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Gustavo Santaolalla scored the film s soundtrack which consists of 17 tracks as well as songs from Bob Dylan and Roger Miller The album was released on October 25 2005 37 Based on the story and one conversation with the director Santaolalla was able to score the music before filming began 38 He said I mean if you are connected to the story and to the director it makes a lot of sense because somehow you know the music then becomes a part of the fabric of that film from the very beginning 39 40 He also used a real orchestra and played his own guitar 41 Release editBox office edit The film received a limited release in the United States on December 9 2005 42 and grossed 547 425 in its first weekend 43 Over the Christmas weekend and beginning of January 2006 the film expanded into more domestic theaters On January 20 the film opened in 1 194 theaters then 1 652 theaters on January 27 and 2 089 theaters on February 3 its widest release 43 Brokeback Mountain was released in one theater in London on December 30 and received a wider release in the United Kingdom on January 6 2006 44 45 The film was released in France on January 18 to 155 theaters expanding to 290 by the third week In its first week of release Brokeback Mountain was in third place at the French box office In Italy the film grossed more than 890 000 in three days and was the fourth highest grossing film in its first week 43 The film was released in Australia on January 26 where it ranked fourth place at the weekend box office Brokeback Mountain was released in many other countries during the first three months of 2006 46 During its first week of release in Hong Kong Brokeback Mountain was ranked first place at the box office earning more than US 473 868 22 565 per theater 47 The film opened in Lee s native Taiwan on January 20 The film grossed 83 million in North America and 95 million internationally for a worldwide 178 million It is the highest grossing release for Focus Features 43 48 International distribution editThe film has been given different titles in accordance to different languages and regions For the film s release in French and Italian it was titled Le Secret de Brokeback Mountain and I segreti di Brokeback Mountain The Secret s of Brokeback Mountain respectively 49 50 In Canadian French the title is Souvenirs de Brokeback Mountain Memories of Brokeback Mountain 51 52 The film received two Spanish titles Brokeback Mountain En terreno vedado In a forbidden terrain for its release in Spain 53 and Secreto en la Montana Secret in the mountain for its release in Latin America 54 In Hungarian the title was Tul a baratsagon Beyond friendship 55 I think they are genuinely happy to see a Chinese director win an Academy Award with good artistic value I think that pride is genuine so I would not think that s hypocritical at all I don t know how to describe it it s just something else So what can I say Ang Lee responding to being celebrated in China for winning the Best Director Academy Award although the film was not released there 56 The film was met with mixed responses in some regions particularly China and Islamic nations of western Asia According to reports the film was not shown in theaters in China though it was freely available in bootleg DVD and VHS The Chinese government said the audience would have been too small the foreign media accused the government of censorship 57 58 The word brokeback Chinese 断背 pinyin duanbei also entered the Chinese lexicon as a slang for homosexuality 59 The film was dubbed the gay cowboy movie by the press a term that was propelled into the American vernacular 23 The film was also released in Turkey 60 In the Middle East distribution of the film became a political issue Homosexuality is considered a crime in most Islamic nations and is taboo in the few countries where it is legal Lebanon was the only Arab country to show the film although in a censored format The film was officially banned from screenings in the United Arab Emirates however the DVD of the film was permitted to be rented from stores such as Blockbuster Video 61 62 On December 8 2008 the Italian state owned television channel Rai Due aired a censored version of the film removing all the scenes with homoerotic references Viewers protested saying the deletions made the plot hard to follow The Arcigay organisation accused the channel of homophobic censorship 63 The state owned television network RAI said the Italian film distributor had mistakenly censored the film RAI showed an uncensored version of the film on March 17 2009 64 Home media edit Brokeback Mountain was the first major film to be released simultaneously on both DVD and digital download via the Internet 65 It was released in the United States on April 4 2006 66 More than 1 million copies of the DVD were sold in the first week and it was the third biggest seller of the week behind Disney s The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe and King Kong 67 Although the ranking fluctuated daily by late March and early April 2006 Brokeback Mountain had been the top selling DVD on Amazon com for several days running 68 The DVD in Europe was released in the UK on April 24 2006 69 This was followed by France in July and Poland in September a considerable time after the theater release in both countries 70 Brokeback Mountain was re released in a collector s edition on January 23 2007 71 On the same day it was also released in HD DVD format 72 The film was released on Blu ray in the UK on August 13 2007 and in the U S on March 10 2009 73 74 The Blu ray contains special features including interviews with the screenwriters director and a short documentary about composer Gustavo Santaolalla 75 Critical response edit Brokeback Mountain was released to critical acclaim 76 On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 88 based on 251 reviews with an average rating of 8 2 10 The site s critical consensus reads A beautifully epic Western Brokeback Mountain s love story is imbued with heartbreaking universality helped by moving performances by Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal 77 On Metacritic the film has a rating of 87 100 based on 41 reviews indicating universal acclaim 78 nbsp nbsp nbsp The performances of left to right Heath Ledger Jake Gyllenhaal and Michelle Williams garnered critical acclaim and were nominated for Academy Awards David Ansen of Newsweek gave the film a positive review praising the faithful screenplay He adds There s neither coyness nor self importance in Brokeback Mountain just close compassionate observation deeply committed performances a bone deep feeling for hardscrabble Western lives Few films have captured so acutely the desolation of frustrated repressed passion 79 Writing for The Guardian Peter Bradshaw praised Ledger and Gyllenhaal for their complementary performances Bradshaw thought the film was extremely moving tragic even and sensitive towards the feelings of the simple wives who attempt to understand their troubled husbands 80 Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post was equally positive opining that the two lead actors performances were unforgettable In particular she thought Ledger was impressive in his portrayal of a reserved and emotionally affected Ennis Hornaday also praised the costumes and sets writing The Wyoming vistas are flawlessly manicured Ledger and Gyllenhaal perfectly costumed and coiffed even Ennis and Alma s sad little apartment over a laundromat seems to have been designed to death 81 Roger Ebert gave Brokeback Mountain a rating of four out of four stars in his review Ebert was impressed with the level of attention to the characters and thought that the film was as observant as the work by Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman 82 Writing for The Sydney Morning Herald Sandra Hall praised the screenplay and called Ledger and Gyllenhaal finely tuned Noting that it is a slow film Hall thought the filmmakers had adapted Proulx s story without missing any nuances 83 USA Today s Mike Clark observed that Brokeback Mountain was directed and photographed with restraint and praised its old fashioned quality and unassuming but people oriented nature 84 The film also received a positive reaction from Christianity Today the reviewer gave the film 3 out of 4 stars 85 In a mixed review Ed Gonzalez of Slant magazine thought the film was too long 86 and the critic from Time magazine felt that the story became less intense towards the end 87 Conservative radio host Michael Medved described it as extremely well done and that as a film it was better than the agenda 88 Several conservative political pundits including commentators Bill O Reilly John Gibson and Cal Thomas shared Medved s view of the agenda Gibson made jokes about the film on his Fox News Radio program for months after its release After the death of Ledger in 2008 Gibson was criticized for mocking the deceased actor and later apologized 89 Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh has referred to the film as Bareback Mountain and Humpback Mountain 90 Don Imus referred to the film as Fudgepack Mountain 91 Several conservative Christian groups such as Concerned Women for America CWA and Focus on the Family criticized the film for its subject matter Following the success of Brokeback Mountain Capote and Transamerica at the Golden Globes Awards in 2006 Janice Crouse a CWA member cited these films as examples of how the media elites are proving that their pet projects are more important than profit and suggested they were not popular enough to warrant critical acclaim 92 Film critic Gene Shalit of The Today Show described the character of Jack Twist as a sexual predator who tracks Ennis down and coaxes him into sporadic trysts 93 The LGBT media group GLAAD said that Shalit s characterization of Twist was like calling Jack in Titanic a sexual predator due to his romantic pursuit of Rose 93 94 Shalit s openly gay son Peter Shalit wrote an open letter to GLAAD He Gene may have had an unpopular opinion of a movie that is important to the gay community but he defamed no one and he is not a homophobe 95 Gene Shalit later apologized for his review I did not intend to use a word that many in the gay community consider incendiary I certainly had no intention of casting aspersions on anyone in the gay community or on the community itself I regret any emotional hurt that may have resulted from my review of Brokeback Mountain 94 Some commentators accused the filmmakers for hiding content about the film in advertising and in public events such as press conferences and award ceremonies New York Daily News writer Wayman Wong Dave Cullen and Daniel Mendelsohn argued that the director cast and publicists avoided using the word gay to describe the story and noted that the film s trailer did not show a kiss between the two men but showed a heterosexual love scene 96 97 The film s significance has been attributed to its portrayal of a same sex relationship focused solely on the characters it does not refer to the history of the LGBT social movements 98 It emphasizes the tragic love story aspect and many critics have compared Ennis and Jack s drama to classic and modern romances such as Romeo and Juliet or Titanic often using the term star crossed lovers 99 100 101 Proulx praised the film as huge and powerful adding I may be the first writer in America to have a piece of writing make its way to the screen whole and entire I was astonished that the characters of Jack and Ennis came surging into my mind again 102 Critics lists of 2005Brokeback Mountain appeared on numerous American critics lists as one of their favorite films of 2005 103 1st Stephen Holden The New York Times 1st Joe Morgenstern The Wall Street Journal 1st Rene Rodriguez Miami Herald 1st Ruthie Stein San Francisco Chronicle 1st Scott Tobias The A V Club 2nd Peter Travers Rolling Stone 2nd Lisa Schwarzbaum Entertainment Weekly 2nd Noel Murray The A V Club 2nd Desson Thompson The Washington Post 2nd Kevin Thomas Los Angeles Times 2nd Mike Clark and Claudia Puig USA Today 3rd Owen Gleiberman Entertainment Weekly 3rd Kenneth Turan Los Angeles Times 3rd Shawn Levy Portland Oregonian 3rd William Arnold Seattle Post Intelligencer 4th David Ansen Newsweek 4th Keith Phipps The A V Club 4th Michael Atkinson Village Voice 5th Roger Ebert Chicago Sun Times 5th Mike Russell Portland Oregonian 5th Michael Wilmington Chicago Tribune 6th Alison Benedikt Chicago Tribune 6th Ella Taylor L A Weekly 7th Nathan Rabin The A V Club 7th Mick LaSalle San Francisco Chronicle 7th Richard Roeper Ebert amp Roeper 104 8th Mick LaSalle San Francisco Chronicle Top 9 listed alphabetically New York Film Critics Online 10th Michael Phillips Chicago Tribune Top 10 listed alphabetically Manohla Dargis The New York Times Top 10 listed alphabetically Steven Rea The Philadelphia Inquirer Top 10 listed alphabetically Peter Rainer The Christian Science Monitor Top 10 listed alphabetically Carina Chocano Los Angeles Times The film was picked as one of the 400 nominated films for the American Film Institute list AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition 105 Entertainment Weekly put it on its end of the decade best of list 106 In a 2016 international poll conducted by BBC Brokeback Mountain was ranked the 40th greatest film since 2000 107 In 2019 The Guardian ranked the film 66th in its 100 best films of the 21st century list 108 Legal issues edit On January 6 2006 Utah Jazz owner Larry H Miller removed the film from theaters at the Jordan Commons entertainment complex in Sandy Utah Miller said the film s content had no resemblance of a traditional family which he believed is dangerous 109 110 Focus Features threatened legal action and announced it would no longer do business with him 110 On March 23 2006 Randy Quaid who portrayed Joe Aguirre in the film filed a lawsuit against Focus Features for misrepresenting Brokeback Mountain as a low budget art house film with no prospect of making any money in order to secure his role for a cheaper rate 111 On May 4 Quaid s publicist said he dropped the lawsuit as the company agreed to pay him a settlement the company denies this however 112 Accolades editMain article List of accolades received by Brokeback Mountain Brokeback Mountain garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories including for its directing screenplay acting original score and cinematography At the 78th Academy Awards Brokeback Mountain was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and won three awards for Best Director Best Adapted Screenplay and Original Score 113 The film garnered seven nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards winning four for Best Motion Picture Drama Best Director Best Song and Best Screenplay 114 At the 59th British Academy Film Awards Brokeback Mountain was nominated for nine awards winning in the categories of Best Film Best Direction Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor for Jake Gyllenhaal 115 After Brokeback Mountain lost the Academy Award for Best Picture to Crash some critics accused the Academy of homophobia and for making a non groundbreaking choice 116 Commentators including Kenneth Turan and Nikki Finke derided the Academy s decision 117 118 but Roger Ebert defended the decision to award Crash Best Picture arguing that the better film won 119 Proulx wrote an essay expressing disappointment in the film not winning Best Picture She also opined that Philip Seymour Hoffman s performance in Capote required less effort than that required of the actors in Brokeback Mountain 120 Following the loss more than 800 supporters raised up to 26 000 to place an advertisement in the Daily Variety 121 The advert thanked the filmmakers for transforming countless lives through the most honored film of the year 122 123 The film is one of several highly acclaimed LGBT related films of 2005 to be nominated for critical awards others include Breakfast on Pluto Capote Rent and Transamerica It was voted the top film involving homosexual relationships by readers at TheBacklot com 124 In 2010 the Independent Film amp Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years 125 In 2015 The Hollywood Reporter polled Academy members on controversial past decisions in which Brokeback Mountain won the revote for Best Picture 126 127 Discussion on characters sexuality editCritics and the cast and crew disagreed as to whether the film s two protagonists were homosexual bisexual heterosexual or should be free of any sexual orientation classification The film was frequently referred to in the media as the gay cowboy movie but a number of reviewers noted that both Jack and Ennis were bisexual 128 129 130 Sex researcher Fritz Klein said that the film was a nice film with two main characters who were bisexual and suggested that the character of Jack is more toward the gay side of the spectrum and Ennis is a bit more toward the straight side 131 Gyllenhaal said in 2006 that Ennis and Jack were straight men who develop this love this bond saying in a Details interview I approached the story believing that these are actually two straight guys who fall in love 131 However in 2015 he told The Hollywood Reporter that this was a gay love story and that his character was the more overtly gay of the two 132 Ledger told Time magazine in 2005 I don t think Ennis could be labeled as gay Without Jack Twist I don t know that he ever would have come out I think the whole point was that it was two souls that fell in love with each other 133 Others said they felt the characters sexuality was meant to be ambiguous Clarence Patton and Christopher Murray of New York s Gay City News wrote that Ennis and Jack s experiences were metaphors for many men who do not identify as gay or even queer but who nevertheless have sex with other men 134 Entertainment Weekly wrote that everyone called it The Gay Cowboy Movie until they saw it In the end Ang Lee s 2005 love story wasn t gay or straight just human 106 Tom Ciorciari of EFilmCritic com wrote We later see Jack eagerly engage Lureen sexually with no explanation as to whether he is bisexual so in need of physical intimacy that anyone regardless of gender will do or merely very adept at faking it 135 LGBT non fiction author Eric Marcus dismissed talk of Ennis and Jack being anything but gay as box office influenced political correctness intended to steer straight audiences to the film Roger Ebert believed that both characters were gay but doubted it themselves Jack is able to accept a little more willingly that he is inescapably gay 136 Producer James Schamus said I suppose movies can be Rorschach tests for all of us but damn if these characters aren t gay to me 131 Brokeback Mountain author Annie Proulx said how different readers take the story is a reflection of their own personal values attitudes hang ups 137 138 When Ledger and Gyllenhaal were asked if they feared being cast in controversial roles Ledger stated that he was not afraid of the role but rather he was concerned that he would not be mature enough as an actor to do the story justice Gyllenhaal has stated that he is proud of the film and his role regardless of what the reactions would be He thinks rumors of him being bisexual are flattering stating I m open to whatever people want to call me I ve never really been attracted to men sexually but I don t think I would be afraid of it if it happened 139 Lee described himself as shy upon shooting the first sex scene and found it initially technically difficult but praised Ledger and Gyllenhaal for their professionalism 140 Ledger s performance was described by Luke Davies as a difficult and empowering portrayal given the environment of the film In Brokeback Mountain the vulnerability the potential for danger is so great a world so masculine it might destroy you for any aberration that Ledger s real brilliance was to bring to the screen a character Ennis Del Mar so fundamentally shut down that he is like a bible of unrequited desires stifled yearnings lost potential 141 Author Jim Kitses quoted Diana Ossana s acknowledgement of how the film subverts the myth of the American West and its iconic heroes 142 He commented What drives the emotional attack of the film is the inadequacy of its characters to articulate and understand let alone control the experience that strikes them like a storm American cowboys of all people have no business falling in love with each other Practical and conservative types of a rough and ready manhood are by no means ready for man love 142 Legacy and impact editBrokeback Mountain was lauded as a landmark in LGBT cinema and credited for influencing several films and television shows featuring LGBT themes and characters 143 144 In Out at the Movies Steven Paul Davies explains that as a result of the film s success most major film studios have been clamouring to get behind new gay themed projects thanks to Brokeback film financiers will continue to back scripts that don t simply rely on gay stereotypes and that will certainly be progress Davies cites Milk Transamerica and I Love You Phillip Morris as examples of such films 145 In 2018 Brokeback Mountain was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally historically or aesthetically significant 146 The pair of shirts worn by Ledger s and Gyllenhaal s characters were sold on eBay on February 20 2006 for US 101 100 51 The shirts were sold to benefit children s charity Variety 147 The buyer Tom Gregory film historian and collector described the shirts as the ruby slippers of our time referring to an artifact from The Wizard of Oz film 148 In 2009 Gregory loaned the shirts to the Autry National Center in Los Angeles for its series Out West which explored the history of homosexual bisexual and transgender people in the Old West The series included a gallery tour panel discussions lectures and performances with events held in four installments over the course of 12 months According to the Autry the series was the first of its kind for a western heritage museum 149 A book Beyond Brokeback The Impact of a Film 2007 is a collection of personal stories of how people were influenced by the story and film compiled from members of the Ultimate Brokeback Forum website In an associated Out West series program the Autry screened Brokeback Mountain in December 2010 to commemorate the film s fifth anniversary and held a staged reading of Beyond Brokeback by historian and Out West organizer Gregory Hinton Beyond Brokeback has been presented as a staged reading at other venues such as Roosevelt University in Chicago on November 13 2011 together with a panel discussion and screening of the film 150 An American opera Brokeback Mountain was composed by Charles Wuorinen with a libretto by Annie Proulx Written in English it premiered at the Teatro Real in Madrid on January 28 2014 It was championed by impresario Gerard Mortier who had commissioned it 151 152 A play based on Annie Proulx s short story written by Ashley Robinson with songs by Dan Gillespie Sells will open on 10 May 2023 at sohoplace in London s West End 153 Several years after the film s release Proulx said she regrets writing the story She said that people have sent her too much fan fiction presenting alternative plots 154 Some authors mostly men claiming to understand men better than I do often send their works 154 155 She said The film is the source of constant irritation in my private life There are countless people out there who think the story is open range to explore their fantasies and to correct what they see as an unbearably disappointing story They constantly send ghastly manuscripts and pornish rewrites of the story to me expecting me to reply with praise and applause for fixing the story They certainly don t get the message that if you can t fix it you ve got to stand it Most of these fix it tales have the character Ennis finding a husky boyfriend and living happily ever after or discovering the character Jack is not really dead after all or having the two men s children meet and marry etc etc 155 See also edit nbsp Film portal nbsp United States portal nbsp LGBT portalBrokeback Mountain Original Motion Picture Soundtrack List of lesbian gay bisexual or transgender related films by storyline List of films considered the best Mixed orientation marriage sometimes referred to as a brokeback marriageReferences edit Brokeback Mountain 15 BBFC September 26 2005 Retrieved January 12 2024 a b Brokeback Mountain 2005 Box Office Mojo Archived from the original on June 3 2011 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from the original on January 22 2012 Retrieved January 21 2012 I wish I d never written it Proulx says a b Hughes Robert J September 6 2008 Return to the Range The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on April 3 2015 Retrieved January 21 2012 Further reading editProulx Annie 1997 1999 2006 Close Range Wyoming Stories Proulx Annie McMurtry Larry Ossana Diana 2005 2006 Brokeback Mountain Story to Screenplay London New York Toronto and Sydney Harper Perennial ISBN 978 0 00 723430 1 Packard Chris 2006 Queer Cowboys And Other Erotic Male Friendships in Nineteenth Century American Literature New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 1 4039 7597 3 Cante Richard C March 2008 Introduction Chapter 3 Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture London Ashgate Publishing ISBN 0 7546 7230 1 Rich B Ruby 2013 Ang Lee s Lonesome Cowboys New Queer Cinema The Director s Cut London Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 5428 4 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Brokeback Mountain Brokeback Mountain at AllMovie Brokeback Mountain at Box Office Mojo Brokeback Mountain at IMDb nbsp Brokeback Mountain at the TCM Movie Database Brokeback Mountain at the American Film Institute Catalog Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brokeback Mountain amp oldid 1203295097, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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