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Gregory Peck

March 20, 2023

Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor and one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1970s. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck the 12th-greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema.

Gregory Peck
Peck in 1948
Born
Eldred Gregory Peck

(1916-04-05)April 5, 1916
San Diego, California, U.S.
DiedJune 12, 2003(2003-06-12) (aged 87)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting placeCathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles
Alma mater
OccupationActor
Years active1941–2000
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
Greta Kukkonen
​
​
(m. 1942; div. 1955)​
​
(m. 1955)​
Children5, including Cecilia Peck
RelativesEthan Peck (grandson)
Websitegregorypeck.com

After studying at the Neighborhood Playhouse with Sanford Meisner, Peck began appearing in stage productions, acting in over 50 plays and three Broadway productions. He first gained critical success in The Keys of the Kingdom (1944), a John M. Stahl–directed drama which earned him his first Academy Award nomination. He starred in a series of successful films, including romantic-drama The Valley of Decision (1944), Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945), and family film The Yearling (1946). He encountered lukewarm commercial reviews at the end of the 1940s, his performances including The Paradine Case (1947) and The Great Sinner (1948). Peck reached global recognition in the 1950s and 1960s, appearing back-to-back in the book-to-film adaptation of Captain Horatio Hornblower (1951) and biblical drama David and Bathsheba (1951). He starred alongside Ava Gardner in The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952) and Audrey Hepburn in Roman Holiday (1953), which earned Peck a Golden Globe award.

Other notable films in which he appeared include Moby Dick (1956, and its 1998 mini-series), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Cape Fear (1962, and its 1991 remake), The Omen (1976), and The Boys from Brazil (1978). Throughout his career, he often portrayed protagonists with "fiber" within a moral setting.[1] Gentleman's Agreement (1947) centered on topics of antisemitism, while Peck's character in Twelve O'Clock High (1949) dealt with post-traumatic stress disorder during World War II. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), an adaptation of the modern classic of the same name which revolved around racial inequality, for which he received universal acclaim. In 1983, he starred opposite Christopher Plummer in The Scarlet and The Black as Hugh O'Flaherty, a Catholic priest who saved thousands of escaped Allied POWs and Jewish people in Rome during the Second World War.

Peck was also active in politics, challenging the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947 and was regarded as a political opponent by President Richard Nixon. President Lyndon B. Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87.

Early life

Eldred Gregory Peck was born on April 5, 1916, in the neighborhood of La Jolla in San Diego, California,[2][3] to Bernice Mae "Bunny" (née Ayres; 1894–1992), and Gregory Pearl Peck (1886–1962), a Rochester, New York–born chemist and pharmacist. His father was of English (paternal) and Irish (maternal) heritage,[4][5] and his mother was of English and Scots ancestry.[6] She converted to her husband's religion, Catholicism, and Peck was raised as a Catholic. Through his Irish-born paternal grandmother Catherine Ashe (1864–1926), Peck was related to Thomas Ashe (1885–1917), who participated in the Easter Rising less than three weeks after Peck's birth and died while being force-fed during a hunger strike in 1917.[7]

 
Peck (right) with his father, c. 1930

Peck's parents divorced when he was five, and he was brought up by his maternal grandmother, who took him to the movies every week.[8][9] At the age of 10, he was sent to a Catholic military school, St. John's Military Academy in Los Angeles. While he was a student there, his grandmother died. At 14, he moved back to San Diego to live with his father. He attended San Diego High School,[10] and after graduating in 1934, enrolled for one year at San Diego State Teacher's College (now known as San Diego State University). While there, he joined the track team, took his first theatre and public-speaking courses, and pledged the Epsilon Eta fraternity.[11] Peck had ambitions to be a doctor, and later transferred to the University of California, Berkeley,[12] as an English major and pre-medical student. Standing 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), he rowed on the university crew. Although his tuition fee was only $26 per year, Peck still struggled to pay and took a job as a "hasher" (kitchen helper) for the Gamma Phi Beta sorority in exchange for meals.

At Berkeley, Peck's deep, well-modulated voice gained him attention, and after participating in a public speaking course, he decided to try acting. He was encouraged by an acting coach, who saw in him perfect material for university theatre, and he became more and more interested in acting. He was recruited by Edwin Duerr, director of the university's Little Theater, and appeared in five plays during his senior year, including as Starbuck in Moby Dick.[13] Peck later said about his years at Berkeley that "it was a very special experience for me and three of the greatest years of my life. It woke me up and made me a human being."[14] In 1996, Peck donated $25,000 to the Berkeley rowing crew in honor of his coach, the renowned Ky Ebright.[15]

Career

Beginnings and stage roles (1939–1943)

Peck did not graduate with his friends because he lacked one course. His college friends were concerned for him and wondered how he would get along without his degree. "I have all I need from the university", he told them. Peck dropped the name "Eldred" and headed to New York City to study at the Neighborhood Playhouse with the legendary acting teacher Sanford Meisner. He was often broke, and sometimes slept in Central Park.[16] He worked at the 1939 World's Fair as a barker, and Rockefeller Center as a tour guide for NBC television, and at Radio City Music Hall.[13] He dabbled in modelling before, in 1940, working in exchange for food at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, where he appeared in five plays, including Family Portrait and On Earth As It Is.[17]

His stage career began in 1941, when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaw's play The Doctor's Dilemma. The play opened in San Francisco just one week before the attack on Pearl Harbor.[18] He made his Broadway debut as the lead in Emlyn Williams' The Morning Star in 1942.[13] His second Broadway performance that year was in The Willow and I with Edward Pawley. Peck's acting abilities were in high demand during World War II since he had been exempted from military service because of a back injury suffered while receiving dance and movement lessons from Martha Graham as part of his acting training.[19] Twentieth Century Fox later claimed he had injured his back while rowing at university, but in Peck's words, "In Hollywood, they didn't think a dance class was macho enough, I guess. I've been trying to straighten out that story for years."[20] Peck performed in a total of 50 plays, including three short-lived Broadway productions, 4–5 road tours, and summer theater.[21]

Rapid critical and commercial success (1944–1946)

After gaining stage recognition, Peck was offered his first film role, the male lead in the war-romance Days of Glory (1944), directed by Jacques Tourneur, alongside top-billed Tamara Toumanova, a Russian-born ballerina.[13] Peck portrayed the leader of Russian guerrillas resisting the Germans in 1941 who stumble across a beautiful Russian dancer (Toumanova), who had been sent to entertain Russian troops, and protect her by letting her join their group.[13][22] During production of the film, Tourneur "untrained" Peck from his theater training where he was used to speaking in a formal manner and projecting his voice to the entire hall.[23] Peck considered his performance in the film as quite amateurish and did not wish to watch the film after it was released.[23] The film lost money at the box office, disappeared from theaters quickly,[24][25] and was largely dismissed by critics.[26][23]

 
Peck in his film debut Days of Glory (1944)

At the time of the film's release, critic Bosley Crowther of The New York Times assessed it as slow-moving and verbose, adding that Peck's acting was stiff.[a] Film historian Barry Monush has written, "Peck's star power was evident from the word go."[13] Following the release of the film, Peck gained the attention of producers, but rather than participating in the studio system, he decided to remain a freelancer with the ability to choose his roles, signing non-exclusive contracts with four studios,[28] including an unusual dual contract with 20th Century Fox and Gone With the Wind producer David O. Selznick.[29]

Peck's second movie, The Keys of the Kingdom (1944), features him as an 80-year-old Roman Catholic priest looking back at his undertakings during over half a century spent as a determined, self-sacrificing missionary in China.[30][22] The film shows the character aging from his 20s to 80; Peck featured in almost every scene.[31] The film was nominated for four Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Actor, which was Peck's first nomination.[32] Although the film finished only 27th at the box office in North America for 1944,[33] Jay Carr of Turner Classic Movies refers to it as Peck's breakthrough performance[34] while writer Patrick McGilligan says that it "catapulted him to stardom".[35] At the time of release, Peck's performance was lauded by Variety and The New York Times, amidst mixed reviews for the film itself.[b] The Radio Times referred to it as "a long, talkative and rather undramatic picture" but admitted that "its success saved Peck's career".[37] Craig Butler of AllMovie states "he gives a commanding performance, full of his usual quiet dignity and intelligence, and spiked with stubbornness and an inner fire that make the character truly come alive."[38]

In The Valley of Decision (1944), a romantic drama about intermingling social classes, Peck plays the eldest son of a wealthy steel mill owner in 1870s Pittsburgh who has a romance with one of his family's maids, portrayed by Greer Garson.[39][40] who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Upon release, reviews from The New York Times and Variety were somewhat positive, with Peck's performance described as commanding.[c] It was North America's highest-grossing movie of 1945.[42]

Peck's next film was the first of two collaborations with director Alfred Hitchcock, the suspense-romance Spellbound (1945), opposite Ingrid Bergman. Peck plays a man who is thought to be the new director of the psychiatric facility where Bergman's character works as a psychoanalyst, while his amnesia and disturbing visions suggest he may be a murderer.[43] Peck and Hitchcock were described as having a cordial but cool relationship.[44] Hitchcock initially hoped that Cary Grant would play the male lead.[45] Peck later stated that he thought he was too young when he first worked with Hitchcock, and that the director's on-set indifference to his character's motivation, important to Peck's acting style, shook his confidence.[29] Peck's chemistry clicked with his screen partner Bergman; the actors were romantically linked at the time.[46]

 
Peck and co-star Ingrid Bergman in the film Spellbound (1945)

Released at the end of 1945, Spellbound was a hit, ranking as the third-most successful film of 1946.[42] Spellbound was well received by critics at the time, as was Peck's performance.[d][49] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the film, stating that Peck's performance "restrained and refined, is precisely the proper counter to Bergman's exquisite role;"[47] Frank Miller of Turner Classic Movies has written that the movie continued the rise of Peck into a Hollywood star and even "a major sex symbol".[50] Producer David O. Selznick noted that during preview tests of the movie, the women in the audiences had substantive reactions to the appearance of Peck's name during the opening credits, stating that during his first few scenes the audience had to be shushed to quiet down.[50] Spellbound was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture, although it was not in the National Board of Review's top ten films of the year.[32][51]

In The Yearling (1946),[22] Peck portrays a kind-hearted father, opposite onscreen wife, Jane Wyman, whose son finds and insists on raising a three-day-old fawn in 1870s Florida.[43] Reviews upon release were very positive[e] with Bosley Crowther evaluating it as a film that "provides a wealth of satisfaction that few films ever attain".[53] The Yearling was a box office success finishing with the ninth highest box office gross for 1947[42] and landed six Academy Award nominations, including Best Actor. Peck won the Golden Globe for Best Actor for performance.[54] In recent decades, it has continued to receive critical praise[f] with Barry Monush writing, it is "one of the best-made and most-loved family films of its day".[13]

Peck took his first "against type" role, as a cruel, amoral cowboy in the western soap opera Duel in the Sun (1946) with top-billed Jennifer Jones as the provocative, temptress object of Peck's love, anger and desire.[58][59] Their chemistry is described by film historian David Thomson as "a constant knife fight of sensuality".[60] Also starring Joseph Cotten as Peck's righteous half brother and competitor for the affections of the "steamy, sexpot" character of Jones,[61] the movie was resoundingly criticized, and even banned in some cities, due to its lurid nature.[62][63] The publicity around the eroticism of Duel in the Sun,[64] one of the biggest movie advertising campaigns in history,[65][59] used a new tactic of opening in hundreds of theaters across the U.S. at once,[66] saturating the theaters in cities where it opened,[67] resulting in the film being the second highest-grossing movie of both 1947 and the 1940s.[68] Nicknamed "Lust in the Dust", the film received mostly negative reviews upon release,[g] such as Bosley Crowther writing that "performances are strangely uneven",[71] although Jones received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. The opinions of Peck's performance have been polarized.[h]

Critical successes and commercial lows (1947–1949)

In 1947, Peck co-founded The La Jolla Playhouse, at his birthplace, with Mel Ferrer and Dorothy McGuire.[73] This summer stock company presented productions in the La Jolla High School Auditorium from 1947 until 1964. In 1983, the La Jolla Playhouse re-opened in a new home at the University of California, San Diego, where it operates today. It has attracted Hollywood film stars on hiatus, both as performers and enthusiastic supporters, since its inception.

Peck's next release was the modest-budget, serious adult drama, The Macomber Affair (1947), in which he portrays an African hunting trip guide assisting a visiting couple. During the trip, the wife, played by Joan Bennett, becomes enamored with Peck, and the husband gets shot.[74] Peck was very active in the development of the film, including recommending director Zoltan Korda.[75] The film received positive reviews[i] but was mostly overlooked by the public upon its release, which Peck would later say disappointed him.[75]

 
Peck with actors Dorothy McGuire and Sam Jaffe in Gentleman's Agreement (1947)

In November 1947, Peck's next film, the landmark Gentleman's Agreement, directed by Elia Kazan, was released and was immediately proclaimed as "Hollywood's first major attack on anti-Semitism".[77][78] Based on a novel, the film has Peck portraying a New York magazine writer who pretends to be Jewish so he can experience personally the hostility of bigots.[79] It was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Peck for Best Actor, winning in the Best Film and Best Director categories. It was the second-highest top-grossing film of 1948.[80] Peck would indicate in his later years that the film was one of his proudest works.[81] Upon release, Gentleman's Agreement was widely praised for both its courageousness and its quality,[j][83] Peck's performance has been described as very convincing by many critics, both upon release and in recent years.[k] In recent decades, critics have expressed differing opinions regarding Peck's portrayal, the quality of the film by modern standard, and the film's effectiveness at addressing anti-semitism,[l] with film writer Matt Bailey writing "Gentleman's Agreement may have been an important film at one time, but was never a good film,"[88][m][90][n]

Peck's next three releases were each commercial disappointments. The Paradine Case (1947), was his second and last film with Hitchcock. When producer David O. Selznick insisted on casting Peck for the movie, Hitchcock was apprehensive, questioning whether Peck could properly portray an English lawyer.[93] In later years, Peck did not speak fondly of the making of the movie[94] Released in 1947,The Paradine Case was a British-set courtroom drama about a defense lawyer in love with his client.[60] It had an international cast including Charles Laughton, Ethel Barrymore and Alida Valli as the accused.[95] The movie received positive reviews, many complimenting Peck's performance,[o] but was panned by the public, only recouping half of the $4.2 million production costs.[97] In recent decades, the film was criticized by most prominent writers, although critic's praised Peck's acting.[p] Writers Paul Condon and Jim Sangster stated that "Peck is vulnerable yet believable in a role that requires significant delicacy of touch to maintain viewer's loyalty and interest."[100]

 
Peck in the film Yellow Sky (1949)

Peck shared top billing with Anne Baxter in the western Yellow Sky (1948), the namesake setting as the ghost town Peck's group of bank robbers seek refuge in, encountering the spunky tomboy, Baxter, and her grandfather, alongside their gold.[101] Peck gradually develops an interest in Baxter's character, who in turn seems to rediscover her femininity and develops an interest in him.[102][q] Critics which commented on Peck's performance felt it to be solid.[r][104] as being slightly unbelievable,[s][103] The film was only moderately commercially successful.[105] A year later, Peck was paired with Ava Gardner for their first of three films together in The Great Sinner (1949), a period drama-romance where a Russian writer, Peck, becomes addicted to gambling while helping Gardner and her father pay back their debts.[106] Peck ended up becoming great friends with Gardner, and would later declare her his favorite co-star.[13] Their friendship lasted the rest of Gardner's life, and upon her death in 1990, Peck took in both her housekeeper and her dog.[107] The film received unfavorable reviews usually describing it as dull,[t] and the public was not interested, rendering it a commercial disappointment.[109] In modern times, the film has received mixed reviews[u][55] but TV Guide says "this often gripping film" has strong performances, that "Peck is powerful" in his portrayal.[110] Peck initially rejected the film, his last movie under his MGM contract, eventually agreeing to do it as a favor to the studio's production head.[111]

His second 1949 release, Twelve O'Clock High (1949), was the first of many films in which Peck embodied the brave, effective, yet human, "fighting man". Based on true events, Peck portrays the new commander of a U.S. World War II bomber squadron tasked with whipping the crew into shape, but then breaks down emotionally under the stress of the job.[79] The National Board of Review ranked it in their top ten films of the year[51] and it received four Academy Awards nominations, Best Actor for Peck.[32] Peck was later recognized in the New York Film Critics Circle for the role.[54] Twelve O'Clock High was a commercial success finishing tenth in the 1950 box office rankings.[112] The film received strong reviews upon release.[v][114][115] Recent critics maintain positive opinions.[w][119] Evaluations of Peck's performance were positive,[x] with The New York Times describing "High and particular praise for Gregory Peck ... Peck does an extraordinarily able job in revealing the hardness and the softness of a general exposed to peril."[120] Film historian Peter von Bagh considers Peck's performance "as Brigadier General Frank Savage to be the most enduring of his life".[121]

Worldwide fame (1950–1953)

Peck began the 1950s with two westerns, the first being The Gunfighter (1950), directed by Henry King, who had worked with him previously on Twelve O'Clock High. Peck plays an aging "Top Gun of the West" who is now weary of killing and wishes to retire with his alluring but pragmatic wife and his seven-year-old son, both of whom he has not seen for many years.[122][123] Peck and King did much photographic research about the Wild West Era, discovering that most cowboys had facial hair, "bowl" haircuts and wore beat-up clothing; Peck subsequently wore a mustache while filming.[124][125] The studio's president called for re-shoots upon seeing the initial footage due to the mustache, but backed out due to costs inflated by the production manager at King and Peck's persuasion.[125][126] The Gunfighter did fair but disappointing business at the box office,[127] earning $5.6 million in receipts, the 47th most for 1951.[128] 20th Century Fox's studio chief Darryl Zanuck blamed Peck's mustache for the lukewarm reaction from Peck's typical fans, stating that wanted to see usual handsome, clean-shaven Peck, not the authentic-cowboy Peck.[125] The Gunfighter, received "solid reviews" upon release, with particular enthusiasm from some critics,[129][y] and Peck's performance "bringing him some of his best notices".[13] The New York Times wrote, "through Mr. Peck's fine performance, a fair comprehension is conveyed of the loneliness and the isolation of a man with a lurid name ... an arresting and quite exciting film."[131] The movie has grown in critical appreciation over the years and "is now considered one of the all-time classic westerns"[132][z] Critics of recent decades uniformly praise Peck's performance,[aa] with David Parkinson of Radio Times saying "Peck gives a performance of characteristic dignity and grit."[136][133][ab]

 
Peck and Barbara Payton in Only the Valiant (1951)

Peck's next western was Only the Valiant (1951), a low-budget movie, for which Peck disliked the script and would later label as the low point of his career.[137] Peck's non-exclusive contract with David O. Selznick permitted Selznick to sell his services to other studios, and Selznick sold his services to Warner Bros for this movie after he ran into financial difficulties.[137] The plot of the film is listed as "an unpopular, strict leader gathers together a rag-tag group of men and leads them on an extremely dangerous mission, turning them into a well-oiled fighting machine by the end and earning respect along the way."[138] Peck portrays a U.S. army captain and the mission is to protect an undermanned army fort against the attacking Apache.[139] Peck's romantic interest was played by Barbara Payton.[46][140] Variety's review said "In this cavalry yarn ... great pains have been exerted to provide interesting characters. Peck makes the most of a colorful role."[141] It earned a moderate $5.7 million, ranking at 35th for the year.[142] This little-remembered picture, today receives mixed reviews, although Peck's acting is praised.[ac]

Peck's second 1951 release was the book-to-film adaptation Captain Horatio Hornblower, featuring Peck as the commander of a warship in the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars who finds romance with Virginia Mayo's character. Peck was attracted to the character, saying, "I thought Hornblower was an interesting character. I never believe in heroes who are unmitigated and unadulterated heroes, who never know the meaning of fear."[146] The role had been originally intended for Errol Flynn, but he was felt to be too old by the time the project came to fruition.[147] Captain Horatio Hornblower was a box office success, finishing ninth for the year in the UK[148] and seventh in the North America.[149] Peck's role in the film was largely praised by reviewers. The Associated Press stated that Peck provided "the proper dash and authenticity as the remarkable nineteenth-century skipper"[150] and Variety later wrote "Peck stands out as a skilled artist, capturing the spirit of the character and atmosphere of the period."[151] Modern reviews have given mixed reactions toward Peck's performance.[ad] Richard Gilliam of AllMovie argues, it is "an excellent performance from Gregory Peck" stating that "Peck brings his customary aura of intelligence and moral authority to the role,"[154] while the Radio Times asserts "Gregory Peck plays Hornblower as a high-principle stuff shirt and thus confounds director Raoul Walsh's efforts to inject some pace."[155][ae]

 
Peck alongside co-star Susan Hayward in David and Bathsheba

His third film with Henry King's direction, David and Bathsheba, a Biblical epic, was the top-grossing movie of 1951.[112] The two-hit-movie punch of Horatio and David elevated Peck to the status of Hollywood mega-star.[157] David and Bathsheba tells the story of David (Peck), who slew Goliath as a teenager; and, later, as beloved King, becomes infatuated with the married Bathsheba, played by Susan Hayward.[158] Peck's performance in David and Bathsheba was evaluated upon release by The New York Times "as an authoritative performance,"[159] and Variety stated "Peck is a commanding personality ... he shades his character expertly",[160] In recent years, critics have argued that his "stiff" performance is made up for in charisma, but overall praised his strength in the role[161][162][163] and Leonard Maltin says the movie has "only fair performances".[55] David and Bathsheba opened with positive reviews, including praise for avoiding excessive spectacle[af] while remaining an epic with "dignified restraint".[164]

Peck returned to swashbucklers in The World in His Arms (1952), directed by Raoul Walsh, who had also directed Captain Horatio Hornblower. Peck portrays a seal-hunting ship captain in 1850 San Francisco who romances a Russian countess played by Ann Blyth and ends up engaging a rival sealer played by Anthony Quinn in a sailing race to Alaska.[165][166] The film was given positive reviews by both contemporary and modern critics.[ag][168][169] All Movie commented that Peck is "a superb actor, who brings enormous skill to the part, but who simply lacks the overt derring-do and danger that is part of the role."[170] The film was moderately successful, more so in the UK than in North America.[171][172]

He reunited with previous collaborators King, Hayward, and Gardner in The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952), an adaptation of a short story by Ernest Hemingway.[173] The film stars Peck as a self-concerned writer looking back on his life, particularly his romance with his first wife (Gardner), while he slowly dies from an accidental wound while on an African hunting expedition with his current wife (Hayward) nursing him.[174] The film was praised for its cinematography and direction.[ah][ai] Most reviews praise Peck's performance, with TV Guide saying the story is "enacted with power and conviction by Peck," although some criticized his "bland" expressions.[179] The Snows of Kilimanjaro was a box office hit and ranked as the fourth-highest-grossing movie of 1952.[42]

 
Peck and Audrey Hepburn in a promotional still for Roman Holiday (1953)

Peck's "first real foray into comedy" was Roman Holiday (1953), directed by William Wyler.[13] He portrayed American journalist Joe Bradley opposite Audrey Hepburn as a European princess in her first significant film role.[180][13][181][182][183] Peck's role in Roman Holiday had originally been offered to Cary Grant, who turned it down because the part appeared to be more of a supporting role to the princess.[180] Peck had the same concern, but was persuaded by Wyler that the on-site filming in Rome would be an exceptional experience, and accepted the part, even eventually insisting that Hepburn's name be above the title of the film (just beneath his) in the opening credits.[180] Peck later stated that he had told his agent "I'm smart enough to know this girl's going to win the Oscar in her first picture, and I'm going to look like a damned fool if her name is not up there on top with mine."[126]

Roman Holiday was a commercial success, finishing 22nd in the box office in 1953.[112] The film continued to garner money after its release, with "modern sources noting it earned $10 million total at the box office".[184] Critics praised Peck's performance; Bosley Crowther stated that "Peck makes a stalwart and manly escort ... whose eyes belie his restrained exterior,"[183] while the Hollywood Reporter commented that "Peck turns in another of his outstanding performances playing the love-smitten reporter with intelligence and good-humored conviction;"[185][186] The film was met with critical acclaim.[aj][186][188][86][ak][191][192] It was nominated for multiple accolades, including 8 Academy Awards, with Hepburn winning for Best Actress; Peck also scored a BAFTA nomination for Foreign Actor.[42] At the 1955 Golden Globe awards, Peck and Hepburn were named the World Film Favorite Award winners for their respective genders.[42]

Overseas and New York (1954–1957)

With his acclaimed performance in The Gunfighter, Peck was offered the lead role in High Noon (1952) but turned it down because he did not want to become typecast as a Westerns actor.[129] Peck was based in the United Kingdom for about eighteen months between 1953 and 1955; new tax laws had drastically raised the tax rate on high-income earners, but the tax amount due would be reduced if the payer worked outside the country for extended periods.[193] After Roman Holiday's production in Italy, his three subsequent films were shot and set in London, Germany and Southeast Asia, respectively. Peck starred in The Million Pound Note (1954), based on a Mark Twain short story.[194] Peck enjoyed the film's production as "it was a good comedy opportunity" and "was given probably the most elegant wardrobe he had ever worn in film".[194] He plays a penniless American seaman in 1903 London who is given a one million pound bank note by two rich, eccentric brothers who wish to ascertain if he can survive for one month without spending any of it.[195][194] The film performed modestly at the box office and received mixed reviews for its production.[194][195][196][al] Adrian Turner of the Radio Times praised it as a "lovely comedy" which "has a lot of charm and gentle humor, owing to Peck's evident delight in the role and the unobtrusive direction" adding it has a "witty script".[198]

He portrayed a US army colonel investigating the kidnapping of a young soldier in Night People (1954).[199] Peck later stated that the role of was one of his favorites as his lines were "tough and crisp and full of wisecracks, and more aggressive than other roles" he'd played.[200] The film received praise for its production and direction, but did poorly at the box office.[201][200] Peck flew to Sri Lanka to film The Purple Plain (1954), playing a Canadian bomber pilot with strong emotional problems during the Second World War.[193][202][203] The Purple Plain was panned in the United States but became a hit in the United Kingdom, ranking tenth at the box office in 1954,[204] and was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film.[42][193][205] Of his performance, Crowther wrote, "the extent of Peck's agony is impressively transmitted ... in vivid and unrelenting scenes."[206] In recent years, the movie "has become one of Peck's most respected works,"[193][55][202] with critic David Thomson rating Peck's performance as excellent.[22] Craig Butler of All Movie describes "Peck is astonishing, giving the sort of layered, intense yet nuanced performance that deserves major awards".[207]

 
Peck with Jennifer Jones in a film still for The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1956)

In 1954, Peck was named the third most popular non-British film star in the United Kingdom.[208] Peck did not have a film released in 1955. Peck made a comeback in the US. with The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1956), in which he portrays a married, ex-soldier father of three who is increasingly haunted by his deeds in Italy during the Second World War.[209][210] The film saw Peck reunited with Duel in the Sun co-star Jennifer Jones; during the filming of a scene where their characters argue, Jones clawed his face with her fingernails, prompting Peck to say to the director "I don't call that acting. I call it personal."[211] The movie was successful, finishing eighth in box office gross for the year[212] despite contemporary and modern reviews being mixed.[211][am][213][216][215][an][218][219] Butler of AllMovie declared that "the role fits (Gregory Peck) as if it had been tailor-made for him. Peck's particular brilliance lies in the quiet strength that is so much a part of him and the way in which he uses subtle changes in that quietness to signal mammoth emotions. He's given ample opportunity to do so here and the results are enthralling ... an exceptional performance".[218] Radio Times refers to "the excellent Peck" and states Peck plays "the appealing flawed hero".

Peck next starred as Captain Ahab in the 1956 film adaptation of Herman Melville's Moby Dick; he was unsure about his suitability for the part but was persuaded by director John Huston to take the role.[220][221] Peck almost drowned twice during filming in stormy weather off the sea coasts of Ireland and several other performers and crew members suffered injuries.[222] John Huston was named best director of the year by the New York Film Critics Circle and the National Board of Review for Moby Dick, but did not receive a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director. The movie had the ninth highest box office of the year in North America,[42] but cost $4.5 million to make, more than double the original budget, and was considered a commercial disappointment.[222] In 2003, editor Barry Monush wrote, "There was, and continues to be, controversy over his casting as Ahab in Moby Dick."[13] Upon opening, Variety said: "Peck often seems understated and much too gentlemanly for a man supposedly consumed by insane fury."[223][221]The Hollywood Reporter argued "Peck plays it ... in a brooding, smoldering vein, but none the less intensely and dynamically."[224] In modern times, critics have said Peck is: "often mesmerizing";[13] "stoic" and "more than adequate"; "[225] and "lending a deranged dignity" to the role.[55][22][226][179][227][228] Peck himself later said "I wasn't mad enough, not crazy enough, not obsessive enough – I should have done more. At the time, I didn't have more in me."[229]

 
Peck and Lauren Bacall in the film Designing Woman (1957)

For romantic comedy Designing Woman (1957), Peck was permitted to choose his leading lady: Lauren Bacall, who was content to be busy with work as her husband was gravely ill at the time.[230] The film revolves around a fashion designer and a sports writer on Californian vacation who have a whirlwind romance and hasty marriage despite Peck's character already having a girlfriend back home, only to find out when they return to New York that they have vastly different lifestyles.[231] The film was mildly successful and entered at 35th for annual gross, but did not break even.[232][233] Upon release, Variety said "Bacall ... is excellent ... Peck is fine as the confused sportswriter" and added that all the other actors/actresses give top-notch performances.[234][ao] In recent years, the few reviews from prominent critics or websites are generally positive[ap] with TV Guide exclaiming "they've made ... the famous stoneface ... Peck, somewhat funny. Bacall gives an especially good performance." Designing Women won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.[236]

Reflections on violence (1958–1959)

 
Peck and Joan Collins in The Bravados (1958)
 
Peck and co-star Carroll Baker in The Big Country (1958)

Peck's next movie, the western The Bravados (1958), reunited him with director Henry King after a six-year gap.[127] King was widely considered to have produced some of Peck's best work; Peck once said "King was like an older brother, even a father figure. We communicated without talking anything to death. It was direction by osmosis."[126][237][238] In The Bravados, Peck's character spends weeks pursuing four outlaws whom he believes raped and murdered his wife while agonizing over his own morals.[239][240][241] The film was a moderate success, finishing in the top 20 of the box office for 1959.[242][42] In recent years, the film and Peck's performance has received mixed reviews;[aq] with Time Out asserting that "Peck's "crisis of conscience ... is worked out in perfunctory religious terms;"[244] and TV Guide stating Peck's cowboy's "moment of truth is a powerful one and he gives it all the value it deserves, although much of his acting up to then had been lackluster".[245]

In 1956, Peck made a foray into the film production business, organizing Melville Productions and later, Brentwood Productions.[246] These companies produced five movies over seven years, all starring Peck,[246] including Pork Chop Hill, for which Peck served as the executive producer.[247] The films were observed by some as becoming more political,[29] although Peck said he tried to avoid any "overt preachiness".[126] In 1958, Peck and good friend William Wyler co-produced the western epic The Big Country (1958) separate from Peck's production company.[248] The project ran into numerous issues; Wyler and Peck were dissatisfied with the script, which underwent almost daily revisions, causing stress for the performers.[249] Peck and the screenwriters ended up rewriting the script after each day's shooting, causing stress for the performers, who would arrive the next day and find their lines and even entire scenes different than for what they had prepared.[250] The stellar cast included Jean Simmons, Carrol Baker, Chuck Connors, Charlton Heston and Burl Ives; Ives won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his intense performance. There were disagreements between director Wyler and the performers, resulting in Peck storming off-set when Wyler refused to re-shoot a close-up scene.[249] Peck and Wyler's relationship remained strained for three years after production.[249][250] Peck said in 1974 that he had tried producing and acting simultaneously and felt "either it can't be done or it's just that I don't do it well".[238]

The film itself was a big hit, finishing fourth at the domestic box office in 1958[251] and second in the UK.[252][13][253][254] At the time of release, reviews for The Big Country were mixed, regarding the producers' prioritization of characterization versus technical filmmaking; opinions on Peck's performance were also disparate.[ar] In recent decades, critical opinion of The Big Country has generally risen although there is still disagreement; many prominent critics and publications describe the cinematography as excellent, some laud Peck's performance, and some cite the film as too long.[as][260][261]

Peck's next feature was Pork Chop Hill (1959), based on true events depicted in a book.[262] Peck portrays a lieutenant during the Korean War who is ordered to use his infantry company to take the strategically insignificant Pork Chop Hill, as its capture would strengthen the U.S.'s position in the almost-complete armistice negotiations.[263] As executive producer, Peck recruited Lewis Milestone of All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) to direct. Many critics label it as an anti-war film;[13][264] it has also been stated that "as shooting progressed it became clear Peck and Milestone had very different artistic visions."[265] Peck later said the movie showed "the futility of settling political arguments by killing young men. We tried not to preach; we let it speak for itself."[126] Despite solid reviews, the film did only fair business at the box office.[266] Most critics, both upon Pork Chop Hill's opening[at] and in recent years,[au] agree that it is a gritty, grim and realistic rendering of battle action.[269] Three critics who comment on Peck's performance are laudatory,[av] with Variety saying Peck's performance is "completely believable. He comes through as a born leader, and yet it is quite clear that he has moments of doubt and of uncertainty."[263]

Peck's second release of 1959 cast him opposite Deborah Kerr in Beloved Infidel which as based on the memoirs of film columnist Sheilah Graham. The film portrays the romance between Graham (Kerr) and author F. Scott Fitzgerald (Peck) during the last three years of his life, towards the end of which Fitzgerald was often drunk and abusive.[270] Crowther assessed it as "generally flat and uninteresting" with a "postured performance of Gregory Peck ... his grim-faced, monotony as a washout is relieved in a couple of critical scenes by some staggering and bawling as a drunkard, but that is hardly enough."[271] Variety said that "the acting, while excellent and persuasive in parts, is shallow and artificial in others. Problem is primarily with Peck who brings to Fitzgerald the kind of clean-cut looks and youthful appearance that conflict with the image of a has-been novelist."[272] Reviews from five prominent scribes in recent decades are similar, saying, Peck was blatantly miscast,[aw] with TV Guide specifying that because of their physical differences Craig Butler saying "Peck was an extremely talented actor, but there is nothing in his personality that matches the qualities associated with Fitzgerald.[22]

 
Peck in a publicity still for On the Beach (1959)

Peck starred next in On the Beach (1959) alongside Ava Gardner in their third and final film together.[276] The film is considered to be Hollywood's first major movie about the implications of nuclear warfare. Directed by Stanley Kramer and based on Neville Shute's best-selling book, it shows the last months of several people in Melbourne, Australia as they await the onset of radioactive fallout from nuclear bombs.[277] Peck portrays a U.S. submarine commander who has brought his crew to Australia from the North Pacific Ocean after nuclear bombs had been detonated in the northern hemisphere, and who eventually romances Gardner's character.[277] The film was named in the top ten lists of the National Board of Review and the New York Film Critics Circle[278] and was successful at the North American box office finishing eighth for the year,[42] but due to its high production cost it lost $700,000.[279] On the Beach was praised by critics.[ax][86][277][ay] In recent decades, critical opinion of On the Beach is mixed with some prominent critics asserting the script is poor,[az] but some critics saying the acting, especially Peck, and cinematography are excellent, and that, overall, the film is powerful.[ba] Butler of AllMovie writes, "... problematic is the clichéd, almost soap-operatic relationship between Gregory Peck and Ava Gardner and the somewhat melodramatic handling of other sections of the film ... The cast helps tremendously. Peck has rarely been more stalwart ... Even decades after its release, Beach is a harrowing and devastating experience."[284]

Second commercial and critical peak (1960–1964)

Peck's first release of 1961 was The Guns of Navarone.[285] A J. Lee Thompson-directed World War II drama, it depicts Peck's six-man commando team, which includes David Niven and Anthony Quinn, undertaking a mission to destroy two seemingly impregnable German-controlled artillery guns on Navarone Island.[62] The team of specialists (Peck is the mountain climbing expert) needs to destroy the guns so British ships can evacuate 2,000 trapped British soldiers across the Aegean Sea.[62][286] During filming Peck said his team seems to defeat "the entire German army" which approached parody, and he concluded that cast members had to "play their roles with complete conviction" to make the film convincing.[287][288] The film was the top-grossing movie of 1961,[112] and became "one of the most popular adventure movies of its day".[13] It landed seven Academy Award nominations, winning for Best Special Effects; other accolades include the Golden Globe Award for Best Dramatic Movie and the BAFTA for Best British Screenplay.[32][287]

 
Peck and David Niven in The Guns of Navarone (1961)

Critics praised The Guns of Navarone, it being named the best picture of the year in Film Daily's annual poll of critics and industry reporters in 1961.[bb] In recent decades, most prominent critics or publications give it positive reviews[bc][293][294] Paul V. Peckly of The New York Herald Tribune wrote, "Peck may seem at times a trifle wooden and his German accent too obviously American .... but his not too introspective, somewhat baffled manner is manly and fitted to the role he plays.[287][286]

Peck's next film was Cape Fear (1962), produced by Melville Productions. Peck portrays a lawyer whose witness testimony convicted Robert Mitchum's character, who upon being released from prison after serving eight years for sexual assault, threatens to get back at Peck through his wife and daughter, and meticulously terrorizes the family.[295] Peck was anxious to have Mitchum in the role of Cady, but Mitchum declined at first and only relented after Peck and Thompson delivered a case of bourbon to Mitchum's home.[296] Many cuts were made to the movie to satisfy censorship codes in the US and UK.[296] The film grossed only $5 million at the North American box office, 47th for the year. [297] Crowther and Variety gave Cape Fear solid reviews.[bd] Crowther said, Both expressed satisfaction with Peck's performance, although Variety noted he could have been a little more stressed by the occurrences. Other reviews were mixed due to the movie's disturbing nature, including The New Yorker.[296] In recent decades, reviews have been generally positive.[be][304] Critics commented on Peck's performance in Cape Fear, with TV Guide saying "Peck is careful not to act the fear; he's an interesting foe for Mitchum."

After Cape Fear, Peck planned to make his directorial debut with They're a Weird Mob but eventually did not make the film.[305]

 
Peck as Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor

Peck's next role was in the 1962 film adaptation of Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird, playing the role of the kind and scrupulously honest lawyer-father, Atticus Finch.[306] This perfomance saw his fifth and final Academy Award nomination, for which he won Best Actor. The film received a further seven nominations including for Best Picture, Director and Cinematography, also winning Adapted Screenplay and Art Direction. At the Golden Globes, Peck won for Best Actor in a Drama and the film was nominated for Best Film and Director; the film was nominated for Best Film at the BAFTAs.[bf][307] The film was a commercial success as the sixth-highest-grossing film of the year.[297] In 2003, Atticus Finch, as portrayed by Peck, was named the greatest film hero of the past 100 years by the American Film Institute.[308] Peck would later say of To Kill A Mockingbird: "My favorite film, without any question."[86]

When producer Alan J. Pakula and director Robert Mulligan approached Peck about taking the role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird, Peck agreed to read the book. He stated "I got started on it and of course I sat up all night and read straight through it ... I called them at about eight o'clock in the morning and said 'When do I start?'"[309][bg] Peck did eventually request changes so that film deviated somewhat from the book, mainly showing more scenes of Peck in the courtroom than were in the original rough cut, thus shifting the focus away from the children, who had been the focus of the book, and more towards Atticus Finch.[bh] [bi][309] Peck's performance received universal acclaim from critics. Variety wrote that the role was especially challenging for Peck but that he "not only succeeds, but makes it appear effortless, etching a portrayal of strength, dignity and intelligence."[bj] The Hollywood Reporter said "Peck gives probably the finest performance of his career, understated, casual, effective."[316] Time posited "Peck, though he is generally excellent, lays it on a bit thick at times – he seems to imagine himself the Abe Lincoln of Alabama."[317][318] Reviews in recent decades have similarly lauded Peck's performance,[bk] with Film Monthly observing, "Gregory Peck's performance as lawyer Atticus Finch is just as beautiful, natural, and nuanced as the movie itself."[323][13] Both Michael Gebert[42] and Andrew Collins of Radio Times[324] refer to Atticus Finch as the role that defined Peck's career.

Mature years and later work (1965–2000)

Peck served as the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1967, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute from 1967 to 1969, Chairman of the Motion Picture and Television Relief Fund in 1971, and National Chairman of the American Cancer Society in 1966. He was a member of the National Council on the Arts from 1964 to 1966.[325]

Peck's rare attempts at villainous roles were not acclaimed. Early on, he played the renegade son in the Western Duel in the Sun, and, later in his career, the infamous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele in The Boys from Brazil.[326] In the 1980s, Peck moved to television, where he starred in the mini-series The Blue and the Gray, playing Abraham Lincoln. He also starred with Christopher Plummer, John Gielgud, and Barbara Bouchet in the television film The Scarlet and The Black, about Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, a real-life Catholic priest in the Vatican who smuggled Jews and other refugees away from the Nazis during World War II.

Peck, Mitchum, and Martin Balsam all had roles in the 1991 remake of Cape Fear, directed by Martin Scorsese. In the remake, Peck played Max Cady's lawyer. His last prominent film role also came in 1991, in Other People's Money, directed by Norman Jewison and based on the stage play of that name. Peck played a business owner trying to save his company against a hostile takeover bid by a Wall Street liquidator played by Danny DeVito.

Peck retired from active film-making after the film. Peck spent the last few years of his life touring the world doing speaking engagements in which he would show clips from his movies and take questions from the audience. He came out of retirement for a 1998 mini-series version of one of his most famous films, Moby Dick, portraying Father Mapple (played by Orson Welles in the 1956 version), with Patrick Stewart as Captain Ahab, the role Peck played in the earlier film. It was his final performance, and it won him the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film. Peck had been offered the role of Grandpa Joe in the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, but died before he could accept it. The Irish actor David Kelly was then given the part.[327]

Politics

In 1947, while many Hollywood figures were being blacklisted for similar activities, Peck signed a letter deploring a House Un-American Activities Committee investigation of alleged communists in the film industry.[328] A life-long Democrat, Peck was suggested in 1970 as a possible Democratic candidate to run against Ronald Reagan for the office of California Governor. Although he later admitted that he had no interest in being a candidate himself for public office, Peck encouraged one of his sons, Carey Peck, to run for political office. He was defeated both times by slim margins in races in 1978 and 1980 against Republican U.S. Representative Bob Dornan, another former actor.[citation needed]

 
Peck with Deputy Mayor of Boston Henry Scagnoli c. 1968

Peck revealed that former President Lyndon Johnson had told him that, had he sought re-election in 1968, he intended to offer Peck the post of U.S. ambassador to Ireland – a post Peck, owing to his Irish ancestry, said he might well have taken, saying, "[It] would have been a great adventure".[329] The actor's biographer Michael Freedland substantiates the report, and says that Johnson indicated that his presentation of the Medal of Freedom to Peck would perhaps make up for his inability to confer the ambassadorship.[330] President Richard Nixon, though, placed Peck on his "enemies list", owing to Peck's liberal activism.[331]

Peck was outspoken against the Vietnam War, while remaining supportive of his son, Stephen, who fought there. In 1972, Peck produced the film version of Daniel Berrigan's play The Trial of the Catonsville Nine about the prosecution of a group of Vietnam protesters for civil disobedience. Despite his reservations about American general Douglas MacArthur as a man, Peck had long wanted to play him on film, and did so in MacArthur in 1976.[332] Peck was a close friend of French president Jacques Chirac.[333]

In 1978, Peck traveled to Alabama, the setting of To Kill a Mockingbird, to campaign for Democratic U.S. Senate nominee Donald W. Stewart of Anniston, who defeated the Republican candidate, James D. Martin, a former U.S. representative from Gadsden. In 1987, Peck undertook the voice-overs for television commercials opposing President Ronald Reagan's Supreme Court nomination of judge Robert Bork.[334] Bork's nomination was defeated. Peck was also a vocal supporter of a worldwide ban of nuclear weapons, and a life-long advocate of gun control.[335][336]

Documents declassified in 2017 show that the National Security Agency had created a biographical file on Peck as part of its monitoring of prominent US citizens.[337]

Personal life

In October 1942, Peck married Finnish-born Greta Kukkonen (1911–2008), with whom he had three sons: Jonathan (1944–1975), Stephen (b. 1946), and Carey Paul (b. 1949). They were divorced in December 1955.[338] Peck's eldest son was found dead in his home on June 26, 1975, in what authorities believed was a suicide.[339]

 
Peck with his wife Veronique in 1959

During his first marriage, Peck had a brief affair with Spellbound co-star Ingrid Bergman.[46] He confessed the affair to Brad Darrach of People in a 1987 interview, saying: "All I can say is that I had a real love for her [Bergman], and I think that's where I ought to stop ... I was young. She was young. We were involved for weeks in close and intense work."[340][341][342]

On New Year's Eve in 1955, the day after his divorce was final, Peck married Véronique Passani (1932–2012),[343] a Paris news reporter who had interviewed him in 1952 before he went to Italy to film Roman Holiday. He asked her to lunch six months later, and they became inseparable. They had a son, Anthony Peck (b. 1956),[344] and a daughter, Cecilia Peck (b. 1958).[345] The couple remained married until Gregory Peck's death. His son Anthony is a former husband of supermodel Cheryl Tiegs. Peck had grandchildren from both marriages.[346] One of his grandsons from his first marriage is actor Ethan Peck.

Peck was the owner of thoroughbred steeplechase race horses. In 1963, Owen's Sedge finished seventh in the Grand National.[347] Another of his horses, Different Class, raced in the 1968 Grand National[348] The horse was favored, but finished third.

Peck was Roman Catholic, and once considered entering the priesthood. Later in his career, a journalist asked Peck if he was a practicing Catholic. Peck answered: "I am a Roman Catholic. Not a fanatic, but I practice enough to keep the franchise. I don't always agree with the Pope ... There are issues that concern me, like abortion, contraception, the ordination of women ... and others."[349] His second marriage was performed by a justice of the peace, not by a priest, because the Church prohibits remarriage if the first spouse is still living and the first marriage was not annulled. Peck was a significant fund-raiser for the missionary work of a priest friend of his (Father Albert O'Hara), and served as co-producer of a cassette recording of the New Testament with his son Stephen.[349]

Death and legacy

 
Gregory Peck's tomb at Los Angeles Cathedral

On June 12, 2003, Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87 at his home in Los Angeles.[350] His wife, Veronique, was by his side.[8]

Gregory Peck is entombed in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels mausoleum in Los Angeles. His eulogy was read by Brock Peters, whose character, Tom Robinson, was defended by Peck's Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird.[351][352] Celebrities who attended Peck's funeral included Lauren Bacall, Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte, Shari Belafonte, Harrison Ford, Calista Flockhart, Mike Farrell, Shelley Fabares, Jimmy Smits, Louis Jourdan, Dyan Cannon, Stephanie Zimbalist, Michael York, Angie Dickinson, Larry Gelbart, Michael Jackson, Anjelica Huston, Lionel Richie, Louise Fletcher, Tony Danza, and Piper Laurie.[351][353]

The Gregory Peck Award for Cinematic Excellence was created by the Peck family in 2008 to commemorate their father by honoring a director, producer or actor's life's work. Originally presented at the Dingle International Film Festival in his ancestral home in Dingle, Ireland,[354] since 2014 it has been presented at the San Diego International Film Festival in the city where he was born and raised. Recipients include Gabriel Byrne, Laura Dern, Alan Arkin, Annette Bening, Patrick Stewart and Laurence Fishburne.

Acting credits and awards

Main articles: Gregory Peck on screen, stage and radio and awards and honors

According to the American Film Institute, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, Peck's most significant works include Days of Glory (1944), The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), Spellbound (1945), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Twelve O'Clock High (1949), The Gunfighter (1950), The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952), Roman Holiday (1953), The Big Country (1958), Moby Dick (1956), Designing Woman (1957), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Cape Fear (1962), To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Arabesque (1966), Mackenna's Gold (1969), The Omen (1976) and Old Gringo (1989).[355][356][357][358] Among his television projects are The Blue and the Gray (1982) The Scarlet and the Black (1983) and Moby Dick (miniseries 1998).[359] On stage, Peck appeared in Gas Light at the La Jolla Playhouse and The Will Rogers Follies at the Palace Theatre.[8][360]

 
Peck's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Peck received five total Academy Award nominations for The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and Twelve O'Clock High (1949) before winning Best Actor for his performance in To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). In 1967, he received their Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.[355] He received eight competitive nominations for Golden Globe Awards that recognised his work in The Yearling (1946), To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Captain Newman, M.D. (1964), MacArthur (1977), The Boys from Brazil (1978) and the 1998 miniseries Moby Dick. Peck's five wins included the Golden Globe for Best Actor twice as well as one Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film, and he was honored with their Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1969.[358]

In 1969, President Lyndon B. Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. In 1998, Peck received the National Medal of Arts from President Bill Clinton for his contributions to acting.[361] During his lifetime, he also was a recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and the Kennedy Center Honors.[356][362][363] For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Gregory Peck has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6100 Hollywood Boulevard. In November 2005, the star was stolen, and has since been replaced.[364]

Archives

Peck donated his personal collection of home movies and prints of his feature films to the Film Archive of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1999. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by printed materials in the Gregory Peck papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.[365]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Crowther said, "Gregory Peck comes recommended with a Gary Cooper angularity and a face somewhat like that modest gentleman's, but his acting is equally stiff."[27]
  2. ^ Variety described the movie as "a cavalcade of a priest's life, played excellently by Peck, what transcends all the cinematic action is the impact of tolerance, service, faith and godliness."[30] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "Much of the dialogue that is cautiously arranged between and among these people is tedious, since it lacks real depth or point," but Peck "gives a quiet and forceful performance".[36]
  3. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, "Peck's performance is "quietly commanding".[39] Variety said the tale "is movingly dealt with" and that "Peck has the personality and ability to command attention in any scene."[41]
  4. ^ Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said it is a "moving love story" and "a rare film," that "the manner and quality of story-telling is extraordinarily fine", "the firm texture of narration, the flow of continuity and dialogue, the shock of the unexpected, the scope of the image – all are happily here"[47] and, Variety said "Alfred Hitchcock handles his players and action in a suspenseful manner, and except for a few episodes of much scientific dialogue, maintains a steady pace in keeping the camera moving" adding that Peck "handles the suspense scenes with great skill".[48]
  5. ^ A.E. Wilson of The Star (England) wrote, "the film is acted with rare perfection".[52] Bosley Crowther also wrote, "The strong bond of trust and wistful longing which exists between the boy and his "Pa" required the most sensitive tuning in order to ring sharp and true" and "the love of the lad for a pet lawn, which his father understands, had to be tenderly developed to appear wholly genuine."
  6. ^ It's been described as "exquisitely filmed ... with memorable performances" by Leonard Maltin;[55] by Dan Jardine of AllMovie as, "teetering on the brink of sentimentality at times" but "the honesty of the performances and the beauty of the photography procure a place for The Yearling in cinematic history.[56] by Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times as a "lovely and loving story (which) takes its strength from an understatement of dramatic events and the underplaying of the actors. Veteran director Clarence Brown shapes it into a tale that touches the heart while never patronizing the mind. Sentiment without sentimentality."[57]
  7. ^ Frank Miller of Turner Class Movies says it had "pretty awful reviews",[58] and Stephen Watts of The Sunday Times said it "fluctuates between the repellent and the ridiculous".[69] Variety wrote, "The familiar western formula reaches its highest commercialization ... (the movie) is raw, sex-laden pulp fiction ... The vastness of western locale is splendidly displayed in color ... too much at times considering the movie's length" and Jones and Peck overact in some scenes.[70]
  8. ^ David Parkinson of the BFI says, Peck "credibly holds his own against the scene-stealing veterans" in the movie;[72] Bosley Crowther says Peck makes "the renegade brother a credibly vicious and lawless character;"[71] but Christopher Tookey says "Peck is as lively as the average coffee table;"[65] and Variety wrote that Peck overacted in some scenes.[59]
  9. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, "[The movie is] a tight and absorbing study of character," and "the hunting scenes, incidentally, are visual knockouts" but, it has a "contrived conclusion ... (that is) completely stupid and false;"[76]
  10. ^ Variety wrote, the movie "provides an almost overwhelming emotional experience", is "memorable for numerous vivid impelling passages", has "great dramatic depth and force", "is a credit to the screen" and that the screenplay, direction and cinematography are all excellent, but acknowledged it has "some disappointing or confusing scenes".[82]
  11. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, "the role is crisply and agreeably played by Gregory Peck;"[83] Variety said, Peck "is quiet, almost gentle, progressively intense and resolute, with just the right suggestion of inner vitality and turbulence."[82] TV Guide says Peck gives "a convincing portrayal" and refers to "the excellence of Peck;"[78] Richard Gilliam of AllMovie says, "the performances ... are quite good, especially (that) of Peck;"[84] Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times says "it's one of Peck's finest performances."[85]
  12. ^ Christopher Tookey says "Once considered courageous and powerful, now it looks terribly slow, preachy and melodramatic. More evidence ... the socially important film of today is the deservedly forgotten film of tomorrow;"[86] Michael Gebert writes, "In retrospect, rarely has so much praise been lavished on such an inconsequential film ... Coming on the heels of the Holocaust, it seems almost obscene to lavish so much attention on such a minor, upper-class aspect of anti-Semitism"[80] Time Out says "sentimental and muddled ... it wears its heart on its sleeve rather than offers any analysis of the problem ... looks remarkedly dated in places. Good performances, however, particularly from Garfield and Holm."[87]
  13. ^ George Aachen commented "Peck's amateurishly mannered performance with its wearisome trick of delivery and inflection, makes (the movie) seem even more unrealistic," and John Howard Reid wrote, "The glum humorless Peck is in every scene bar one-though he does not hold the monopoly on strained acting."[89][88]
  14. ^ Barry Monush observes it is "a film looked upon as very mild dramatic fare by modern audiences, but one that much good in its day."[13] TV Guide writes, "today it looks like heart on a sleeve, but the film is a landmark film" and "remains a classic crusading film".[78] David Sterritt, of TCM, says the film "ranks with the best of the "problem pictures" made by Hollywood in the wake of WWII ...it comes across as smart, incisive and engrossing drama, and although times have changed since 1947, the subject it so boldly tackles remains timely and relevant to this day."[91] Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times asserts "An eye-opener in its day ... (it) still has the power to compel ... is successful in showing that subtle malaise is barely recognized as such by the people who sustain it ... members of the cast produce work of ... high quality."[85] In 2017, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote, "Gentleman's Agreement is still a riveting movie, intriguing, a little exasperating, alternately naive and very sharp."[92]
  15. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, the movie is "one fitfully intriguing tale, smoothly told through a cultivated camera. It isn't a too-well-written story ... it goes into Old Bailey Courtroom and stays there for most of the film. Courtroom action tends to get weary ... Hitchcock has made the most of a difficult script and has got as much tension in a courtroom as most directors could get in a frontier fort. Gregory Peck is impressively impassioned as the famous young London barrister who lets his heart, cruelly captured by his client, rule his head."[96] Variety wrote, "Peck's statue as a performer of ability stands him in good stead among extremely tough competition."[95]
  16. ^ Patrick Legare of AllMovie commented, it is "talky, slow-moving ... with a lack of any sustained action" and "Peck gives respectable performance;"[98] Jay S. Steinberg of TCM, laments it has "a rather verbose narrative that never quite builds dramatically ... but with instances that reveal the director's visual flair" and as featuring "earnest and engaging performances".[97] TV Guide says "Hitchcock tried mightily but didn't quite overcome the rambling, overlong script."[99]
  17. ^ Craig Butler of AllMovie writes, "crackling good screenplay ... with memorable dialogue and clearly drawn characters...beautifully detailed direction that doesn't skimp on suspense or action and that even makes the love angle work ... aided by stark, almost expressionistic cinematography, a feast of black-and-white images that carry on their own considerable emotional weight" and "a marvelous cast".[103] Time Out says, "A fine Western, harshly shot ... (the) screenplay develops WR Burnett's source story with the Tempest in mind, the subtler analogies serving to provide resonances ... the conflict similarly resolves strangely, at its violent climax, into a sense of conciliation. Beautifully cast and characterized."[102] Leonard Maltin states, "Exciting western ... Similar in atmosphere to Wellman's classic The Ox-Bow Incident."[55]
  18. ^ TV Guide writes, "Peck is thoroughly believable in a part which contrasts greatly with many of his others."[101][103]
  19. ^ TV Guide refers to "the unlikely ending".[101] Time Out says "the conflict similarly resolves strangely ... into a sense of conciliation."[102] Christopher Tookey says "The film is better at the beginning than later on ... when Peck becomes too much of a goodie-goodie to be credible."[86]
  20. ^ Bosley Crowther labeled it "as a dreary picture" with "the actors entrapped by a weak script and fustian direction".[108]
  21. ^ Margarita Landazuri of TCM says "The Great Sinner" may not be faithful to Dostoevsky (the author of the sourcebook), but it is high-gloss MGM, with some excellent performances that make it well worth watching."[109]
  22. ^ Bob Thomas of the Associated Press wrote, "It is one of the best treatments of WWII but not without its defects. These include its length and some old war picture cliches. But the acting (especially Peck) and direction approach greatness."[113]
  23. ^ Aubry D. Arminio of AllMovie says, "The story of Peck's General Savage remains one of the most fair and celebrated accounts of leadership ... Twelve O'Clock High is a sincere and realistic war film."[116] TV Guide says "Firm film, peak Peck ... in addition to fine acting, Twelve O'Clock High features some gorgeous camerawork and one of the most horrifying aerial attack sequences ever put on film ... the subsequent devaluation of King's work is a gross injustice."[117] Leonard Maltin says "Taut story ... Peck has never been better."[55] Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times says "To watch Gregory Peck crack under the strain of high command ... is as alarming as the collapse of the Statue of Liberty: he's such a monument to liberal integrity ... It's all a wonderful example of ensemble acting."[118]
  24. ^ see also modern reviews; Variety wrote, "Peck gives the character much credence as he suffers and sweats with his men."[115] David Thomson says Peck is "quite riveting".[60] TV Guide says "Peck gives a flawless performance."[117] Barry Monush says "Peck does his best work yet to date."[13]
  25. ^ Variety's website review says "Gregory Peck perfectly portrays the title role, a man doomed to live out his span killing to keep from being killed. He gives it great sympathy and a type of rugged individualism that makes it real"[130] and TCM's Jeremy Arnold says Variety's original review also called it "dynamic potent drama ... Packs a terrific dramatic wallop that has seldom been equaled in any type of picture."[129] TCM also says another The New York Times reviewer wrote, it has "rare suspense and a tingling accumulation of good, pungent western atmosphere".[129]
  26. ^ Christopher Tookey says "It's gained in critical respectability over the years."[86] Brian Whitener of AllMovie says, "often imitated by other Westerns, its morally difficult, and compelling tale make it one of the most important films produced in the 1950s."[123]
  27. ^ TV Guide says "Peck is dazzling."[133] Leonard Malton says "Peck is most effective."[55] Christopher Tookey says "Peck underacts effectively".[86] Ronald Bergen says "Peck brings gravitas to the role of a man who cannot escape his past."[62] Luccia Bozzola of AllMovie says, Peck's performance is "laconic yet deeply felt".[134] Time Outsays his role was "flawlessly acted by Peck".[135]
  28. ^ Lucia Bozzola of AllMovie says, it is "a notable predecessor to the revisionist emphasis on the end of the Westerner (and the West) in the 1960s and 1970s ... [it is] lauded for ... its adept psychological examination of the unwanted results of myth-making violence."[123] Leonard Malton says "classic psychological Western. Catch this one!"[55] Jeremy Arnold of TCM says it is "seen as a key forerunner to the dark psychological westerns of the later 1950s".[129]
  29. ^ Time Out says "a sinewy, unsympathetic Peck impresses".[143] TV Guide writes "Though a disappointing Western with a routine plot, it is somewhat redeemed by its star and a solid supporting cast. The script never rises about the intelligence of a B western and the production design is obviously artificial, but the cast makes all the difference ... Peck turned in a decent performance and pulled the film out of the doldrums."[144] Craig Butler of AllMovie asserts, it "is a fairly routine Western, but it does boast a fine cast that makes it quite watchable ... [the] script is much too familiar and written with far too little imagination ... [it has] a by-the-numbers plot. Gordon M. Douglas' direction doesn't overcome the deficiencies in the screenplay; his work is efficient and competent, but rather more is needed here .... Peck is in great 'cards to the vest' form here, and he holds the film together with his sheer star power."[145]
  30. ^ Mark Bourne of the DVD Journal asserts "Gregory Peck would be nobody's first choice for the role ... but he looks so comfortable barking orders ... providing leadership ... or lovingly ministering Virginia Mayo back to health ... that we ease into the characterization with him."[152] TV Guide says "Peck's a touch sober for a credible swashbuckler ... [but is] full of valiant guff" in the role.[153]
  31. ^ Mark Bourne of DVD Journal says the film has "excellent cinematography and ship-battles effects ... The film looks terrific and moves with strong winds in the sails. Peck gets the necessary support from a fine ensemble crew of character actors ... that the script kindly remembers to need entertaining things to do and say. The often lush cinematography..includes striking work [that] captures Peck and Mayo in golden-toned shots that are warm and romantic without being 'romancy' or trite."[152] Leonard Maltin assesses it as an "Exciting, well-produced sea epic."[55] Richard Gilliam of AllMovie argues it "features several nicely staged battle sequences ... If the film has a flaw. it's that it spends too much time on Hornblower's uninteresting relationship with Barbara Wellesley (Virginia Mayo); the scenes seem tacked-on, detracting from the naval drama."[154] Time Out says it "is as much a study of the heroic spirit as an action romp. Director Raoul Walsh seems more interested in their inner life and emotional vulnerability, which makes for an oddly limpid (but often quite beautiful) and non-dynamic work."[156] David Parkinson of the Radio Times observes "this sprawling, handsome but flat feature suffers from too many shifts in emphasis between action-adventure and psychological study. What should have been stirring spends too much time becalmed."[155]
  32. ^ Bosley Crowther asserted the film "avoids pageantry and overwhelming concocted spectacle ... the rest of the cast is entirely overshadowed by (Peck's) role ... Having been mounted artistically, an age-old tale now takes on colorful dimensions ... for all its verbosity and occasional slickness and sensuality (it) makes its points with feeling and respect."[159] Variety said "This is a big picture in every respect ... Expert casting throughout focuses on each characterization" with each performer doing strong work except for Hayward.[160]
  33. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, "A couple of handsome down-east schooners, racing furiously through a wind-swept sea ... pretty much steal a robust show from Gregory Peck, Ann Blyth and other mortals. And this is no whit of discredit to the mere actors in this lively film; they are faced with uneven competition in this drama ... (it's loaded) with muscular and romantic action of the juiciest and easily playable sort ... the action spills forth without clear reason ... the characters presented make more motion and color than they make sense. Gregory Peck as the venturesome hero is only a shade more restrained than Anthony Quinn who plays a Portuguese captain as though he were animated by hot feet and rum."[167]
  34. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, "Thanks to a skillful combination of some sensational African hunting scenes, a musical score of rich suggestion and a vivid performance by Gregory Peck (it is) a handsome and generally absorbing film (and) a taut, eye-filling film. The flow of romances ... is exquisitely colorful, alluring and loaded with heavy sentiment. But a stubbornly analytic viewer will still be moved to inquire what all this chasing about with women demonstrates or proves? ... (the filmmakers) have not made a clearly convincing film. However, they have made a picture that constantly fascinates the eyes and stimulates the emotions ... the overall production in wonderful color is full of brilliant detail and surprise and the mood of nostalgia and wistful sadness that is built up in the story has its spell ... Peck, by the force and vigor of his physical attitudes, suggests a man of burning temper and melancholy moods."[175] Variety commented "Ava Gardner makes the part of Cynthia a warm, appealing, alluring standout. Peck delivers with gusto the character of the writer ... Susan Hayward is splendid. The location-lensed footage ...add (s) an important dress to the varied sequences. The African lensed backgrounds are brilliant, as are those on the Riviera and in Spain."[174]
  35. ^ Craig Butler of AllMovie opines, "Gardner and Peck create the appropriate romantic chemistry ... the direction is uneven ... there's still enough here to engage most fans of romance movies."[173] TV Guide wrote, "this story works splendidly under King's sure directorial hand and is enacted with power and conviction by Peck ... This beautifully photographed film ... features a magnificent score by Herman that captures all the exotic locales profiled. Gardner is excellent ... the script is a seamless blend of the screenwriter's and Hemingway's styles."[176] Time Out says "the film tends to ramble and seems particularly uneven in its mixture of back-project wildlife footage, studio and location work."[177] Leonard Maltin says "Peck finds his forte."[55] Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader says "overstuffed. There is some exquisite Technicolor photography, but director Henry King never moves the action beyond respectful superficiality."[178]
  36. ^ Milton Luban of the Hollywood Reporter said, "With Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn turning in superb performances, Roman Holiday is 118 minutes of sheer entertainment" elaborating that it has a "delightful screenplay that sparkles with wit and outrageous humor that at times comes close to slapstick" and that the "cinematographers do a fine job of incorporating Roman landmarks into the storyline."[187]
  37. ^ Leonard Maltin labels it "Utterly charming".[55] TV Guide praises it as "Charming, wistful and frothy" and says it "has enough adventure and excitement to satisfy, and the faintly bittersweet note of the ending is made deliciously palatable by its artistic rightness."[189] Joshua Klein says "Peck and Hepburn are excellent ... Rome's landmarks help enhance the already magical story. Just as essential is the enjoyable script."[190] Time Out succinctly states "near-perfect rom-com."[181]
  38. ^ TV Guide enthuses "This delightful comedy is convincingly acted by Peck ... the direction is full of vitality and the movie provides consistent humor and delightful situations ... is beautifully photographed and the Victorian-era sets are impressive ... a rewarding satire on human greed and British traditions."[197]
  39. ^ Bosley Crowther also wrote, the main character "possesses the humble, stoic valor one associates with Gregory Peck, who – by most fortunate coincidence – is present to play the role;" the director has arranged events "in a seemingly scattered yet clear and forceful way ... he has, in short, a full, well-rounded film. To do this he had to take his sweet time;" the director "has wisely paced his film at a tempo that gives them plausible time to deliberate;" "the expensive production gives proper setting to this intelligent film;" and, "The critical scene in which the hero tells his wife of his Italian child is also a long mordant passage that strikes sparks every second of the way."[213] Harrison's Reports called it "one of the most absorbing pictures of the year," with "exceptionally fine" acting.[214] Variety indicated "Peck is handsome and appealing, if not always convincing. It is only really in the romantic sequences with Marisa Pavan, who plays his Italian love, that he takes on warmth and becomes believable ... Playing opposite Peck as his wife is Jennifer Jones, and her concept of the role is faulty to a serious degree. Jones allows almost no feeling of any real relationship between her and Peck ... Frederick March is excellent, and the scenes between him and Peck lift the picture high above the ordinary."[215]
  40. ^ TV Guide calls it "surprisingly engrossing, if shallow and overlong" and "Totally hollow trash with a hysteria-prone Jennifer Jones ... So slickly dished up, though, you can feel yourself sliding around on the sofa."[210] Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader describes it as "lush" adding "The film may seem mediocre now (it did back then) but it probably speaks volumes about the period."[217]
  41. ^ Crowther noted "some of the verbal exchanges between Peck and Bacall have a nice little splash of wit about them. Good dialogue has been written by George Wells. The direction .. keeps things moving tolerably along until the end, when it bursts into a splurge of ostentation that is silly and in somewhat doubtful taste."[235]
  42. ^ Leonard Malton writes "chic comedy reminiscent of the great Hepburn-Tracy vehicles. Bacall and Peck do their best,"[55]
  43. ^ Leonard Maltin says it is "compelling;"[55] Hal Erickson of AllMovie labeling it, "as grim and compelling as The Gunfighter;"[239] film writer Peter Von Bagh asserts Peck's performance conveys an "ethical and charismatic radiance",[237] Adrian Turner of the Radio Times opines the movie "isn't imbued with the emotional conviction it needs from either Peck or the usually capable director Henry King,"[243] "TV Guide also says "Outstanding in the film are color shots of gorges and precipitous mountains."A.H. Weiler of The New York Times had also said "Peck lends conviction to a role that could be a stereotype,"[240]
  44. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, "The Big Country does not get far beneath the skin of its conventional Western situation and its stock Western characters. It skims across standard complications and ends on a platitude even if the verbal construction and pictorial development of (complications/incidents) are measured, meticulous, robust and ringing with organ tones".[255] Monthly Film Bulletin argued the efforts to convey a peace message were "superficial and pedestrian" adding that "the pivotal character of McKay, played on a monotonously self-righteous note by Peck, never comes alive. It's mainly due to the power of the climatic canyon battle, and Burl Ives' interesting playing as Rufus, that this remains a not unsympathetic film."[256] Variety said it is "armed with a serviceable, adult western yarn ... The camera has captured a vast section of the southwest with such fidelity that the long stretches of dry country, in juxtaposition to tiny western settlements, and the giant canyon country in the arid area, have been recorded with almost three-dimensional effect" and "As a peace-loving easterner, Peck gives one of his better performances," with the other actors also giving strong performances.[257] Harrison Reports declared it was "a first-rate super western, beautifully photographed" and added, "It is a long picture, perhaps too long for what the story has to offer, but there is never a dull moment from start to finish and it holds one's interest tightly throughout."[258]
  45. ^ Michael Betzold of AllMovie writes, "Staggering vistas and grandiose story make this an emblematic Western, though its emotions are transparent."[254] Leonard Maltin says it is "overblown ... the score has become a classic."[55] Ronald Bergen describes it as "rousing epic" with "both sweep and substance" listing the "exciting opening sequence involving a carriage chase" and several action scenes as being highlights.[62] Barry Monush enthuses Peck is "excellent as a man of integrity in a fine western."[13] TV Guide argues it is "A huge, sprawling western with just about everything: brilliant photography, superb music, an intelligent script and excellent performances. If you hate westerns, you'll still enjoy this picture because the story could have taken place ... anywhere ... strong personalities clash. It's too long, true. Sharper editing was needed."[259]
  46. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote, the battle scenes "as directed by Lewis Milestone, an old war-film hand, are realistic and effective" and "all represented expertly ... but the awesome and lasting impressive feature is that enemy "voice" (from battle speakers) articulating all the resentments and misgivings of the American troops" and "the audacity to produce such a grim and rugged film, which tacitly points to the obsoleteness of ground warfare, merits applause."[262] Variety wrote, "Pork Chop Hill is a grim, utterly realistic story that drives home both the irony of war and the courage men can summon to die in a cause they don't understand for and an objective which they know to be totally irrelevant. The accent on the combat is such that ... the other men barely emerge as people. They look real, they sound real."[263]
  47. ^ Leonard Maltin writes "gritty ... with an impressive cast."[55] Scott McGee of TCM says the film is "told with a hard-nosed style of harsh realism and fluid action" and "it was the sure-handed direction of veteran Lewis Milestone that determined the impact of Pork Chop Hill."[267] Tony Sloman of Radio Times writes "This is the definitive Korean War movie ... Bleak and glum, it boasts a superb all-male cast headed by Gregory Peck at his glummest ... the action sequences are terrific."[268] Time Out writes "It details (quite brilliantly) the bloody assault on a hill of no particular value ... impressive with fine performances."[264] Barry Monush writes it "emphasizes gritty action over characterization."[13]
  48. ^ TV Guide writes "Peck is outstanding as the resolute but compassionate commander."[269] Bosley Crowther wrote, "Gregory Peck is convincingly stalwart"[262]
  49. ^ Leonard Maltin writes "Ill-conceived casting of Peck makes (the film) more ludicrous than real; lush photography is the only virtue of blunt look at cinema capital."[55] Barry Monush said that Peck was "blatantly miscast".[13] Tony Sloman of Radio Times decrees it is "sunk by the staggering miscasting of Gregory Peck ... the CinemaScope photography is stunning but to no avail."[273] Craig Butler of AllMovie says, "Beloved Infidel is soapy, less than satisfying ... it oversimplifies a relationship rather more complex than (what is shown) ... Gregory Peck gives a performance that is so far off the mark as to be embarrassing. Peck was an extremely talented actor, but there is nothing in his personality that matches the qualities associated with Fitzgerald. As a result, Peck is totally at sea ... incapable of pulling off either of the big drunk scenes the role requires. By contrast, Deborah Kerr is in peak form ... there's also some yummy photography ... this is not enough to make up for the film's fatal flaws ... but it does make the film watchable."[274] TV Guide says "Top production and stars give this one all they're worth but it could have been better ... Peck is miscast (he is dark-haired and towers well over six feet, whereas Fitzgerald was 5'7" and fair-haired), but he plays the role nobly ... It's a sad, almost wasted film which dwells not on Fitzgerald's courage and magnificent talent, but on his failure"[275]
  50. ^ Variety evaluates it as "a solid film of considerable emotional, as well as cerebral, content" but adds "the fact remains that the final impact is as heavy as a leaden shroud ... All the personal stories are well-presented. The cast is almost uniformly excellent. Peck and Gardner make a good romantic team."[280] The Hollywood Reporter enthused the film was "brilliantly executed".[276]
  51. ^ Australian film writer Philip Davey says that at the time of release many critics "criticized the perceived 'unrealistic' sedate behavior of characters facing certain death ... and, in some cases, the absence of a religious element."[281] The Hollywood Reporter enthused the film was "brilliantly executed," but is reported to have "wondered at length why none of the characters showed any interest in religion as the world ends."[276] Arthur Knight of Saturday Review observed "it is ... difficult to believe that all [people] would remain as calm and self-possessed as the people have been here ... There is no looting, no licentiousness, no desperate last-chance fling."[86]
  52. ^ Christopher Tookey says "It is hard to see why this incredibly turgid, cliche-ridden, melodramatic film garnered the critical acclaim it did."[86] Time Out says "Fine photography but the script is a typically numbing affair, and the cast, aside from Peck ... seem totally out of their depth."[282]
  53. ^ TV Guide says it is "Flawed but moving" and "Though it occasionally goes over the top with melodrama and lacks some technical credibility, (it) remains a powerful, well-acted, deftly photographed film."[283] Leonard Maltin says "Thoughtful ... with fine performances by all."[55]
  54. ^ Variety said it was a "spectacular drama ... and even, with its flaws, should have patrons firmly riveted throughout its lengthy narrative" adding that all the actors "turn in worthwhile performances", it has "terrific special effects and several socko situations" and that "a wonderfully directed and lensed storm segment and the final boffo climax nail-biting are just a few of the nail-biting highlights."[285][287] Bosley Crowther opined, "more emphasis is placed on melodrama than on character or credibility," that the characters are "all such predictable people you're likely to get bored with them before the guns are blown up", and "One simply wonders why Foreman ... didn't aim for more complex human drama." He goes on to write it is a "robust action drama" and "For anyone given to letting himself be entertained by scenes of explosive action and individual heroic display, there should be entertainment in this picture for there is plenty of it ... Even though the picture runs more than two hours and a half, it moves swiftly and gets where it is going. J.Lee Thompson has directed it with pace."[289] The New Yorker's film critic declared, it was "one of those great bow-wow ... movies that are no less thrilling because they are so preposterous" confessing he "was held more or less spellbound all the way through this many-colored rubbish."[290]
  55. ^ TV Guide says it is a "stirring spectacle" and "great adventure .... handled well by veteran director J. Lee Thompson, with strong cast support and excellent production values that make it all lavish, rich and often breathtaking" despite its "clichéd story, hackneyed characters and triumph-over-impossible-odds-finale."[291] Jeremy Aspinall of Radio Times comments "This classic wartime adventure ... maintains tension despite the film's epic length" also complimenting the acting.[292] Ronald Bergen describes it as a "rip-roaring adventure" that is "spectacularly filmed" and "one of the best of its type".[62] Tony Rayns of Time Out assert, "the ongoing debates about the morality of warfare that are scattered through (the movie) only serve to drag out the action climaxes."[286] Christopher Tookey describes it as an "Old-fashioned but effective war movie, which would have been improved further by cutting some of the chat."[86] Mike Mayo in Videohound's War Movies writes, behind the "often clunky mechanics of plot lies solid craftsmanship ... director J. Lee Thompson ... handles the story with a finer touch ... the production [has] a realistic, lived-in look that's more associated with "serious" black-and-white World War II movies than with escapism."[287]
  56. ^ Bosley Crowther wrote "A cold-blooded, calculated build-up of sadistic menace and shivering dread is accomplished with frightening adroitness ... Technically, it's a good job. Mr. Webb has prepared a tough, tight script and Mr. Thompson has directed in a steady and starkly sinister style. And Mr. Mitchum plays the villain with the cheekiest, wickedest arrogance and the most relentless aura of sadism that he has ever managed to generate. Mr. Peck is taut and tenacious."[298] Variety said "As a forthright exercise in cumulative terror Cape Fear is a competent and visually polished entry ... There is nothing ... which might provide some insight in Mitchum's behavior. Peck, displaying his typical guarded self, is effective, if perhaps less distraught over the prospect of personal disaster than his character might warrant ... Mitchum has no trouble being utterly hateful."[299]
  57. ^ Time Out writes "This superbly nasty thrilboasts great credentials ... Mitchum as the sadistic villain, Peck as the epitome of threatened righteousness ... whooping music by Bernard Herrmann. If director Thompson isn't quite skilful enough to give the film its final touch of class (many of the shocks are just too planned), the relentlessness of the story and Mitchum's tangibly sordid presence guarantee the viewer's quivering attention."[300] TV Guide says "Unforgettable villainy. Suspenseful and very frightening, thanks to Robert Mitchum's lethally threatening performance and the frightened reactions of a pro cast ... J. Lee Thompson directs at a clip, until the drawl toward the bayou climax, where the minutes feel like hours, and your heart sits in your throat. Peck is careful not to act the fear; he's an interesting foe for Mitchum."[301] Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader "…. better than the Scorsese remake – above all for Robert Mitchum's chilling performance ... though its arguable still some distance from deserving its reputation as a classic."[302] Brendon Hanley of AllMovie says Mitchum's role "comes in second in the sinister sweepstakes only to his chilling performance ... in Night of the Hunter ... Mitchum's Cad is ... an untouchable, unstoppable, unrepentant corrupter of innocence ... all with a sadistic smirk ... Director J. Lee Thompson ... significantly scaled back his scope for this drama, and even the fight scenes at the end have a subdued, almost still aspect."[303] Christopher Tookey sums up, "Straightforward, unpretentious yarn with memorable performances (especially from Robert Mitchum) and a fine Bernard Herrmann score."[86]
  58. ^ There were no New York Film Critics Circle Awards that year due to a strike
  59. ^ Peck was not Universal Studios' first choice to play Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird; Rock Hudson was slated to play the part until Pakula and Mulligan became involved in the production and immediately thought Peck would be preferable.[310] The three of them traveled to Monroeville, Alabama, to meet Harper Lee's father, and found the basis for the story to be accurate.[309]
  60. ^ After viewing a rough cut of the finished film, Peck wrote a memo to Universal, that included a statement "Atticus had no chance to emerge as courageous or strong" and amongst other things, requested that more footage of himself be inserted in place of some footage of Scout and Jem. As Peck's production company was footing a substantial portion of the production costs, most of his requests were fulfilled and the court room scenes cover about 30% of the film's length.[311]
  61. ^ The initial aim was to shoot the film in Monroeville, Alabama; however, the town neighborhoods of the 1930s no longer existed,[312] and the Monroeville Courthouse's courtroom had very poor acoustics which would make filming there very difficult.[309] Mulligan took hundreds of photographs of homes and gardens in the South to capture its atmosphere.[312] Production designer Henry Bumstead went to Monroeville for a tour of the town neighborhoods where she grew up from Leer to take in its atmosphere and Leer also provided some photographs of her neighborhood from the 1930s.[311] Universal had location scouts find clapboard houses from the right time period with the appropriate deteriorating appearance and the homes they found were just about to be demolished for a freeway.[309] The Finch house was painstakingly put together with the pieces of several of the homes.[313] Production designers went to Monroeville to take photographs and measurements of the actual courtroom.[309]
  62. ^ Variety's full analysis was "For Peck, it is an especially challenging role, requiring him to conceal his natural physical attractiveness yet project through a veneer of civilized restraint and resigned, rational compromise the fires of social indignation and humanitarian concern that burn within the character. He not only succeeds, but makes it appear effortless, etching a portrayal of strength, dignity, intelligence. Another distinguished achievement for an actor whose taste and high standards of role selectivity is attested to by the caliber of his films and performances throughout his career."[314] Bosley Crowther stated Atticus Finch was "played superbly by Gregory Peck".[315]
  63. ^ TV Guide says "Peck's peak ... since its release, this ... film has been warmly received by audiences responding to ... the heroic image portrayed by Peck, a shining example of citizenship and affectionate fatherhood."[319] Dan Jardine of AllMovie asserts "Oscar-winner Gregory Peck is ideal casting as Atticus, for his Lincoln-like integrity and intelligence perfectly serve the role. Peck hammers home the film's achingly authentic, timeless, and resonant plea for humanistic tolerance: The best way to understand another's problems is to get into his or her skin and walk around in it.[320] Empire says "Peck gives a career-best turn, but true to the source, is understated enough to let the kids shine."[321] Cara Frost-Sharratt asserts the "casting of Peck was clearly a stroke of genius."[322]

References

  1. ^ "Gregory Peck Is Dead at 87; Film Roles Had Moral Fiber". The New York Times. June 13, 2003. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  2. ^ "How to Get to La Jolla Cove | La Jolla Cove Directions". LaJolla.com. September 14, 2017. from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  3. ^ "Gregory Peck obituary". The Guardian. June 14, 2003. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  4. ^ Freedland 1980, p. 10.
  5. ^ United States Census records for La Jolla, California 1910
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Bibliography

External links

March 20, 2023
gregory, peck, eldred, april, 1916, june, 2003, american, actor, most, popular, film, stars, from, 1940s, 1970s, 1999, american, film, institute, named, peck, 12th, greatest, male, star, classic, hollywood, cinema, peck, 1948borneldred, 1916, april, 1916san, d. Eldred Gregory Peck April 5 1916 June 12 2003 was an American actor and one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1970s In 1999 the American Film Institute named Peck the 12th greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema Gregory PeckPeck in 1948BornEldred Gregory Peck 1916 04 05 April 5 1916San Diego California U S DiedJune 12 2003 2003 06 12 aged 87 Los Angeles California U S Resting placeCathedral of Our Lady of the Angels Los AngelesAlma materSan Diego State UniversityUniversity of California Berkeley dropped out OccupationActorYears active1941 2000Political partyDemocraticSpousesGreta Kukkonen m 1942 div 1955 wbr Veronique Passani m 1955 wbr Children5 including Cecilia PeckRelativesEthan Peck grandson Websitegregorypeck wbr comAfter studying at the Neighborhood Playhouse with Sanford Meisner Peck began appearing in stage productions acting in over 50 plays and three Broadway productions He first gained critical success in The Keys of the Kingdom 1944 a John M Stahl directed drama which earned him his first Academy Award nomination He starred in a series of successful films including romantic drama The Valley of Decision 1944 Alfred Hitchcock s Spellbound 1945 and family film The Yearling 1946 He encountered lukewarm commercial reviews at the end of the 1940s his performances including The Paradine Case 1947 and The Great Sinner 1948 Peck reached global recognition in the 1950s and 1960s appearing back to back in the book to film adaptation of Captain Horatio Hornblower 1951 and biblical drama David and Bathsheba 1951 He starred alongside Ava Gardner in The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952 and Audrey Hepburn in Roman Holiday 1953 which earned Peck a Golden Globe award Other notable films in which he appeared include Moby Dick 1956 and its 1998 mini series The Guns of Navarone 1961 Cape Fear 1962 and its 1991 remake The Omen 1976 and The Boys from Brazil 1978 Throughout his career he often portrayed protagonists with fiber within a moral setting 1 Gentleman s Agreement 1947 centered on topics of antisemitism while Peck s character in Twelve O Clock High 1949 dealt with post traumatic stress disorder during World War II He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 an adaptation of the modern classic of the same name which revolved around racial inequality for which he received universal acclaim In 1983 he starred opposite Christopher Plummer in The Scarlet and The Black as Hugh O Flaherty a Catholic priest who saved thousands of escaped Allied POWs and Jewish people in Rome during the Second World War Peck was also active in politics challenging the House Un American Activities Committee in 1947 and was regarded as a political opponent by President Richard Nixon President Lyndon B Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2 1 Beginnings and stage roles 1939 1943 2 2 Rapid critical and commercial success 1944 1946 2 3 Critical successes and commercial lows 1947 1949 2 4 Worldwide fame 1950 1953 2 5 Overseas and New York 1954 1957 2 6 Reflections on violence 1958 1959 2 7 Second commercial and critical peak 1960 1964 2 8 Mature years and later work 1965 2000 3 Politics 4 Personal life 5 Death and legacy 6 Acting credits and awards 7 Archives 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksEarly life EditEldred Gregory Peck was born on April 5 1916 in the neighborhood of La Jolla in San Diego California 2 3 to Bernice Mae Bunny nee Ayres 1894 1992 and Gregory Pearl Peck 1886 1962 a Rochester New York born chemist and pharmacist His father was of English paternal and Irish maternal heritage 4 5 and his mother was of English and Scots ancestry 6 She converted to her husband s religion Catholicism and Peck was raised as a Catholic Through his Irish born paternal grandmother Catherine Ashe 1864 1926 Peck was related to Thomas Ashe 1885 1917 who participated in the Easter Rising less than three weeks after Peck s birth and died while being force fed during a hunger strike in 1917 7 Peck right with his father c 1930 Peck s parents divorced when he was five and he was brought up by his maternal grandmother who took him to the movies every week 8 9 At the age of 10 he was sent to a Catholic military school St John s Military Academy in Los Angeles While he was a student there his grandmother died At 14 he moved back to San Diego to live with his father He attended San Diego High School 10 and after graduating in 1934 enrolled for one year at San Diego State Teacher s College now known as San Diego State University While there he joined the track team took his first theatre and public speaking courses and pledged the Epsilon Eta fraternity 11 Peck had ambitions to be a doctor and later transferred to the University of California Berkeley 12 as an English major and pre medical student Standing 6 ft 3 in 1 91 m he rowed on the university crew Although his tuition fee was only 26 per year Peck still struggled to pay and took a job as a hasher kitchen helper for the Gamma Phi Beta sorority in exchange for meals At Berkeley Peck s deep well modulated voice gained him attention and after participating in a public speaking course he decided to try acting He was encouraged by an acting coach who saw in him perfect material for university theatre and he became more and more interested in acting He was recruited by Edwin Duerr director of the university s Little Theater and appeared in five plays during his senior year including as Starbuck in Moby Dick 13 Peck later said about his years at Berkeley that it was a very special experience for me and three of the greatest years of my life It woke me up and made me a human being 14 In 1996 Peck donated 25 000 to the Berkeley rowing crew in honor of his coach the renowned Ky Ebright 15 Career EditBeginnings and stage roles 1939 1943 Edit Peck did not graduate with his friends because he lacked one course His college friends were concerned for him and wondered how he would get along without his degree I have all I need from the university he told them Peck dropped the name Eldred and headed to New York City to study at the Neighborhood Playhouse with the legendary acting teacher Sanford Meisner He was often broke and sometimes slept in Central Park 16 He worked at the 1939 World s Fair as a barker and Rockefeller Center as a tour guide for NBC television and at Radio City Music Hall 13 He dabbled in modelling before in 1940 working in exchange for food at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon Virginia where he appeared in five plays including Family Portrait and On Earth As It Is 17 His stage career began in 1941 when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaw s play The Doctor s Dilemma The play opened in San Francisco just one week before the attack on Pearl Harbor 18 He made his Broadway debut as the lead in Emlyn Williams The Morning Star in 1942 13 His second Broadway performance that year was in The Willow and I with Edward Pawley Peck s acting abilities were in high demand during World War II since he had been exempted from military service because of a back injury suffered while receiving dance and movement lessons from Martha Graham as part of his acting training 19 Twentieth Century Fox later claimed he had injured his back while rowing at university but in Peck s words In Hollywood they didn t think a dance class was macho enough I guess I ve been trying to straighten out that story for years 20 Peck performed in a total of 50 plays including three short lived Broadway productions 4 5 road tours and summer theater 21 Rapid critical and commercial success 1944 1946 Edit After gaining stage recognition Peck was offered his first film role the male lead in the war romance Days of Glory 1944 directed by Jacques Tourneur alongside top billed Tamara Toumanova a Russian born ballerina 13 Peck portrayed the leader of Russian guerrillas resisting the Germans in 1941 who stumble across a beautiful Russian dancer Toumanova who had been sent to entertain Russian troops and protect her by letting her join their group 13 22 During production of the film Tourneur untrained Peck from his theater training where he was used to speaking in a formal manner and projecting his voice to the entire hall 23 Peck considered his performance in the film as quite amateurish and did not wish to watch the film after it was released 23 The film lost money at the box office disappeared from theaters quickly 24 25 and was largely dismissed by critics 26 23 Peck in his film debut Days of Glory 1944 At the time of the film s release critic Bosley Crowther of The New York Times assessed it as slow moving and verbose adding that Peck s acting was stiff a Film historian Barry Monush has written Peck s star power was evident from the word go 13 Following the release of the film Peck gained the attention of producers but rather than participating in the studio system he decided to remain a freelancer with the ability to choose his roles signing non exclusive contracts with four studios 28 including an unusual dual contract with 20th Century Fox and Gone With the Wind producer David O Selznick 29 Peck s second movie The Keys of the Kingdom 1944 features him as an 80 year old Roman Catholic priest looking back at his undertakings during over half a century spent as a determined self sacrificing missionary in China 30 22 The film shows the character aging from his 20s to 80 Peck featured in almost every scene 31 The film was nominated for four Academy Awards including the Academy Award for Best Actor which was Peck s first nomination 32 Although the film finished only 27th at the box office in North America for 1944 33 Jay Carr of Turner Classic Movies refers to it as Peck s breakthrough performance 34 while writer Patrick McGilligan says that it catapulted him to stardom 35 At the time of release Peck s performance was lauded by Variety and The New York Times amidst mixed reviews for the film itself b The Radio Times referred to it as a long talkative and rather undramatic picture but admitted that its success saved Peck s career 37 Craig Butler of AllMovie states he gives a commanding performance full of his usual quiet dignity and intelligence and spiked with stubbornness and an inner fire that make the character truly come alive 38 In The Valley of Decision 1944 a romantic drama about intermingling social classes Peck plays the eldest son of a wealthy steel mill owner in 1870s Pittsburgh who has a romance with one of his family s maids portrayed by Greer Garson 39 40 who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress Upon release reviews from The New York Times and Variety were somewhat positive with Peck s performance described as commanding c It was North America s highest grossing movie of 1945 42 Peck s next film was the first of two collaborations with director Alfred Hitchcock the suspense romance Spellbound 1945 opposite Ingrid Bergman Peck plays a man who is thought to be the new director of the psychiatric facility where Bergman s character works as a psychoanalyst while his amnesia and disturbing visions suggest he may be a murderer 43 Peck and Hitchcock were described as having a cordial but cool relationship 44 Hitchcock initially hoped that Cary Grant would play the male lead 45 Peck later stated that he thought he was too young when he first worked with Hitchcock and that the director s on set indifference to his character s motivation important to Peck s acting style shook his confidence 29 Peck s chemistry clicked with his screen partner Bergman the actors were romantically linked at the time 46 Peck and co star Ingrid Bergman in the film Spellbound 1945 Released at the end of 1945 Spellbound was a hit ranking as the third most successful film of 1946 42 Spellbound was well received by critics at the time as was Peck s performance d 49 Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the film stating that Peck s performance restrained and refined is precisely the proper counter to Bergman s exquisite role 47 Frank Miller of Turner Classic Movies has written that the movie continued the rise of Peck into a Hollywood star and even a major sex symbol 50 Producer David O Selznick noted that during preview tests of the movie the women in the audiences had substantive reactions to the appearance of Peck s name during the opening credits stating that during his first few scenes the audience had to be shushed to quiet down 50 Spellbound was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture although it was not in the National Board of Review s top ten films of the year 32 51 In The Yearling 1946 22 Peck portrays a kind hearted father opposite onscreen wife Jane Wyman whose son finds and insists on raising a three day old fawn in 1870s Florida 43 Reviews upon release were very positive e with Bosley Crowther evaluating it as a film that provides a wealth of satisfaction that few films ever attain 53 The Yearling was a box office success finishing with the ninth highest box office gross for 1947 42 and landed six Academy Award nominations including Best Actor Peck won the Golden Globe for Best Actor for performance 54 In recent decades it has continued to receive critical praise f with Barry Monush writing it is one of the best made and most loved family films of its day 13 Peck took his first against type role as a cruel amoral cowboy in the western soap opera Duel in the Sun 1946 with top billed Jennifer Jones as the provocative temptress object of Peck s love anger and desire 58 59 Their chemistry is described by film historian David Thomson as a constant knife fight of sensuality 60 Also starring Joseph Cotten as Peck s righteous half brother and competitor for the affections of the steamy sexpot character of Jones 61 the movie was resoundingly criticized and even banned in some cities due to its lurid nature 62 63 The publicity around the eroticism of Duel in the Sun 64 one of the biggest movie advertising campaigns in history 65 59 used a new tactic of opening in hundreds of theaters across the U S at once 66 saturating the theaters in cities where it opened 67 resulting in the film being the second highest grossing movie of both 1947 and the 1940s 68 Nicknamed Lust in the Dust the film received mostly negative reviews upon release g such as Bosley Crowther writing that performances are strangely uneven 71 although Jones received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress The opinions of Peck s performance have been polarized h Critical successes and commercial lows 1947 1949 Edit In 1947 Peck co founded The La Jolla Playhouse at his birthplace with Mel Ferrer and Dorothy McGuire 73 This summer stock company presented productions in the La Jolla High School Auditorium from 1947 until 1964 In 1983 the La Jolla Playhouse re opened in a new home at the University of California San Diego where it operates today It has attracted Hollywood film stars on hiatus both as performers and enthusiastic supporters since its inception Peck s next release was the modest budget serious adult drama The Macomber Affair 1947 in which he portrays an African hunting trip guide assisting a visiting couple During the trip the wife played by Joan Bennett becomes enamored with Peck and the husband gets shot 74 Peck was very active in the development of the film including recommending director Zoltan Korda 75 The film received positive reviews i but was mostly overlooked by the public upon its release which Peck would later say disappointed him 75 Peck with actors Dorothy McGuire and Sam Jaffe in Gentleman s Agreement 1947 In November 1947 Peck s next film the landmark Gentleman s Agreement directed by Elia Kazan was released and was immediately proclaimed as Hollywood s first major attack on anti Semitism 77 78 Based on a novel the film has Peck portraying a New York magazine writer who pretends to be Jewish so he can experience personally the hostility of bigots 79 It was nominated for eight Academy Awards including Peck for Best Actor winning in the Best Film and Best Director categories It was the second highest top grossing film of 1948 80 Peck would indicate in his later years that the film was one of his proudest works 81 Upon release Gentleman s Agreement was widely praised for both its courageousness and its quality j 83 Peck s performance has been described as very convincing by many critics both upon release and in recent years k In recent decades critics have expressed differing opinions regarding Peck s portrayal the quality of the film by modern standard and the film s effectiveness at addressing anti semitism l with film writer Matt Bailey writing Gentleman s Agreement may have been an important film at one time but was never a good film 88 m 90 n Peck s next three releases were each commercial disappointments The Paradine Case 1947 was his second and last film with Hitchcock When producer David O Selznick insisted on casting Peck for the movie Hitchcock was apprehensive questioning whether Peck could properly portray an English lawyer 93 In later years Peck did not speak fondly of the making of the movie 94 Released in 1947 The Paradine Case was a British set courtroom drama about a defense lawyer in love with his client 60 It had an international cast including Charles Laughton Ethel Barrymore and Alida Valli as the accused 95 The movie received positive reviews many complimenting Peck s performance o but was panned by the public only recouping half of the 4 2 million production costs 97 In recent decades the film was criticized by most prominent writers although critic s praised Peck s acting p Writers Paul Condon and Jim Sangster stated that Peck is vulnerable yet believable in a role that requires significant delicacy of touch to maintain viewer s loyalty and interest 100 Peck in the film Yellow Sky 1949 Peck shared top billing with Anne Baxter in the western Yellow Sky 1948 the namesake setting as the ghost town Peck s group of bank robbers seek refuge in encountering the spunky tomboy Baxter and her grandfather alongside their gold 101 Peck gradually develops an interest in Baxter s character who in turn seems to rediscover her femininity and develops an interest in him 102 q Critics which commented on Peck s performance felt it to be solid r 104 as being slightly unbelievable s 103 The film was only moderately commercially successful 105 A year later Peck was paired with Ava Gardner for their first of three films together in The Great Sinner 1949 a period drama romance where a Russian writer Peck becomes addicted to gambling while helping Gardner and her father pay back their debts 106 Peck ended up becoming great friends with Gardner and would later declare her his favorite co star 13 Their friendship lasted the rest of Gardner s life and upon her death in 1990 Peck took in both her housekeeper and her dog 107 The film received unfavorable reviews usually describing it as dull t and the public was not interested rendering it a commercial disappointment 109 In modern times the film has received mixed reviews u 55 but TV Guide says this often gripping film has strong performances that Peck is powerful in his portrayal 110 Peck initially rejected the film his last movie under his MGM contract eventually agreeing to do it as a favor to the studio s production head 111 His second 1949 release Twelve O Clock High 1949 was the first of many films in which Peck embodied the brave effective yet human fighting man Based on true events Peck portrays the new commander of a U S World War II bomber squadron tasked with whipping the crew into shape but then breaks down emotionally under the stress of the job 79 The National Board of Review ranked it in their top ten films of the year 51 and it received four Academy Awards nominations Best Actor for Peck 32 Peck was later recognized in the New York Film Critics Circle for the role 54 Twelve O Clock High was a commercial success finishing tenth in the 1950 box office rankings 112 The film received strong reviews upon release v 114 115 Recent critics maintain positive opinions w 119 Evaluations of Peck s performance were positive x with The New York Times describing High and particular praise for Gregory Peck Peck does an extraordinarily able job in revealing the hardness and the softness of a general exposed to peril 120 Film historian Peter von Bagh considers Peck s performance as Brigadier General Frank Savage to be the most enduring of his life 121 Worldwide fame 1950 1953 Edit Peck began the 1950s with two westerns the first being The Gunfighter 1950 directed by Henry King who had worked with him previously on Twelve O Clock High Peck plays an aging Top Gun of the West who is now weary of killing and wishes to retire with his alluring but pragmatic wife and his seven year old son both of whom he has not seen for many years 122 123 Peck and King did much photographic research about the Wild West Era discovering that most cowboys had facial hair bowl haircuts and wore beat up clothing Peck subsequently wore a mustache while filming 124 125 The studio s president called for re shoots upon seeing the initial footage due to the mustache but backed out due to costs inflated by the production manager at King and Peck s persuasion 125 126 The Gunfighter did fair but disappointing business at the box office 127 earning 5 6 million in receipts the 47th most for 1951 128 20th Century Fox s studio chief Darryl Zanuck blamed Peck s mustache for the lukewarm reaction from Peck s typical fans stating that wanted to see usual handsome clean shaven Peck not the authentic cowboy Peck 125 The Gunfighter received solid reviews upon release with particular enthusiasm from some critics 129 y and Peck s performance bringing him some of his best notices 13 The New York Times wrote through Mr Peck s fine performance a fair comprehension is conveyed of the loneliness and the isolation of a man with a lurid name an arresting and quite exciting film 131 The movie has grown in critical appreciation over the years and is now considered one of the all time classic westerns 132 z Critics of recent decades uniformly praise Peck s performance aa with David Parkinson of Radio Times saying Peck gives a performance of characteristic dignity and grit 136 133 ab Peck and Barbara Payton in Only the Valiant 1951 Peck s next western was Only the Valiant 1951 a low budget movie for which Peck disliked the script and would later label as the low point of his career 137 Peck s non exclusive contract with David O Selznick permitted Selznick to sell his services to other studios and Selznick sold his services to Warner Bros for this movie after he ran into financial difficulties 137 The plot of the film is listed as an unpopular strict leader gathers together a rag tag group of men and leads them on an extremely dangerous mission turning them into a well oiled fighting machine by the end and earning respect along the way 138 Peck portrays a U S army captain and the mission is to protect an undermanned army fort against the attacking Apache 139 Peck s romantic interest was played by Barbara Payton 46 140 Variety s review said In this cavalry yarn great pains have been exerted to provide interesting characters Peck makes the most of a colorful role 141 It earned a moderate 5 7 million ranking at 35th for the year 142 This little remembered picture today receives mixed reviews although Peck s acting is praised ac Peck s second 1951 release was the book to film adaptation Captain Horatio Hornblower featuring Peck as the commander of a warship in the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars who finds romance with Virginia Mayo s character Peck was attracted to the character saying I thought Hornblower was an interesting character I never believe in heroes who are unmitigated and unadulterated heroes who never know the meaning of fear 146 The role had been originally intended for Errol Flynn but he was felt to be too old by the time the project came to fruition 147 Captain Horatio Hornblower was a box office success finishing ninth for the year in the UK 148 and seventh in the North America 149 Peck s role in the film was largely praised by reviewers The Associated Press stated that Peck provided the proper dash and authenticity as the remarkable nineteenth century skipper 150 and Variety later wrote Peck stands out as a skilled artist capturing the spirit of the character and atmosphere of the period 151 Modern reviews have given mixed reactions toward Peck s performance ad Richard Gilliam of AllMovie argues it is an excellent performance from Gregory Peck stating that Peck brings his customary aura of intelligence and moral authority to the role 154 while the Radio Times asserts Gregory Peck plays Hornblower as a high principle stuff shirt and thus confounds director Raoul Walsh s efforts to inject some pace 155 ae Peck alongside co star Susan Hayward in David and Bathsheba His third film with Henry King s direction David and Bathsheba a Biblical epic was the top grossing movie of 1951 112 The two hit movie punch of Horatio and David elevated Peck to the status of Hollywood mega star 157 David and Bathsheba tells the story of David Peck who slew Goliath as a teenager and later as beloved King becomes infatuated with the married Bathsheba played by Susan Hayward 158 Peck s performance in David and Bathsheba was evaluated upon release by The New York Times as an authoritative performance 159 and Variety stated Peck is a commanding personality he shades his character expertly 160 In recent years critics have argued that his stiff performance is made up for in charisma but overall praised his strength in the role 161 162 163 and Leonard Maltin says the movie has only fair performances 55 David and Bathsheba opened with positive reviews including praise for avoiding excessive spectacle af while remaining an epic with dignified restraint 164 Peck returned to swashbucklers in The World in His Arms 1952 directed by Raoul Walsh who had also directed Captain Horatio Hornblower Peck portrays a seal hunting ship captain in 1850 San Francisco who romances a Russian countess played by Ann Blyth and ends up engaging a rival sealer played by Anthony Quinn in a sailing race to Alaska 165 166 The film was given positive reviews by both contemporary and modern critics ag 168 169 All Movie commented that Peck is a superb actor who brings enormous skill to the part but who simply lacks the overt derring do and danger that is part of the role 170 The film was moderately successful more so in the UK than in North America 171 172 He reunited with previous collaborators King Hayward and Gardner in The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952 an adaptation of a short story by Ernest Hemingway 173 The film stars Peck as a self concerned writer looking back on his life particularly his romance with his first wife Gardner while he slowly dies from an accidental wound while on an African hunting expedition with his current wife Hayward nursing him 174 The film was praised for its cinematography and direction ah ai Most reviews praise Peck s performance with TV Guide saying the story is enacted with power and conviction by Peck although some criticized his bland expressions 179 The Snows of Kilimanjaro was a box office hit and ranked as the fourth highest grossing movie of 1952 42 Peck and Audrey Hepburn in a promotional still for Roman Holiday 1953 Peck s first real foray into comedy was Roman Holiday 1953 directed by William Wyler 13 He portrayed American journalist Joe Bradley opposite Audrey Hepburn as a European princess in her first significant film role 180 13 181 182 183 Peck s role in Roman Holiday had originally been offered to Cary Grant who turned it down because the part appeared to be more of a supporting role to the princess 180 Peck had the same concern but was persuaded by Wyler that the on site filming in Rome would be an exceptional experience and accepted the part even eventually insisting that Hepburn s name be above the title of the film just beneath his in the opening credits 180 Peck later stated that he had told his agent I m smart enough to know this girl s going to win the Oscar in her first picture and I m going to look like a damned fool if her name is not up there on top with mine 126 Roman Holiday was a commercial success finishing 22nd in the box office in 1953 112 The film continued to garner money after its release with modern sources noting it earned 10 million total at the box office 184 Critics praised Peck s performance Bosley Crowther stated that Peck makes a stalwart and manly escort whose eyes belie his restrained exterior 183 while the Hollywood Reporter commented that Peck turns in another of his outstanding performances playing the love smitten reporter with intelligence and good humored conviction 185 186 The film was met with critical acclaim aj 186 188 86 ak 191 192 It was nominated for multiple accolades including 8 Academy Awards with Hepburn winning for Best Actress Peck also scored a BAFTA nomination for Foreign Actor 42 At the 1955 Golden Globe awards Peck and Hepburn were named the World Film Favorite Award winners for their respective genders 42 Overseas and New York 1954 1957 Edit With his acclaimed performance in The Gunfighter Peck was offered the lead role in High Noon 1952 but turned it down because he did not want to become typecast as a Westerns actor 129 Peck was based in the United Kingdom for about eighteen months between 1953 and 1955 new tax laws had drastically raised the tax rate on high income earners but the tax amount due would be reduced if the payer worked outside the country for extended periods 193 After Roman Holiday s production in Italy his three subsequent films were shot and set in London Germany and Southeast Asia respectively Peck starred in The Million Pound Note 1954 based on a Mark Twain short story 194 Peck enjoyed the film s production as it was a good comedy opportunity and was given probably the most elegant wardrobe he had ever worn in film 194 He plays a penniless American seaman in 1903 London who is given a one million pound bank note by two rich eccentric brothers who wish to ascertain if he can survive for one month without spending any of it 195 194 The film performed modestly at the box office and received mixed reviews for its production 194 195 196 al Adrian Turner of the Radio Times praised it as a lovely comedy which has a lot of charm and gentle humor owing to Peck s evident delight in the role and the unobtrusive direction adding it has a witty script 198 He portrayed a US army colonel investigating the kidnapping of a young soldier in Night People 1954 199 Peck later stated that the role of was one of his favorites as his lines were tough and crisp and full of wisecracks and more aggressive than other roles he d played 200 The film received praise for its production and direction but did poorly at the box office 201 200 Peck flew to Sri Lanka to film The Purple Plain 1954 playing a Canadian bomber pilot with strong emotional problems during the Second World War 193 202 203 The Purple Plain was panned in the United States but became a hit in the United Kingdom ranking tenth at the box office in 1954 204 and was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film 42 193 205 Of his performance Crowther wrote the extent of Peck s agony is impressively transmitted in vivid and unrelenting scenes 206 In recent years the movie has become one of Peck s most respected works 193 55 202 with critic David Thomson rating Peck s performance as excellent 22 Craig Butler of All Movie describes Peck is astonishing giving the sort of layered intense yet nuanced performance that deserves major awards 207 Peck with Jennifer Jones in a film still for The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 1956 In 1954 Peck was named the third most popular non British film star in the United Kingdom 208 Peck did not have a film released in 1955 Peck made a comeback in the US with The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 1956 in which he portrays a married ex soldier father of three who is increasingly haunted by his deeds in Italy during the Second World War 209 210 The film saw Peck reunited with Duel in the Sun co star Jennifer Jones during the filming of a scene where their characters argue Jones clawed his face with her fingernails prompting Peck to say to the director I don t call that acting I call it personal 211 The movie was successful finishing eighth in box office gross for the year 212 despite contemporary and modern reviews being mixed 211 am 213 216 215 an 218 219 Butler of AllMovie declared that the role fits Gregory Peck as if it had been tailor made for him Peck s particular brilliance lies in the quiet strength that is so much a part of him and the way in which he uses subtle changes in that quietness to signal mammoth emotions He s given ample opportunity to do so here and the results are enthralling an exceptional performance 218 Radio Times refers to the excellent Peck and states Peck plays the appealing flawed hero Peck next starred as Captain Ahab in the 1956 film adaptation of Herman Melville s Moby Dick he was unsure about his suitability for the part but was persuaded by director John Huston to take the role 220 221 Peck almost drowned twice during filming in stormy weather off the sea coasts of Ireland and several other performers and crew members suffered injuries 222 John Huston was named best director of the year by the New York Film Critics Circle and the National Board of Review for Moby Dick but did not receive a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director The movie had the ninth highest box office of the year in North America 42 but cost 4 5 million to make more than double the original budget and was considered a commercial disappointment 222 In 2003 editor Barry Monush wrote There was and continues to be controversy over his casting as Ahab in Moby Dick 13 Upon opening Variety said Peck often seems understated and much too gentlemanly for a man supposedly consumed by insane fury 223 221 The Hollywood Reporter argued Peck plays it in a brooding smoldering vein but none the less intensely and dynamically 224 In modern times critics have said Peck is often mesmerizing 13 stoic and more than adequate 225 and lending a deranged dignity to the role 55 22 226 179 227 228 Peck himself later said I wasn t mad enough not crazy enough not obsessive enough I should have done more At the time I didn t have more in me 229 Peck and Lauren Bacall in the film Designing Woman 1957 For romantic comedy Designing Woman 1957 Peck was permitted to choose his leading lady Lauren Bacall who was content to be busy with work as her husband was gravely ill at the time 230 The film revolves around a fashion designer and a sports writer on Californian vacation who have a whirlwind romance and hasty marriage despite Peck s character already having a girlfriend back home only to find out when they return to New York that they have vastly different lifestyles 231 The film was mildly successful and entered at 35th for annual gross but did not break even 232 233 Upon release Variety said Bacall is excellent Peck is fine as the confused sportswriter and added that all the other actors actresses give top notch performances 234 ao In recent years the few reviews from prominent critics or websites are generally positive ap with TV Guide exclaiming they ve made the famous stoneface Peck somewhat funny Bacall gives an especially good performance Designing Women won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay 236 Reflections on violence 1958 1959 Edit Peck and Joan Collins in The Bravados 1958 Peck and co star Carroll Baker in The Big Country 1958 Peck s next movie the western The Bravados 1958 reunited him with director Henry King after a six year gap 127 King was widely considered to have produced some of Peck s best work Peck once said King was like an older brother even a father figure We communicated without talking anything to death It was direction by osmosis 126 237 238 In The Bravados Peck s character spends weeks pursuing four outlaws whom he believes raped and murdered his wife while agonizing over his own morals 239 240 241 The film was a moderate success finishing in the top 20 of the box office for 1959 242 42 In recent years the film and Peck s performance has received mixed reviews aq with Time Out asserting that Peck s crisis of conscience is worked out in perfunctory religious terms 244 and TV Guide stating Peck s cowboy s moment of truth is a powerful one and he gives it all the value it deserves although much of his acting up to then had been lackluster 245 In 1956 Peck made a foray into the film production business organizing Melville Productions and later Brentwood Productions 246 These companies produced five movies over seven years all starring Peck 246 including Pork Chop Hill for which Peck served as the executive producer 247 The films were observed by some as becoming more political 29 although Peck said he tried to avoid any overt preachiness 126 In 1958 Peck and good friend William Wyler co produced the western epic The Big Country 1958 separate from Peck s production company 248 The project ran into numerous issues Wyler and Peck were dissatisfied with the script which underwent almost daily revisions causing stress for the performers 249 Peck and the screenwriters ended up rewriting the script after each day s shooting causing stress for the performers who would arrive the next day and find their lines and even entire scenes different than for what they had prepared 250 The stellar cast included Jean Simmons Carrol Baker Chuck Connors Charlton Heston and Burl Ives Ives won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his intense performance There were disagreements between director Wyler and the performers resulting in Peck storming off set when Wyler refused to re shoot a close up scene 249 Peck and Wyler s relationship remained strained for three years after production 249 250 Peck said in 1974 that he had tried producing and acting simultaneously and felt either it can t be done or it s just that I don t do it well 238 The film itself was a big hit finishing fourth at the domestic box office in 1958 251 and second in the UK 252 13 253 254 At the time of release reviews for The Big Country were mixed regarding the producers prioritization of characterization versus technical filmmaking opinions on Peck s performance were also disparate ar In recent decades critical opinion of The Big Country has generally risen although there is still disagreement many prominent critics and publications describe the cinematography as excellent some laud Peck s performance and some cite the film as too long as 260 261 Peck s next feature was Pork Chop Hill 1959 based on true events depicted in a book 262 Peck portrays a lieutenant during the Korean War who is ordered to use his infantry company to take the strategically insignificant Pork Chop Hill as its capture would strengthen the U S s position in the almost complete armistice negotiations 263 As executive producer Peck recruited Lewis Milestone of All Quiet on the Western Front 1930 to direct Many critics label it as an anti war film 13 264 it has also been stated that as shooting progressed it became clear Peck and Milestone had very different artistic visions 265 Peck later said the movie showed the futility of settling political arguments by killing young men We tried not to preach we let it speak for itself 126 Despite solid reviews the film did only fair business at the box office 266 Most critics both upon Pork Chop Hill s opening at and in recent years au agree that it is a gritty grim and realistic rendering of battle action 269 Three critics who comment on Peck s performance are laudatory av with Variety saying Peck s performance is completely believable He comes through as a born leader and yet it is quite clear that he has moments of doubt and of uncertainty 263 Peck s second release of 1959 cast him opposite Deborah Kerr in Beloved Infidel which as based on the memoirs of film columnist Sheilah Graham The film portrays the romance between Graham Kerr and author F Scott Fitzgerald Peck during the last three years of his life towards the end of which Fitzgerald was often drunk and abusive 270 Crowther assessed it as generally flat and uninteresting with a postured performance of Gregory Peck his grim faced monotony as a washout is relieved in a couple of critical scenes by some staggering and bawling as a drunkard but that is hardly enough 271 Variety said that the acting while excellent and persuasive in parts is shallow and artificial in others Problem is primarily with Peck who brings to Fitzgerald the kind of clean cut looks and youthful appearance that conflict with the image of a has been novelist 272 Reviews from five prominent scribes in recent decades are similar saying Peck was blatantly miscast aw with TV Guide specifying that because of their physical differences Craig Butler saying Peck was an extremely talented actor but there is nothing in his personality that matches the qualities associated with Fitzgerald 22 Peck in a publicity still for On the Beach 1959 Peck starred next in On the Beach 1959 alongside Ava Gardner in their third and final film together 276 The film is considered to be Hollywood s first major movie about the implications of nuclear warfare Directed by Stanley Kramer and based on Neville Shute s best selling book it shows the last months of several people in Melbourne Australia as they await the onset of radioactive fallout from nuclear bombs 277 Peck portrays a U S submarine commander who has brought his crew to Australia from the North Pacific Ocean after nuclear bombs had been detonated in the northern hemisphere and who eventually romances Gardner s character 277 The film was named in the top ten lists of the National Board of Review and the New York Film Critics Circle 278 and was successful at the North American box office finishing eighth for the year 42 but due to its high production cost it lost 700 000 279 On the Beach was praised by critics ax 86 277 ay In recent decades critical opinion of On the Beach is mixed with some prominent critics asserting the script is poor az but some critics saying the acting especially Peck and cinematography are excellent and that overall the film is powerful ba Butler of AllMovie writes problematic is the cliched almost soap operatic relationship between Gregory Peck and Ava Gardner and the somewhat melodramatic handling of other sections of the film The cast helps tremendously Peck has rarely been more stalwart Even decades after its release Beach is a harrowing and devastating experience 284 Second commercial and critical peak 1960 1964 Edit Peck s first release of 1961 was The Guns of Navarone 285 A J Lee Thompson directed World War II drama it depicts Peck s six man commando team which includes David Niven and Anthony Quinn undertaking a mission to destroy two seemingly impregnable German controlled artillery guns on Navarone Island 62 The team of specialists Peck is the mountain climbing expert needs to destroy the guns so British ships can evacuate 2 000 trapped British soldiers across the Aegean Sea 62 286 During filming Peck said his team seems to defeat the entire German army which approached parody and he concluded that cast members had to play their roles with complete conviction to make the film convincing 287 288 The film was the top grossing movie of 1961 112 and became one of the most popular adventure movies of its day 13 It landed seven Academy Award nominations winning for Best Special Effects other accolades include the Golden Globe Award for Best Dramatic Movie and the BAFTA for Best British Screenplay 32 287 Peck and David Niven in The Guns of Navarone 1961 Critics praised The Guns of Navarone it being named the best picture of the year in Film Daily s annual poll of critics and industry reporters in 1961 bb In recent decades most prominent critics or publications give it positive reviews bc 293 294 Paul V Peckly of The New York Herald Tribune wrote Peck may seem at times a trifle wooden and his German accent too obviously American but his not too introspective somewhat baffled manner is manly and fitted to the role he plays 287 286 Peck s next film was Cape Fear 1962 produced by Melville Productions Peck portrays a lawyer whose witness testimony convicted Robert Mitchum s character who upon being released from prison after serving eight years for sexual assault threatens to get back at Peck through his wife and daughter and meticulously terrorizes the family 295 Peck was anxious to have Mitchum in the role of Cady but Mitchum declined at first and only relented after Peck and Thompson delivered a case of bourbon to Mitchum s home 296 Many cuts were made to the movie to satisfy censorship codes in the US and UK 296 The film grossed only 5 million at the North American box office 47th for the year 297 Crowther and Variety gave Cape Fear solid reviews bd Crowther said Both expressed satisfaction with Peck s performance although Variety noted he could have been a little more stressed by the occurrences Other reviews were mixed due to the movie s disturbing nature including The New Yorker 296 In recent decades reviews have been generally positive be 304 Critics commented on Peck s performance in Cape Fear with TV Guide saying Peck is careful not to act the fear he s an interesting foe for Mitchum After Cape Fear Peck planned to make his directorial debut with They re a Weird Mob but eventually did not make the film 305 Peck as Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor Peck s next role was in the 1962 film adaptation of Harper Lee s Pulitzer Prize winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird playing the role of the kind and scrupulously honest lawyer father Atticus Finch 306 This perfomance saw his fifth and final Academy Award nomination for which he won Best Actor The film received a further seven nominations including for Best Picture Director and Cinematography also winning Adapted Screenplay and Art Direction At the Golden Globes Peck won for Best Actor in a Drama and the film was nominated for Best Film and Director the film was nominated for Best Film at the BAFTAs bf 307 The film was a commercial success as the sixth highest grossing film of the year 297 In 2003 Atticus Finch as portrayed by Peck was named the greatest film hero of the past 100 years by the American Film Institute 308 Peck would later say of To Kill A Mockingbird My favorite film without any question 86 When producer Alan J Pakula and director Robert Mulligan approached Peck about taking the role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Peck agreed to read the book He stated I got started on it and of course I sat up all night and read straight through it I called them at about eight o clock in the morning and said When do I start 309 bg Peck did eventually request changes so that film deviated somewhat from the book mainly showing more scenes of Peck in the courtroom than were in the original rough cut thus shifting the focus away from the children who had been the focus of the book and more towards Atticus Finch bh bi 309 Peck s performance received universal acclaim from critics Variety wrote that the role was especially challenging for Peck but that he not only succeeds but makes it appear effortless etching a portrayal of strength dignity and intelligence bj The Hollywood Reporter said Peck gives probably the finest performance of his career understated casual effective 316 Time posited Peck though he is generally excellent lays it on a bit thick at times he seems to imagine himself the Abe Lincoln of Alabama 317 318 Reviews in recent decades have similarly lauded Peck s performance bk with Film Monthly observing Gregory Peck s performance as lawyer Atticus Finch is just as beautiful natural and nuanced as the movie itself 323 13 Both Michael Gebert 42 and Andrew Collins of Radio Times 324 refer to Atticus Finch as the role that defined Peck s career Mature years and later work 1965 2000 Edit Peck served as the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1967 Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute from 1967 to 1969 Chairman of the Motion Picture and Television Relief Fund in 1971 and National Chairman of the American Cancer Society in 1966 He was a member of the National Council on the Arts from 1964 to 1966 325 Peck with Olga Karlatos in The Scarlet and the Black 1983 Peck s rare attempts at villainous roles were not acclaimed Early on he played the renegade son in the Western Duel in the Sun and later in his career the infamous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele in The Boys from Brazil 326 In the 1980s Peck moved to television where he starred in the mini series The Blue and the Gray playing Abraham Lincoln He also starred with Christopher Plummer John Gielgud and Barbara Bouchet in the television film The Scarlet and The Black about Monsignor Hugh O Flaherty a real life Catholic priest in the Vatican who smuggled Jews and other refugees away from the Nazis during World War II Peck Mitchum and Martin Balsam all had roles in the 1991 remake of Cape Fear directed by Martin Scorsese In the remake Peck played Max Cady s lawyer His last prominent film role also came in 1991 in Other People s Money directed by Norman Jewison and based on the stage play of that name Peck played a business owner trying to save his company against a hostile takeover bid by a Wall Street liquidator played by Danny DeVito Peck retired from active film making after the film Peck spent the last few years of his life touring the world doing speaking engagements in which he would show clips from his movies and take questions from the audience He came out of retirement for a 1998 mini series version of one of his most famous films Moby Dick portraying Father Mapple played by Orson Welles in the 1956 version with Patrick Stewart as Captain Ahab the role Peck played in the earlier film It was his final performance and it won him the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor in a Series Miniseries or Television Film Peck had been offered the role of Grandpa Joe in the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory but died before he could accept it The Irish actor David Kelly was then given the part 327 Politics EditIn 1947 while many Hollywood figures were being blacklisted for similar activities Peck signed a letter deploring a House Un American Activities Committee investigation of alleged communists in the film industry 328 A life long Democrat Peck was suggested in 1970 as a possible Democratic candidate to run against Ronald Reagan for the office of California Governor Although he later admitted that he had no interest in being a candidate himself for public office Peck encouraged one of his sons Carey Peck to run for political office He was defeated both times by slim margins in races in 1978 and 1980 against Republican U S Representative Bob Dornan another former actor citation needed Peck with Deputy Mayor of Boston Henry Scagnoli c 1968 Peck revealed that former President Lyndon Johnson had told him that had he sought re election in 1968 he intended to offer Peck the post of U S ambassador to Ireland a post Peck owing to his Irish ancestry said he might well have taken saying It would have been a great adventure 329 The actor s biographer Michael Freedland substantiates the report and says that Johnson indicated that his presentation of the Medal of Freedom to Peck would perhaps make up for his inability to confer the ambassadorship 330 President Richard Nixon though placed Peck on his enemies list owing to Peck s liberal activism 331 Peck was outspoken against the Vietnam War while remaining supportive of his son Stephen who fought there In 1972 Peck produced the film version of Daniel Berrigan s play The Trial of the Catonsville Nine about the prosecution of a group of Vietnam protesters for civil disobedience Despite his reservations about American general Douglas MacArthur as a man Peck had long wanted to play him on film and did so in MacArthur in 1976 332 Peck was a close friend of French president Jacques Chirac 333 In 1978 Peck traveled to Alabama the setting of To Kill a Mockingbird to campaign for Democratic U S Senate nominee Donald W Stewart of Anniston who defeated the Republican candidate James D Martin a former U S representative from Gadsden In 1987 Peck undertook the voice overs for television commercials opposing President Ronald Reagan s Supreme Court nomination of judge Robert Bork 334 Bork s nomination was defeated Peck was also a vocal supporter of a worldwide ban of nuclear weapons and a life long advocate of gun control 335 336 Documents declassified in 2017 show that the National Security Agency had created a biographical file on Peck as part of its monitoring of prominent US citizens 337 Personal life EditIn October 1942 Peck married Finnish born Greta Kukkonen 1911 2008 with whom he had three sons Jonathan 1944 1975 Stephen b 1946 and Carey Paul b 1949 They were divorced in December 1955 338 Peck s eldest son was found dead in his home on June 26 1975 in what authorities believed was a suicide 339 Peck with his wife Veronique in 1959 During his first marriage Peck had a brief affair with Spellbound co star Ingrid Bergman 46 He confessed the affair to Brad Darrach of People in a 1987 interview saying All I can say is that I had a real love for her Bergman and I think that s where I ought to stop I was young She was young We were involved for weeks in close and intense work 340 341 342 On New Year s Eve in 1955 the day after his divorce was final Peck married Veronique Passani 1932 2012 343 a Paris news reporter who had interviewed him in 1952 before he went to Italy to film Roman Holiday He asked her to lunch six months later and they became inseparable They had a son Anthony Peck b 1956 344 and a daughter Cecilia Peck b 1958 345 The couple remained married until Gregory Peck s death His son Anthony is a former husband of supermodel Cheryl Tiegs Peck had grandchildren from both marriages 346 One of his grandsons from his first marriage is actor Ethan Peck Peck was the owner of thoroughbred steeplechase race horses In 1963 Owen s Sedge finished seventh in the Grand National 347 Another of his horses Different Class raced in the 1968 Grand National 348 The horse was favored but finished third Peck was Roman Catholic and once considered entering the priesthood Later in his career a journalist asked Peck if he was a practicing Catholic Peck answered I am a Roman Catholic Not a fanatic but I practice enough to keep the franchise I don t always agree with the Pope There are issues that concern me like abortion contraception the ordination of women and others 349 His second marriage was performed by a justice of the peace not by a priest because the Church prohibits remarriage if the first spouse is still living and the first marriage was not annulled Peck was a significant fund raiser for the missionary work of a priest friend of his Father Albert O Hara and served as co producer of a cassette recording of the New Testament with his son Stephen 349 Death and legacy Edit Gregory Peck s tomb at Los Angeles Cathedral On June 12 2003 Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87 at his home in Los Angeles 350 His wife Veronique was by his side 8 Gregory Peck is entombed in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels mausoleum in Los Angeles His eulogy was read by Brock Peters whose character Tom Robinson was defended by Peck s Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird 351 352 Celebrities who attended Peck s funeral included Lauren Bacall Sidney Poitier Harry Belafonte Shari Belafonte Harrison Ford Calista Flockhart Mike Farrell Shelley Fabares Jimmy Smits Louis Jourdan Dyan Cannon Stephanie Zimbalist Michael York Angie Dickinson Larry Gelbart Michael Jackson Anjelica Huston Lionel Richie Louise Fletcher Tony Danza and Piper Laurie 351 353 The Gregory Peck Award for Cinematic Excellence was created by the Peck family in 2008 to commemorate their father by honoring a director producer or actor s life s work Originally presented at the Dingle International Film Festival in his ancestral home in Dingle Ireland 354 since 2014 it has been presented at the San Diego International Film Festival in the city where he was born and raised Recipients include Gabriel Byrne Laura Dern Alan Arkin Annette Bening Patrick Stewart and Laurence Fishburne Acting credits and awards EditMain articles Gregory Peck on screen stage and radio and awards and honors According to the American Film Institute the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Hollywood Foreign Press Association Peck s most significant works include Days of Glory 1944 The Keys of the Kingdom 1945 Spellbound 1945 The Yearling 1946 Gentleman s Agreement 1947 Twelve O Clock High 1949 The Gunfighter 1950 The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952 Roman Holiday 1953 The Big Country 1958 Moby Dick 1956 Designing Woman 1957 The Guns of Navarone 1961 Cape Fear 1962 To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 Arabesque 1966 Mackenna s Gold 1969 The Omen 1976 and Old Gringo 1989 355 356 357 358 Among his television projects are The Blue and the Gray 1982 The Scarlet and the Black 1983 and Moby Dick miniseries 1998 359 On stage Peck appeared in Gas Light at the La Jolla Playhouse and The Will Rogers Follies at the Palace Theatre 8 360 Peck s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Peck received five total Academy Award nominations for The Keys of the Kingdom 1945 The Yearling 1946 Gentleman s Agreement 1947 and Twelve O Clock High 1949 before winning Best Actor for his performance in To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 In 1967 he received their Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award 355 He received eight competitive nominations for Golden Globe Awards that recognised his work in The Yearling 1946 To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 Captain Newman M D 1964 MacArthur 1977 The Boys from Brazil 1978 and the 1998 miniseries Moby Dick Peck s five wins included the Golden Globe for Best Actor twice as well as one Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Series Miniseries or Television Film and he was honored with their Cecil B DeMille Award in 1969 358 In 1969 President Lyndon B Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom the nation s highest civilian honor In 1998 Peck received the National Medal of Arts from President Bill Clinton for his contributions to acting 361 During his lifetime he also was a recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and the Kennedy Center Honors 356 362 363 For his contribution to the motion picture industry Gregory Peck has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6100 Hollywood Boulevard In November 2005 the star was stolen and has since been replaced 364 Archives EditPeck donated his personal collection of home movies and prints of his feature films to the Film Archive of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1999 The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by printed materials in the Gregory Peck papers at the Academy s Margaret Herrick Library 365 See also EditList of Gregory Peck performances List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipientsNotes Edit Crowther said Gregory Peck comes recommended with a Gary Cooper angularity and a face somewhat like that modest gentleman s but his acting is equally stiff 27 Variety described the movie as a cavalcade of a priest s life played excellently by Peck what transcends all the cinematic action is the impact of tolerance service faith and godliness 30 Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote Much of the dialogue that is cautiously arranged between and among these people is tedious since it lacks real depth or point but Peck gives a quiet and forceful performance 36 Bosley Crowther wrote Peck s performance is quietly commanding 39 Variety said the tale is movingly dealt with and that Peck has the personality and ability to command attention in any scene 41 Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said it is a moving love story and a rare film that the manner and quality of story telling is extraordinarily fine the firm texture of narration the flow of continuity and dialogue the shock of the unexpected the scope of the image all are happily here 47 and Variety said Alfred Hitchcock handles his players and action in a suspenseful manner and except for a few episodes of much scientific dialogue maintains a steady pace in keeping the camera moving adding that Peck handles the suspense scenes with great skill 48 A E Wilson of The Star England wrote the film is acted with rare perfection 52 Bosley Crowther also wrote The strong bond of trust and wistful longing which exists between the boy and his Pa required the most sensitive tuning in order to ring sharp and true and the love of the lad for a pet lawn which his father understands had to be tenderly developed to appear wholly genuine It s been described as exquisitely filmed with memorable performances by Leonard Maltin 55 by Dan Jardine of AllMovie as teetering on the brink of sentimentality at times but the honesty of the performances and the beauty of the photography procure a place for The Yearling in cinematic history 56 by Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times as a lovely and loving story which takes its strength from an understatement of dramatic events and the underplaying of the actors Veteran director Clarence Brown shapes it into a tale that touches the heart while never patronizing the mind Sentiment without sentimentality 57 Frank Miller of Turner Class Movies says it had pretty awful reviews 58 and Stephen Watts of The Sunday Times said it fluctuates between the repellent and the ridiculous 69 Variety wrote The familiar western formula reaches its highest commercialization the movie is raw sex laden pulp fiction The vastness of western locale is splendidly displayed in color too much at times considering the movie s length and Jones and Peck overact in some scenes 70 David Parkinson of the BFI says Peck credibly holds his own against the scene stealing veterans in the movie 72 Bosley Crowther says Peck makes the renegade brother a credibly vicious and lawless character 71 but Christopher Tookey says Peck is as lively as the average coffee table 65 and Variety wrote that Peck overacted in some scenes 59 Bosley Crowther wrote The movie is a tight and absorbing study of character and the hunting scenes incidentally are visual knockouts but it has a contrived conclusion that is completely stupid and false 76 Variety wrote the movie provides an almost overwhelming emotional experience is memorable for numerous vivid impelling passages has great dramatic depth and force is a credit to the screen and that the screenplay direction and cinematography are all excellent but acknowledged it has some disappointing or confusing scenes 82 Bosley Crowther wrote the role is crisply and agreeably played by Gregory Peck 83 Variety said Peck is quiet almost gentle progressively intense and resolute with just the right suggestion of inner vitality and turbulence 82 TV Guide says Peck gives a convincing portrayal and refers to the excellence of Peck 78 Richard Gilliam of AllMovie says the performances are quite good especially that of Peck 84 Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times says it s one of Peck s finest performances 85 Christopher Tookey says Once considered courageous and powerful now it looks terribly slow preachy and melodramatic More evidence the socially important film of today is the deservedly forgotten film of tomorrow 86 Michael Gebert writes In retrospect rarely has so much praise been lavished on such an inconsequential film Coming on the heels of the Holocaust it seems almost obscene to lavish so much attention on such a minor upper class aspect of anti Semitism 80 Time Out says sentimental and muddled it wears its heart on its sleeve rather than offers any analysis of the problem looks remarkedly dated in places Good performances however particularly from Garfield and Holm 87 George Aachen commented Peck s amateurishly mannered performance with its wearisome trick of delivery and inflection makes the movie seem even more unrealistic and John Howard Reid wrote The glum humorless Peck is in every scene bar one though he does not hold the monopoly on strained acting 89 88 Barry Monush observes it is a film looked upon as very mild dramatic fare by modern audiences but one that much good in its day 13 TV Guide writes today it looks like heart on a sleeve but the film is a landmark film and remains a classic crusading film 78 David Sterritt of TCM says the film ranks with the best of the problem pictures made by Hollywood in the wake of WWII it comes across as smart incisive and engrossing drama and although times have changed since 1947 the subject it so boldly tackles remains timely and relevant to this day 91 Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times asserts An eye opener in its day it still has the power to compel is successful in showing that subtle malaise is barely recognized as such by the people who sustain it members of the cast produce work of high quality 85 In 2017 Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote Gentleman s Agreement is still a riveting movie intriguing a little exasperating alternately naive and very sharp 92 Bosley Crowther wrote the movie is one fitfully intriguing tale smoothly told through a cultivated camera It isn t a too well written story it goes into Old Bailey Courtroom and stays there for most of the film Courtroom action tends to get weary Hitchcock has made the most of a difficult script and has got as much tension in a courtroom as most directors could get in a frontier fort Gregory Peck is impressively impassioned as the famous young London barrister who lets his heart cruelly captured by his client rule his head 96 Variety wrote Peck s statue as a performer of ability stands him in good stead among extremely tough competition 95 Patrick Legare of AllMovie commented it is talky slow moving with a lack of any sustained action and Peck gives respectable performance 98 Jay S Steinberg of TCM laments it has a rather verbose narrative that never quite builds dramatically but with instances that reveal the director s visual flair and as featuring earnest and engaging performances 97 TV Guide says Hitchcock tried mightily but didn t quite overcome the rambling overlong script 99 Craig Butler of AllMovie writes crackling good screenplay with memorable dialogue and clearly drawn characters beautifully detailed direction that doesn t skimp on suspense or action and that even makes the love angle work aided by stark almost expressionistic cinematography a feast of black and white images that carry on their own considerable emotional weight and a marvelous cast 103 Time Out says A fine Western harshly shot the screenplay develops WR Burnett s source story with the Tempest in mind the subtler analogies serving to provide resonances the conflict similarly resolves strangely at its violent climax into a sense of conciliation Beautifully cast and characterized 102 Leonard Maltin states Exciting western Similar in atmosphere to Wellman s classic The Ox Bow Incident 55 TV Guide writes Peck is thoroughly believable in a part which contrasts greatly with many of his others 101 103 TV Guide refers to the unlikely ending 101 Time Out says the conflict similarly resolves strangely into a sense of conciliation 102 Christopher Tookey says The film is better at the beginning than later on when Peck becomes too much of a goodie goodie to be credible 86 Bosley Crowther labeled it as a dreary picture with the actors entrapped by a weak script and fustian direction 108 Margarita Landazuri of TCM says The Great Sinner may not be faithful to Dostoevsky the author of the sourcebook but it is high gloss MGM with some excellent performances that make it well worth watching 109 Bob Thomas of the Associated Press wrote It is one of the best treatments of WWII but not without its defects These include its length and some old war picture cliches But the acting especially Peck and direction approach greatness 113 Aubry D Arminio of AllMovie says The story of Peck s General Savage remains one of the most fair and celebrated accounts of leadership Twelve O Clock High is a sincere and realistic war film 116 TV Guide says Firm film peak Peck in addition to fine acting Twelve O Clock High features some gorgeous camerawork and one of the most horrifying aerial attack sequences ever put on film the subsequent devaluation of King s work is a gross injustice 117 Leonard Maltin says Taut story Peck has never been better 55 Tom Hutchinson of Radio Times says To watch Gregory Peck crack under the strain of high command is as alarming as the collapse of the Statue of Liberty he s such a monument to liberal integrity It s all a wonderful example of ensemble acting 118 see also modern reviews Variety wrote Peck gives the character much credence as he suffers and sweats with his men 115 David Thomson says Peck is quite riveting 60 TV Guide says Peck gives a flawless performance 117 Barry Monush says Peck does his best work yet to date 13 Variety s website review says Gregory Peck perfectly portrays the title role a man doomed to live out his span killing to keep from being killed He gives it great sympathy and a type of rugged individualism that makes it real 130 and TCM s Jeremy Arnold says Variety s original review also called it dynamic potent drama Packs a terrific dramatic wallop that has seldom been equaled in any type of picture 129 TCM also says another The New York Times reviewer wrote it has rare suspense and a tingling accumulation of good pungent western atmosphere 129 Christopher Tookey says It s gained in critical respectability over the years 86 Brian Whitener of AllMovie says often imitated by other Westerns its morally difficult and compelling tale make it one of the most important films produced in the 1950s 123 TV Guide says Peck is dazzling 133 Leonard Malton says Peck is most effective 55 Christopher Tookey says Peck underacts effectively 86 Ronald Bergen says Peck brings gravitas to the role of a man who cannot escape his past 62 Luccia Bozzola of AllMovie says Peck s performance is laconic yet deeply felt 134 Time Outsays his role was flawlessly acted by Peck 135 Lucia Bozzola of AllMovie says it is a notable predecessor to the revisionist emphasis on the end of the Westerner and the West in the 1960s and 1970s it is lauded for its adept psychological examination of the unwanted results of myth making violence 123 Leonard Malton says classic psychological Western Catch this one 55 Jeremy Arnold of TCM says it is seen as a key forerunner to the dark psychological westerns of the later 1950s 129 Time Out says a sinewy unsympathetic Peck impresses 143 TV Guide writes Though a disappointing Western with a routine plot it is somewhat redeemed by its star and a solid supporting cast The script never rises about the intelligence of a B western and the production design is obviously artificial but the cast makes all the difference Peck turned in a decent performance and pulled the film out of the doldrums 144 Craig Butler of AllMovie asserts it is a fairly routine Western but it does boast a fine cast that makes it quite watchable the script is much too familiar and written with far too little imagination it has a by the numbers plot Gordon M Douglas direction doesn t overcome the deficiencies in the screenplay his work is efficient and competent but rather more is needed here Peck is in great cards to the vest form here and he holds the film together with his sheer star power 145 Mark Bourne of the DVD Journal asserts Gregory Peck would be nobody s first choice for the role but he looks so comfortable barking orders providing leadership or lovingly ministering Virginia Mayo back to health that we ease into the characterization with him 152 TV Guide says Peck s a touch sober for a credible swashbuckler but is full of valiant guff in the role 153 Mark Bourne of DVD Journal says the film has excellent cinematography and ship battles effects The film looks terrific and moves with strong winds in the sails Peck gets the necessary support from a fine ensemble crew of character actors that the script kindly remembers to need entertaining things to do and say The often lush cinematography includes striking work that captures Peck and Mayo in golden toned shots that are warm and romantic without being romancy or trite 152 Leonard Maltin assesses it as an Exciting well produced sea epic 55 Richard Gilliam of AllMovie argues it features several nicely staged battle sequences If the film has a flaw it s that it spends too much time on Hornblower s uninteresting relationship with Barbara Wellesley Virginia Mayo the scenes seem tacked on detracting from the naval drama 154 Time Out says it is as much a study of the heroic spirit as an action romp Director Raoul Walsh seems more interested in their inner life and emotional vulnerability which makes for an oddly limpid but often quite beautiful and non dynamic work 156 David Parkinson of the Radio Times observes this sprawling handsome but flat feature suffers from too many shifts in emphasis between action adventure and psychological study What should have been stirring spends too much time becalmed 155 Bosley Crowther asserted the film avoids pageantry and overwhelming concocted spectacle the rest of the cast is entirely overshadowed by Peck s role Having been mounted artistically an age old tale now takes on colorful dimensions for all its verbosity and occasional slickness and sensuality it makes its points with feeling and respect 159 Variety said This is a big picture in every respect Expert casting throughout focuses on each characterization with each performer doing strong work except for Hayward 160 Bosley Crowther wrote A couple of handsome down east schooners racing furiously through a wind swept sea pretty much steal a robust show from Gregory Peck Ann Blyth and other mortals And this is no whit of discredit to the mere actors in this lively film they are faced with uneven competition in this drama it s loaded with muscular and romantic action of the juiciest and easily playable sort the action spills forth without clear reason the characters presented make more motion and color than they make sense Gregory Peck as the venturesome hero is only a shade more restrained than Anthony Quinn who plays a Portuguese captain as though he were animated by hot feet and rum 167 Bosley Crowther wrote Thanks to a skillful combination of some sensational African hunting scenes a musical score of rich suggestion and a vivid performance by Gregory Peck it is a handsome and generally absorbing film and a taut eye filling film The flow of romances is exquisitely colorful alluring and loaded with heavy sentiment But a stubbornly analytic viewer will still be moved to inquire what all this chasing about with women demonstrates or proves the filmmakers have not made a clearly convincing film However they have made a picture that constantly fascinates the eyes and stimulates the emotions the overall production in wonderful color is full of brilliant detail and surprise and the mood of nostalgia and wistful sadness that is built up in the story has its spell Peck by the force and vigor of his physical attitudes suggests a man of burning temper and melancholy moods 175 Variety commented Ava Gardner makes the part of Cynthia a warm appealing alluring standout Peck delivers with gusto the character of the writer Susan Hayward is splendid The location lensed footage add s an important dress to the varied sequences The African lensed backgrounds are brilliant as are those on the Riviera and in Spain 174 Craig Butler of AllMovie opines Gardner and Peck create the appropriate romantic chemistry the direction is uneven there s still enough here to engage most fans of romance movies 173 TV Guide wrote this story works splendidly under King s sure directorial hand and is enacted with power and conviction by Peck This beautifully photographed film features a magnificent score by Herman that captures all the exotic locales profiled Gardner is excellent the script is a seamless blend of the screenwriter s and Hemingway s styles 176 Time Out says the film tends to ramble and seems particularly uneven in its mixture of back project wildlife footage studio and location work 177 Leonard Maltin says Peck finds his forte 55 Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader says overstuffed There is some exquisite Technicolor photography but director Henry King never moves the action beyond respectful superficiality 178 Milton Luban of the Hollywood Reporter said With Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn turning in superb performances Roman Holiday is 118 minutes of sheer entertainment elaborating that it has a delightful screenplay that sparkles with wit and outrageous humor that at times comes close to slapstick and that the cinematographers do a fine job of incorporating Roman landmarks into the storyline 187 Leonard Maltin labels it Utterly charming 55 TV Guide praises it as Charming wistful and frothy and says it has enough adventure and excitement to satisfy and the faintly bittersweet note of the ending is made deliciously palatable by its artistic rightness 189 Joshua Klein says Peck and Hepburn are excellent Rome s landmarks help enhance the already magical story Just as essential is the enjoyable script 190 Time Out succinctly states near perfect rom com 181 TV Guide enthuses This delightful comedy is convincingly acted by Peck the direction is full of vitality and the movie provides consistent humor and delightful situations is beautifully photographed and the Victorian era sets are impressive a rewarding satire on human greed and British traditions 197 Bosley Crowther also wrote the main character possesses the humble stoic valor one associates with Gregory Peck who by most fortunate coincidence is present to play the role the director has arranged events in a seemingly scattered yet clear and forceful way he has in short a full well rounded film To do this he had to take his sweet time the director has wisely paced his film at a tempo that gives them plausible time to deliberate the expensive production gives proper setting to this intelligent film and The critical scene in which the hero tells his wife of his Italian child is also a long mordant passage that strikes sparks every second of the way 213 Harrison s Reports called it one of the most absorbing pictures of the year with exceptionally fine acting 214 Variety indicated Peck is handsome and appealing if not always convincing It is only really in the romantic sequences with Marisa Pavan who plays his Italian love that he takes on warmth and becomes believable Playing opposite Peck as his wife is Jennifer Jones and her concept of the role is faulty to a serious degree Jones allows almost no feeling of any real relationship between her and Peck Frederick March is excellent and the scenes between him and Peck lift the picture high above the ordinary 215 TV Guide calls it surprisingly engrossing if shallow and overlong and Totally hollow trash with a hysteria prone Jennifer Jones So slickly dished up though you can feel yourself sliding around on the sofa 210 Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader describes it as lush adding The film may seem mediocre now it did back then but it probably speaks volumes about the period 217 Crowther noted some of the verbal exchanges between Peck and Bacall have a nice little splash of wit about them Good dialogue has been written by George Wells The direction keeps things moving tolerably along until the end when it bursts into a splurge of ostentation that is silly and in somewhat doubtful taste 235 Leonard Malton writes chic comedy reminiscent of the great Hepburn Tracy vehicles Bacall and Peck do their best 55 Leonard Maltin says it is compelling 55 Hal Erickson of AllMovie labeling it as grim and compelling as The Gunfighter 239 film writer Peter Von Bagh asserts Peck s performance conveys an ethical and charismatic radiance 237 Adrian Turner of the Radio Times opines the movie isn t imbued with the emotional conviction it needs from either Peck or the usually capable director Henry King 243 TV Guide also says Outstanding in the film are color shots of gorges and precipitous mountains A H Weiler of The New York Times had also said Peck lends conviction to a role that could be a stereotype 240 Bosley Crowther wrote The Big Country does not get far beneath the skin of its conventional Western situation and its stock Western characters It skims across standard complications and ends on a platitude even if the verbal construction and pictorial development of complications incidents are measured meticulous robust and ringing with organ tones 255 Monthly Film Bulletin argued the efforts to convey a peace message were superficial and pedestrian adding that the pivotal character of McKay played on a monotonously self righteous note by Peck never comes alive It s mainly due to the power of the climatic canyon battle and Burl Ives interesting playing as Rufus that this remains a not unsympathetic film 256 Variety said it is armed with a serviceable adult western yarn The camera has captured a vast section of the southwest with such fidelity that the long stretches of dry country in juxtaposition to tiny western settlements and the giant canyon country in the arid area have been recorded with almost three dimensional effect and As a peace loving easterner Peck gives one of his better performances with the other actors also giving strong performances 257 Harrison Reports declared it was a first rate super western beautifully photographed and added It is a long picture perhaps too long for what the story has to offer but there is never a dull moment from start to finish and it holds one s interest tightly throughout 258 Michael Betzold of AllMovie writes Staggering vistas and grandiose story make this an emblematic Western though its emotions are transparent 254 Leonard Maltin says it is overblown the score has become a classic 55 Ronald Bergen describes it as rousing epic with both sweep and substance listing the exciting opening sequence involving a carriage chase and several action scenes as being highlights 62 Barry Monush enthuses Peck is excellent as a man of integrity in a fine western 13 TV Guide argues it is A huge sprawling western with just about everything brilliant photography superb music an intelligent script and excellent performances If you hate westerns you ll still enjoy this picture because the story could have taken place anywhere strong personalities clash It s too long true Sharper editing was needed 259 Bosley Crowther wrote the battle scenes as directed by Lewis Milestone an old war film hand are realistic and effective and all represented expertly but the awesome and lasting impressive feature is that enemy voice from battle speakers articulating all the resentments and misgivings of the American troops and the audacity to produce such a grim and rugged film which tacitly points to the obsoleteness of ground warfare merits applause 262 Variety wrote Pork Chop Hill is a grim utterly realistic story that drives home both the irony of war and the courage men can summon to die in a cause they don t understand for and an objective which they know to be totally irrelevant The accent on the combat is such that the other men barely emerge as people They look real they sound real 263 Leonard Maltin writes gritty with an impressive cast 55 Scott McGee of TCM says the film is told with a hard nosed style of harsh realism and fluid action and it was the sure handed direction of veteran Lewis Milestone that determined the impact of Pork Chop Hill 267 Tony Sloman of Radio Times writes This is the definitive Korean War movie Bleak and glum it boasts a superb all male cast headed by Gregory Peck at his glummest the action sequences are terrific 268 Time Out writes It details quite brilliantly the bloody assault on a hill of no particular value impressive with fine performances 264 Barry Monush writes it emphasizes gritty action over characterization 13 TV Guide writes Peck is outstanding as the resolute but compassionate commander 269 Bosley Crowther wrote Gregory Peck is convincingly stalwart 262 Leonard Maltin writes Ill conceived casting of Peck makes the film more ludicrous than real lush photography is the only virtue of blunt look at cinema capital 55 Barry Monush said that Peck was blatantly miscast 13 Tony Sloman of Radio Times decrees it is sunk by the staggering miscasting of Gregory Peck the CinemaScope photography is stunning but to no avail 273 Craig Butler of AllMovie says Beloved Infidel is soapy less than satisfying it oversimplifies a relationship rather more complex than what is shown Gregory Peck gives a performance that is so far off the mark as to be embarrassing Peck was an extremely talented actor but there is nothing in his personality that matches the qualities associated with Fitzgerald As a result Peck is totally at sea incapable of pulling off either of the big drunk scenes the role requires By contrast Deborah Kerr is in peak form there s also some yummy photography this is not enough to make up for the film s fatal flaws but it does make the film watchable 274 TV Guide says Top production and stars give this one all they re worth but it could have been better Peck is miscast he is dark haired and towers well over six feet whereas Fitzgerald was 5 7 and fair haired but he plays the role nobly It s a sad almost wasted film which dwells not on Fitzgerald s courage and magnificent talent but on his failure 275 Variety evaluates it as a solid film of considerable emotional as well as cerebral content but adds the fact remains that the final impact is as heavy as a leaden shroud All the personal stories are well presented The cast is almost uniformly excellent Peck and Gardner make a good romantic team 280 The Hollywood Reporter enthused the film was brilliantly executed 276 Australian film writer Philip Davey says that at the time of release many critics criticized the perceived unrealistic sedate behavior of characters facing certain death and in some cases the absence of a religious element 281 The Hollywood Reporter enthused the film was brilliantly executed but is reported to have wondered at length why none of the characters showed any interest in religion as the world ends 276 Arthur Knight of Saturday Review observed it is difficult to believe that all people would remain as calm and self possessed as the people have been here There is no looting no licentiousness no desperate last chance fling 86 Christopher Tookey says It is hard to see why this incredibly turgid cliche ridden melodramatic film garnered the critical acclaim it did 86 Time Out says Fine photography but the script is a typically numbing affair and the cast aside from Peck seem totally out of their depth 282 TV Guide says it is Flawed but moving and Though it occasionally goes over the top with melodrama and lacks some technical credibility it remains a powerful well acted deftly photographed film 283 Leonard Maltin says Thoughtful with fine performances by all 55 Variety said it was a spectacular drama and even with its flaws should have patrons firmly riveted throughout its lengthy narrative adding that all the actors turn in worthwhile performances it has terrific special effects and several socko situations and that a wonderfully directed and lensed storm segment and the final boffo climax nail biting are just a few of the nail biting highlights 285 287 Bosley Crowther opined more emphasis is placed on melodrama than on character or credibility that the characters are all such predictable people you re likely to get bored with them before the guns are blown up and One simply wonders why Foreman didn t aim for more complex human drama He goes on to write it is a robust action drama and For anyone given to letting himself be entertained by scenes of explosive action and individual heroic display there should be entertainment in this picture for there is plenty of it Even though the picture runs more than two hours and a half it moves swiftly and gets where it is going J Lee Thompson has directed it with pace 289 The New Yorker s film critic declared it was one of those great bow wow movies that are no less thrilling because they are so preposterous confessing he was held more or less spellbound all the way through this many colored rubbish 290 TV Guide says it is a stirring spectacle and great adventure handled well by veteran director J Lee Thompson with strong cast support and excellent production values that make it all lavish rich and often breathtaking despite its cliched story hackneyed characters and triumph over impossible odds finale 291 Jeremy Aspinall of Radio Times comments This classic wartime adventure maintains tension despite the film s epic length also complimenting the acting 292 Ronald Bergen describes it as a rip roaring adventure that is spectacularly filmed and one of the best of its type 62 Tony Rayns of Time Out assert the ongoing debates about the morality of warfare that are scattered through the movie only serve to drag out the action climaxes 286 Christopher Tookey describes it as an Old fashioned but effective war movie which would have been improved further by cutting some of the chat 86 Mike Mayo in Videohound s War Movies writes behind the often clunky mechanics of plot lies solid craftsmanship director J Lee Thompson handles the story with a finer touch the production has a realistic lived in look that s more associated with serious black and white World War II movies than with escapism 287 Bosley Crowther wrote A cold blooded calculated build up of sadistic menace and shivering dread is accomplished with frightening adroitness Technically it s a good job Mr Webb has prepared a tough tight script and Mr Thompson has directed in a steady and starkly sinister style And Mr Mitchum plays the villain with the cheekiest wickedest arrogance and the most relentless aura of sadism that he has ever managed to generate Mr Peck is taut and tenacious 298 Variety said As a forthright exercise in cumulative terror Cape Fear is a competent and visually polished entry There is nothing which might provide some insight in Mitchum s behavior Peck displaying his typical guarded self is effective if perhaps less distraught over the prospect of personal disaster than his character might warrant Mitchum has no trouble being utterly hateful 299 Time Out writes This superbly nasty thrilboasts great credentials Mitchum as the sadistic villain Peck as the epitome of threatened righteousness whooping music by Bernard Herrmann If director Thompson isn t quite skilful enough to give the film its final touch of class many of the shocks are just too planned the relentlessness of the story and Mitchum s tangibly sordid presence guarantee the viewer s quivering attention 300 TV Guide says Unforgettable villainy Suspenseful and very frightening thanks to Robert Mitchum s lethally threatening performance and the frightened reactions of a pro cast J Lee Thompson directs at a clip until the drawl toward the bayou climax where the minutes feel like hours and your heart sits in your throat Peck is careful not to act the fear he s an interesting foe for Mitchum 301 Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader better than the Scorsese remake above all for Robert Mitchum s chilling performance though its arguable still some distance from deserving its reputation as a classic 302 Brendon Hanley of AllMovie says Mitchum s role comes in second in the sinister sweepstakes only to his chilling performance in Night of the Hunter Mitchum s Cad is an untouchable unstoppable unrepentant corrupter of innocence all with a sadistic smirk Director J Lee Thompson significantly scaled back his scope for this drama and even the fight scenes at the end have a subdued almost still aspect 303 Christopher Tookey sums up Straightforward unpretentious yarn with memorable performances especially from Robert Mitchum and a fine Bernard Herrmann score 86 There were no New York Film Critics Circle Awards that year due to a strike Peck was not Universal Studios first choice to play Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Rock Hudson was slated to play the part until Pakula and Mulligan became involved in the production and immediately thought Peck would be preferable 310 The three of them traveled to Monroeville Alabama to meet Harper Lee s father and found the basis for the story to be accurate 309 After viewing a rough cut of the finished film Peck wrote a memo to Universal that included a statement Atticus had no chance to emerge as courageous or strong and amongst other things requested that more footage of himself be inserted in place of some footage of Scout and Jem As Peck s production company was footing a substantial portion of the production costs most of his requests were fulfilled and the court room scenes cover about 30 of the film s length 311 The initial aim was to shoot the film in Monroeville Alabama however the town neighborhoods of the 1930s no longer existed 312 and the Monroeville Courthouse s courtroom had very poor acoustics which would make filming there very difficult 309 Mulligan took hundreds of photographs of homes and gardens in the South to capture its atmosphere 312 Production designer Henry Bumstead went to Monroeville for a tour of the town neighborhoods where she grew up from Leer to take in its atmosphere and Leer also provided some photographs of her neighborhood from the 1930s 311 Universal had location scouts find clapboard houses from the right time period with the appropriate deteriorating appearance and the homes they found were just about to be demolished for a freeway 309 The Finch house was painstakingly put together with the pieces of several of the homes 313 Production designers went to Monroeville to take photographs and measurements of the actual courtroom 309 Variety s full analysis was For Peck it is an especially challenging role requiring him to conceal his natural physical attractiveness yet project through a veneer of civilized restraint and resigned rational compromise the fires of social indignation and humanitarian concern that burn within the character He not only succeeds but makes it appear effortless etching a portrayal of strength dignity intelligence Another distinguished achievement for an actor whose taste and high standards of role selectivity is attested to by the caliber of his films and performances throughout his career 314 Bosley Crowther stated Atticus Finch was played superbly by Gregory Peck 315 TV Guide says Peck s peak since its release this film has been warmly received by audiences responding to the heroic image portrayed by Peck a shining example of citizenship and affectionate fatherhood 319 Dan Jardine of AllMovie asserts Oscar winner Gregory Peck is ideal casting as Atticus for his Lincoln like integrity and intelligence perfectly serve the role Peck hammers home the film s achingly authentic timeless and resonant plea for humanistic tolerance The best way to understand another s problems is to get into his or her skin and walk around in it 320 Empire says Peck gives a career best turn but true to the source is understated enough to let the kids shine 321 Cara Frost Sharratt asserts the casting of Peck was clearly a stroke of genius 322 References Edit Gregory Peck Is Dead at 87 Film Roles Had Moral Fiber The New York Times June 13 2003 Retrieved December 20 2020 How to Get to La Jolla Cove La Jolla Cove Directions LaJolla com September 14 2017 Archived from the original on December 4 2020 Retrieved June 14 2021 Gregory Peck obituary The Guardian June 14 2003 Retrieved June 14 2021 Freedland 1980 p 10 United States Census records for La Jolla California 1910 United States Census records for St Louis Missouri 1860 1870 1880 1900 1910 Star made proud pilgrimage to granny s Kerry roots and links to a famed patriot Irish Independent a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty url help a b c Bergan Ronald June 13 2003 Gregory Peck obituary The Guardian Retrieved October 19 2018 Freedland 1980 pp 12 18 Freedland 1980 pp 16 19 Fishgall 2002 pp 36 37 Thomas Tony Gregory Peck Pyramid Publications 1977 p 16 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Monush Barry 2003 The Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors New York Applause Theatre and Cinema Books p 589 ISBN 1 557 83551 9 Gregory Peck comes home Berkeley Magazine Summer 1996 Berkeley edu July 4 2000 02 21 96 gt Just One of the Guys berkeley edu Retrieved September 16 2020 Freedland 1980 p 35 Gregory Peck Returns to Theatre Roots in Virginia Mountains Playbill June 29 1998 Tad Mosel Leading Lady The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell Boston Little Brown amp Co 1978 page needed The Valley of Decision 1945 Turner Classic Movies Welton Jones Gregory Peck The San Diego Union Tribune April 5 1998 Vintage Magazine Gregory Peck interview Badlands a b c d e f Thomson David London 1994 A Biographical Dictionary of Film Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd pg 576 a b c Days of Glory 1944 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Days Of Glory TV Guide TVGuide com Days of Glory 1944 Jacques Tourneur Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie Gregory Peck Biography Movie Highlights and Photos AllMovie Crowther Bosley June 17 1944 Days of Glory Starring Tamara Toumanova and Gregory Peck at Palace Mexican Film Opens The New York Times Gregory Peck Dead At 87 cbsnews com a b c Adrian Turner June 14 2003 News gt Obituaries Gregory Peck The Independent Retrieved November 29 2019 a b The Keys of the Kingdom Variety com December 31 1944 Greg Orypeck May 31 2018 The Keys of the Kingdom 1947 starring Gregory Peck and Thomas Mitchell Classic Film Freak Retrieved October 8 2019 a b c d Kinn Gail and Jim Plazza New York 2000 The Academy Awards The Complete History of Oscar Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers pg 92 says Cogerson April 9 2017 1944 Top Grossing Movies Ultimate Movie Rankings The Keys of the Kingdom 1945 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies McGilligan 2004 p 357 Crowther Bosley December 30 1944 Keys of the Kingdom From Novel by A J Cronin Opens at Rivoli RKO s Experiment Perilous New Bill at Palace The New York Times The Keys of the Kingdom review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on October 31 2020 Retrieved November 22 2019 The Keys of the Kingdom 1944 John M Stahl Review AllMovie via allmovie com a b Crowther Bosley May 4 1945 The Screen in Review The Valley of Decision With Greer Carson and Gregory Peck Makes Its Appearance at the Radio City Music Hall Judy Garland Seen in The Clock at Capitol Other New Films Are Offered at the Palace and at Loew s State Theatre At the Capitol At the Palace At Loew s State The New York Times The Valley of Decision 1945 Tay Garnett Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie The Valley of Decision Variety January 1 1945 a b c d e f g h i j k Gebert Michael New York 1996 The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards St Martin s Press a b Fox Ken Ed Grant Jo Imeson Andrew Joseph and Maitland McDonaugh Eds New York 1998 The Movie Guide Berkley Publishing Group pg 645 The Paradine Case 1948 Turner Classic Movies McGilligan 2004 p 360 a b c Haney 2005 p 23 a b Crowther Bosley November 2 1945 Tide Screen In Review Spellbound a Psychological Hit Starring Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck Opens at Astor Hitchcock Director Dangerous Partners a Surprise Package Featuring Craig and Hasso Is Intriguing Film by M G M Now at Loew s State The New York Times Retrieved July 29 2021 Spellbound Variety January 1 1945 McGilligan 2004 p 379quoting Newsweek a b Spellbound 1945 Turner Classic Movies a b Gebert Michael New York 1996 The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards St Martin s Press pg 143 Tookey Christopher London 1994 The Film Critics Film Guide Boxtree Limited pg 950 quoting A E Wilson The Star England Crowther Bosley January 24 1947 The Yearling Based on Novel by Marjorie Rawlings Opens at Radio City with Claude Jarman Jr in Role of Jody The New York Times a b Gebert Michael New York 1996 The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards St Martin s Press pg 143 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Maltin Leonard Leonard Maltin s Classic Movie Guide 2005 Jardine Dan The Yearling 1946 Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 The Yearling review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on October 31 2020 Retrieved November 22 2019 a b Duel in the Sun 1947 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b c Duel In The Sun TV Guide TVGuide com a b c Thomson David London 1994 A Biographical Dictionary of Film Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd pg 577 Duel in the Sun Time Out London a b c d e f Bergen Ronald London 2004 in 501 Must See Movies Bounty Books Grimes William June 13 2003 Gregory Peck Is Dead at 87 Film Roles Had Moral Fiber The New York Times Retrieved July 29 2021 Fox Ken Ed Grant Jo Imeson Andrew Joseph and Maitland McDonaugh Eds New York 1998 The Movie Guide Berkley Publishing Group pg 183 a b Tookey Christopher London 1994 The Film Critics Film Guide Boxtree Limited pg 214 Duel in the Sun 1947 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Duel in the Sun 1947 Notes TCM com Turner Classic Movies Kay Eddie Dorman New York 1990 Box Office Champs The Most Popular Movies from the Last 50 Years M amp M Books pg 39 Tookey Christopher London 1994 The Film Critics Film Guide Boxtree Limited pg 215 quoting Stephen Watts Sunday Times Duel in the Sun Variety January 1 1946 a b Crowther Bosley May 8 1947 Duel in the Sun Selznick s Lavish Western That Stars Jennifer Jones Gregory Peck Opens at Loew s Theatres The New York Times Gregory Peck 10 essential films British Film Institute Playhouse Highlights La Jolla Playhouse Archived from the original on November 15 2011 Retrieved March 19 2013 The Macomber Affair January 1 1947 a b The Macomber Affair 1947 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Crowther Bosley April 21 1947 The Macomber Affair a Film With Joan Bennett Gregory Peck and Robert Preston Has Premiere at Globe Theatre The New York Times Fox Ken Ed Grant Jo Imeson Andrew Joseph and Maitland McDonaugh Eds New York 1998 The Movie Guide Berkley Publishing Group pg 241 a b c Gentleman s Agreement TV Guide TVGuide com a b Fox Ken Ed Grant Jo Imeson Andrew Joseph and Maitland McDonaugh Eds New York 1998 The Movie Guide Berkley Publishing Group a b Gebert Michael New York 1996 The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards St Martin s Press Ebert Roger Gregory Peck conveyed courage of his convictions as he bravely tackled challenging roles Interviews Roger Ebert rogerebert com a b Morrison Hobe November 12 1947 Gentleman s Agreement a b Crowther Bosley November 12 1947 Gentleman s Agreement Study of Anti Semitism Is Feature at Mayfair Gregory Peck Plays Writer Acting as Jew The New York Times Gentleman s Agreement 1947 Elia Kazan Review AllMovie a b Gentleman s Agreement review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on June 22 2021 Retrieved November 22 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k Tookey Christopher London 1994 The Film Critics Film Guide Boxtree Limited Gentleman s Agreement Time Out London a b Walsh Matt July 11 2004 Gentlemen s Agreement notcoming com Retrieved July 29 2021 Peck is a little too earnest and this film is interesting as a historical curiosity but holds little appeal for most Tookey Christopher London 1994 The Film Critics Film Guide Boxtree Limited pg 294 quoting George Aachen and John Howard Reid Gilliam Richard Gentleman s Agreement 1947 Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 most likely because it was breaking new ground with small and deliberate steps Gentleman s Agreement does not play well today The characters are one dimensional and do the sorts of thing you could easily predict they would do Gentleman s Agreement 1948 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Bradshaw Peter February 15 2017 My favorite best picture Oscar winner Gentleman s Agreement The Guardian McGilligan 2004 p 394 McGilligan 2004 p 396 a b The Paradine Case Variety January 1 1947 Crowther Bosley The New York Times film review Selznick and Hitchcock Join Forces on Paradine Case January 8 1948 a b The Paradine Case 1947 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies The Paradine Case 1947 Alfred Hitchcock Review AllMovie The Paradine Case TV Guide TVGuide com Condon Paul and Jim Sangster London 1999 The Complete Hitchcock Virgin Publishing Ltd Pg 136 a b c Yellow Sky TV Guide TVGuide com a b c Yellow Sky Time Out London a b c Yellow Sky 1948 John Schlesinger William A Wellman Review AllMovie Tookey Christopher London 1994 The Film Critics Film Guide Boxtree Limited quoting A E Wilson Top Grossers of 1949 Variety January 1950 Retrieved July 29 2021 via Webarchive org The Great Sinner 1949 Robert Siodmak Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie Farewell We pay tribute to Gregory Peck EW com Crowther Bosley June 30 1949 The Screen in Review The Great Sinner Metro Film With Gregory Peck and Ava Gardner at Loew s State The New York Times a b The Great Sinner 1949 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies The Great Sinner TV Guide TVGuide com The Great Sinner 1949 Notes TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b c d Kay Eddie Dorman New York 1990 Box Office Champs The Most Popular Movies from the Last 50 Years M amp M Books San Pedro News Pilot 27 December 1949 California Digital Newspaper Collection cdnc ucr edu Crowther Bosley January 28 1950 The Screen in Review Twelve O Clock High Realistic Saga of the Eighth Air Force Arrives at Roxy Theatre The New York Times Also lauded it for its rugged realism and punch a b Twelve O Clock High Variety January 1 1949 D Arminio Aubry Anne Twelve O Clock High 1949 Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 a b Twelve O Clock High TV Guide TVGuide com Twelve o Clock High review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved November 22 2019 Twelve O Clock High Time Out Madrid Crowther Bosley January 28 1950 The Screen in Review Twelve O Clock High Realistic Saga of the Eighth Air Force Arrives at Roxy Theatre The New York Times Henry King Beyond the American Dream MUBI Tookey Christopher London 1994 The Film Critics Film Guide Boxtree Limited pg 337 a b c The Gunfighter 1950 Henry King Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie Oral History Gregory Peck and the Million Dollar Mustache goldenglobes com a b c The Gunfighter 1950 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b c d e Gregory Peck revisits his career peaks EW com a b Henry King American director Encyclopedia Britannica says B O B September 10 2017 1950 Top Box Office Movies Ultimate Movie Rankings a b c d e The Gunfighter 1950 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies The Gunfighter Variety January 1 1950 Crowther Bosley June 24 1950 The Screen Three Features Have Premieres The Gunfighter With Gregory Peck in Leading Role New Bill at the Roxy Theatre Lex Barker Plays Tarzan at the Criterion Swedish Import Presented at Squire At the Criterion The New York Times TCM says it has melancholy realism gritty suspense and period authenticity a b The Gunfighter TV Guide TVGuide com The Gunfighter 1950 Henry King Review AllMovie The Gunfighter Time Out London The Gunfighter review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times a b Only The Valiant TV Guide TVGuide com Only the Valiant 1951 Gordon Douglas Review AllMovie Only the Valiant 1951 Overview TCM com Turner Classic Movies Only the Valiant 1951 Gordon Douglas Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie Only the Valiant Variety January 1 1951 1951 Top Box Office Movies Ultimate Movie Rankings September 20 2017 Only the Valiant Time Out London Only The Valiant TV Guide TVGuide com Only the Valiant 1951 Gordon Douglas Review AllMovie Captain Horatio Hornblower 1951 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Captain Horatio Hornblower 1950 Raoul Walsh Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie Vivien Leigh Actress Of The Year December 29 1951 p 1 via Trove The Numbers Top Grossing Movies of 1951 the numbers com Capsule Review San Bernardino Sun Vol 5 no 14 Associated Press July 15 1951 Retrieved July 29 2021 via California Digital Newspaper Collection Captain Horatio Hornblower R N Variety January 1 1951 a b The DVD Journal Quick Reviews Captain Horatio Hornblower dvdjournal com Captain Horatio Hornblower TV Guide TVGuide com a b Captain Horatio Hornblower 1950 Raoul Walsh Review AllMovie a b Captain Horatio Hornblower RN review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved November 14 2019 Captain Horatio Hornblower R N Time Out London Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved November 14 2019 David and Bathsheba 1951 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies David and Bathsheba 1951 Henry King Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie a b The Screen A Biblical Tale Is Unfolded David and Bathsheba Starring Gregory Peck and Susan Haymard at the Rivoli Raymond Massey and Kieron Moore in Secondary Roles in Zanuck Production The New York Times August 15 1951 a b David and Bathsheba Variety January 1 1951 David and Bathsheba 1951 Allmovie com Retrieved July 28 2021 David and Bathsheba review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on December 29 2019 Retrieved December 29 2019 David And Bathsheba TV Guide TVGuide com Capsule Review San Bernardino Sun August 19 1951 Retrieved April 5 2020 via California Digital Newspaper Collection The World in His Arms 1952 Raoul Walsh Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie The World in His Arms Variety January 1 1952 Crowther Bosley October 10 1952 The Screen In Review World in His Arms Saga of Men and the Sea Arrives at the Mayfair Theatre The New York Times Thomas Bob August 11 1952 Hollywood Santa Cruz Sentinel Associated Press Retrieved July 29 2021 via California Digital Newspaper Collection The World In His Arms TV Guide TVGuide com Butler Craig The World in His Arms 1952 Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 permanent dead link Comedian Tops Film Poll The Sunday Herald Sydney December 28 1952 8th most popular in UK for year Top Box Office Hits of 1952 Variety January 7 1953 grossed 3 million a b The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952 Henry King Review AllMovie a b The Snows of Kilimanjaro Variety January 1 1952 Crowther Bosley September 19 1952 The Screen In Review Snow of Kiliminjaro Based on Hemingway s Story Is New Feature at Rivoli The New York Times The Snows Of Kilimanjaro TV Guide TVGuide com The Snows of Kilimanjaro Time Out London Kehr Dave October 26 1985 The Snows of Kilimanjaro Chicago Reader a b Shipman David London 1984 The Story of Cinema Volume Two From Citizen Kane to the Present Day Thedford Press Limited pg 757 a b c Roman Holiday 1953 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b Roman Holiday Time Out London Andrew Joseph and Maitland McDonaugh Eds New York 1998 The Movie Guide Berkley Publishing Group a b W A August 28 1953 Roman Holiday at Music Hall Is Modern Fairy Tale Starring Peck and Audrey Hepburn The New York Times Roman Holiday 1953 Notes TCM com Turner Classic Movies Luban Milton June 30 1953 Roman Holiday THR s 1953 Review The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved July 29 2021 a b Film Review Roman Holiday 1953 Variety January 1 1953 Roman Holiday THR s 1953 Review The Hollywood Reporter August 27 2019 Kehr Dave January 17 1986 Roman Holiday Chicago Reader Roman Holiday TV Guide TVGuide com Klein Joshua in 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die London 2003 Schneider Steven Jay ed Quintessence Editions Limited Roman Holiday review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on October 25 2019 Retrieved December 29 2019 Roman Holiday 1953 Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 Rome at its most photogenic Roman Holiday remains one of the most popular romances that has ever skipped across the screen an enormously enjoyable romp Director William Wyler s use of Rome is one of the best examples of how a location can become a leading character in a film The effect of using the actual city in the film was eye popping a b c d The Purple Plain 1955 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b c d Man with a Million 1954 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b Crowther Bosley June 29 1954 The Screen A Mark Twain Story Man With a Million Opens at Sutton Gregory Peck Stars in British Import The New York Times The Million Pound Note Variety January 1 1954 Man With A Million TV Guide TVGuide com The Million Pound Note review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved November 24 2019 Crowther Bosley March 13 1954 Gregory Peck Stars in Night People at Roxy Story Was Shot in Berlin The New York Times a b Fishgall 2002 p 178 Gregory Peck Stars in Night People at Roxy Story Was Shot in Berlin The New York Times The New York Times March 13 1954 Retrieved May 10 2020 a b The Purple Plain review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on October 31 2020 Retrieved October 26 2019 The Purple Plain TV Guide TVGuide com U S STAR HEADS FILM POLL December 31 1954 p 11 via Trove The Purple Plain 1954 Robert Parrish Review AllMovie Crowther Bosley April 11 1955 Purple Plain and Four Other Films Bow Gregory Peck Stars in Drama at Capitol Orson Welles Seen in Trouble in the Glen Wife Has Premiere at Globe The New York Times Butler Craig The Purple Plain 1954 Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 31 Dec 1954 U S Star Heads Film Poll Trove Trove nla gov au December 31 1954 Retrieved May 10 2020 The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 1956 Nunnally Johnson Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie a b The Man In The Gray Flannel Suit TV Guide TVGuide com a b The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 1956 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies 1 dead link grossed 10 8 million but rentals were below 4 8 million as by rentals it was not in the top ten according to Kay Eddie Dorman New York 1990 Box Office Champs The Most Popular Movies from the Last 50 Years M amp M Books a b Crowther Bosley April 13 1956 Screen Mature Tender and Touching Man in Gray Flannel Suit Is at Roxy The New York Times The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit with Gregory Peck Jennifer Jones and Fredric March Harrison s Reports 50 March 31 1956 a b The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit Variety January 1 1956 McCarten John April 21 1956 The Current Cinema The New Yorker 75 76 Rosenbaum Jonathan October 26 1985 The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit Chicago Reader a b The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 1956 Nunnally Johnson Review AllMovie The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved October 27 2019 Moby Dick 1956 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b Crowther Bosley July 5 1956 Screen John Huston and Melville s White Whale Moby Dick Opens at Sutton and Criterion Gregory Peck Starred as Captain Ahab The New York Times a b Moby Dick 1956 Notes TCM com Turner Classic Movies Moby Dick Variety January 1 1956 quoting Hollywood Reporter Moby Dick 1956 John Huston Franc Roddam Review AllMovie Moby Dick Time Out London Moby Dick review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on October 28 2019 Retrieved October 28 2019 Moby Dick TV Guide TVGuide com Grimes William June 13 2003 Gregory Peck Is Dead at 87 Film Roles Had Moral Fiber The New York Times Designing Woman 1957 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Archived from the original on February 12 2020 Retrieved December 29 2019 Designing Woman 1957 Vincente Minnelli Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie Allmovie com The Eddie Mannix Ledger Los Angeles Margaret Herrick Library Center for Motion Picture Study Top Grossing Movies of 1957 Ultimate Movie Rankings December 8 2017 Designing Woman Variety January 1 1957 Crowther Bosley May 17 1957 The Screen Designing Woman Bows Gregory Peck Lauren Bacall Are Stars The New York Times Designing Woman TV Guide TVGuide com a b Von Bagh Peter June 17 2019 Henry King Beyond the American Dream Mubi com Retrieved July 27 2021 a b Circle of Concentration Gregory Peck in an interview with Gordon Gow Films and Filming September 1974 Retrieved July 29 2021 via theactorswork com a b Erickson Hal The Bravados 1958 Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 a b Weiler A H June 26 1958 The Bravados at Paramount Gregory Peck Stars in Adult Western The New York Times Weiler A H June 26 1958 The Bravados at Paramount Gregory Peck Stars in Adult Western The New York Times Retrieved July 29 2021 Annual Movie Chart 1958 the numbers com Retrieved July 29 2021 gross of 4 4 million 1 6 million behind the 11th grossing movie but 1 2 million more than Vertigo which was 22nd The Bravados review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on November 1 2019 Retrieved November 1 2019 The Bravados Time Out London The Bravados TV Guide TVGuide com a b Gregory Peck Encyclopedia com Pork Chop Hill 1959 Overview TCM com Turner Classic Movies The Big Country 1958 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b c The Big Country 1958 Notes TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b Lucas Victoria Hollywood at Home Big challenges filming The Big Country Green Valley News amp Sun The Numbers Top Grossing Movies of 1958 The Numbers Four British Films In Top 6 Boulting Comedy Heads Box Office List The Guardian 1959 2003 London UK December 11 1959 Erickson Hal The Big Country 1958 Synopsis Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 a b Betzold Michael The Big Country 1958 Review Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 Crowther Bosley October 2 1958 War and Peace on Range in Big Country Gregory Peck Stars in Wyler s Western Action Packed Film Scores Violence The New York Times The Big Country The Monthly Film Bulletin 26 301 14 February 1959 The Big Country Variety January 1 1958 The Big Country with Gregory Peck Jean Simmons Carroll Baker and Charlton Heston Harrison s Reports 128 August 9 1958 The Big Country TV Guide TVGuide com The Big Country Time Out London Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved November 18 2019 The Big Country review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on October 30 2019 Retrieved October 30 2019 a b c Crowther Bosley May 30 1959 Pork Chop Hill War Drama Directed by Lewis Milestone The New York Times a b c Pork Chop Hill Variety January 1 1959 a b Pork Chop Hill Time Out London Lewis milestone Life and Films Harlow Robinson University of Kentucky Press 2019 ISBN 0813178355 9780813178356 pg 216 Annual Movie Chart 1959 the numbers com Retrieved July 29 2021 grossed 3 7 million whereas No 10 film of year grossed 10 million Pork Chop Hill 1959 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Pork Chop Hill Radio Times Archived from the original on November 2 2019 Retrieved July 29 2021 a b Pork Chop Hill TV Guide TVGuide com Deming Mark Beloved Infidel 1959 Synopsis Allmovie com Crowther Bosley November 18 1959 Screen Fitzgerald on the Way Down Beloved Infidel Opens at the Paramount Gregory Peck Deborah Kerr Head Cast The New York Times Beloved Infidel Variety January 1 1959 Sloman Tony Beloved Infidel review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on August 1 2020 Retrieved May 10 2020 Butler Craig Beloved Infidel 1959 Review Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 Beloved Infidel TV Guide TVGuide com a b c On the Beach 1959 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b c Crowther Bosley December 18 1959 Screen On the Beach The New York Times On the Beach 1959 Misc Notes TCM com Turner Classic Movies The continuing relevance of On the Beach August 3 2015 On the Beach Variety January 1 1959 When Hollywood Came To Melbourne ACMI 2015 acmi net au Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved November 5 2019 On the Beach Time Out London On The Beach TV Guide TVGuide com Butler Craig On the Beach 1959 Review Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 a b Rich May 3 1961 Film Reviews The Guns of Navarone Variety p 6 a b c The Guns of Navarone Time Out London Archived from the original on November 6 2019 Retrieved November 6 2019 a b c d e The Guns of Navarone 1961 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Director Recalls Navarone Had Off Screen Dangers Too Los Angeles Times May 30 2000 Crowther Bosley June 23 1961 Screen A Robust Drama Guns of Navarone Is at Two Theatres The New York Times 2 dead link The Guns Of Navarone TV Guide TVGuide com The Guns of Navarone review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on November 6 2019 Retrieved November 6 2019 Doberman Matthew The Guns of Navarone 1961 Review Allmovie com Retrieved July 29 2021 The Guns of Navarone film by Thompson 1961 Encyclopedia Britannica Cape Fear 1962 J Lee Thompson Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie via allmovie com a b c Cape Fear 1962 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies a b 1962 Top Box Office Movies Ultimate Movie Rankings February 22 2018 Crowther Bosley April 19 1962 Screen Pitiless Shocker Mitchum Stalks Peck in Cape Fear The New York Times Cape Fear Variety January 1 1962 Cape Fear Time Out London Cape Fear TV Guide TVGuide com Rosenbaum Jonathan October 26 1985 Cape Fear Chicago Reader Cape Fear 1962 J Lee Thompson Review AllMovie via allmovie com Cape Fear review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on December 3 2019 Retrieved December 3 2019 Greg Peck To Direct Variety June 29 1960 p 4 Retrieved February 13 2021 via Archive org To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 Robert Mulligan Synopsis Characteristics Moods Themes and Related AllMovie via allmovie com O Neil Tom New York 2003 Movie Awards The Ultimate Unofficial Guide to the Oscars Golden Globes Critics Guild and Indie Honors Berkley Publishing Group AFI s 100 YEARS 100 HEROES amp VILLAINS a b c d e f To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 Articles TCM com Turner Classic Movies Behind the Camera on To Kill a Mockingbird 3 Archived July 19 2019 at the Wayback Machine a b How the Adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird Failed Scout Finch June 18 2019 a b McLaughlin Katie Mockingbird film at 50 Lessons on tolerance justice fatherhood hold true CNN Sharkey Bridget February 20 2019 Here Are 8 Things You Never Knew About To Kill A Mockingbird Simplemost Tubelle Larry December 12 1962 Review To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 Crowther Bosley February 15 1963 Screen To Kill a Mockingbird One Adult Omission in a Fine Film 2 Superb Discoveries Add to Delight The New York Times To Kill a Mockingbird THR s 1962 Review The Hollywood Reporter February 19 2016 Critics Corner on To Kill a Mockingbird 4 Archived July 19 2019 at the Wayback Machine Read Time s Review of the 1963 To Kill a Mockingbird Movie Time To Kill A Mockingbird TV Guide TVGuide com To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 Robert Mulligan Review AllMovie via allmovie com To Kill A Mockingbird Empire January 1 2000 Frost Sharratt Cara in 501 Must See Movies London 2004 Bounty Books Film Monthly com To Kill a Mockingbird 50th Anniversary Edition 1962 filmmonthly com To Kill a Mockingbird review cast and crew movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online Radio Times Archived from the original on June 5 2020 Retrieved December 8 2019 Freedland 1980 pp 191 195 Freedland 1980 pp 242 243 Board Josh May 12 2011 San Diego Acting Legend Gregory Peck Gets a Stamp Retrieved June 15 2015 U S House of Representatives Committee on Un American Activities 1945 1969 Predecessor U S House of Representatives Committee on Internal Security 1969 1975 c 1947 Statement of the Committee for the First Amendment File Unit Organization Files of the Files and Reference Section of the Internal Security Committee During the 79th through 94th Congresses 1945 1976 Haggerty Bridget Gregory Peck s Irish Connections IrishCultureAndCustoms com Freedland 1980 p 197 Corliss Richard The American as Noble Man Time June 16 2003 Freedland 1980 pp 231 241 Communique de M Jacques Chirac president de la republique a la suite de la disparition de Gregory Peck Communication from Jacques Chirac President of the Republic concerning the death of Gregory Peck communique de la Presidence in French Champs Elysees June 2003 archived from the original on February 5 2007 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine 1987 Robert Bork TV ad narrated by Gregory Peck Retrieved June 20 2010 via YouTube Srteve Profitt Gregory Peck A Leading Hollywood Liberal Still Can t Put Down a Good Book Los Angeles Times November 5 2000 Fishgall 2002 p 14 Introduction National Security Agency Tracking of U S Citizens Questionable Practices from 1960s amp 1970s National Security Archive September 25 2017 Retrieved January 3 2020 Fishgall 2002 p 190 Gregory Peck s Son Dead The New York Times June 28 1975 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 13 2017 Fishgall 2002 p 98 Smit David 2012 Ingrid Bergman The Life Career and Public Image McFarland pp 29 30 ISBN 9780786472260 Darrach Brad June 15 1987 Gregory Peck People Archived from the original on October 6 2015 Retrieved October 5 2015 Gregory Peck s widow Veronique an arts supporter dies at 80 Reuters August 18 2012 Archived from the original on September 16 2015 Retrieved July 27 2015 Fishgall 2002 p 196 Fishgall 2002 p 203 Snyder Louis July 3 2010 Aiglon College Alumni Eagle Association graduation address archived from the original on October 23 2007 retrieved May 23 2011 Illustrated London News Vol 242 no 2 April 6 1963 Pedigree Query April 30 2007 a b The religion of Gregory Peck actor Adherents com Archived from the original on October 3 2018 Retrieved October 19 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Grimes William June 13 2003 Gregory Peck Is Dead at 87 Film Roles Had Moral Fiber The New York Times Gregory Peck whose chiseled slightly melancholy good looks resonant baritone and quiet strength made him an unforgettable presence in films like To Kill a Mockingbird Gentleman s Agreement and Twelve O Clock High died early yesterday at his home in Los Angeles He was 87 a b Rubin Joel Hoffman Alice June 17 2003 Peck Memorial Honors Beloved Actor and Man Los Angeles Times Retrieved June 15 2015 McLaughlin Katie February 3 2012 Mockingbird film at 50 Lessons on tolerance justice fatherhood hold true CNN Retrieved June 15 2015 Collins Dan June 17 2003 Peck Eulogized As Extraordinary CBS News Retrieved June 15 2015 The Gregory Peck Award For Excellence in the Art of Film Dingle International Film Festival Archived from the original on February 25 2016 Retrieved August 19 2019 a b GREGORY PECK The Academy October 3 2014 Retrieved February 24 2021 a b Gregory Peck 17th AFI Life Achievement Award Honoree AFI Retrieved February 24 2021 Gregory Peck Archives AFI Retrieved February 24 2021 a b Gregory Peck HFPA Retrieved February 24 2021 Gregory Peck Turner Classic Movies Retrieved February 24 2021 Gregory Peck Internet Broadway Database Retrieved February 22 2020 BIO Gregory Peck Archived from the original on February 25 2021 Retrieved February 23 2021 Kennedy Center to Honor 7 Artists The New York Times August 8 1991 Retrieved February 23 2021 8th SAG Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards SAG AFTRA Archived from the original on August 22 2016 Retrieved January 27 2018 Gregory Peck s Hollywood star is reborn Nine News Australian Associated Press December 1 2005 Archived from the original on January 12 2009 Gregory Peck Collection Academy Film Archive September 4 2014 Bibliography EditFishgall Gary 2002 Gregory Peck A Biography New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 85290 X Freedland Michael 1980 Gregory Peck A Biography New York W Morrow ISBN 0 688 03619 8 Haney Lynn 2005 Gregory Peck A Charmed Life New York Da Capo Press ISBN 1 861 05824 1 McGilligan Patrick 2004 Alfred Hitchcock A Life in Darkness and Light New York HarperCollins Publishers Inc External links a, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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