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Wikipedia

Jennifer Doudna

March 08, 2023

Jennifer Anne Doudna ForMemRS (/ˈdaʊdnə/;[1] born February 19, 1964)[2] is an American biochemist who has done pioneering work in CRISPR gene editing, and made other fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics. Doudna was one of the first women to share a Nobel in the sciences. She received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with Emmanuelle Charpentier, "for the development of a method for genome editing."[3][4] She is the Li Ka Shing Chancellor's Chair Professor in the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. She has been an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1997.[5]

Jennifer Doudna
Doudna in 2021
Born
Jennifer Anne Doudna

(1964-02-19) February 19, 1964 (age 59)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
EducationPomona College (BA)
Harvard University (MA, PhD)
Known for
SpouseJames Cate
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry
CRISPR
RNA biology
Gene editing
InstitutionsUniversity of Colorado, Boulder
Yale University
University of California, Berkeley
Gladstone Institutes
University of California, San Francisco
ThesisTowards the Design of an RNA Replicase (1989)
Doctoral advisorJack Szostak
Other academic advisorsThomas Cech
Doctoral studentsRachel Haurwitz
Janice Chen
Lei Stanley Qi
WebsiteDoudna Lab website
Hughes Institute website

Doudna graduated from Pomona College in 1985 and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1989. Apart from her professorship at Berkeley, she is also president and chair of the board of the Innovative Genomics Institute, a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes, and an adjunct professor of cellular and molecular pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).[6][7][8][9] In 2012, Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were the first to propose that CRISPR-Cas9 (enzymes from bacteria that control microbial immunity) could be used for programmable editing of genomes,[10][11] which has been called one of the most significant discoveries in the history of biology.[12] Since then, Doudna has been a leading figure in what is referred to as the "CRISPR revolution" for her fundamental work and leadership in developing CRISPR-mediated genome editing.[10]

Dr Jennifer Doudna at the Innovative Genomics Institute

Her many other awards and fellowships include the 2000 Alan T. Waterman Award for her research on the structure of a ribozyme, as determined by X-ray crystallography[13] and the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, with Charpentier.[14] She has been a co-recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics (2015),[15] the Tang Prize (2016),[16] the Canada Gairdner International Award (2016),[17] and the Japan Prize (2017).[18] She was named one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015.[19]

Early life and education

Jennifer Doudna was born February 19, 1964, in Washington, D.C., as the daughter of Dorothy Jane (Williams) and Martin Kirk Doudna.[2][20] Her father received his Ph.D. in English literature from the University of Michigan, and her mother, a stay-at-home parent, held a master's degree in education.[10][11] When Doudna was seven years old, the family moved to Hawaii so her father could accept a teaching position in American literature at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.[10][11] Doudna's mother earned a second master's degree in Asian history from the university and taught history at a local community college.[10][11] Growing up in Hilo, Hawaii, Doudna was fascinated by the environmental beauty of the island and its flora and fauna. Nature built her sense of curiosity and her desire to understand the underlying biological mechanisms of life.[10][11] This was coupled with the atmosphere of intellectual pursuit that her parents encouraged at home. Her father enjoyed reading about science and filled the home with many books on popular science.[10][11] When Doudna was in the sixth grade, he gave her a copy of James Watson's 1968 book on the discovery of the structure of DNA, The Double Helix, which was a major inspiration.[21] Doudna also developed her interest in science and mathematics in school.[10][21] Even though Doudna was told that "Women don't go into science," she knew that she wanted to be a scientist no matter what. Nothing said to her made her doubt it, Doudna said, When someone tells me I can’t do something and I know that I can, it just makes me more resolved to do it."[22] While she attended Hilo High School, Doudna's interest in science was nurtured by her 10th-grade chemistry teacher, Ms. Jeanette Wong, whom she has routinely cited as a significant influence in sparking her nascent scientific curiosity.[21][23][24][25] A visiting lecturer on cancer cells further encouraged her pursuit of science as a career choice.[21] She spent a summer working in the University of Hawaii at Hilo lab of noted mycologist Don Hemmes and graduated from Hilo High School in 1981.[26]

Doudna was an undergraduate student at Pomona College in Claremont, California, where she studied biochemistry.[10][11] During her freshman year, while taking a course in general chemistry, she questioned her own ability to pursue a career in science, and considered switching her major to French as a sophomore.[7][10] However, her French teacher suggested she stick with science.[10][7] Chemistry professors Fred Grieman and Corwin Hansch at Pomona had a major impact on her.[7] She started her first scientific research in the lab of professor Sharon Panasenko.[7] She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry in 1985.[7][27] She chose Harvard Medical School for her doctoral study and earned a PhD in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology in 1989.[5][28] Her Ph.D. dissertation was on a system that increased the efficiency of a self-replicating catalytic RNA[14] and was supervised by Jack W. Szostak.[14]

Career and research

After her PhD, she held research fellowships in molecular biology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and in genetics at Harvard Medical School.[5] From 1991 to 1994, she was Lucille P. Markey Postdoctoral Scholar in Biomedical Science at the University of Colorado Boulder, where she worked with Thomas Cech.[5] As of 2022, Doudna has an h-index of 141 according to Google Scholar[9] and of 111 according to Scopus.[29]

Research on ribozyme structure and function

Early in her scientific career, Doudna worked to uncover the structure and biological function of RNA enzymes or ribozymes.[7] While in the Szostak lab, Doudna re-engineered the self-splicing Tetrahymena Group I catalytic intron into a true catalytic ribozyme that copied RNA templates.[7] Her focus was on engineering ribozymes and understanding their underlying mechanisms; however, she came to realize that not being able to see the molecular mechanisms of ribozymes was a major problem. Doudna went to the lab of Thomas Cech at the University of Colorado Boulder to crystallize and determine the three-dimensional structure of a ribozyme for the first time, so ribozyme structure could be compared with that of Enzymes, the catalytic Proteins.[7] She started this project at the Cech lab in 1991 and finished it at Yale University in 1996.[14] Doudna joined Yale's Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry as an assistant professor in 1994.[5]

 
Portrait of Dr Jennifer Doudna by Christopher Michel for the National Academies

X-ray diffraction-based structure of active site of a ribozyme at Yale

 
Shape of a self-splicing intron with two exons (shown in red and blue). DS Goodsell, 2005, PDB

At Yale, Doudna's group was able to crystallize and solve the three-dimensional structure of the catalytic core of the Tetrahymena Group I ribozyme.[7] They showed that a core of five magnesium ions clustered in one region of the P4-P6 domain of the ribozyme, forming a hydrophobic core around which the rest of the structure could fold.[7] This is analogous, but chemically distinct from, the way proteins typically have a core of hydrophobic amino acids.[7] Her group has crystallized other ribozymes,[14] including the Hepatitis Delta Virus ribozyme.[7] This initial work to solve large RNA structures led to further structural studies on an internal ribosome entry site(IRES) and protein-RNA complexes such as the Signal Recognition Particle.[7]

Doudna was promoted to the position of Henry Ford II Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale in 2000. In 2000–2001, she was Robert Burns Woodward Visiting Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University.[5]

Move to Berkeley

External video
 
  "CRISPR Biology and Biotechnology: The Future of Genome Editing", Jennifer Doudna delivers the 29th annual Ullyot Public Affairs Lecture, Science History Institute

In 2002, she joined her husband, Jamie Cate, at Berkeley, accepting a position as professor of biochemistry and molecular biology.[14] Doudna also gained access to the synchrotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for her experiments with high powered x-ray diffraction.[14]

In 2009, she took a leave of absence from Berkeley to work at Genentech to lead discovery research.[30] She left Genentech after two months and returned to Berkeley with the help of colleague Michael Marletta,[31] cancelling all of her obligations to study CRISPR.[30]

As of 2020, Doudna was located at the University of California, Berkeley, where she directs the Innovative Genomics Institute, a collaboration between Berkeley and UCSF; holds the Li Ka Shing Chancellor's Professorship in Biomedicine and Health; and is the chair of the Chancellor's Advisor Committee on Biology.[5] Her lab now focuses on obtaining a mechanistic understanding of biological processes involving RNA.[14] This work is divided into three major areas: the CRISPR system, RNA interference, and translational control via MicroRNAs.[14]

CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing discovery

Doudna was introduced to CRISPR by Jillian Banfield in 2006 who had found Doudna by way of a Google search, having typed "RNAi and UC Berkeley" into her browser, and Doudna's name came up at the top of the list.[32][33] In 2012, Doudna and her colleagues made a new discovery that reduces the time and work needed to edit genomic DNA.[34][35] Their discovery relies on a protein named Cas9 found in the Streptococcus bacterial "CRISPR" immune system that cooperates with guide RNA and works like scissors. The protein attacks its prey, the DNA of viruses, and slices it up, preventing it from infecting the bacterium.[11] This system was first discovered by Yoshizumi Ishino and colleagues in 1987[36] and later characterized by Francisco Mojica,[37] but Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier showed for the first time that they could use different RNAs to program it to cut and edit different DNAs.[11]

As CRISPR becomes increasingly used to edit multicellular organisms, Doudna continues to be called upon to serve as a thought-leader on the ethics of changing an organism's function using CRISPR technology.[38] Their discovery has since been further developed by many research groups[14] for applications ranging from fundamental cell biology, plant, and animal research to treatments for diseases including sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and HIV.[10][34] Doudna and several other leading biologists called for a worldwide moratorium on any clinical application of gene editing using CRISPR.[39][40] Doudna supports the usage of CRISPR in somatic gene editing, gene alterations which do not get passed to the next generation, but not germline gene editing.[41]

 
CRISPR-Cas9 complex

The CRISPR system created a new straightforward way to edit DNA and there was a rush to patent the technique.[10] Doudna and UC Berkeley collaborators applied for a patent and so did a group at the Broad Institute affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard.[42] Feng Zhang at the Broad Institute had shown that CRISPR-Cas9 could edit genes in cultured human cells a few months after Doudna and Charpentier published their method.[34] Before the UC Berkeley patent application was decided, a patent was granted to the Broad investigators and UC Berkeley filed a lawsuit against the decision.[42] In 2017, the court decided in favor of the Broad Institute, who claimed that they had initiated the research earliest and had first applied it to human cell engineering thus supporting editing in human cells with evidence but that the UC Berkeley group had only suggested this application.[42] UC Berkeley appealed on grounds that they had clearly discussed and spelled out how to do the application the Broad had pursued.[43] In September 2018, the appeals court decided in favor of the Broad Institute's patent.[44] Meanwhile, UC Berkeley and co-applicants' patent to cover the general technique was also granted.[45] To further cloud the issue, in Europe the claim of the Broad Institute, to have initiated the research first, was disallowed.[46] The rejection was due to a procedural flaw in the application involving a different set of personnel listed in the lawsuit and the patent application, leading to speculation that the UC Berkeley group would prevail in Europe.[46] Doudna cofounded Caribou Biosciences, a company to commercialize CRISPR technology, in 2011.[47] In September 2013, Doudna cofounded Editas Medicine with Zhang and others despite their legal battles, but she quit in June 2014; Charpentier then invited her to join CRISPR Therapeutics, but she declined following the "divorce"-like experience at Editas.[48] Doudna is also a cofounder of Caribou spin-off Intellia Therapeutics[49][50] and Scribe Therapeutics, which pioneered CasX, a more compact, next-generation Cas9 which can efficiently cut DNA.[51]

In 2017, she co-authored A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution,[10] a rare case of the first-person account of a major scientific breakthrough, aimed at the general public.[52]

In addition to the CRISPR breakthrough, Doudna has discovered that the hepatitis C virus utilizes an unusual strategy to synthesize viral proteins.[53] This work could lead to new drugs to stop infections without causing harm to the tissues of the body.[53]

“I have so much optimism about what CRISPR can do to help cure unaddressed genetic diseases and improve sustainable agriculture, but I’m also concerned that the benefits of the technology might not reach those who need it most if we’re not thoughtful and deliberate about how we develop the technology,” Doudna said.[22]

Mammoth Biosciences

In 2017, Doudna co-founded Mammoth Biosciences,[54] a San Francisco-based bioengineering tech startup. Initial funding raised $23 million,[55] with a series B round of funding in 2020 raising $45 million.[56] The business is focused on improving access to bio sensing tests which address "challenges across healthcare, agriculture, environmental monitoring, biodefense, and more."[54]

COVID-19 response

Beginning in March 2020, Doudna organized an effort to use CRISPR-based technologies to address the COVID-19 pandemic along with Dave Savage, Robert Tjian, and other colleagues at the Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), where they created a testing center.[57] This center processes more than 1,000 patient samples per day.[58] Mammoth Biosciences announced a peer-reviewed validation of a rapid, CRISPR-based point of need COVID-19 diagnostic which is faster and less expensive than qRT-PCR based tests.[59]

Personal life

Doudna's first marriage was in 1988 to a fellow graduate student at Harvard named Tom Griffin, but his interests were more broad and less focused on research than hers and they divorced a few years later. Griffin wanted to move to Boulder, Colorado, where Doudna was also interested in working with Thomas Cech.[60] As a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Colorado, Doudna met Jamie Cate, then a graduate student. They worked together on the project to crystallize and determine the structure of the Tetrahymena Group I intron P4-P6 catalytic region. Doudna brought Cate with her to Yale, and they married in Hawaii in 2000. Cate later became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Doudna followed him to Boston at Harvard, but in 2002 they both accepted faculty positions at Berkeley and moved there together; Cate preferred the less formal environment on the West Coast from his earlier experiences at the University of California, Santa Cruz and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Doudna liked that Berkeley is a public university.[61] Cate is a Berkeley professor and works on gene-editing yeast to increase their cellulose fermentation for biofuel production. Doudna and Cate have a son born in 2002 who attends UC Berkeley, studying electrical engineering and computer science.[11]

Awards and honors

Main article: List of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna

Doudna was a Searle Scholar and received the 1996 Beckman Young Investigators Award.[62][63] In 2000, she was awarded the Alan T. Waterman Award, the National Science Foundation's highest honor that annually recognizes an outstanding researcher under the age of 35, for her structure determination of a ribozyme.[13] In 2001, she received the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.[5]

In 2015, together with Emmanuelle Charpentier, she received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for her contributions to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology.[64] In 2016, together with Charpentier, Feng Zhang, Philippe Horvath and Rodolphe Barrangou, she received the Canada Gairdner International Award.[17] Also in 2016, she received the Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics.[65] She has also been a co-recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics (2015),[66] the Tang Prize (2016),[16] the Japan Prize (2017) and the Albany Medical Center Prize (2017).[67] In 2018, Doudna was awarded the NAS Award in Chemical Sciences,[68] the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize from the Rockefeller University,[69] and a Medal of Honor from the American Cancer Society.[70] Also in 2018, she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience (jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Šikšnys).[71][72] In 2019 she received the Harvey Prize of the Technion/Israel for the year 2018 (jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Feng Zhang)[73] and the LUI Che Woo Prize in the category of Welfare Betterment.[74] In 2020, she received the Wolf Prize in Medicine (jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier).[75] Also in 2020, Doudna and Charpentier were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing."[4][3]

She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2002,[7] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003, the National Academy of Medicine in 2010 and the National Academy of Inventors in 2014.[5] In 2015, together with Charpentier, she became a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.[76] She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2016.[77] In 2017, Doudna was awarded the Golden Plate Award[78] of the American Academy of Achievement.[79] In 2020, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.[80] In 2021, Pope Francis appointed Doudna, and two other female Nobel laureates Donna Strickland and Emmanuelle Charpentier, as members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.[81]

She along with Charpentier was named one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015,[19] and she was a runner-up for Time Person of the Year in 2016 alongside other CRISPR researchers.[34]

References

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  35. ^ Martin Jínek; Krzysztof Chylinski; Ines Fonfara; Michael Hauer; Jennifer A Doudna; Emmanuelle Charpentier (June 28, 2012). "A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity". Science. 337 (6096): 816–821. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..816J. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1225829. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6286148. PMID 22745249. Wikidata Q24669850.
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  74. ^ "LUI Che Woo Prize Reveals 2019 Laureates – Furthering Its Mission to Enrich World Civilisation". luiprize.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
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Bibliography

External links

 
Scholia has an author profile for Jennifer Doudna.
  • Jennifer Doudna publications indexed by Google Scholar  
  • "Jennifer Doudna (UC Berkeley / HHMI): Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9". YouTube. iBiology Science Stories. March 23, 2015.
  • "Jennifer Doudna: CRISPR Basics". YouTube. Innovative Genomics Institute – IGI. November 4, 2017.
  • "Into the Future with CRISPR Technology with Jennifer Doudna". YouTube. University of California Television (UCTV). October 26, 2019.
  • CRISPR Scientist's Biography Explores Ethics Of Rewriting The Code Of Life. Author interview, audio and transcript. Fresh Air, NPR, March 8, 2021.
  • "How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA". TED talk by Jennifer Doudna on YouTube
  • Jennifer A. Doudna on Nobelprize.org  

March 08, 2023
jennifer, doudna, jennifer, anne, doudna, formemrs, born, february, 1964, american, biochemist, done, pioneering, work, crispr, gene, editing, made, other, fundamental, contributions, biochemistry, genetics, doudna, first, women, share, nobel, sciences, receiv. Jennifer Anne Doudna ForMemRS ˈ d aʊ d n e 1 born February 19 1964 2 is an American biochemist who has done pioneering work in CRISPR gene editing and made other fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics Doudna was one of the first women to share a Nobel in the sciences She received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Emmanuelle Charpentier for the development of a method for genome editing 3 4 She is the Li Ka Shing Chancellor s Chair Professor in the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California Berkeley She has been an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1997 5 Jennifer DoudnaDoudna in 2021BornJennifer Anne Doudna 1964 02 19 February 19 1964 age 59 Washington D C U S EducationPomona College BA Harvard University MA PhD Known forFirst X ray based structure of catalytic RNA RNA interference CRISPRSpouseJames CateAwardsAlan T Waterman Award 2000 Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences 2015 Princess of Asturias Award 2015 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science 2016 Japan Prize 2017 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience 2018 Wolf Prize in Medicine 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 Full listScientific careerFieldsBiochemistryCRISPRRNA biologyGene editingInstitutionsUniversity of Colorado BoulderYale UniversityUniversity of California BerkeleyGladstone InstitutesUniversity of California San FranciscoThesisTowards the Design of an RNA Replicase 1989 Doctoral advisorJack SzostakOther academic advisorsThomas CechDoctoral studentsRachel HaurwitzJanice ChenLei Stanley QiWebsiteDoudna Lab website Hughes Institute websiteDoudna graduated from Pomona College in 1985 and earned a Ph D from Harvard Medical School in 1989 Apart from her professorship at Berkeley she is also president and chair of the board of the Innovative Genomics Institute a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes and an adjunct professor of cellular and molecular pharmacology at the University of California San Francisco UCSF 6 7 8 9 In 2012 Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were the first to propose that CRISPR Cas9 enzymes from bacteria that control microbial immunity could be used for programmable editing of genomes 10 11 which has been called one of the most significant discoveries in the history of biology 12 Since then Doudna has been a leading figure in what is referred to as the CRISPR revolution for her fundamental work and leadership in developing CRISPR mediated genome editing 10 Dr Jennifer Doudna at the Innovative Genomics Institute Her many other awards and fellowships include the 2000 Alan T Waterman Award for her research on the structure of a ribozyme as determined by X ray crystallography 13 and the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for CRISPR Cas9 genome editing technology with Charpentier 14 She has been a co recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics 2015 15 the Tang Prize 2016 16 the Canada Gairdner International Award 2016 17 and the Japan Prize 2017 18 She was named one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015 19 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career and research 2 1 Research on ribozyme structure and function 2 2 X ray diffraction based structure of active site of a ribozyme at Yale 2 3 Move to Berkeley 2 4 CRISPR Cas9 genome editing discovery 2 5 Mammoth Biosciences 2 6 COVID 19 response 3 Personal life 4 Awards and honors 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksEarly life and education EditJennifer Doudna was born February 19 1964 in Washington D C as the daughter of Dorothy Jane Williams and Martin Kirk Doudna 2 20 Her father received his Ph D in English literature from the University of Michigan and her mother a stay at home parent held a master s degree in education 10 11 When Doudna was seven years old the family moved to Hawaii so her father could accept a teaching position in American literature at the University of Hawaii at Hilo 10 11 Doudna s mother earned a second master s degree in Asian history from the university and taught history at a local community college 10 11 Growing up in Hilo Hawaii Doudna was fascinated by the environmental beauty of the island and its flora and fauna Nature built her sense of curiosity and her desire to understand the underlying biological mechanisms of life 10 11 This was coupled with the atmosphere of intellectual pursuit that her parents encouraged at home Her father enjoyed reading about science and filled the home with many books on popular science 10 11 When Doudna was in the sixth grade he gave her a copy of James Watson s 1968 book on the discovery of the structure of DNA The Double Helix which was a major inspiration 21 Doudna also developed her interest in science and mathematics in school 10 21 Even though Doudna was told that Women don t go into science she knew that she wanted to be a scientist no matter what Nothing said to her made her doubt it Doudna said When someone tells me I can t do something and I know that I can it just makes me more resolved to do it 22 While she attended Hilo High School Doudna s interest in science was nurtured by her 10th grade chemistry teacher Ms Jeanette Wong whom she has routinely cited as a significant influence in sparking her nascent scientific curiosity 21 23 24 25 A visiting lecturer on cancer cells further encouraged her pursuit of science as a career choice 21 She spent a summer working in the University of Hawaii at Hilo lab of noted mycologist Don Hemmes and graduated from Hilo High School in 1981 26 Doudna was an undergraduate student at Pomona College in Claremont California where she studied biochemistry 10 11 During her freshman year while taking a course in general chemistry she questioned her own ability to pursue a career in science and considered switching her major to French as a sophomore 7 10 However her French teacher suggested she stick with science 10 7 Chemistry professors Fred Grieman and Corwin Hansch at Pomona had a major impact on her 7 She started her first scientific research in the lab of professor Sharon Panasenko 7 She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry in 1985 7 27 She chose Harvard Medical School for her doctoral study and earned a PhD in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology in 1989 5 28 Her Ph D dissertation was on a system that increased the efficiency of a self replicating catalytic RNA 14 and was supervised by Jack W Szostak 14 Career and research EditAfter her PhD she held research fellowships in molecular biology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and in genetics at Harvard Medical School 5 From 1991 to 1994 she was Lucille P Markey Postdoctoral Scholar in Biomedical Science at the University of Colorado Boulder where she worked with Thomas Cech 5 As of 2022 update Doudna has an h index of 141 according to Google Scholar 9 and of 111 according to Scopus 29 Research on ribozyme structure and function EditEarly in her scientific career Doudna worked to uncover the structure and biological function of RNA enzymes or ribozymes 7 While in the Szostak lab Doudna re engineered the self splicing Tetrahymena Group I catalytic intron into a true catalytic ribozyme that copied RNA templates 7 Her focus was on engineering ribozymes and understanding their underlying mechanisms however she came to realize that not being able to see the molecular mechanisms of ribozymes was a major problem Doudna went to the lab of Thomas Cech at the University of Colorado Boulder to crystallize and determine the three dimensional structure of a ribozyme for the first time so ribozyme structure could be compared with that of Enzymes the catalytic Proteins 7 She started this project at the Cech lab in 1991 and finished it at Yale University in 1996 14 Doudna joined Yale s Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry as an assistant professor in 1994 5 Portrait of Dr Jennifer Doudna by Christopher Michel for the National Academies X ray diffraction based structure of active site of a ribozyme at Yale Edit Shape of a self splicing intron with two exons shown in red and blue DS Goodsell 2005 PDB At Yale Doudna s group was able to crystallize and solve the three dimensional structure of the catalytic core of the Tetrahymena Group I ribozyme 7 They showed that a core of five magnesium ions clustered in one region of the P4 P6 domain of the ribozyme forming a hydrophobic core around which the rest of the structure could fold 7 This is analogous but chemically distinct from the way proteins typically have a core of hydrophobic amino acids 7 Her group has crystallized other ribozymes 14 including the Hepatitis Delta Virus ribozyme 7 This initial work to solve large RNA structures led to further structural studies on an internal ribosome entry site IRES and protein RNA complexes such as the Signal Recognition Particle 7 Doudna was promoted to the position of Henry Ford II Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale in 2000 In 2000 2001 she was Robert Burns Woodward Visiting Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University 5 Move to Berkeley Edit External video CRISPR Biology and Biotechnology The Future of Genome Editing Jennifer Doudna delivers the 29th annual Ullyot Public Affairs Lecture Science History InstituteIn 2002 she joined her husband Jamie Cate at Berkeley accepting a position as professor of biochemistry and molecular biology 14 Doudna also gained access to the synchrotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for her experiments with high powered x ray diffraction 14 In 2009 she took a leave of absence from Berkeley to work at Genentech to lead discovery research 30 She left Genentech after two months and returned to Berkeley with the help of colleague Michael Marletta 31 cancelling all of her obligations to study CRISPR 30 As of 2020 Doudna was located at the University of California Berkeley where she directs the Innovative Genomics Institute a collaboration between Berkeley and UCSF holds the Li Ka Shing Chancellor s Professorship in Biomedicine and Health and is the chair of the Chancellor s Advisor Committee on Biology 5 Her lab now focuses on obtaining a mechanistic understanding of biological processes involving RNA 14 This work is divided into three major areas the CRISPR system RNA interference and translational control via MicroRNAs 14 CRISPR Cas9 genome editing discovery Edit Doudna was introduced to CRISPR by Jillian Banfield in 2006 who had found Doudna by way of a Google search having typed RNAi and UC Berkeley into her browser and Doudna s name came up at the top of the list 32 33 In 2012 Doudna and her colleagues made a new discovery that reduces the time and work needed to edit genomic DNA 34 35 Their discovery relies on a protein named Cas9 found in the Streptococcus bacterial CRISPR immune system that cooperates with guide RNA and works like scissors The protein attacks its prey the DNA of viruses and slices it up preventing it from infecting the bacterium 11 This system was first discovered by Yoshizumi Ishino and colleagues in 1987 36 and later characterized by Francisco Mojica 37 but Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier showed for the first time that they could use different RNAs to program it to cut and edit different DNAs 11 As CRISPR becomes increasingly used to edit multicellular organisms Doudna continues to be called upon to serve as a thought leader on the ethics of changing an organism s function using CRISPR technology 38 Their discovery has since been further developed by many research groups 14 for applications ranging from fundamental cell biology plant and animal research to treatments for diseases including sickle cell anemia cystic fibrosis Huntington s disease and HIV 10 34 Doudna and several other leading biologists called for a worldwide moratorium on any clinical application of gene editing using CRISPR 39 40 Doudna supports the usage of CRISPR in somatic gene editing gene alterations which do not get passed to the next generation but not germline gene editing 41 CRISPR Cas9 complex The CRISPR system created a new straightforward way to edit DNA and there was a rush to patent the technique 10 Doudna and UC Berkeley collaborators applied for a patent and so did a group at the Broad Institute affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard 42 Feng Zhang at the Broad Institute had shown that CRISPR Cas9 could edit genes in cultured human cells a few months after Doudna and Charpentier published their method 34 Before the UC Berkeley patent application was decided a patent was granted to the Broad investigators and UC Berkeley filed a lawsuit against the decision 42 In 2017 the court decided in favor of the Broad Institute who claimed that they had initiated the research earliest and had first applied it to human cell engineering thus supporting editing in human cells with evidence but that the UC Berkeley group had only suggested this application 42 UC Berkeley appealed on grounds that they had clearly discussed and spelled out how to do the application the Broad had pursued 43 In September 2018 the appeals court decided in favor of the Broad Institute s patent 44 Meanwhile UC Berkeley and co applicants patent to cover the general technique was also granted 45 To further cloud the issue in Europe the claim of the Broad Institute to have initiated the research first was disallowed 46 The rejection was due to a procedural flaw in the application involving a different set of personnel listed in the lawsuit and the patent application leading to speculation that the UC Berkeley group would prevail in Europe 46 Doudna cofounded Caribou Biosciences a company to commercialize CRISPR technology in 2011 47 In September 2013 Doudna cofounded Editas Medicine with Zhang and others despite their legal battles but she quit in June 2014 Charpentier then invited her to join CRISPR Therapeutics but she declined following the divorce like experience at Editas 48 Doudna is also a cofounder of Caribou spin off Intellia Therapeutics 49 50 and Scribe Therapeutics which pioneered CasX a more compact next generation Cas9 which can efficiently cut DNA 51 In 2017 she co authored A Crack in Creation Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution 10 a rare case of the first person account of a major scientific breakthrough aimed at the general public 52 In addition to the CRISPR breakthrough Doudna has discovered that the hepatitis C virus utilizes an unusual strategy to synthesize viral proteins 53 This work could lead to new drugs to stop infections without causing harm to the tissues of the body 53 I have so much optimism about what CRISPR can do to help cure unaddressed genetic diseases and improve sustainable agriculture but I m also concerned that the benefits of the technology might not reach those who need it most if we re not thoughtful and deliberate about how we develop the technology Doudna said 22 Mammoth Biosciences Edit In 2017 Doudna co founded Mammoth Biosciences 54 a San Francisco based bioengineering tech startup Initial funding raised 23 million 55 with a series B round of funding in 2020 raising 45 million 56 The business is focused on improving access to bio sensing tests which address challenges across healthcare agriculture environmental monitoring biodefense and more 54 COVID 19 response Edit Beginning in March 2020 Doudna organized an effort to use CRISPR based technologies to address the COVID 19 pandemic along with Dave Savage Robert Tjian and other colleagues at the Innovative Genomics Institute IGI where they created a testing center 57 This center processes more than 1 000 patient samples per day 58 Mammoth Biosciences announced a peer reviewed validation of a rapid CRISPR based point of need COVID 19 diagnostic which is faster and less expensive than qRT PCR based tests 59 Personal life EditDoudna s first marriage was in 1988 to a fellow graduate student at Harvard named Tom Griffin but his interests were more broad and less focused on research than hers and they divorced a few years later Griffin wanted to move to Boulder Colorado where Doudna was also interested in working with Thomas Cech 60 As a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Colorado Doudna met Jamie Cate then a graduate student They worked together on the project to crystallize and determine the structure of the Tetrahymena Group I intron P4 P6 catalytic region Doudna brought Cate with her to Yale and they married in Hawaii in 2000 Cate later became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Doudna followed him to Boston at Harvard but in 2002 they both accepted faculty positions at Berkeley and moved there together Cate preferred the less formal environment on the West Coast from his earlier experiences at the University of California Santa Cruz and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Doudna liked that Berkeley is a public university 61 Cate is a Berkeley professor and works on gene editing yeast to increase their cellulose fermentation for biofuel production Doudna and Cate have a son born in 2002 who attends UC Berkeley studying electrical engineering and computer science 11 Awards and honors EditMain article List of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna Doudna was a Searle Scholar and received the 1996 Beckman Young Investigators Award 62 63 In 2000 she was awarded the Alan T Waterman Award the National Science Foundation s highest honor that annually recognizes an outstanding researcher under the age of 35 for her structure determination of a ribozyme 13 In 2001 she received the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society 5 In 2015 together with Emmanuelle Charpentier she received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for her contributions to CRISPR Cas9 genome editing technology 64 In 2016 together with Charpentier Feng Zhang Philippe Horvath and Rodolphe Barrangou she received the Canada Gairdner International Award 17 Also in 2016 she received the Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics 65 She has also been a co recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics 2015 66 the Tang Prize 2016 16 the Japan Prize 2017 and the Albany Medical Center Prize 2017 67 In 2018 Doudna was awarded the NAS Award in Chemical Sciences 68 the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize from the Rockefeller University 69 and a Medal of Honor from the American Cancer Society 70 Also in 2018 she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Siksnys 71 72 In 2019 she received the Harvey Prize of the Technion Israel for the year 2018 jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Feng Zhang 73 and the LUI Che Woo Prize in the category of Welfare Betterment 74 In 2020 she received the Wolf Prize in Medicine jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier 75 Also in 2020 Doudna and Charpentier were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of a method for genome editing 4 3 She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2002 7 the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003 the National Academy of Medicine in 2010 and the National Academy of Inventors in 2014 5 In 2015 together with Charpentier she became a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology 76 She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ForMemRS in 2016 77 In 2017 Doudna was awarded the Golden Plate Award 78 of the American Academy of Achievement 79 In 2020 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship 80 In 2021 Pope Francis appointed Doudna and two other female Nobel laureates Donna Strickland and Emmanuelle Charpentier as members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences 81 She along with Charpentier was named one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015 19 and she was a runner up for Time Person of the Year in 2016 alongside other CRISPR researchers 34 References Edit Pondering what it means to be human on the frontier of gene editing The Washington Post May 3 2016 a b Jennifer Doudna American biochemist Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Retrieved November 13 2015 a b Wu Katherine J Zimmer Carl Peltier Elian October 7 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing The New York Times Retrieved October 7 2020 a b Press release The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 nobelprize org Nobel Foundation October 7 2020 Retrieved October 7 2020 a b c d e f g h i Curriculum Vitae Jennifer A Doudna PDF Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Retrieved October 24 2017 Multiple sources UC Berkeley s Jennifer Doudna wins 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry University of California Berkeley October 7 2020 Retrieved October 10 2020 Langelier Julie September 5 2018 Jennifer Doudna Opens Laboratory at the Gladstone Institutes Gladstone Institutes Archived from the original on October 10 2018 Retrieved October 9 2018 Interview with Jennifer Doudna recorded in 2004 National Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on December 18 2015 Retrieved November 8 2017 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Melissa Marino December 1 2004 Biography of Jennifer A Doudna Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 49 16987 16989 Bibcode 2004PNAS 10116987M doi 10 1073 PNAS 0408147101 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 535403 PMID 15574498 Wikidata Q34553023 Jennifer Doudna s publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database subscription required a b Jennifer Doudna publications indexed by Google Scholar a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jennifer A Doudna and Samuel H Sternberg A Crack in Creation Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2017 a b c d e f g h i j Russell Sabin December 8 2014 Cracking the Code Jennifer Doudna and Her Amazing Molecular Scissors Cal Alumni Association Retrieved November 10 2017 Pollack Andrew May 11 2015 Jennifer Doudna a Pioneer Who Helped Simplify Genome Editing The New York Times Retrieved May 12 2015 a b Alan T Waterman Award Recipients 1976 present National Science Foundation Retrieved October 31 2017 a b c d e f g h i j Laureates Jennifer A Doudna breakthroughprize org Retrieved October 31 2017 2015 Genetics Prize Jennifer Doudna The Gruber Foundation Retrieved October 24 2017 a b Laureates Biopharmaceutical Science 2016 Tang Prize Foundation Retrieved November 1 2017 a b Jennifer Doudna Canada Gairdner Foundation Retrieved November 2 2017 Laureates of the Japan Prize Jennifer A Doudna Ph D The Japan Prize Foundation Retrieved November 1 2017 a b King Mary Claire April 16 2015 Time 100 Most Influential People Emmanuelle Charpentier amp Jennifer Doudna Time Who s who in the West 1999 ISBN 9780837909240 a b c d Mukhopadyay Rajendrani On the same wavelength American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Retrieved October 24 2017 a b Becoming a Scientific Leader The Women in Medicine Legacy Foundation Retrieved December 10 2022 Cataluna Lee October 11 2020 Remembering The Hilo Teacher Who Inspired A Nobel Prize Winner Honolulu Civil Beat Retrieved October 22 2020 Big Questions Big Answers SBGrid Consortium Retrieved October 22 2020 2018 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience A Conversation with Jennifer Doudna Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Siksnys The Kavli Prize Retrieved October 22 2020 Genome editing pioneer and Hilo High graduate Jennifer Doudna speaks at UH Hilo about her discovery CRISPR technology UH Hilo Stories Retrieved October 7 2020 Engineer Anushe October 7 2020 Pomona College alumna wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Student Life Retrieved October 8 2020 Doudna Jennifer Anne 1989 Towards the Design of an RNA Replicase Ph D thesis Harvard University OCLC 23230360 ProQuest 303754572 Scopus preview Doudna Jennifer A Author details Scopus www scopus com Retrieved October 15 2021 a b A DAY WITH JENNIFER DOUDNA TRYING TO KEEP UP WITH ONE OF THE WORLD S MOST SOUGHT AFTER SCIENTISTS March 8 2020 Isaacson 2021 p 101 Jill Banfield How a curious Google search led me to Jennifer Doudna Jill Banfield Berkeley News published October 7 2020 Jennifer Doudna s First Reactions to 2020 Nobel Prize Win published October 7 2020 to the UC Berkeley channel on YouTube a b c d Park Alice 2016 The CRISPR Pioneers Their Breakthrough Work Could Change the World Time Martin Jinek Krzysztof Chylinski Ines Fonfara Michael Hauer Jennifer A Doudna Emmanuelle Charpentier June 28 2012 A programmable dual RNA guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity Science 337 6096 816 821 Bibcode 2012Sci 337 816J doi 10 1126 SCIENCE 1225829 ISSN 0036 8075 PMC 6286148 PMID 22745249 Wikidata Q24669850 Yoshizumi Ishino H Shinagawa K Makino M Amemura A Nakata December 1987 Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli and identification of the gene product Journal of Bacteriology 169 12 5429 33 doi 10 1128 JB 169 12 5429 5433 1987 ISSN 0021 9193 PMC 213968 PMID 3316184 Wikidata Q24679073 Francisco Juan Martinez Mojica Lluis Montoliu July 9 2016 On the Origin of CRISPR Cas Technology From Prokaryotes to Mammals Trends in Microbiology 24 10 811 820 doi 10 1016 J TIM 2016 06 005 ISSN 0966 842X PMID 27401123 Wikidata Q34533807 CRISPR co inventor Jennifer Doudna talks ethics and biological frontiers January 25 2019 Wade Nicholas March 19 2015 Scientists Seek Ban on Method of Editing the Human Genome The New York Times David Baltimore Paul Berg Michael Botchan et al April 3 2015 Biotechnology A prudent path forward for genomic engineering and germline gene modification Science 348 6230 36 8 Bibcode 2015Sci 348 36B doi 10 1126 SCIENCE AAB1028 ISSN 0036 8075 PMC 4394183 PMID 25791083 Wikidata Q22065510 CRISPR s co developer on the revolutionary gene editing technology s past and its future February 28 2020 a b c Netburn Deborah February 15 2017 UC Berkeley suffers big loss in CRISPR patent fight What s next for the gene editing technology Los Angeles Times Retrieved September 2 2018 Decker Susan Cortez Michelle April 28 2018 This court battle will decide who will make a fortune from gene editing technique Bloomberg Retrieved September 2 2018 Jeff Akst 2018 The higher court s decision to uphold the ruling of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board essentially ends the intellectual property battle in theUS The Scientist September 10 2018 Paganelli Jennifer June 19 2018 CRISPR Therapeutics Intellia Therapeutics and Caribou Biosciences announce grant of US patent for CRISPR Cas9 Genome Editing Caribou Biosciences Inc Retrieved September 2 2018 a b Servick Kelly January 18 2018 Broad Institute takes a hit in European CRISPR patent struggle Science Retrieved September 2 2018 Caribou Biosciences Inc Bloomberg business Retrieved September 2 2018 Isaacson 2021 pp 208 213 Caribou Biosciences Announces Co Founding of Intellia Therapeutics www businesswire com November 18 2014 Retrieved May 16 2021 Intellia Therapeutics Congratulates Co Founder Jennifer Doudna On Winning the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Inventing the Revolutionary CRISPR Cas9 Genome Editing Technology finance yahoo com Retrieved May 16 2021 A day with Jennifer Doudna Trying to keep up with one of the world s most sought after scientists Chemical amp Engineering News Retrieved May 2 2020 A Crack in Creation review Jennifer Doudna Crispr and a great scientific breakthrough TheGuardian com June 17 2017 Retrieved October 8 2020 a b Jennifer A Doudna Ph D HHMI Retrieved August 26 2012 a b Mammoth Biosciences About Us Mammoth Biosciences Retrieved April 14 2020 Mammoth Biosciences Closes on Series A Worth 23 Million BioSpace August 1 2019 Retrieved April 14 2020 Mammoth Biosciences Raises 45 Million to Build Next Generation CRISPR Products For Therapeutics and Diagnostics BioSpace January 30 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 Isaacson 2021 p 401 CRISPR pioneer Doudna opens COVID 19 testing lab BioNews www bionews org uk April 3 2020 Retrieved May 2 2020 Release Press April 21 2020 Mammoth Biosciences Announces Peer Reviewed Validation Of Its Rapid CRISPR Based COVID 19 Diagnostic SynBioBeta Retrieved May 2 2020 Isaacson 2021 pp 54 55 Isaacson 2021 pp 63 66 Beckman Young Investigators Award Recipients Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation Retrieved November 6 2017 Jennifer A Doudna Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation Retrieved August 1 2018 Jennifer Doudna Breakthrough Prize Retrieved September 13 2018 Jennifer Doudna The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Retrieved November 6 2017 2015 Genetics Prize Jennifer Doudna The Gruber Foundation Retrieved October 24 2017 Gene Editing Pioneers Selected to Receive America s Most Distinguished Prize in Medicine Albany Medical Center Retrieved November 1 2017 National Academy of Sciences Awards National Academy of Sciences Retrieved September 13 2018 Jennifer Doudna To Receive 2018 Pearl Meister Greengard Prize Rockefeller University Retrieved September 13 2018 Sanders Robert October 18 2018 Doudna receives Medal of Honor from American Cancer Society Berkeley News Retrieved March 16 2019 Giorgia Guglielmi June 1 2018 Million dollar Kavli prize recognizes scientist scooped on CRISPR Nature 558 7708 17 18 doi 10 1038 D41586 018 05308 5 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 29872189 Wikidata Q74441382 Cohen Jon June 4 2018 With prestigious prize an overshadowed CRISPR researcher wins the spotlight Science American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS doi 10 1126 science aau3736 ISSN 0036 8075 S2CID 158427487 Harvey Prize 2018 LUI Che Woo Prize Reveals 2019 Laureates Furthering Its Mission to Enrich World Civilisation luiprize org Retrieved November 12 2019 Wolf Prize 2020 Nobel Prize Awarded to ASM Members for Development of CRISPR Cas9 American Society for Microbiology Retrieved October 18 2021 Anon 2016 Professor Jennifer Doudna ForMemRS London Royal Society One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety org website where All text published under the heading Biography on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License Royal Society Terms conditions and policies Retrieved March 9 2016 Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement achievement org American Academy of Achievement Jennifer A Doudna Ph D Biography and Interview achievement org American Academy of Achievement John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Jennifer Doudna Retrieved October 15 2021 Dulle Colleen August 18 2021 Pope Francis appointed three women to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences this summer What s their role at the Vatican America Magazine Retrieved October 15 2021 Bibliography EditIsaacson Walter 2021 Introduction Into the Breach The Code Breaker Jennifer Doudna Gene Editing and the Future of the Human Race Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1 9821 1585 2 Retrieved March 8 2021 External links Edit Scholia has an author profile for Jennifer Doudna Jennifer Doudna publications indexed by Google Scholar Jennifer Doudna UC Berkeley HHMI Genome Engineering with CRISPR Cas9 YouTube iBiology Science Stories March 23 2015 Jennifer Doudna CRISPR Basics YouTube Innovative Genomics Institute IGI November 4 2017 Into the Future with CRISPR Technology with Jennifer Doudna YouTube University of California Television UCTV October 26 2019 CRISPR Scientist s Biography Explores Ethics Of Rewriting The Code Of Life Author interview audio and transcript Fresh Air NPR March 8 2021 How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA TED talk by Jennifer Doudna on YouTube Jennifer A Doudna on Nobelprize org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jennifer Doudna amp oldid 1141324945, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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