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University of California

March 09, 2023

This article is about the California university system. For the university known as California, see University of California, Berkeley. For other uses, see California State University and California University of Pennsylvania.

Coordinates: 37°48′08″N 122°16′17″W / 37.802168°N 122.271281°W / 37.802168; -122.271281

The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of its ten campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz, along with numerous research centers and academic abroad centers.[5] The system is the state's land-grant university.[6] Major publications generally rank most UC campuses as being among the best universities in the world. Seven of the campuses, Berkeley, Davis, Santa Cruz, Irvine, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and San Diego are considered Public Ivies, making California the state with the most universities in the nation to hold the title.[7][8] UC campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline, with UC faculty and researchers having won 71 Nobel Prizes as of 2021.[9]

University of California
Latin: Universitas Californiensis
MottoFiat lux (Latin)
Motto in English
Let there be light
TypePublic research university system
EstablishedMarch 23, 1868; 154 years ago (March 23, 1868)
Endowment$27.9 billion (June 30, 2022)[1]
Budget$43.9 billion (2020–2021)[2]
PresidentMichael V. Drake
Academic staff
24,800 (March 2022)[2]
Administrative staff
158,300 (March 2022)[2]
Students294,662 (Fall 2021)[3]
Undergraduates230,529 (Fall 2021)[3]
Postgraduates64,133 (Fall 2021)[3]
Location
Oakland
,
California
,
United States
Campus10 campuses under direct control (nine with undergraduate and graduate schools, one professional/graduate only), one affiliated law school, one national laboratory
Colors  Blue
  Gold[4]
Websiteuniversityofcalifornia.edu

The University of California currently has 10 campuses, a combined student body of 285,862 students, 24,400 faculty members, 143,200 staff members and over two million living alumni.[2] Its newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005. Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students; one campus, UC San Francisco, enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences. In addition, the University of California College of the Law located in San Francisco, is legally affiliated with UC, but other than sharing its name is entirely autonomous from the rest of the system. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-system public higher education plan, which also includes the California State University system and the California Community Colleges system. UC is governed by a Board of Regents whose autonomy from the rest of the state government is protected by the state constitution.[10] The University of California also manages or co-manages three national laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).[11]

The University of California was founded on March 23, 1868, and operated in Oakland before moving to Berkeley in 1873.[12][13] Over time, several branch locations and satellite programs were established. In March 1951, the University of California began to reorganize itself into something distinct from its campus in Berkeley, with UC President Robert Gordon Sproul staying in place as chief executive of the UC system, while Clark Kerr became Berkeley's first chancellor[14][15][16][17] and Raymond B. Allen became the first chancellor of UCLA.[18] However, the 1951 reorganization was stalled by resistance from Sproul and his allies,[19] and it was not until Kerr succeeded Sproul as UC president that UC was able to evolve into a university system from 1957 to 1960.[20] At that time, chancellors were appointed for additional campuses and each was granted some degree of greater autonomy.[21]

History

Early history

 
In November 1857, the College of California's trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley.

In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, which contained the express objective of creating a complete educational system including a state university.[22] Taking advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, the California State Legislature established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866.[23][24] However, it existed only on paper, as a placeholder to secure federal land-grant funds.[24]

Meanwhile, Congregational minister Henry Durant, an alumnus of Yale, had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on June 20, 1853, in Oakland, California.[23] The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison and Franklin Streets in downtown Oakland[23] (and is marked today by State Historical Plaque No. 45 at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Franklin). In turn, the academy's trustees were granted a charter in 1855 for a College of California, though the college continued to operate as a college preparatory school until it added college-level courses in 1860.[23][24] The college's trustees, educators, and supporters believed in the importance of a liberal arts education (especially the study of the Greek and Roman classics), but ran into a lack of interest in liberal arts colleges on the American frontier (as a true college, the college was graduating only three or four students per year).[24]

 
South Hall, built in 1873, is the oldest building on the Berkeley campus.

In November 1857, the college's trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley for a future planned campus outside of Oakland.[23] But first, they needed to secure the college's water rights by buying a large farm to the east.[23] In 1864, they organized the College Homestead Association, which borrowed $35,000 to purchase the land, plus another $33,000 to purchase 160 acres (650,000 m2) of land to the south of the future campus.[25] The association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a new college town.[23] But sales of new homesteads fell short.[23]

Governor Frederick Low favored the establishment of a state university based upon the University of Michigan plan, and thus in one sense may be regarded as the founder of the University of California.[23][24] At the College of California's 1867 commencement exercises, where Low was present, Benjamin Silliman Jr. criticized Californians for creating a state polytechnic school instead of a real university.[23][24] That same day, Low reportedly first suggested a merger of the already-functional College of California (which had land, buildings, faculty, and students, but not enough money) with the nonfunctional state college (which had money and nothing else), and went on to participate in the ensuing negotiations.[23][24]

 
UC San Francisco campus in 1908.

On October 9, 1867, the college's trustees reluctantly agreed to join forces with the state college to their mutual advantage, but under one condition—that there not be simply an "Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College", but a complete university, within which the assets of the College of California would be used to create a College of Letters (now known as the College of Letters and Science).[23][24][26] Accordingly, the Organic Act, establishing the University of California, was introduced as a bill by Assemblyman John W. Dwinelle on March 5, 1868, and after it was duly passed by both houses of the state legislature, it was signed into state law by Governor Henry H. Haight (Low's successor) on March 23, 1868.[23][24][27] However, as legally constituted, the new university was not an actual merger of the two colleges, but was an entirely new institution which merely inherited certain objectives and assets from each of them.[28] The University of California's second president, Daniel Coit Gilman, opened its new campus in Berkeley in September 1873.[29]

UC affiliates

 
The Citrus Experiment Station, built in 1917, is the oldest building on the UC Riverside campus.

Section 8 of the Organic Act authorized the Board of Regents to affiliate the University of California with independent self-sustaining professional colleges.[30][31] "Affiliation" meant UC and its affiliates would "share the risk in launching new endeavors in education".[30] The affiliates shared the prestige of the state university's brand, and UC agreed to award degrees in its own name to their graduates on the recommendation of their respective faculties, but the affiliates were otherwise managed independently by their own boards of trustees, charged their own tuition and fees, and maintained their own budgets separate from the UC budget.[30] It was through the process of affiliation that UC was able to claim it had medical and law schools in San Francisco within a decade of its founding.[30]

In 1879, California adopted its second and current constitution, which included unusually strong language to ensure UC's independence from the rest of the state government.[10][32] This had lasting consequences for the Hastings College of the Law, which had been separately chartered and affiliated in 1878 by an act of the state legislature at the behest of founder Serranus Clinton Hastings.[33] After a falling out with his own handpicked board of directors, the founder persuaded the state legislature in 1883 and 1885 to pass new laws to place his law school under the direct control of the Board of Regents.[34] In 1886, the Supreme Court of California declared those newer acts to be unconstitutional because the clause protecting UC's independence in the 1879 state constitution had stripped the state legislature of the ability to amend the 1878 act.[35][36] To this day, the Hastings College of the Law remains an affiliate of UC, maintains its own board of directors, and is not governed by the regents.[30][35]

 
Hart Hall, built in 1928, is the oldest building on the UC Davis campus.

In contrast, Toland Medical College (founded in 1864 and affiliated in 1873) and later, the dental, pharmacy, and nursing schools in San Francisco were affiliated with UC through written agreements, and not statutes invested with constitutional importance by court decisions.[30] In the early 20th century, the Affiliated Colleges (as they came to be called) began to agree to submit to the regents' governance during the term of President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, as the Board of Regents had come to recognize the problems inherent in the existence of independent entities that shared the UC brand but over which UC had no real control.[30] While Hastings remained independent, the Affiliated Colleges were able to increasingly coordinate their operations with one another under the supervision of the UC president and regents, and evolved into the health sciences campus known today as the University of California, San Francisco.[30]

North-south tensions and decentralization

 
Powell Library, built in 1929, is one of the four oldest buildings on the UCLA campus.

In August 1882, the California State Normal School (whose original normal school in San Jose is now San Jose State University) opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California.[37] In 1887, the Los Angeles school was granted its own board of trustees independent of the San Jose school, and in 1919, the state legislature transferred it to UC control and renamed it the Southern Branch of the University of California.[38] In 1927, it became the University of California at Los Angeles; the "at" would be replaced with a comma in 1958.[39]

Los Angeles surpassed San Francisco in the 1920 census to become the most populous metropolis in California. Because Los Angeles had become the state government's single largest source of both tax revenue and votes, its residents felt entitled to demand more prestige and autonomy for their campus. Their efforts bore fruit in March 1951, when UCLA became the first UC site outside of Berkeley to achieve de jure coequal status with the Berkeley campus. That month, the regents approved a reorganization plan under which both the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses would be supervised by chancellors reporting to the UC president.[14][15][16][40] However, the 1951 plan was severely flawed; it was overly vague about how the chancellors were to become the "executive heads" of their campuses. Due to stubborn resistance from President Sproul and several vice presidents and deans—who simply carried on as before—the chancellors ended up as glorified provosts with limited control over academic affairs and long-range planning while the president and the regents retained de facto control over everything else.[19]

 
UC Irvine was founded and had its campus built out in the 1960s.

Upon becoming president in October 1957, Clark Kerr supervised UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960.[20][21] Kerr's reforms included expressly granting all campus chancellors the full range of executive powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had denied to Kerr himself, as well as the radical decentralization of a tightly knit bureaucracy in which all lines of authority had always run directly to the president at Berkeley or to the regents themselves.[20][21][40] In 1965, UCLA Chancellor Franklin D. Murphy tried to push this to what he saw as its logical conclusion: he advocated for authorizing all chancellors to report directly to the Board of Regents, thereby rendering the UC president redundant.[41] Murphy wanted to transform UC from one federated university into a confederation of independent universities, similar to the situation in Kansas (from where he was recruited).[41] Murphy was unable to develop any support for his proposal, Kerr quickly put down what he thought of as "Murphy's rebellion", and therefore Kerr's vision of UC as a university system prevailed: "one university with pluralistic decision-making".[41]

 
Geisel Library, at UC San Diego, was built in 1970.

During the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus. California farmers lobbied for UC to perform applied research responsive to their immediate needs; in 1905, the Legislature established a "University Farm School" at Davis and in 1907 a "Citrus Experiment Station" at Riverside as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at Berkeley. In 1912, UC acquired a private oceanography laboratory in San Diego, which had been founded nine years earlier by local business promoters working with a Berkeley professor. In 1944, UC acquired Santa Barbara State College from the California State Colleges, the descendants of the State Normal Schools.[42] In 1958, the regents began promoting these locations to general campuses, thereby creating UCSB (1958), UC Davis (1959), UC Riverside (1959), UC San Diego (1960), and UCSF (1964).[43][44] Each campus was also granted the right to have its own chancellor upon promotion. In response to California's continued population growth, UC opened two additional general campuses in 1965, with UC Irvine opening in Irvine and UC Santa Cruz opening in Santa Cruz.[43] The youngest campus, UC Merced opened in fall 2005 to serve the San Joaquin Valley.

 
UC Santa Cruz, founded in 1965.

After losing campuses in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara to the University of California system, supporters of the California State College system arranged for the state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent similar losses from happening again in the future.[42]

With decentralization complete, it was decided in 1986 that the UC president should no longer be based at the Berkeley campus, and the UC Office of the President moved to Kaiser Center in Oakland in 1988.[45] That lakefront location was subject to widespread criticism as "too elegant and too corporate for a public university".[46] In 1998, the Office of the President moved again, to a newly constructed but much more modest building near the former site of the College of California.[47]

Modern history

 
UC Merced, founded in 2005.

The California Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 established that UC must admit undergraduates from the top 12.5% (one-eighth) of graduating high school seniors in California. Prior to the promulgation of the Master Plan, UC was to admit undergraduates from the top 15%. UC does not currently adhere to all tenets of the original Master Plan, such as the directives that no campus was to exceed total enrollment of 27,500 students (in order to ensure quality) and that public higher education should be tuition-free for California residents. Five campuses, Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, and San Diego each have current total enrollment at over 30,000.[3]

After the state electorate severely limited long-term property tax revenue by enacting Proposition 13 in 1978, UC was forced to make up for the resulting collapse in state financial support by imposing a variety of fees which were tuition in all but name.[48][49][50] On November 18, 2010, the regents finally gave up on the longstanding legal fiction that UC does not charge tuition by renaming the Educational Fee to "Tuition".[51] As part of its search for funds during the 2000s and 2010s, UC quietly began to admit higher percentages of highly accomplished (and more lucrative) students from other states and countries,[52] but was forced to reverse course in 2015 in response to the inevitable public outcry and start admitting more California residents.[53][54]

On November 14, 2022, about 48,000 academic workers at all regent-governed UC campuses, as well as the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, went on strike for higher pay and benefits as authorized by the United Auto Workers (UAW) union.[55] UAW has cited more than 20 unfair labor practice charges performed by UC, including unilateral changes in policy and obstructing worker negotiation.[56] The strike lasted almost six weeks, officially ending on December 23.[57]

Governance

 
Office of the President of the University of California, in Oakland

All University of California campuses except Hastings College of the Law are governed by the Regents of the University of California as required by the Constitution of the State of California.[32] Eighteen regents are appointed by the governor for 12-year terms.[32] One member is a student appointed for a one-year term.[32] There are also seven ex officio members—the governor, lieutenant governor, speaker of the State Assembly, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, president and vice president of the alumni associations of UC, and the UC president.[32] The Academic Senate, made up of faculty members, is empowered by the regents to set academic policies.[32] In addition, the system-wide faculty chair and vice-chair sit on the Board of Regents as non-voting members.[32]

President of the University of California

 
Blake House and Gardens, built by architect Walter Danforth Bliss in 1924, served as the official residence of the UC President, from 1967 until 2008, when it was opened to the public.

Originally, the president was the chief executive of the first campus, Berkeley. In turn, other UC locations (with the exception of Hastings College of the Law) were treated as off-site departments of the Berkeley campus, and were headed by provosts who were subordinate to the president. In March 1951, the regents reorganized the university's governing structure. Starting with the 1952–53 academic year, day-to-day "chief executive officer" functions for the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses were transferred to chancellors who were vested with a high degree of autonomy, and reported as equals to UC's president.[14][15][16] As noted above, the regents promoted five additional UC locations to campuses and allowed them to have chancellors of their own in a series of decisions from 1958 to 1964,[43] and the three campuses added since then have also been run by chancellors. In turn, all chancellors (again, with the exception of Hastings) report as equals to the University of California President. Today, the UC Office of the President (UCOP) and the Office of the Secretary and Chief of Staff to the Regents of the University of California share an office building in downtown Oakland that serves as the UC system's headquarters.[58]

Kerr's vision for UC governance was "one university with pluralistic decision-making".[59] In other words, the internal delegation of operational authority to chancellors at the campus level and allowing nine other campuses to become separate centers of academic life independent of Berkeley did not change the fact that all campuses remain part of one legal entity. As a 1968 UC centennial coffee table book explained: "Yet for all its campuses, colleges, schools, institutes, and research stations, it remains one University, under one Board of Regents and one president—the University of California."[60] UC continues to take a "united approach" as one university in matters in which it inures to UC's advantage to do so, such as when negotiating with the legislature and governor in Sacramento.[59] The University of California continues to manage certain matters at the systemwide level in order to maintain common standards across all campuses, such as student admissions, appointment and promotion of faculty, and approval of academic programs.[61]

List of presidents
 
Michael V. Drake, 21st President of the University of California (2020-present).

All UC presidents had been white men until 2013, when former Homeland Security Secretary and Governor of Arizona Janet Napolitano became the first woman to hold the office of UC President.[62] On July 7, 2020, Dr. Michael V. Drake was selected as the 21st president of the University of California system, making him the first black president to hold the office in UC's 152-year history. He took office on August 1, 2020.[63]

Official residences
 
University House, Berkeley served as the official residence of the UC President from 1911 until 1958. Today it serves Berkeley's Chancellor.

Besides substantial six-figure incomes, the UC president and all UC chancellors enjoy controversial perks such as free housing in the form of university-maintained mansions.[64] In 1962, Anson Blake's will donated his 10-acre (40,000 m2) estate (Blake Garden) and mansion (Blake House) in Kensington to the University of California's Department of Landscape Architecture. In 1968, the regents decided to make Blake House the official residence of the UC president. As of 2005, it cost around $300,000 per year to maintain Blake Garden and Blake House; the latter, built in 1926, is a 13,239-square-foot (1,229.9 m2) mansion with a view of San Francisco Bay.[64]

Blake House has sat vacant since President Dynes departed in 2008, due to the high cost of needed seismic strengthening and renovating its dilapidated interior (estimated at $3.5 million in 2013).[65] From 2008 to 2022, all three UC presidents during that timeframe (i.e., Yudof, Napolitano, and Drake) lived in rented homes.[65] In 2022, UC finally purchased the Selden Williams House, a 6,400-square-foot (590 m2) house in Berkeley, for $6.5 million to serve as the UC president's official residence.[65] UC had previously owned the same home from 1971 to 1991, when it served as the official residence of the UC vice president.[65] (UC no longer has a single "vice president"; the president's direct reports now have titles like "executive vice president", "senior vice president", or "vice president".[66])

 
Selden Williams House, built in 1928 and designed by architect Julia Morgan, serves as the official residence of the UC President, since 2022.

All UC chancellors traditionally live for free in a mansion on or near campus that is usually known as University House, where they host social functions attended by guests and donors.[67] Berkeley's University House formerly served as the official residence of the UC president, but is now the official residence of Berkeley's chancellor. UCSD's University House was closed from 2004 to 2014 for $10.5 million in renovations paid for by private donors, which were so expensive because the 12,000-square-foot structure sits on top of a sacred Native American cemetery and next to an unstable coastal bluff.[68][69]

Finances

Main article: University of California finances

The State of California currently (2021–2022) spends $3.467 billion on the UC system, out of total UC operating revenues of $41.6 billion. The "UC Budget for Current Operations" lists the medical centers as the largest revenue source, contributing 39% of the budget, the federal government 11%, Core Funds (State General Funds, UC General Funds, student tuition) 21%, private support (gifts, grants, endowments) 7% ,and Sales and Services at 21%. In 1980, the state funded 86.8% of the UC budget.[70] While state funding has somewhat recovered, as of 2019 state support still lags behind even recent historic levels (e.g. 2001) when adjusted for inflation.[70][71]

According to the California Public Policy Institute, California spends 12% of its General Fund on higher education, but that percentage is divided between the University of California, California State University and California Community Colleges. Over the past forty years, state funding of higher education has dropped from 18% to 12%, resulting in a drop in UC's per student funding from $23,000 in 2016 to a current $8,000 per year per student.[72]

 
View of the UC Office of the President.

In May 2004, UC President Robert C. Dynes and CSU Chancellor Charles B. Reed struck a private deal, called the "Higher Education Compact", with Governor Schwarzenegger. They agreed to slash spending by about a billion dollars (about a third of the university's core budget for academic operations) in exchange for a funding formula lasting until 2011. The agreement calls for modest annual increases in state funds (but not enough to replace the loss in state funds Dynes and Schwarzenegger agreed to), private fundraising to help pay for basic programs, and large student fee hikes, especially for graduate and professional students. A detailed analysis of the Compact by the Academic Senate "Futures Report" indicated, despite the large fee increases, the university core budget did not recover to 2000 levels.[73] Undergraduate student fees have risen 90% from 2003 to 2007.[74] In 2011, for the first time in UC's history, student fees exceeded contributions from the State of California.[75]

The First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco ruled in 2007 that the University of California owed nearly $40 million in refunds to about 40,000 students who were promised that their tuition fees would remain steady, but were hit with increases when the state ran short of money in 2003.[76]

In September 2019, the University of California announced it will divest its $83 billion in endowment and pension funds from the fossil fuel industry, ostensibly to avoid the "financial risk" inherent in that industry because of climate change, but also responsive pleas to stop investing in fossil fuel.[77]

Criticism

In 2008, the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, the regional accreditor of the UC schools, criticized the UC system for "significant problems in governance, leadership and decision making" and "confusion about the roles and responsibilities of the university president, the regents and the 10 campus chancellors with no clear lines of authority and boundaries".[78]

In 2016, university system officials admitted that they monitored all e-mails sent to and from their servers.[79]

Campuses and rankings

class=notpageimage|
The ten UC campuses

At present, the UC system officially describes itself as a "ten campus" system consisting of the campuses listed below.[80] These campuses are under the direct control of the regents and president.[81] Only ten campuses are listed on the official UC letterhead.[82]

Although it shares the name and public status of the UC system, the Hastings College of the Law is not controlled by the regents or president; it has a separate board of directors and must seek funding directly from the Legislature. However, under the California Education Code, Hastings degrees are awarded in the name of the regents and bear the signature of the UC president.[83] Furthermore, Education Code section 92201 states that Hastings "is affiliated with the University of California, and is the law department thereof".[84]

University rankings

Annually, UC campuses are ranked highly by various publications. Six UC campuses rank in the top 50 U.S. National Universities of 2022 by U.S. News & World Report, with UCLA, Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC San Diego, UC Irvine, and UC Davis all ranked in the top 50. Four UC campuses also ranked in the top 50 in the U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Rankings in 2021, namely Berkeley, UCLA, UCSF, and UC San Diego.[85] UCSF is ranked as one of the top universities in biomedicine in the world[86][87][88][89][90][91] and the UCSF School of Medicine is ranked 3rd in the United States among research-oriented medical schools and for primary care by U.S. News & World Report.[92]

Three UC campuses: Berkeley, UCLA, and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 15 universities in the US according to the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) US National University Rankings and also in the top 20 in World University Rankings. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranked UCSF, UC Davis, UC Irvine, and UC Santa Barbara in the top 50 US National Universities and in the top 100 World Universities in 2020.[93]

Berkeley, UCLA, and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 50 universities in the world according to both the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021 and the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) for 2020, while UC Irvine, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Davis ranked in the top 100 universities in the world.[94][95] Forbes also ranked the six UC campuses mentioned above as being in the top 50 universities in America in 2021.[96] Forbes also named the top three public universities in America as all being UC campuses, namely, Berkeley, UCLA, and UCSD, and ranked three more campuses, UC Davis, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Irvine as being among the top 20 public universities in America in 2021.[97] The six aforementioned campuses are all considered Public Ivies.[7] The QS World University Rankings for 2021 ranked three UC campuses: Berkeley, UCLA and UC San Diego as being in the top 100 universities in the world.[98]

Individual academic departments also rank highly among the UC campuses. The 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report ranked Berkeley as being among the top 5 universities in the nation in the departments of Psychology, Economics, Political Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth Sciences, Physics, Sociology, History, and English, and ranked UCLA in the top 20 in the same departments.[99][100] U.S. News & World Report also ranked the same departments at UC San Diego among the top 20 in the nation, with the exception of the departments of Sociology, History, and English.[101] UC Davis, UC Irvine and UC Santa Barbara ranked in the top 50 in the departments of Psychology, Economics, Political Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth Sciences, Physics, Sociology, History, and English, with the exception of UC Santa Barbara's Psychology and Political Science departments, according to U.S. News & World Report. UC Santa Cruz and UC Riverside ranked in the top 100 in the nation in the same departments, along with UC Merced's Psychology and Political Science departments.[102][103][104]

Campus Founded Enrollment[105] Endowment[106] Athletics Rankings
Affiliation Nickname ARWU National Ranking[93] ARWU World Ranking[93] CWUR[94] Forbes[96][97] THE World University Rankings[95] QS World University Rankings[98] U.S. News & World Report National Ranking[107] U.S. News & World Report World Ranking[85]
 
Berkeley 		1868 45,036 $6.91 billion NCAA Div I
Pac-12 		Golden Bears 4 5 8 2 7 27 20 4
 
Davis 		1905 40,050 $2.06 billion NCAA Div I
Big West 		Aggies 40 100 50 23 64 102 38 67
 
Irvine 		1965 36,505 $1.25 billion NCAA Div I
Big West 		Anteaters 35 70 65 30 98 235 34 86
 
Los Angeles 		1919 46,116 $6.72 billion NCAA Div I
Pac-12 (Big Ten in 2024) 		Bruins 11 14 16 6 15 44 20 14
 
Merced 		2005 9,093 $85 million NAIA
CalPac 		Golden Bobcats 111-129 401–500 850 309 301–350 — 97 718
 
Riverside 		1954 26,847 $354 million NCAA Div I
Big West 		Highlanders 63-89 201–300 204 84 251–300 453 89 169
 
San Diego 		1960 41,885 $2.39 billion NCAA Div I
Big West 		Tritons 14 18 27 17 33 53 34 21
 
San Francisco 		1864 3,165
(Graduate only) 		$5.46 billion — — 16 20 34 — — — — 11
 
Santa Barbara 		1909 26,124 $544 million NCAA Div I
Big West 		Gauchos 31 57 66 39 68 149 32 67
 
Santa Cruz 		1965 19,841 $269 million NCAA Div III
C2C 		Banana Slugs 57–62 151–200 208 87 201–250 375 83 103

Academics

 
Langson Library at UC Irvine.

As of 2020, UC controls over 11,601 active patents. UC researchers and faculty were responsible for 1,706 new inventions that same year.[2] On average, UC researchers create five new inventions per day.[2]

Seven of UC's ten campuses (Berkeley, UC Davis, UCI, UCLA, UCSD, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Santa Cruz) are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU),[2] an alliance of elite American research universities[108] founded in 1900 at UC's suggestion.[109] Collectively, the system counts among its faculty (as of 2002):

Nobel Prize winners

 
Powell Library, main facility of the UCLA Library System.
 
Kolligian Library at UC Merced.

As of October 2021, the following data are taken from List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation, which counts university alumni and staff, and are not the official count from the University of California.

Campus Nr. of winners Founded Nr. of Winners/

10 years of age

Berkeley 110 1868 7.2
San Diego 28 1960 4.6
Los Angeles 27 1919 2.6
Santa Barbara 14 1909 1.8
San Francisco 10 1864 0.7
Irvine 7 1965 1.3
Davis 4 1905 0.3
Riverside 3 1954 0.4
Santa Cruz 1 1965 0.2
Merced 0 2005 0

UC Libraries

Main article: University of California Libraries
 
Davidson Library, the main facility of the UC Santa Barbara Library System.

At 40.8 million print volumes,[110] the University of California library system is home to one of the largest collections of printed materials in the world. On July 27, 2021, all ten campuses went live with a unified online library catalog, UC Library Search. Besides on-campus libraries, the UC system also maintains two regional library facilities (one each for Northern and Southern California), which each accept older items from all UC campus libraries in their respective region. As of 2019, Northern Regional Library Facility is home to 7.4 million items, while Southern Regional Library Facility is home to 6.5 million items.

Academic calendar

Eight campuses operate on the quarter system, while two (Berkeley and Merced) are on the semester system. However, all five law schools operate on the semester system, as does the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.

Academic organization

 
McHenry Library at UC Santa Cruz.

Davis, Los Angeles, Riverside, and Santa Barbara all followed Berkeley's example by aggregating the majority of arts, humanities, and science departments into a relatively large College of Letters and Science. Therefore, at Berkeley, Davis, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara, their respective College of Letters and Science is by far the single largest academic unit on each campus. The College of Letters and Science at Los Angeles is the largest academic unit in the entire UC system.[111] Riverside later separated the natural sciences and kept only social sciences grouped with arts and humanities, an example followed by Merced at its founding.

Due to President Kerr's interest in not reproducing the impersonal undergraduate experience often seen in such gigantic academic units, San Diego and Santa Cruz both implemented residential college systems inspired by British models (in which each college has distinctive general education requirements reflecting its chosen theme)[112] and grouped most academic departments into a small number of broadly defined divisions which are all independent of the colleges.

Finally, Irvine is organized into 13 schools and San Francisco is organized into four schools, all of which are relatively narrow in scope.

Admissions

 
Kerckhoff Hall is home of the ASUCLA - Associated Students of the University of California, Los Angeles.

Each UC campus handles admissions separately, but a student wishing to apply for an undergraduate or transfer admission uses one application for all UC campuses. Graduate and professional school admissions are handled directly and separately by each department or program to which one applies.

In May 2020, UC approved plans to suspend standardized testing score requirements in admissions until 2024.[113] In May 2021, after a student lawsuit, the University of California announced that it would no longer consider SAT and ACT scores in admissions and scholarship decisions.[114]

The Early Academic Outreach Program (EAOP) was established in 1976 by University of California (UC) in response to the State Legislature's recommendation to expand post-secondary opportunities to all of California's students including those who are first-generation, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and English-language learners.[115] As UC's largest academic preparation program, EAOP assists middle and high school students with academic preparation, admissions requirements, and financial aid requirements for higher education.[116] The program designs and provides services to foster students’ academic development, and delivers those services in partnership with other academic preparation programs, schools, other higher education institutions and community/industry partners.[117]

 
Haas School of Business at Berkeley is ranked among the best business schools in the world.

The University of California admits a significant number of transfer students primarily from the California Community Colleges.[118] Approximately one out of three UC students begin at a community college before graduating.[118] In evaluating a transfer student's application the universities conduct a "comprehensive review" process that includes consideration of grade point averages of the generally required, transferable and or related courses for the intended major. The review may also include consideration of an applicant's enrollment in selective honor courses or programs, extracurricular activities, essay, family history, life challenges, and the location of the student's residence. Different universities emphasize different factors in their evaluations.[119]

Freshmen

Before 1986, students who wanted to apply to UC for undergraduate study could only apply to one campus. Students who were rejected at that campus but otherwise met the UC minimum eligibility requirements were redirected to another campus with available space.[120][121] Students who did not want to be redirected were refunded their application fees.[citation needed] UC Riverside chancellor Ivan Hinderaker explained in 1972: "Redirection has been a negative rather than a plus. Some come with a chip on their shoulders so big they never give the campus a chance. They poison the attitudes of the students around them."[121]

 
Jacobs School of Engineering, at San Diego, is one of the top-ranked engineering schools in the country.

Therefore, in 1986, the undergraduate application system was changed to the current "multiple filing" system, in which students can apply to as many or as few UC campuses as they want on one application, paying a fee for each campus. This significantly increased the number of applications to the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses, since students could choose a campus to attend after they received acceptance letters, without fear of being redirected to a campus they did not want to attend.[120]

The University of California accepts fully eligible students from among the top one-eighth (1/8) of California public high school graduates through regular statewide admission, or the top 9% of any given high school class through Eligibility in the Local Context (see below). Part of the eligibility process is completion of the A-G requirements in high school. All eligible California high school students who apply are accepted to the university, though not necessarily to the campus of choice.[122][123] Eligible students who are not accepted to the campus(es) of their choice are placed in the "referral pool", where campuses with open space may offer admission to those students; in 2003, 10% of students who received an offer through this referral process accepted it.[124] In 2007, about 4,100 UC-eligible students who were not offered admission to their campus of choice were referred to UC Riverside or the system's newest campus, UC Merced.[125] In 2015, all UC-eligible students rejected by their campus of choice were redirected to UC Merced, which is now the only campus that has space for all qualified applicants.[126]

 
UCLA School of Law is one of the top ranked law schools in the United States.

The old undergraduate admissions were conducted on a two-phase basis. In the first phase, students were admitted based solely on academic achievement. This accounted for between 50 and 75% of the admissions. In the second phase, the university conducted a "comprehensive review" of the student's achievements, including extracurricular activities, essay, family history, and life challenges, to admit the remainder. Students who did not qualify for regular admission were "admitted by exception"; in 2002, approximately 2% of newly admitted undergraduates were admitted by exception.[127]

The process for determining admissions varies. At some campuses, such as Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz, a point system is used to weight grade point average, SAT Reasoning or ACT scores, and SAT Subject scores, while at San Diego, Berkeley, and Los Angeles, academic achievement is examined in the context of the school and the surrounding community, known as a holistic review.

Race, gender, national origin, and ethnicity were not used as UC admission criteria due to the passing of Proposition 209. This information was collected for statistical purposes.

Eligibility in the Local Context, commonly referred to as ELC, is met by applicants ranked in the top 9% of their high school class in terms of performance on an 11-unit pattern of UC-approved high school courses. Beginning with fall 2007 applicants, ELC also requires a UC-calculated GPA of at least 3.0. Fully eligible ELC students are guaranteed a spot at one of UC's undergraduate campuses, though not necessarily at their first-choice campus or even to a campus to which they applied.[122]

Student profile

Percentage of students and comparisons statewide-nationwide
Campuses[128] California[129] United States[130]
Asian
(including South and East Asians) 		30% 15% 6%
Black 4% 7% 13%
Hispanic
(of any race; including Chicanos and White Hispanics) 		21% 39% 18%
Non-Hispanic White 25% 38% 61%
Native American (<1%) 2% 1%
International student 16% N/A N/A
Other 3% N/A N/A

Admissions practices

 
Mrak Hall serves as the administrative seat of UC Davis.

In many recent years, the University of California has faced growing criticism for high admissions of out-of-state or international students as opposed to in-state, California students. In particular, UC Berkeley and UCLA have been heavily criticized for this phenomenon due to their extraordinarily low acceptance rates compared to other campuses in the system.[131] At a Board of Regents meeting in 2015, California Governor Jerry Brown reportedly said about the problem: "And so you got your foreign students and you got your 4.0 folks, but just the kind of ordinary, normal students, you know, that got good grades but weren’t at the top of the heap there—they’re getting frozen out."[132] State lawmakers have proposed legislation that would reduce out-of-state admission.[133]

A 2020 California auditor's report indicated that at least 64 wealthy students were wrongfully admitted to UC schools as favors to powerful figures.[134][135][136] Many of the admissions were justified by falsely classifying the applicants as student athletes. The incidents disproportionately (55 of 64) occurred at UC Berkeley.

Research

 
The California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology, jointly run by UC San Diego, UC Irvine, and UC Riverside.

In 2006 the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) awarded the University of California the SPARC Innovator Award for its "extraordinarily effective institution-wide vision and efforts to move scholarly communication forward", including the 1997 founding (under then UC President Richard C. Atkinson) of the California Digital Library (CDL) and its 2002 launching of CDL's eScholarship, an institutional repository. The award also specifically cited the widely influential 2005 academic journal publishing reform efforts of UC faculty and librarians in "altering the marketplace" by publicly negotiating contracts with publishers, as well as their 2006 proposal to amend UC's copyright policy to allow open access to UC faculty research.[137]

On July 24, 2013, the UC Academic Senate adopted an Open Access Policy, mandating that all UC faculty produced research with a publication agreement signed after that date be first deposited in UC's eScholarship open access repository.[138]

University of California systemwide research on the SAT exam found that, after controlling for familial income and parental education, so-called achievement tests known as the SAT II had 10 times more predictive ability of college aptitude than the SAT I.[139]

Peripheral enterprises

The University of California has a long tradition of involvement in many enterprises that are often geographically or organizationally separate from its general campuses, including national laboratories, observatories, hospitals, continuing education programs, hotels, conference centers, an airport, a seaport, and an art institute.

National laboratories

The University of California directly manages and operates one United States Department of Energy National Laboratory:[140]

UC is a limited partner in two separate private limited liability companies that manage and operate two other Department of Energy national laboratories:

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducts unclassified research across a wide range of scientific disciplines with key efforts focused on fundamental studies of the universe, quantitative biology, nanoscience, new energy systems and environmental solutions, and the use of integrated computing as a tool for discovery.

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory uses advanced science and technology to ensure that U.S. nuclear weapons remain reliable. LLNL also has major research programs in supercomputing and predictive modeling, energy and environment, bioscience and biotechnology, basic science and applied technology, counter-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and homeland security. It is also home to the most powerful supercomputers in the world.

The Los Alamos National Laboratory focuses most of its work on ensuring the reliability of U.S. nuclear weapons. Other work at LANL involves research programs into preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction and US national security, such as protection of the US homeland from terrorist attacks.

The UC system's ties to the three laboratories have occasionally sparked controversy and protest, because all three laboratories have been intimately linked with the development of nuclear weapons. During the World War II Manhattan Project, Lawrence Berkeley Lab developed the electromagnetic method for the separation of uranium isotopes used to develop the first atomic bombs. The Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore labs have been involved in designing U.S. nuclear weapons from their inception until the shift into stockpile stewardship after the end of the Cold War. Historically the two national laboratories in Berkeley and Livermore named after Ernest O. Lawrence, have had very close relationships on research projects, as well as sharing some business operations and staff. In fact, LLNL was not officially severed administratively from LBNL until the early 1970s. They also have much deeper ties to the university than the Los Alamos Lab, a fact seen in their respective original names; the University of California Berkeley Radiation Laboratory and the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore.

The UC system's ties to the labs have so far outlasted all periods of internal controversy. However, in 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy for the first time opened the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) contract for bidding by other vendors. UC entered into a partnership with Bechtel Corporation, BWXT, and the Washington Group International, and together they created a private company called Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS). The only other bidder on the LANL contract was a Lockheed Martin Corporation-created company that included, among others, the University of Texas System. In December 2005, a seven-year contract to manage the laboratory was awarded to the Los Alamos National Security, LLC.[141] On October 1, 2007, the University of California ended its direct involvement in operating the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Management of the laboratory was taken over by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, a limited liability company whose members are Bechtel National, the University of California, Babcock & Wilcox, the Washington Division of URS Corporation, Battelle Memorial Institute, and The Texas A&M University System. Other than UC appointing three members to the two separate boards of directors (each with eleven members) that oversee LANS and LLNS, UC now has virtually no responsibility for or direct involvement in either LANL or LLNL. UC policies and regulations that apply to UC campuses and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California no longer apply to LANL and LLNL, and the LANL and LLNL directors no longer report to the UC Regents or UC Office of the President.

Observatories

 
Keck Observatory, atop Mauna Kea volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii.

The University of California manages two observatories as a multi-campus research unit headquartered at UC Santa Cruz.

The Astronomy Department at the Berkeley campus manages the Hat Creek Radio Observatory in Shasta County.

High-performance networking

The University of California is a founding and charter member of the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California, a nonprofit organization that provides high-performance Internet-based networking to California's K-20 research and education community.

UC Natural Reserve System

Main article: University of California Natural Reserve System

The NRS was established in January 1965 to provide UC faculty with large areas of land where they could conduct long-term ecosystem research without having to worry about outside disturbances like tourists. Today, the NRS manages 39 reserves that total more than 756,000 acres (3,060 km2).

UC Agriculture and Natural Resources

University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources[142] (UCANR, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources) plays an important role in the state's agriculture industry, as mandated by UC's legacy as a land-grant institution. In addition to conducting agriculture and Youth development research, every county in the state has a cooperative extension office with county farm advisors. The county offices also support 4-H programs and have nutrition, family, and consumer sciences advisors who assist local government. Currently, the division's University of California 4-H Youth Development Program[143] is a national leader in studying thriving in the field of youth development.[144]

Other national research centers

From September 2003 to July 2016, UC managed a contract valued at more than $330 million to establish and operate a University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) at the NASA Ames Research Center at Moffett Federal Airfield —the largest grant ever awarded the university. UC Santa Cruz managed the UARC for the University of California, with the goal of increasing the science output, safety, and effectiveness of NASA's missions through new technologies and scientific techniques.

Since 2002, the NSF-funded San Diego Supercomputer Center at UC San Diego has been managed by the University of California, which took over from the previous manager, General Atomics.

Medical centers and schools

The University of California operates five medical centers throughout the state:

There are two medical centers that bear the UCLA name, but are not operated by UCLA: Harbor–UCLA Medical Center and Olive View–UCLA Medical Center. They are actually Los Angeles County-operated facilities that UCLA uses as teaching hospitals.

Each medical center serves as the primary teaching site for that campus's medical school. UCSF is perennially among the top five programs in both research and primary care, and both UCLA and UC San Diego consistently rank among the top fifteen research schools, according to annual rankings published by U.S. News & World Report.[145] The teaching hospitals affiliated with each school are also highly regarded – the UCSF Medical Center was ranked the number one hospital in California and number 5 in the country by U.S. News & World Report's 2017 Honor Roll for Best Hospitals in the United States.[146] UC also has a sixth medical school—UC Riverside School of Medicine, the only one in the UC system without its own hospital.

In the latter half of the 20th century, the UC hospitals became the cores of full-fledged regional health systems; they were gradually supplemented by many outpatient clinics, offices, and institutes. Three UC hospitals are actually county hospitals that were sold to UC, which means that UC currently plays a major role in providing healthcare to the indigent. The medical hospitals operated by UC Irvine (acquired in 1976), UC Davis (acquired in 1978), and UC San Diego (acquired in 1984) each began as the respective county hospitals of Orange County, Sacramento County, and San Diego County. As of 2021, UC medical centers handle each year about 8.1 million outpatient visits, 349,074 emergency room visits, and roughly 1.1 million inpatient days.[2]

Facilities outside of California

 
Casa de California in Mexico City.

UC operates several other miscellaneous sites to support faculty, students, and researchers away from its general campuses:

Hospitality facilities

Unlike other land-grant institutions (e.g., Cornell) UC does not provide a hospitality management program, but it does provide general hospitality at some locations:

  • UC Berkeley's Cal Alumni Association operates travel excursions for alumni (and their families) under its "Cal Discoveries Travel" brand (formerly BearTreks); many of the tour guides are Berkeley professors. CAA also operates the oldest and largest alumni association-run family camp in the world, the Lair of the Golden Bear. Located at an altitude of 5600 feet in Pinecrest, California, the Lair is a home-away-from-home for almost 10,000 campers annually. Its attendees are largely Cal alumni and their families, but the Lair is open to everyone.
  • Berkeley Lab operates its own hotel, the Berkeley Lab Guest House, available to persons with business at the Lab itself or UC Berkeley.
  • UCLA Housing & Hospitality Services operates two on-campus hotels, the 61-room Guest House and the 254-room Meyer & Renee Luskin Conference Center, and a lavish off-campus conference center at Lake Arrowhead (with a mix of chalet-like condominiums, lodge rooms, and stand-alone cottages). During the summer, the Lake Arrowhead conference center hosts the Bruin Woods vacation programs for UCLA alumni and their families.
  • Separately, UCLA Health operates the 100-room Tiverton House just south of the UCLA campus to serve its patients and their families.
  • UC Santa Cruz leased the University Inn and Conference Center in downtown Santa Cruz from 2001 to 2011 for use as off-campus student housing.

University Airport

UC Davis operates the University Airport as a utility airport for air shuttle service in the contractual transportation of university employees and agricultural samples. It is also a public general aviation airport. University Airport's ICAO identifier is KEDU.

Seaport

UC San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography owns a seaport, the Nimitz Marine Facility, which is just south of Shelter Island on Point Loma, San Diego. The port is used as an operating base for all of its oceanographic vessels and platforms.

UC Extension

For over a century, the university has operated a continuing education program for working adults and professionals. At present, UC Extension enrolls over 500,000 students each year in over 17,000 courses. One of the reasons for its large size is that UC Extension is a dominant provider of Continuing Legal Education and Continuing Medical Education in California. For example, the systemwide portion of UC Extension (directly controlled by the UC Office of the President) operates Continuing Education of the Bar under a joint venture agreement with the State Bar of California.

See also

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Further reading

  • Douglass, John Aubrey (2000). The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804731898.
  • Johnson, Dean C. (1996). The University of California: History and Achievements. Berkeley: University of California Printing Department.
  • Marginson, Simon (2016). The Dream Is Over: The Crisis of Clark Kerr's California Idea of Higher Education. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/luminos.17. ISBN 9780520966208.
  • Stadtman, Verne A. (1970). The University of California 1868–1968. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Stadtman, Verne A., ed. (1967). The Centennial Record of the University of California. Berkeley: University of California Printing Department.

External links

 
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March 09, 2023
university, california, this, article, about, california, university, system, university, known, california, berkeley, other, uses, california, state, university, california, university, pennsylvania, coordinates, 802168, 271281, 802168, 271281, public, land, . This article is about the California university system For the university known as California see University of California Berkeley For other uses see California State University and California University of Pennsylvania Coordinates 37 48 08 N 122 16 17 W 37 802168 N 122 271281 W 37 802168 122 271281 The University of California UC is a public land grant research university system in the U S state of California The system is composed of its ten campuses at Berkeley Davis Irvine Los Angeles Merced Riverside San Diego San Francisco Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz along with numerous research centers and academic abroad centers 5 The system is the state s land grant university 6 Major publications generally rank most UC campuses as being among the best universities in the world Seven of the campuses Berkeley Davis Santa Cruz Irvine Los Angeles Santa Barbara and San Diego are considered Public Ivies making California the state with the most universities in the nation to hold the title 7 8 UC campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline with UC faculty and researchers having won 71 Nobel Prizes as of 2021 9 University of CaliforniaLatin Universitas CaliforniensisMottoFiat lux Latin Motto in EnglishLet there be lightTypePublic research university systemEstablishedMarch 23 1868 154 years ago March 23 1868 Endowment 27 9 billion June 30 2022 1 Budget 43 9 billion 2020 2021 2 PresidentMichael V DrakeAcademic staff24 800 March 2022 2 Administrative staff158 300 March 2022 2 Students294 662 Fall 2021 3 Undergraduates230 529 Fall 2021 3 Postgraduates64 133 Fall 2021 3 LocationOakland California United StatesCampus10 campuses under direct control nine with undergraduate and graduate schools one professional graduate only one affiliated law school one national laboratoryColors Blue Gold 4 Websiteuniversityofcalifornia eduThe University of California currently has 10 campuses a combined student body of 285 862 students 24 400 faculty members 143 200 staff members and over two million living alumni 2 Its newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005 Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students one campus UC San Francisco enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences In addition the University of California College of the Law located in San Francisco is legally affiliated with UC but other than sharing its name is entirely autonomous from the rest of the system Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education the University of California is a part of the state s three system public higher education plan which also includes the California State University system and the California Community Colleges system UC is governed by a Board of Regents whose autonomy from the rest of the state government is protected by the state constitution 10 The University of California also manages or co manages three national laboratories for the U S Department of Energy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LBNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL and Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL 11 The University of California was founded on March 23 1868 and operated in Oakland before moving to Berkeley in 1873 12 13 Over time several branch locations and satellite programs were established In March 1951 the University of California began to reorganize itself into something distinct from its campus in Berkeley with UC President Robert Gordon Sproul staying in place as chief executive of the UC system while Clark Kerr became Berkeley s first chancellor 14 15 16 17 and Raymond B Allen became the first chancellor of UCLA 18 However the 1951 reorganization was stalled by resistance from Sproul and his allies 19 and it was not until Kerr succeeded Sproul as UC president that UC was able to evolve into a university system from 1957 to 1960 20 At that time chancellors were appointed for additional campuses and each was granted some degree of greater autonomy 21 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 UC affiliates 1 3 North south tensions and decentralization 1 4 Modern history 2 Governance 2 1 President of the University of California 2 2 Finances 2 3 Criticism 3 Campuses and rankings 3 1 University rankings 4 Academics 4 1 Nobel Prize winners 4 2 UC Libraries 4 3 Academic calendar 4 4 Academic organization 5 Admissions 5 1 Freshmen 5 2 Student profile 5 3 Admissions practices 6 Research 7 Peripheral enterprises 7 1 National laboratories 7 2 Observatories 7 3 High performance networking 7 4 UC Natural Reserve System 7 5 UC Agriculture and Natural Resources 7 6 Other national research centers 7 7 Medical centers and schools 7 8 Facilities outside of California 7 9 Hospitality facilities 7 10 University Airport 7 11 Seaport 7 12 UC Extension 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory EditEarly history Edit In November 1857 the College of California s trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley In 1849 the state of California ratified its first constitution which contained the express objective of creating a complete educational system including a state university 22 Taking advantage of the Morrill Land Grant Acts the California State Legislature established an Agricultural Mining and Mechanical Arts College in 1866 23 24 However it existed only on paper as a placeholder to secure federal land grant funds 24 Meanwhile Congregational minister Henry Durant an alumnus of Yale had established the private Contra Costa Academy on June 20 1853 in Oakland California 23 The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison and Franklin Streets in downtown Oakland 23 and is marked today by State Historical Plaque No 45 at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Franklin In turn the academy s trustees were granted a charter in 1855 for a College of California though the college continued to operate as a college preparatory school until it added college level courses in 1860 23 24 The college s trustees educators and supporters believed in the importance of a liberal arts education especially the study of the Greek and Roman classics but ran into a lack of interest in liberal arts colleges on the American frontier as a true college the college was graduating only three or four students per year 24 South Hall built in 1873 is the oldest building on the Berkeley campus In November 1857 the college s trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley for a future planned campus outside of Oakland 23 But first they needed to secure the college s water rights by buying a large farm to the east 23 In 1864 they organized the College Homestead Association which borrowed 35 000 to purchase the land plus another 33 000 to purchase 160 acres 650 000 m2 of land to the south of the future campus 25 The association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a new college town 23 But sales of new homesteads fell short 23 Governor Frederick Low favored the establishment of a state university based upon the University of Michigan plan and thus in one sense may be regarded as the founder of the University of California 23 24 At the College of California s 1867 commencement exercises where Low was present Benjamin Silliman Jr criticized Californians for creating a state polytechnic school instead of a real university 23 24 That same day Low reportedly first suggested a merger of the already functional College of California which had land buildings faculty and students but not enough money with the nonfunctional state college which had money and nothing else and went on to participate in the ensuing negotiations 23 24 UC San Francisco campus in 1908 On October 9 1867 the college s trustees reluctantly agreed to join forces with the state college to their mutual advantage but under one condition that there not be simply an Agricultural Mining and Mechanical Arts College but a complete university within which the assets of the College of California would be used to create a College of Letters now known as the College of Letters and Science 23 24 26 Accordingly the Organic Act establishing the University of California was introduced as a bill by Assemblyman John W Dwinelle on March 5 1868 and after it was duly passed by both houses of the state legislature it was signed into state law by Governor Henry H Haight Low s successor on March 23 1868 23 24 27 However as legally constituted the new university was not an actual merger of the two colleges but was an entirely new institution which merely inherited certain objectives and assets from each of them 28 The University of California s second president Daniel Coit Gilman opened its new campus in Berkeley in September 1873 29 UC affiliates Edit The Citrus Experiment Station built in 1917 is the oldest building on the UC Riverside campus Section 8 of the Organic Act authorized the Board of Regents to affiliate the University of California with independent self sustaining professional colleges 30 31 Affiliation meant UC and its affiliates would share the risk in launching new endeavors in education 30 The affiliates shared the prestige of the state university s brand and UC agreed to award degrees in its own name to their graduates on the recommendation of their respective faculties but the affiliates were otherwise managed independently by their own boards of trustees charged their own tuition and fees and maintained their own budgets separate from the UC budget 30 It was through the process of affiliation that UC was able to claim it had medical and law schools in San Francisco within a decade of its founding 30 In 1879 California adopted its second and current constitution which included unusually strong language to ensure UC s independence from the rest of the state government 10 32 This had lasting consequences for the Hastings College of the Law which had been separately chartered and affiliated in 1878 by an act of the state legislature at the behest of founder Serranus Clinton Hastings 33 After a falling out with his own handpicked board of directors the founder persuaded the state legislature in 1883 and 1885 to pass new laws to place his law school under the direct control of the Board of Regents 34 In 1886 the Supreme Court of California declared those newer acts to be unconstitutional because the clause protecting UC s independence in the 1879 state constitution had stripped the state legislature of the ability to amend the 1878 act 35 36 To this day the Hastings College of the Law remains an affiliate of UC maintains its own board of directors and is not governed by the regents 30 35 Hart Hall built in 1928 is the oldest building on the UC Davis campus In contrast Toland Medical College founded in 1864 and affiliated in 1873 and later the dental pharmacy and nursing schools in San Francisco were affiliated with UC through written agreements and not statutes invested with constitutional importance by court decisions 30 In the early 20th century the Affiliated Colleges as they came to be called began to agree to submit to the regents governance during the term of President Benjamin Ide Wheeler as the Board of Regents had come to recognize the problems inherent in the existence of independent entities that shared the UC brand but over which UC had no real control 30 While Hastings remained independent the Affiliated Colleges were able to increasingly coordinate their operations with one another under the supervision of the UC president and regents and evolved into the health sciences campus known today as the University of California San Francisco 30 North south tensions and decentralization Edit Powell Library built in 1929 is one of the four oldest buildings on the UCLA campus In August 1882 the California State Normal School whose original normal school in San Jose is now San Jose State University opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California 37 In 1887 the Los Angeles school was granted its own board of trustees independent of the San Jose school and in 1919 the state legislature transferred it to UC control and renamed it the Southern Branch of the University of California 38 In 1927 it became the University of California at Los Angeles the at would be replaced with a comma in 1958 39 Los Angeles surpassed San Francisco in the 1920 census to become the most populous metropolis in California Because Los Angeles had become the state government s single largest source of both tax revenue and votes its residents felt entitled to demand more prestige and autonomy for their campus Their efforts bore fruit in March 1951 when UCLA became the first UC site outside of Berkeley to achieve de jure coequal status with the Berkeley campus That month the regents approved a reorganization plan under which both the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses would be supervised by chancellors reporting to the UC president 14 15 16 40 However the 1951 plan was severely flawed it was overly vague about how the chancellors were to become the executive heads of their campuses Due to stubborn resistance from President Sproul and several vice presidents and deans who simply carried on as before the chancellors ended up as glorified provosts with limited control over academic affairs and long range planning while the president and the regents retained de facto control over everything else 19 UC Irvine was founded and had its campus built out in the 1960s Upon becoming president in October 1957 Clark Kerr supervised UC s rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960 20 21 Kerr s reforms included expressly granting all campus chancellors the full range of executive powers privileges and responsibilities which Sproul had denied to Kerr himself as well as the radical decentralization of a tightly knit bureaucracy in which all lines of authority had always run directly to the president at Berkeley or to the regents themselves 20 21 40 In 1965 UCLA Chancellor Franklin D Murphy tried to push this to what he saw as its logical conclusion he advocated for authorizing all chancellors to report directly to the Board of Regents thereby rendering the UC president redundant 41 Murphy wanted to transform UC from one federated university into a confederation of independent universities similar to the situation in Kansas from where he was recruited 41 Murphy was unable to develop any support for his proposal Kerr quickly put down what he thought of as Murphy s rebellion and therefore Kerr s vision of UC as a university system prevailed one university with pluralistic decision making 41 Geisel Library at UC San Diego was built in 1970 During the 20th century UC acquired additional satellite locations which like Los Angeles were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus California farmers lobbied for UC to perform applied research responsive to their immediate needs in 1905 the Legislature established a University Farm School at Davis and in 1907 a Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at Berkeley In 1912 UC acquired a private oceanography laboratory in San Diego which had been founded nine years earlier by local business promoters working with a Berkeley professor In 1944 UC acquired Santa Barbara State College from the California State Colleges the descendants of the State Normal Schools 42 In 1958 the regents began promoting these locations to general campuses thereby creating UCSB 1958 UC Davis 1959 UC Riverside 1959 UC San Diego 1960 and UCSF 1964 43 44 Each campus was also granted the right to have its own chancellor upon promotion In response to California s continued population growth UC opened two additional general campuses in 1965 with UC Irvine opening in Irvine and UC Santa Cruz opening in Santa Cruz 43 The youngest campus UC Merced opened in fall 2005 to serve the San Joaquin Valley UC Santa Cruz founded in 1965 After losing campuses in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara to the University of California system supporters of the California State College system arranged for the state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent similar losses from happening again in the future 42 With decentralization complete it was decided in 1986 that the UC president should no longer be based at the Berkeley campus and the UC Office of the President moved to Kaiser Center in Oakland in 1988 45 That lakefront location was subject to widespread criticism as too elegant and too corporate for a public university 46 In 1998 the Office of the President moved again to a newly constructed but much more modest building near the former site of the College of California 47 Modern history Edit UC Merced founded in 2005 The California Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 established that UC must admit undergraduates from the top 12 5 one eighth of graduating high school seniors in California Prior to the promulgation of the Master Plan UC was to admit undergraduates from the top 15 UC does not currently adhere to all tenets of the original Master Plan such as the directives that no campus was to exceed total enrollment of 27 500 students in order to ensure quality and that public higher education should be tuition free for California residents Five campuses Berkeley Davis Irvine Los Angeles and San Diego each have current total enrollment at over 30 000 3 After the state electorate severely limited long term property tax revenue by enacting Proposition 13 in 1978 UC was forced to make up for the resulting collapse in state financial support by imposing a variety of fees which were tuition in all but name 48 49 50 On November 18 2010 the regents finally gave up on the longstanding legal fiction that UC does not charge tuition by renaming the Educational Fee to Tuition 51 As part of its search for funds during the 2000s and 2010s UC quietly began to admit higher percentages of highly accomplished and more lucrative students from other states and countries 52 but was forced to reverse course in 2015 in response to the inevitable public outcry and start admitting more California residents 53 54 On November 14 2022 about 48 000 academic workers at all regent governed UC campuses as well as the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory went on strike for higher pay and benefits as authorized by the United Auto Workers UAW union 55 UAW has cited more than 20 unfair labor practice charges performed by UC including unilateral changes in policy and obstructing worker negotiation 56 The strike lasted almost six weeks officially ending on December 23 57 Governance Edit Office of the President of the University of California in Oakland All University of California campuses except Hastings College of the Law are governed by the Regents of the University of California as required by the Constitution of the State of California 32 Eighteen regents are appointed by the governor for 12 year terms 32 One member is a student appointed for a one year term 32 There are also seven ex officio members the governor lieutenant governor speaker of the State Assembly State Superintendent of Public Instruction president and vice president of the alumni associations of UC and the UC president 32 The Academic Senate made up of faculty members is empowered by the regents to set academic policies 32 In addition the system wide faculty chair and vice chair sit on the Board of Regents as non voting members 32 President of the University of California Edit Blake House and Gardens built by architect Walter Danforth Bliss in 1924 served as the official residence of the UC President from 1967 until 2008 when it was opened to the public Originally the president was the chief executive of the first campus Berkeley In turn other UC locations with the exception of Hastings College of the Law were treated as off site departments of the Berkeley campus and were headed by provosts who were subordinate to the president In March 1951 the regents reorganized the university s governing structure Starting with the 1952 53 academic year day to day chief executive officer functions for the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses were transferred to chancellors who were vested with a high degree of autonomy and reported as equals to UC s president 14 15 16 As noted above the regents promoted five additional UC locations to campuses and allowed them to have chancellors of their own in a series of decisions from 1958 to 1964 43 and the three campuses added since then have also been run by chancellors In turn all chancellors again with the exception of Hastings report as equals to the University of California President Today the UC Office of the President UCOP and the Office of the Secretary and Chief of Staff to the Regents of the University of California share an office building in downtown Oakland that serves as the UC system s headquarters 58 Kerr s vision for UC governance was one university with pluralistic decision making 59 In other words the internal delegation of operational authority to chancellors at the campus level and allowing nine other campuses to become separate centers of academic life independent of Berkeley did not change the fact that all campuses remain part of one legal entity As a 1968 UC centennial coffee table book explained Yet for all its campuses colleges schools institutes and research stations it remains one University under one Board of Regents and one president the University of California 60 UC continues to take a united approach as one university in matters in which it inures to UC s advantage to do so such as when negotiating with the legislature and governor in Sacramento 59 The University of California continues to manage certain matters at the systemwide level in order to maintain common standards across all campuses such as student admissions appointment and promotion of faculty and approval of academic programs 61 List of presidents Michael V Drake 21st President of the University of California 2020 present 1868 1869 Henry Durant 1869 1870 John LeConte 1870 1872 Henry Durant 1872 1875 Daniel Coit Gilman 1875 1881 John LeConte 1881 1885 W T Reid 1885 1888 Edward S Holden 1888 1890 Horace Davis 1890 1899 Martin Kellogg 1899 1919 Benjamin Ide Wheeler 1919 1923 David Prescott Barrows 1923 1930 William Wallace Campbell 1930 1958 Robert Gordon Sproul 1958 1967 Clark Kerr 1967 1967 Harry R Wellman acting president 1967 1975 Charles J Hitch 1975 1983 David S Saxon 1983 1992 David P Gardner 1992 1995 Jack W Peltason 1995 2003 Richard C Atkinson 2003 2008 Robert C Dynes 2008 2013 Mark Yudof 2013 2020 Janet Napolitano 2020 present Michael V DrakeAll UC presidents had been white men until 2013 when former Homeland Security Secretary and Governor of Arizona Janet Napolitano became the first woman to hold the office of UC President 62 On July 7 2020 Dr Michael V Drake was selected as the 21st president of the University of California system making him the first black president to hold the office in UC s 152 year history He took office on August 1 2020 63 Official residences University House Berkeley served as the official residence of the UC President from 1911 until 1958 Today it serves Berkeley s Chancellor Besides substantial six figure incomes the UC president and all UC chancellors enjoy controversial perks such as free housing in the form of university maintained mansions 64 In 1962 Anson Blake s will donated his 10 acre 40 000 m2 estate Blake Garden and mansion Blake House in Kensington to the University of California s Department of Landscape Architecture In 1968 the regents decided to make Blake House the official residence of the UC president As of 2005 it cost around 300 000 per year to maintain Blake Garden and Blake House the latter built in 1926 is a 13 239 square foot 1 229 9 m2 mansion with a view of San Francisco Bay 64 Blake House has sat vacant since President Dynes departed in 2008 due to the high cost of needed seismic strengthening and renovating its dilapidated interior estimated at 3 5 million in 2013 65 From 2008 to 2022 all three UC presidents during that timeframe i e Yudof Napolitano and Drake lived in rented homes 65 In 2022 UC finally purchased the Selden Williams House a 6 400 square foot 590 m2 house in Berkeley for 6 5 million to serve as the UC president s official residence 65 UC had previously owned the same home from 1971 to 1991 when it served as the official residence of the UC vice president 65 UC no longer has a single vice president the president s direct reports now have titles like executive vice president senior vice president or vice president 66 Selden Williams House built in 1928 and designed by architect Julia Morgan serves as the official residence of the UC President since 2022 All UC chancellors traditionally live for free in a mansion on or near campus that is usually known as University House where they host social functions attended by guests and donors 67 Berkeley s University House formerly served as the official residence of the UC president but is now the official residence of Berkeley s chancellor UCSD s University House was closed from 2004 to 2014 for 10 5 million in renovations paid for by private donors which were so expensive because the 12 000 square foot structure sits on top of a sacred Native American cemetery and next to an unstable coastal bluff 68 69 Finances Edit Main article University of California finances The State of California currently 2021 2022 spends 3 467 billion on the UC system out of total UC operating revenues of 41 6 billion The UC Budget for Current Operations lists the medical centers as the largest revenue source contributing 39 of the budget the federal government 11 Core Funds State General Funds UC General Funds student tuition 21 private support gifts grants endowments 7 and Sales and Services at 21 In 1980 the state funded 86 8 of the UC budget 70 While state funding has somewhat recovered as of 2019 state support still lags behind even recent historic levels e g 2001 when adjusted for inflation 70 71 According to the California Public Policy Institute California spends 12 of its General Fund on higher education but that percentage is divided between the University of California California State University and California Community Colleges Over the past forty years state funding of higher education has dropped from 18 to 12 resulting in a drop in UC s per student funding from 23 000 in 2016 to a current 8 000 per year per student 72 View of the UC Office of the President In May 2004 UC President Robert C Dynes and CSU Chancellor Charles B Reed struck a private deal called the Higher Education Compact with Governor Schwarzenegger They agreed to slash spending by about a billion dollars about a third of the university s core budget for academic operations in exchange for a funding formula lasting until 2011 The agreement calls for modest annual increases in state funds but not enough to replace the loss in state funds Dynes and Schwarzenegger agreed to private fundraising to help pay for basic programs and large student fee hikes especially for graduate and professional students A detailed analysis of the Compact by the Academic Senate Futures Report indicated despite the large fee increases the university core budget did not recover to 2000 levels 73 Undergraduate student fees have risen 90 from 2003 to 2007 74 In 2011 for the first time in UC s history student fees exceeded contributions from the State of California 75 The First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco ruled in 2007 that the University of California owed nearly 40 million in refunds to about 40 000 students who were promised that their tuition fees would remain steady but were hit with increases when the state ran short of money in 2003 76 In September 2019 the University of California announced it will divest its 83 billion in endowment and pension funds from the fossil fuel industry ostensibly to avoid the financial risk inherent in that industry because of climate change but also responsive pleas to stop investing in fossil fuel 77 Criticism Edit In 2008 the Western Association of Schools and Colleges the regional accreditor of the UC schools criticized the UC system for significant problems in governance leadership and decision making and confusion about the roles and responsibilities of the university president the regents and the 10 campus chancellors with no clear lines of authority and boundaries 78 In 2016 university system officials admitted that they monitored all e mails sent to and from their servers 79 Campuses and rankings Edit Berkeley San Diego Los Angeles Santa Barbara San Francisco Irvine Davis Santa Cruz Riverside Mercedclass notpageimage The ten UC campuses At present the UC system officially describes itself as a ten campus system consisting of the campuses listed below 80 These campuses are under the direct control of the regents and president 81 Only ten campuses are listed on the official UC letterhead 82 Although it shares the name and public status of the UC system the Hastings College of the Law is not controlled by the regents or president it has a separate board of directors and must seek funding directly from the Legislature However under the California Education Code Hastings degrees are awarded in the name of the regents and bear the signature of the UC president 83 Furthermore Education Code section 92201 states that Hastings is affiliated with the University of California and is the law department thereof 84 University rankings Edit Annually UC campuses are ranked highly by various publications Six UC campuses rank in the top 50 U S National Universities of 2022 by U S News amp World Report with UCLA Berkeley UC Santa Barbara UC San Diego UC Irvine and UC Davis all ranked in the top 50 Four UC campuses also ranked in the top 50 in the U S News amp World Report Best Global Universities Rankings in 2021 namely Berkeley UCLA UCSF and UC San Diego 85 UCSF is ranked as one of the top universities in biomedicine in the world 86 87 88 89 90 91 and the UCSF School of Medicine is ranked 3rd in the United States among research oriented medical schools and for primary care by U S News amp World Report 92 Three UC campuses Berkeley UCLA and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 15 universities in the US according to the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU US National University Rankings and also in the top 20 in World University Rankings The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranked UCSF UC Davis UC Irvine and UC Santa Barbara in the top 50 US National Universities and in the top 100 World Universities in 2020 93 Berkeley UCLA and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 50 universities in the world according to both the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021 and the Center for World University Rankings CWUR for 2020 while UC Irvine UC Santa Barbara and UC Davis ranked in the top 100 universities in the world 94 95 Forbes also ranked the six UC campuses mentioned above as being in the top 50 universities in America in 2021 96 Forbes also named the top three public universities in America as all being UC campuses namely Berkeley UCLA and UCSD and ranked three more campuses UC Davis UC Santa Barbara and UC Irvine as being among the top 20 public universities in America in 2021 97 The six aforementioned campuses are all considered Public Ivies 7 The QS World University Rankings for 2021 ranked three UC campuses Berkeley UCLA and UC San Diego as being in the top 100 universities in the world 98 Individual academic departments also rank highly among the UC campuses The 2021 U S News amp World Report Best Graduate Schools report ranked Berkeley as being among the top 5 universities in the nation in the departments of Psychology Economics Political Science Computer Science Engineering Biological Sciences Chemistry Mathematics Earth Sciences Physics Sociology History and English and ranked UCLA in the top 20 in the same departments 99 100 U S News amp World Report also ranked the same departments at UC San Diego among the top 20 in the nation with the exception of the departments of Sociology History and English 101 UC Davis UC Irvine and UC Santa Barbara ranked in the top 50 in the departments of Psychology Economics Political Science Computer Science Engineering Biological Sciences Chemistry Mathematics Earth Sciences Physics Sociology History and English with the exception of UC Santa Barbara s Psychology and Political Science departments according to U S News amp World Report UC Santa Cruz and UC Riverside ranked in the top 100 in the nation in the same departments along with UC Merced s Psychology and Political Science departments 102 103 104 Campus Founded Enrollment 105 Endowment 106 Athletics RankingsAffiliation Nickname ARWU National Ranking 93 ARWU World Ranking 93 CWUR 94 Forbes 96 97 THE World University Rankings 95 QS World University Rankings 98 U S News amp World Report National Ranking 107 U S News amp World Report World Ranking 85 Berkeley 1868 45 036 6 91 billion NCAA Div IPac 12 Golden Bears 4 5 8 2 7 27 20 4 Davis 1905 40 050 2 06 billion NCAA Div IBig West Aggies 40 100 50 23 64 102 38 67 Irvine 1965 36 505 1 25 billion NCAA Div IBig West Anteaters 35 70 65 30 98 235 34 86 Los Angeles 1919 46 116 6 72 billion NCAA Div IPac 12 Big Ten in 2024 Bruins 11 14 16 6 15 44 20 14 Merced 2005 9 093 85 million NAIACalPac Golden Bobcats 111 129 401 500 850 309 301 350 97 718 Riverside 1954 26 847 354 million NCAA Div IBig West Highlanders 63 89 201 300 204 84 251 300 453 89 169 San Diego 1960 41 885 2 39 billion NCAA Div IBig West Tritons 14 18 27 17 33 53 34 21 San Francisco 1864 3 165 Graduate only 5 46 billion 16 20 34 11 Santa Barbara 1909 26 124 544 million NCAA Div IBig West Gauchos 31 57 66 39 68 149 32 67 Santa Cruz 1965 19 841 269 million NCAA Div IIIC2C Banana Slugs 57 62 151 200 208 87 201 250 375 83 103Academics Edit Doe Memorial Library main facility of the Berkeley Library System Langson Library at UC Irvine As of 2020 UC controls over 11 601 active patents UC researchers and faculty were responsible for 1 706 new inventions that same year 2 On average UC researchers create five new inventions per day 2 Seven of UC s ten campuses Berkeley UC Davis UCI UCLA UCSD UC Santa Barbara and UC Santa Cruz are members of the Association of American Universities AAU 2 an alliance of elite American research universities 108 founded in 1900 at UC s suggestion 109 Collectively the system counts among its faculty as of 2002 389 members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 5 Fields Medal recipients 19 Fulbright Scholars 25 MacArthur Fellows 254 members of the National Academy of Sciences 91 members of the National Academy of Engineering 13 National Medal of Science laureates 61 Nobel laureates 9 106 members of the Institute of MedicineNobel Prize winners Edit Powell Library main facility of the UCLA Library System Kolligian Library at UC Merced As of October 2021 the following data are taken from List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation which counts university alumni and staff and are not the official count from the University of California Campus Nr of winners Founded Nr of Winners 10 years of ageBerkeley 110 1868 7 2San Diego 28 1960 4 6Los Angeles 27 1919 2 6Santa Barbara 14 1909 1 8San Francisco 10 1864 0 7Irvine 7 1965 1 3Davis 4 1905 0 3Riverside 3 1954 0 4Santa Cruz 1 1965 0 2Merced 0 2005 0UC Libraries Edit Main article University of California Libraries Davidson Library the main facility of the UC Santa Barbara Library System At 40 8 million print volumes 110 the University of California library system is home to one of the largest collections of printed materials in the world On July 27 2021 all ten campuses went live with a unified online library catalog UC Library Search Besides on campus libraries the UC system also maintains two regional library facilities one each for Northern and Southern California which each accept older items from all UC campus libraries in their respective region As of 2019 Northern Regional Library Facility is home to 7 4 million items while Southern Regional Library Facility is home to 6 5 million items Academic calendar Edit Eight campuses operate on the quarter system while two Berkeley and Merced are on the semester system However all five law schools operate on the semester system as does the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Academic organization Edit McHenry Library at UC Santa Cruz Davis Los Angeles Riverside and Santa Barbara all followed Berkeley s example by aggregating the majority of arts humanities and science departments into a relatively large College of Letters and Science Therefore at Berkeley Davis Los Angeles and Santa Barbara their respective College of Letters and Science is by far the single largest academic unit on each campus The College of Letters and Science at Los Angeles is the largest academic unit in the entire UC system 111 Riverside later separated the natural sciences and kept only social sciences grouped with arts and humanities an example followed by Merced at its founding Due to President Kerr s interest in not reproducing the impersonal undergraduate experience often seen in such gigantic academic units San Diego and Santa Cruz both implemented residential college systems inspired by British models in which each college has distinctive general education requirements reflecting its chosen theme 112 and grouped most academic departments into a small number of broadly defined divisions which are all independent of the colleges Finally Irvine is organized into 13 schools and San Francisco is organized into four schools all of which are relatively narrow in scope Admissions Edit Kerckhoff Hall is home of the ASUCLA Associated Students of the University of California Los Angeles Each UC campus handles admissions separately but a student wishing to apply for an undergraduate or transfer admission uses one application for all UC campuses Graduate and professional school admissions are handled directly and separately by each department or program to which one applies In May 2020 UC approved plans to suspend standardized testing score requirements in admissions until 2024 113 In May 2021 after a student lawsuit the University of California announced that it would no longer consider SAT and ACT scores in admissions and scholarship decisions 114 The Early Academic Outreach Program EAOP was established in 1976 by University of California UC in response to the State Legislature s recommendation to expand post secondary opportunities to all of California s students including those who are first generation socioeconomically disadvantaged and English language learners 115 As UC s largest academic preparation program EAOP assists middle and high school students with academic preparation admissions requirements and financial aid requirements for higher education 116 The program designs and provides services to foster students academic development and delivers those services in partnership with other academic preparation programs schools other higher education institutions and community industry partners 117 Haas School of Business at Berkeley is ranked among the best business schools in the world The University of California admits a significant number of transfer students primarily from the California Community Colleges 118 Approximately one out of three UC students begin at a community college before graduating 118 In evaluating a transfer student s application the universities conduct a comprehensive review process that includes consideration of grade point averages of the generally required transferable and or related courses for the intended major The review may also include consideration of an applicant s enrollment in selective honor courses or programs extracurricular activities essay family history life challenges and the location of the student s residence Different universities emphasize different factors in their evaluations 119 Freshmen Edit Before 1986 students who wanted to apply to UC for undergraduate study could only apply to one campus Students who were rejected at that campus but otherwise met the UC minimum eligibility requirements were redirected to another campus with available space 120 121 Students who did not want to be redirected were refunded their application fees citation needed UC Riverside chancellor Ivan Hinderaker explained in 1972 Redirection has been a negative rather than a plus Some come with a chip on their shoulders so big they never give the campus a chance They poison the attitudes of the students around them 121 Jacobs School of Engineering at San Diego is one of the top ranked engineering schools in the country Therefore in 1986 the undergraduate application system was changed to the current multiple filing system in which students can apply to as many or as few UC campuses as they want on one application paying a fee for each campus This significantly increased the number of applications to the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses since students could choose a campus to attend after they received acceptance letters without fear of being redirected to a campus they did not want to attend 120 The University of California accepts fully eligible students from among the top one eighth 1 8 of California public high school graduates through regular statewide admission or the top 9 of any given high school class through Eligibility in the Local Context see below Part of the eligibility process is completion of the A G requirements in high school All eligible California high school students who apply are accepted to the university though not necessarily to the campus of choice 122 123 Eligible students who are not accepted to the campus es of their choice are placed in the referral pool where campuses with open space may offer admission to those students in 2003 10 of students who received an offer through this referral process accepted it 124 In 2007 about 4 100 UC eligible students who were not offered admission to their campus of choice were referred to UC Riverside or the system s newest campus UC Merced 125 In 2015 all UC eligible students rejected by their campus of choice were redirected to UC Merced which is now the only campus that has space for all qualified applicants 126 UCLA School of Law is one of the top ranked law schools in the United States The old undergraduate admissions were conducted on a two phase basis In the first phase students were admitted based solely on academic achievement This accounted for between 50 and 75 of the admissions In the second phase the university conducted a comprehensive review of the student s achievements including extracurricular activities essay family history and life challenges to admit the remainder Students who did not qualify for regular admission were admitted by exception in 2002 approximately 2 of newly admitted undergraduates were admitted by exception 127 The process for determining admissions varies At some campuses such as Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz a point system is used to weight grade point average SAT Reasoning or ACT scores and SAT Subject scores while at San Diego Berkeley and Los Angeles academic achievement is examined in the context of the school and the surrounding community known as a holistic review Race gender national origin and ethnicity were not used as UC admission criteria due to the passing of Proposition 209 This information was collected for statistical purposes Eligibility in the Local Context commonly referred to as ELC is met by applicants ranked in the top 9 of their high school class in terms of performance on an 11 unit pattern of UC approved high school courses Beginning with fall 2007 applicants ELC also requires a UC calculated GPA of at least 3 0 Fully eligible ELC students are guaranteed a spot at one of UC s undergraduate campuses though not necessarily at their first choice campus or even to a campus to which they applied 122 Student profile Edit Percentage of students and comparisons statewide nationwide Campuses 128 California 129 United States 130 Asian including South and East Asians 30 15 6 Black 4 7 13 Hispanic of any race including Chicanos and White Hispanics 21 39 18 Non Hispanic White 25 38 61 Native American lt 1 2 1 International student 16 N A N AOther 3 N A N AAdmissions practices Edit Mrak Hall serves as the administrative seat of UC Davis In many recent years the University of California has faced growing criticism for high admissions of out of state or international students as opposed to in state California students In particular UC Berkeley and UCLA have been heavily criticized for this phenomenon due to their extraordinarily low acceptance rates compared to other campuses in the system 131 At a Board of Regents meeting in 2015 California Governor Jerry Brown reportedly said about the problem And so you got your foreign students and you got your 4 0 folks but just the kind of ordinary normal students you know that got good grades but weren t at the top of the heap there they re getting frozen out 132 State lawmakers have proposed legislation that would reduce out of state admission 133 A 2020 California auditor s report indicated that at least 64 wealthy students were wrongfully admitted to UC schools as favors to powerful figures 134 135 136 Many of the admissions were justified by falsely classifying the applicants as student athletes The incidents disproportionately 55 of 64 occurred at UC Berkeley Research Edit The California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology jointly run by UC San Diego UC Irvine and UC Riverside In 2006 the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition SPARC awarded the University of California the SPARC Innovator Award for its extraordinarily effective institution wide vision and efforts to move scholarly communication forward including the 1997 founding under then UC President Richard C Atkinson of the California Digital Library CDL and its 2002 launching of CDL s eScholarship an institutional repository The award also specifically cited the widely influential 2005 academic journal publishing reform efforts of UC faculty and librarians in altering the marketplace by publicly negotiating contracts with publishers as well as their 2006 proposal to amend UC s copyright policy to allow open access to UC faculty research 137 On July 24 2013 the UC Academic Senate adopted an Open Access Policy mandating that all UC faculty produced research with a publication agreement signed after that date be first deposited in UC s eScholarship open access repository 138 University of California systemwide research on the SAT exam found that after controlling for familial income and parental education so called achievement tests known as the SAT II had 10 times more predictive ability of college aptitude than the SAT I 139 Peripheral enterprises EditThe University of California has a long tradition of involvement in many enterprises that are often geographically or organizationally separate from its general campuses including national laboratories observatories hospitals continuing education programs hotels conference centers an airport a seaport and an art institute National laboratories Edit Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the Berkeley Hills The University of California directly manages and operates one United States Department of Energy National Laboratory 140 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LBNL or Berkeley Lab Berkeley California UC is a limited partner in two separate private limited liability companies that manage and operate two other Department of Energy national laboratories Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL Los Alamos New Mexico operated by Los Alamos National Security LLC Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL Livermore California operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducts unclassified research across a wide range of scientific disciplines with key efforts focused on fundamental studies of the universe quantitative biology nanoscience new energy systems and environmental solutions and the use of integrated computing as a tool for discovery Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the Livermore Valley The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory uses advanced science and technology to ensure that U S nuclear weapons remain reliable LLNL also has major research programs in supercomputing and predictive modeling energy and environment bioscience and biotechnology basic science and applied technology counter proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and homeland security It is also home to the most powerful supercomputers in the world The Los Alamos National Laboratory focuses most of its work on ensuring the reliability of U S nuclear weapons Other work at LANL involves research programs into preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction and US national security such as protection of the US homeland from terrorist attacks The UC system s ties to the three laboratories have occasionally sparked controversy and protest because all three laboratories have been intimately linked with the development of nuclear weapons During the World War II Manhattan Project Lawrence Berkeley Lab developed the electromagnetic method for the separation of uranium isotopes used to develop the first atomic bombs The Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore labs have been involved in designing U S nuclear weapons from their inception until the shift into stockpile stewardship after the end of the Cold War Historically the two national laboratories in Berkeley and Livermore named after Ernest O Lawrence have had very close relationships on research projects as well as sharing some business operations and staff In fact LLNL was not officially severed administratively from LBNL until the early 1970s They also have much deeper ties to the university than the Los Alamos Lab a fact seen in their respective original names the University of California Berkeley Radiation Laboratory and the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore Lick Observatory atop Mount Hamilton in the Diablo Range The UC system s ties to the labs have so far outlasted all periods of internal controversy However in 2003 the U S Department of Energy for the first time opened the Los Alamos National Laboratory LANL contract for bidding by other vendors UC entered into a partnership with Bechtel Corporation BWXT and the Washington Group International and together they created a private company called Los Alamos National Security LLC LANS The only other bidder on the LANL contract was a Lockheed Martin Corporation created company that included among others the University of Texas System In December 2005 a seven year contract to manage the laboratory was awarded to the Los Alamos National Security LLC 141 On October 1 2007 the University of California ended its direct involvement in operating the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Management of the laboratory was taken over by Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC a limited liability company whose members are Bechtel National the University of California Babcock amp Wilcox the Washington Division of URS Corporation Battelle Memorial Institute and The Texas A amp M University System Other than UC appointing three members to the two separate boards of directors each with eleven members that oversee LANS and LLNS UC now has virtually no responsibility for or direct involvement in either LANL or LLNL UC policies and regulations that apply to UC campuses and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California no longer apply to LANL and LLNL and the LANL and LLNL directors no longer report to the UC Regents or UC Office of the President Observatories Edit Keck Observatory atop Mauna Kea volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii The University of California manages two observatories as a multi campus research unit headquartered at UC Santa Cruz Lick Observatory atop Mount Hamilton in the Diablo Range just east of San Jose Keck Observatory at the 4 145 meters 13 599 feet summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii The Astronomy Department at the Berkeley campus manages the Hat Creek Radio Observatory in Shasta County High performance networking Edit The University of California is a founding and charter member of the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California a nonprofit organization that provides high performance Internet based networking to California s K 20 research and education community UC Natural Reserve System Edit Main article University of California Natural Reserve System The NRS was established in January 1965 to provide UC faculty with large areas of land where they could conduct long term ecosystem research without having to worry about outside disturbances like tourists Today the NRS manages 39 reserves that total more than 756 000 acres 3 060 km2 Selected reserves of the University of California Natural Reserve System Coal Oil Point Reserve Rancho Marino Reserve Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve Younger Lagoon Reserve Bodega Marine ReserveUC Agriculture and Natural Resources Edit University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 142 UCANR Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources plays an important role in the state s agriculture industry as mandated by UC s legacy as a land grant institution In addition to conducting agriculture and Youth development research every county in the state has a cooperative extension office with county farm advisors The county offices also support 4 H programs and have nutrition family and consumer sciences advisors who assist local government Currently the division s University of California 4 H Youth Development Program 143 is a national leader in studying thriving in the field of youth development 144 Other national research centers Edit From September 2003 to July 2016 UC managed a contract valued at more than 330 million to establish and operate a University Affiliated Research Center UARC at the NASA Ames Research Center at Moffett Federal Airfield the largest grant ever awarded the university UC Santa Cruz managed the UARC for the University of California with the goal of increasing the science output safety and effectiveness of NASA s missions through new technologies and scientific techniques Since 2002 the NSF funded San Diego Supercomputer Center at UC San Diego has been managed by the University of California which took over from the previous manager General Atomics Medical centers and schools Edit UCSF Benioff Children s Hospital The University of California operates five medical centers throughout the state UC Davis Medical Center in Sacramento UC Irvine Medical Center in Orange UCLA Medical Center comprising two distinct hospitals Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles UCLA Santa Monica Medical Center in Santa Monica UC San Diego Medical Center comprising two distinct hospitals UC San Diego Medical Center Hillcrest in San Diego Jacobs Medical Center in La Jolla and UCSF Medical Center operating as a single medical center across three physically distinct campuses around San Francisco Medical centers of the University of California UCD Medical Center UCSD Medical Center UCLA Medical Center UCSF Medical Center UCI Medical CenterThere are two medical centers that bear the UCLA name but are not operated by UCLA Harbor UCLA Medical Center and Olive View UCLA Medical Center They are actually Los Angeles County operated facilities that UCLA uses as teaching hospitals UCLA Mattel Children s Hospital Each medical center serves as the primary teaching site for that campus s medical school UCSF is perennially among the top five programs in both research and primary care and both UCLA and UC San Diego consistently rank among the top fifteen research schools according to annual rankings published by U S News amp World Report 145 The teaching hospitals affiliated with each school are also highly regarded the UCSF Medical Center was ranked the number one hospital in California and number 5 in the country by U S News amp World Report s 2017 Honor Roll for Best Hospitals in the United States 146 UC also has a sixth medical school UC Riverside School of Medicine the only one in the UC system without its own hospital In the latter half of the 20th century the UC hospitals became the cores of full fledged regional health systems they were gradually supplemented by many outpatient clinics offices and institutes Three UC hospitals are actually county hospitals that were sold to UC which means that UC currently plays a major role in providing healthcare to the indigent The medical hospitals operated by UC Irvine acquired in 1976 UC Davis acquired in 1978 and UC San Diego acquired in 1984 each began as the respective county hospitals of Orange County Sacramento County and San Diego County As of 2021 UC medical centers handle each year about 8 1 million outpatient visits 349 074 emergency room visits and roughly 1 1 million inpatient days 2 Facilities outside of California Edit Casa de California in Mexico City UC operates several other miscellaneous sites to support faculty students and researchers away from its general campuses The UC Office of the President s Education Abroad Program currently operates one mini campus which supports UC students faculty and alumni overseas Casa de California in Mexico City EAP also briefly operated California House in London during the early to mid 2000s UC Washington Center in Washington D C with a dormitory for students interning with the federal government UC Davis s UC Center Sacramento supports students interning with the California government UC Berkeley operates the Richard B Gump South Pacific Research Station in Mo orea French Polynesia on land donated in 1981 by the heir to the founder of the Gump s home furnishings store 147 Hospitality facilities Edit Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier in La Jolla Unlike other land grant institutions e g Cornell UC does not provide a hospitality management program but it does provide general hospitality at some locations UC Berkeley s Cal Alumni Association operates travel excursions for alumni and their families under its Cal Discoveries Travel brand formerly BearTreks many of the tour guides are Berkeley professors CAA also operates the oldest and largest alumni association run family camp in the world the Lair of the Golden Bear Located at an altitude of 5600 feet in Pinecrest California the Lair is a home away from home for almost 10 000 campers annually Its attendees are largely Cal alumni and their families but the Lair is open to everyone Berkeley Lab operates its own hotel the Berkeley Lab Guest House available to persons with business at the Lab itself or UC Berkeley UCLA Housing amp Hospitality Services operates two on campus hotels the 61 room Guest House and the 254 room Meyer amp Renee Luskin Conference Center and a lavish off campus conference center at Lake Arrowhead with a mix of chalet like condominiums lodge rooms and stand alone cottages During the summer the Lake Arrowhead conference center hosts the Bruin Woods vacation programs for UCLA alumni and their families Separately UCLA Health operates the 100 room Tiverton House just south of the UCLA campus to serve its patients and their families UC Santa Cruz leased the University Inn and Conference Center in downtown Santa Cruz from 2001 to 2011 for use as off campus student housing University Airport Edit University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley UC Davis operates the University Airport as a utility airport for air shuttle service in the contractual transportation of university employees and agricultural samples It is also a public general aviation airport University Airport s ICAO identifier is KEDU Seaport Edit UC San Diego s Scripps Institution of Oceanography owns a seaport the Nimitz Marine Facility which is just south of Shelter Island on Point Loma San Diego The port is used as an operating base for all of its oceanographic vessels and platforms UC Extension Edit For over a century the university has operated a continuing education program for working adults and professionals At present UC Extension enrolls over 500 000 students each year in over 17 000 courses One of the reasons for its large size is that UC Extension is a dominant provider of Continuing Legal Education and Continuing Medical Education in California For example the systemwide portion of UC Extension directly controlled by the UC Office of the President operates Continuing Education of the Bar under a joint venture agreement with the State Bar of California See also Edit California portal San Francisco Bay Area portalPolice departments at the University of California University of California Press University of California Student AssociationReferences Edit As of June 30 2022 includes assets managed by UC Regents on behalf of all UC campuses Annual Endowment Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30 2022 PDF University of California Retrieved June 2 2021 a b c d e f g h The University of California at a Glance March 2022 PDF University of California March 2022 Retrieved October 29 2022 a b c d Fall Enrollment At A Glance University of California February 10 2022 Retrieved October 29 2022 The UC Brand Color Brand universityofcalifornia edu Retrieved October 14 2015 The parts of UC University of California January 15 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Land Grant Colleges and Universities United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture 2020 Retrieved January 1 2021 a b 1937 Greene Howard 2001 The public ivies America s flagship public universities Greene Matthew W 1968 1st ed New York Cliff Street Books ISBN 006093459X OCLC 46683792 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Staffaroni Laura Should You Go to a Public Ivy 5 Factors to Consider blog prepscholar com a b University of California Nobel Laureates UC Regents Retrieved October 22 2021 a b Grodin Joseph R Shanske Darien Salerno Michael B 2016 The California State Constitution 2nd ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 243 ISBN 9780199988648 Retrieved June 5 2020 UC National Laboratories UCOP www ucop edu Retrieved April 6 2018 A brief history of the University of California UCOP www ucop edu Retrieved April 6 2018 California University of UC 150th Anniversary Timeline UC 150th Anniversary Timeline Retrieved April 6 2018 a b c Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill pp 355 358 a b c Davis Margaret Leslie 2007 The Culture Broker Franklin D Murphy and the Transformation of Los Angeles Berkeley University of California Press p 28 ISBN 9780520925557 Retrieved August 30 2016 a b c Kerr Clark 2001 The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Volume 1 Berkeley University of California Press pp 458 462 ISBN 9780520223677 Retrieved August 30 2016 Past Chancellors Office of the Chancellor chancellor berkeley edu Retrieved April 6 2018 Raymond Allen UCLA s Past Leaders www pastleaders ucla edu Retrieved January 5 2020 a b Kerr Clark 2001 The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Volume 1 Berkeley University of California Press pp 39 55 ISBN 9780520223677 a b c Kerr Clark 2001 The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Volume 1 Berkeley University of California Press pp 191 205 ISBN 9780520223677 a b c Trombley William December 27 1965 Chancellors Emerge as Powerful Force in University New Role of UC Campus Chiefs Seen as One of Most Significant Developments of Past Five Years Los Angeles Times p A1 Available through ProQuest Historical Newspapers Cal Const Art IX 4 1849 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill pp 7 34 a b c d e f g h i Marsden George M 1994 The Soul of the American University From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief New York Oxford University Press pp 134 140 ISBN 9780195106503 Page 138 of this source incorrectly states that the date of the final negotiations in which Governor Low participated was October 8 1869 but it is clear from the context and the endnotes to that page which cite documents from 1867 that the reference to 1869 is a typo Helfand Harvey 2002 University of California Berkeley An Architectural Tour New York Princeton Architectural Press p 4 ISBN 9781568982939 This agreement is evident in section 7 of the Organic Act in which the state agreed to establish the College of Letters in consideration of the College of California s gift See Cal Stats 17th sess 1867 1868 ch 244 7 Harvey Helfand University of California Berkeley An Architectural Tour and Photographs New York Princeton Architectural Press 2002 6 Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill p 34 Daniel Coit Gilman and the Early Years of UC Special Topics A History of UCSF history library ucsf edu Retrieved October 24 2016 a b c d e f g h Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill pp 125 141 See Cal Stats 17th sess 1867 1868 ch 244 8 a b c d e f g Cal Const Art IX 9 Barnes Thomas Garden 1978 Hastings College of the Law The First Century San Francisco University of California Hastings College of the Law Press pp 44 71 72 Barnes Thomas Garden 1978 Hastings College of the Law The First Century San Francisco University of California Hastings College of the Law Press pp 78 82 a b Barnes Thomas Garden 1978 Hastings College of the Law The First Century San Francisco University of California Hastings College of the Law Press pp 84 85 People v Kewen 69 Cal 215 10 P 393 1886 San Jose State University About SJSU 1880 1899 San Jose State University UCLA Library Special Collections University Archives Home Page Archived from the original on June 15 2006 Retrieved June 20 2006 Dundjerski Marina 2011 UCLA The First Century Los Angeles Third Millennium Publishing p 46 ISBN 9781906507374 Retrieved February 3 2019 a b Bylaw 31 Chancellors Bylaws of the Regents of the University of California a b c Kerr Clark 2001 The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Volume 1 Berkeley University of California Press pp 206 218 ISBN 9780520223677 a b Gerth Donald R 2010 The People s University A History of the California State University Berkeley Berkeley Public Policy Press p 39 ISBN 9780877724353 a b c Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill pp 400 420 Kerr Clark 2001 The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Volume 1 Berkeley University of California Press p 221 ISBN 9780520223677 Johnson Dean C 1996 The University of California History and Achievements Berkeley University of California Press p 84 Pelfrey Patricia A 2012 Entrepreneurial President Richard Atkinson and the University of California 1995 2003 Berkeley University of California Press p 55 ISBN 9780520952218 Pelfrey Patricia A 2012 Entrepreneurial President Richard Atkinson and the University of California 1995 2003 Berkeley University of California Press p 180 ISBN 9780520952218 Lindsay Leon December 17 1982 Will California s tuition free colleges become history The Christian Science Monitor The First Church of Christ Scientist Retrieved August 29 2016 Lindsey Robert December 28 1982 California Weighs End of Free College Education The New York Times Retrieved August 29 2016 Gordon Larry June 14 2010 California universities consider adopting the T word tuition The Los Angeles Times Tribune Publishing Retrieved August 29 2016 Regents of the University of California Regents Policy 3101 The University of California Student Tuition and Fee Policy UC Office of the President as approved on January 21 1994 and with amendments through November 18 2010 Warren Jeffrey E July 14 2011 UC where are your native sons and daughters SFGate Hearst Communications Jordan Miriam Belkin Douglas November 16 2015 Foreign Students Pinch University of California Home State Admissions The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones amp Company Inc Retrieved August 30 2016 Saul Stephanie July 7 2016 Public Colleges Chase Out of State Students and Tuition The New York Times Retrieved August 26 2016 Toohey Grace Lin Summer San Roman Gabriel November 14 2022 UC officials call for mediator as strike by 48 000 academic workers causes systemwide disruptions Los Angeles Times Retrieved November 23 2022 Shahbandi Niloufar November 3 2022 BREAKING Thousands of UAW Academic Union Workers Across UC Campuses Vote to Authorize Strike The Guardian University of California San Diego Retrieved November 15 2022 Hubler Shawn December 24 2022 University of California Academic Workers End Strike The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved January 4 2023 University of California Office of the President 2022 UCOP Franklin Broadway Campus Welcome Guide PDF Oakland Regents of the University of California p 9 Retrieved November 6 2022 a b Kerr Clark 2001 The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Volume 1 Berkeley University of California Press p 218 ISBN 9780520223677 Pickerell Albert G Dornin May 1968 The University of California A Pictorial History 1st ed Berkeley University of California Press p 11 ISBN 9780520010109 Retrieved August 29 2020 Pelfrey Patricia A Cheney Margaret 2004 A Brief History of the University of California Berkeley University of California Press p 47 ISBN 9780520243903 Retrieved October 14 2020 Gordon Larry July 12 2013 Janet Napolitano Homeland Security chief to head UC Los Angeles Times Watanabe Teresa July 7 2020 Michael V Drake named new UC president first Black leader in system s 152 year history Los Angeles Times Retrieved July 7 2020 a b Tanya Schevitz amp Todd Wallack November 14 2005 Free mansions for people of means UC system spends about 1 million yearly on upkeep San Francisco Chronicle p A9 a b c d Dinkelspiel Frances April 12 2022 University of California buys 6 5M Berkeley home for its president Berkeleyside Retrieved September 30 2022 University of California Office of the President Organizational Chart PDF University of California Office of the President Regents of the University of California July 29 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 See University of California Regents Policy 7708 University Provided Housing August 1 2009 2 and University of California Policy BFB G 45 Implementing Requirements on Expenses Incurred in Support of Official Responsibilities of the President and Chancellors July 30 2010 2 Kucher Karen December 19 2013 Chancellor s home gets 10M rehab The San Diego Union Tribune Retrieved January 14 2016 Schwab Dave January 24 2014 10 years later Chancellor s house finally becomes a home SDNews com San Diego Community News Group Archived from the original on August 20 2018 Retrieved January 14 2016 a b Reznik Ethan November 19 2015 Part One State reduces UC funding causing tuition increases Webb Canyon Chronicle Vol VIII no One Retrieved July 21 2016 Budget for Current Operations 2019 20 Summary of the Budget Request as Presented to the Regents for Approval PDF University of California Retrieved July 19 2022 Higher Education Funding in California Public Policy Institute of California Committee on Planning and Budget May 2006 Current Budget Trends and The Future of the University of California PDF University of California Archived from the original PDF on February 26 2008 Retrieved March 6 2008 Paddock Richard C October 6 2007 Less to bank on at state universities The Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on June 6 2010 Retrieved October 6 2007 Budget Analysis and Planning UCOP www ucop edu Egelko Bob November 3 2007 UC owes millions in refunds to students appeals court rules San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved November 3 2007 Mello Felicia September 18 2019 Citing financial risk UC pledges to divest from fossil fuels CalMatters Retrieved June 1 2022 Schevitz Tanya February 12 2008 UC criticized for poor governance controls San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved February 12 2008 Jaschik Scott February 1 2016 U of Big Brother Inside Higher Ed Retrieved February 1 2016 UC Campuses University of California August 13 2006 Retrieved March 6 2008 Leadership University of California September 25 2017 Retrieved January 17 2018 University of California Office of the President Policy on Representation of the University on Letterhead and Business Cards September 28 1999 State of California 2008 California Education Code Section 92203 California Education Code FindLaw Retrieved March 6 2008 State of California 2008 Education Code section 92201 California Education Code FindLaw Retrieved March 6 2008 a b Best Global Universities 2022 U S News amp World Report Retrieved October 29 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link UCSF Schools Earn Top Rankings in 2017 US News Survey UC San Francisco University of California San Francisco U S News amp World Report University of California San Francisco Top Universities July 16 2015 UCSF Leads in Academic Rankings NIH Funding March 28 2011 Archived from the original on September 20 2017 Retrieved July 13 2021 Rauber Chris August 2 2016 UCSF Stanford Health Care rank high on best U S hospitals list San Francisco Business Times Schmitt Kiana July 30 2015 UC Berkeley UCSF Ranked Top Public Universities In U S UCSF Best Medical School U S News amp World Report Retrieved June 21 2016 a b c Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Ranking Consultancy 2021 Retrieved June 18 2022 a b Center for World University Rankings Retrieved May 13 2020 a b World University Rankings 2021 Times Higher Education August 25 2020 Retrieved September 14 2020 a b Forbes America s Top Colleges List 2021 Forbes Retrieved September 11 2021 a b Schelenz Robyn Newsroom U C September 9 2021 UC is the top college in America according to new Forbes rankings University of California Retrieved September 11 2021 a b QS World University Rankings 2023 Retrieved June 8 2022 University of California Berkeley U S News Best Grad School Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link University of California Los Angeles U S News Best Grad School Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link University of California San Diego U S News Best Grad School Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link University of California Santa Cruz U S News Best Grad School Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link University of California Riverside U S News Best Grad School Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link University of California Merced Graduate School Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 22 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link UC fall student enrollment at a glance University of California 2021 Annual Endowment Report Fiscal Year Ended June 30 2022 PDF Chief Investment Officer of the Regents of the University of California p 3 Retrieved February 7 2023 2023 Best National University Rankings U S News amp World Report September 2022 Retrieved September 19 2022 Rosenzweig Robert M 2001 The Political University Policy Politics and Presidential Leadership in the American Research University Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 20 ISBN 9780801868191 Retrieved August 4 2020 Editorial Association of American Universities Educational Review 19 404 405 April 1900 Facts and Figures UC Libraries Accessed July 27 2020 UCLA Registrar s Office Academic Publications 2021 College of Letters and Science UCLA General Catalog 2021 22 Los Angeles Regents of the University of California Retrieved September 24 2021 Kerr Clark 2001 The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California 1949 1967 Volume 1 Berkeley University of California Press pp 273 280 ISBN 9780520223677 Hoover Eric May 21 2020 Golden State Blockbuster U of California Will Replace ACT and SAT With New Test or None at All The Chronicle of Higher Education Retrieved May 23 2020 University of California drops SAT scores for admission AP NEWS May 15 2021 Retrieved May 16 2021 University of California EAOP 2003 in Review University of California 2009 10 Budget for Current Operations Budget Detail as Presented to the Regents for Approval University of California 2009 10 Budget for Current Operations Budget Detail as Presented to the Regents for Approval University of California Office of the President A Report to the Governor and Legislature on Student Academic Preparation and Educational Partnerships for the 2006 07 Academic Year April 2008 Early Academic Outreach Program University of California Retrieved June 29 2015 a b Transfer UC Admissions admission universityofcalifornia edu Archived from the original on July 16 2016 Retrieved July 15 2016 How applications are reviewed UC Admissions admission universityofcalifornia edu Archived from the original on March 26 2016 Retrieved July 14 2016 a b Robinson Nina March 2003 Undergraduate Access to the University of California After the Elimination of Race Conscious Policies PDF Oakland University of California Office of the President a b Trombley William November 6 1972 Enrollment Drop Poses Crisis at UC Riverside Faced With Loss of 50 Faculty Positions Campus Has Begun Strong Recruiting Drive Los Angeles Times p B1 Available through ProQuest Historical Newspapers a b Undergraduate Admissions Local Eligibility University of California May 31 2007 Archived from the original on February 22 2008 Retrieved March 6 2008 The Master Plan Renewed PDF University of California July 1987 Retrieved April 9 2009 Freshman admission of GTO students Press release University of California Office of the President Archived from the original on July 6 2008 Retrieved March 21 2008 Agha Marisa April 5 2007 UC system fall 07 freshman admission numbers up The Press Enterprise Archived from the original on June 23 2007 Retrieved August 22 2007 Noguchi Sharon Mattson Sophie July 2 2015 UC admission rates fall to lowest levels San Jose Mercury News Retrieved July 2 2015 University of California Admission by Exception PDF Archived from the original PDF on August 30 2008 Retrieved April 9 2009 Fall Enrollment At A Glance University of California Archived December 28 2013 at the Wayback Machine California QuickFacts from the U S Census Bureau Bureau of the Census Archived from the original on December 28 2009 Retrieved August 16 2014 USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau Bureau of the Census Archived from the original on April 21 2008 Retrieved August 16 2014 Watanabe Teresa March 29 2016 UC schools harm local students by admitting so many from out of state audit finds Los Angeles Times Gov Brown says normal Californians can t get into Berkeley a problem some Californians blame on Brown www insidehighered com Burke Michael Legislators crafting deal to reduce numbers of out of state students at University of California EdSource Retrieved May 23 2022 State Auditor UC Wrongly Admitted Well Connected Students 55 at Berkeley KQED Retrieved May 23 2022 Watanabe Teresa September 22 2020 UC admitted 64 well connected or rich students over more qualified ones audit finds Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 23 2022 Gross Elana Lyn The University Of California System Unfairly Admitted 64 Well Connected Students State Audit Found Forbes Retrieved May 23 2022 SPARC Innovator University of California July 2006 Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition Association of Research Libraries July 2006 Archived from the original on October 21 2015 Retrieved October 21 2015 PDF Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine UC Open Access Policy eScholarship University of California Archived from the original on October 13 2015 Retrieved October 21 2015 Geiser Saul Studley Roger October 29 2001 UC and the SAT Predictive Validity and Differential Impact of the SAT I ad SAT II at the University of California PDF University of California Office of the President Office of the National Laboratories UCOP www ucop edu Retrieved August 15 2017 Broad William J December 22 2005 California Is Surprise Winner in Bid to Run Los Alamos The New York Times Retrieved February 10 2008 Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources January 5 2022 Retrieved January 8 2022 University of California 4 H Youth Development Program Agriculture and Natural Resources University of California Retrieved August 19 2012 Resources University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural 4 H Thrive 4h ucanr edu Retrieved February 4 2020 2013 Best Medical Schools U S News amp World Report 2012 Archived from the original on February 22 2017 Retrieved August 19 2012 Comarow Avery July 16 2012 U S News Best Hospitals 2012 13 the Honor Roll U S News amp World Report Retrieved August 19 2012 Geissinger Steve Geissinger Michael April 14 2008 Despite state budget crunch UC runs Fantasy Island station East Bay Times Bay Area News Group Retrieved February 3 2019 Further reading EditDouglass John Aubrey 2000 The California Idea and American Higher Education 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan Stanford California Stanford University Press ISBN 9780804731898 Johnson Dean C 1996 The University of California History and Achievements Berkeley University of California Printing Department Marginson Simon 2016 The Dream Is Over The Crisis of Clark Kerr s California Idea of Higher Education University of California Press doi 10 1525 luminos 17 ISBN 9780520966208 Stadtman Verne A 1970 The University of California 1868 1968 New York McGraw Hill Book Co Stadtman Verne A ed 1967 The Centennial Record of the University of California Berkeley University of California Printing Department External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of California Official website Works written on the topic University of California at Wikisource Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title University of California amp oldid 1141826060, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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