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Wikipedia

ESPN

January 13, 2023

This article is about the U.S. television channel. For the company and other channels of the same name, see ESPN Inc. For the railroad, see East Penn Railroad. For the gene, see ESPN (gene).

ESPN (originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network)[2] is an American international basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc., owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company (80%) and Hearst Communications (20%). The company was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen along with his son Scott Rasmussen and Ed Eagan.

ESPN
CountryUnited States
HeadquartersBristol, Connecticut
Programming
Language(s)English
Picture format2160p 4K UHD
(downscaled to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed)
Ownership
OwnerESPN Inc.
(The Walt Disney Company (80%)
Hearst Communications (20%)
Sister channels
History
LaunchedSeptember 7, 1979; 43 years ago (1979-09-07)[1]
Links
Websitewww.espn.com
Availability
Streaming media
ESPN+www.espn.com/espnplus
(U.S. pay-TV subscribers only)
Service(s)DirecTV Stream, FuboTV, Hulu with Live TV, Sling TV, YouTube TV

ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol, Connecticut. The network also operates offices and auxiliary studios in Miami, New York City, Las Vegas, Seattle, Charlotte, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. James Pitaro currently serves as chairman of ESPN, a position he has held since March 5, 2018, following the resignation of John Skipper on December 18, 2017.[3] While ESPN is one of the most successful sports networks, there has been criticism of ESPN. This includes accusations of biased coverage,[4] conflict of interest, and controversies with individual broadcasters and analysts.

ESPN headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut.

As of November 2021, ESPN reaches approximately 76 million television households in the United States—a drop of 24% from nearly a decade ago.[5]

In addition to the flagship channel and its seven related channels in the United States, ESPN broadcasts in more than 200 countries.[6] It operates regional channels in Africa, Australia, Latin America, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Canada, it owns a 20% interest in The Sports Network (TSN) and its five sister networks.

History

Main article: History of ESPN

Bill Rasmussen came up with the concept of ESPN in May 1978, after he was fired from his job with the World Hockey Association's New England Whalers. One of the first steps in Bill and his son Scott's (who had also been let go by the Whalers) process was finding land to build the channel's broadcasting facilities. The Rasmussens first rented office space in Plainville, Connecticut. However, the plan to base ESPN there was put on hold because of a local ordinance prohibiting buildings from bearing rooftop satellite dishes. Available land area was quickly found in Bristol, Connecticut (where the channel remains headquartered to this day), with funding to buy the property provided by Getty Oil, which purchased 85% of the company from Bill Rasmussen on February 22, 1979, in an attempt to diversify the company's holdings. This helped the credibility of the fledgling company; however, there were still many doubters about the viability of their sports channel concept. Another event that helped build ESPN's credibility was securing an advertising agreement with Anheuser-Busch in the spring of 1979; the company invested $1 million to be the "exclusive beer advertised on the network."[7][8]

 
ESPN's first logo, used from 1979 to 1985

ESPN launched on September 7, 1979, beginning with the first telecast of what would become the channel's flagship program, SportsCenter. Taped in front of a small live audience inside the Bristol studios, it was broadcast to 1.4 million cable subscribers throughout the United States.[7]

ESPN's next big break came when the channel acquired the rights to broadcast coverage of the early rounds of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. It first aired the NCAA tournament in March 1980, creating the modern-day television event known as "March Madness." The channel's tournament coverage also launched the broadcasting career of Dick Vitale, who at the time he joined ESPN, had just been fired as head coach of the Detroit Pistons.

In April of that year, ESPN created another made-for-TV spectacle, when it began televising the NFL Draft. It provided complete coverage of the event that allowed rookie players from the college ranks to begin their professional careers in front of a national television audience in ways they were not able to previously. Also in April 1980, specifically on April 10th, ESPN began broadcasting Top Rank Boxing on ESPN, marking the beginning of professional boxing shows on that channel.[9] The show lasted 16 years, and ESPN has since shown boxing live intermittently with other shows including ESPN Friday Night Fights and others. For a period during the 1980s, the network had boxing tournaments, crowning champions in different boxing weight divisions as "ESPN champions".

The next major stepping stone for ESPN came throughout a couple of months in 1984. During this period, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) purchased 100% of ESPN from the Rasmussens and Getty Oil.[7] Under Getty ownership, the channel was unable to compete for the television rights to major sports events contracts as its majority corporate parent would not provide the funding, leading ESPN to lose out for broadcast deals with the National Hockey League (to USA Network) and NCAA Division I college football (to TBS). For years, the NFL, NBA, and Major League Baseball refused to consider cable as a means of broadcasting some of their games.[10] However, with the backing of ABC, ESPN's ability to compete for major sports contracts greatly increased, and gave it credibility within the sports broadcasting industry.

Later that year, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma (1984) that the NCAA could no longer monopolize the rights to negotiate the contracts for college football games, allowing each school to negotiate broadcast deals of their choice. ESPN took full advantage and began to broadcast a large number of NCAA football games, creating an opportunity for fans to be able to view multiple games each weekend (instead of just one), the same deal that the NCAA had previously negotiated with TBS.[10] ESPN's breakthrough moment occurred in 1987 when it secured a contract with the NFL to broadcast eight games during that year's regular season – all of which aired on Sunday nights, marking the first broadcasts of Sunday NFL primetime games. ESPN's Sunday Night Football games would become the highest-rated NFL telecasts for the next 17 years (before losing the rights to NBC in 2006).[11] The channel's decision to broadcast NFL games on Sunday evenings resulted in a decline in viewership for the daytime games shown on the major broadcast networks, marking the first time that ESPN had been a legitimate competitor to NBC and CBS, which had long dominated the sports television market.

In 1992, ESPN launched ESPN Radio, a national sports talk radio network providing analysis and commentary programs (including shows such as Mike and Mike in the Morning and The Herd) as well as audio play-by-play of sporting events (including some simulcasted with the ESPN television channel).[7]

On October 10, 1993, ESPN2 – a secondary channel that originally was programmed with a separate lineup of niche sports popular with males 18–49 years old (with snowboarding and the World Series of Poker as its headliners) as well as serving as an overflow channel for ESPN – launched on cable systems reaching to 10 million subscribers.[7] It became the fastest-growing cable channel in the U.S. during the 1990s, eventually expanding its national reach to 75 million subscribers.[7]

Ownership of ABC, and in effect control of ESPN, was acquired by Capital Cities Communications in 1985.[12] ESPN's parent company renamed themselves as Capital Cities/ABC Inc. Capital Cities/ABC Inc. was then acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 1996[13] and was re-branded as Walt Disney Television.

On April 26, 2017, approximately 100 ESPN employees were notified that their positions with the sports network had been terminated, among them athletes-turned-analysts Trent Dilfer and Danny Kanell, and noted journalists like NFL beat reporter Ed Werder and Major League Baseball expert Jayson Stark.[14] The layoffs came as ESPN continued to shed viewers, more than 10 million over a period of several years, while paying big money for the broadcast rights to such properties as the NFL, NBA and College Football Playoff.[15] Further cost-cutting measures taken include moving the studio operations of ESPNU to Bristol from Charlotte, North Carolina,[16] reducing its longtime MLB studio show Baseball Tonight to Sundays as a lead-in to the primetime game and adding the MLB Network-produced Intentional Talk to ESPN2's daily lineup.[17]

On April 12, 2018, ESPN began a supplemental over-the-top streaming service known as ESPN+.[18]

After having last carried national-televised NHL games in 2004, ESPN and ABC agreed on a seven-year contract (agreed on March 10, 2021) to televise games, and will also air some games on ESPN+ and Hulu. The contract also states that both ESPN and ABC will air four of the seven Stanley Cup Finals. All other nationally televised games will air on TBS and TNT under a separate deal the league struck with Turner Sports the following month.[19]

Programming

Main articles: List of programs broadcast by ESPN, List of ESPN sports properties, and List of UFC events

Alongside its live sports broadcasts, ESPN also airs a variety of sports highlight, talk, and documentary-styled shows. These include:

Many of ESPN's documentary programs (such as 30 for 30 and Nine for IX) are produced by ESPN Films, a film division created in March 2008 as a restructuring of ESPN Original Entertainment, a programming division that was originally formed in 2001. 30 for 30 started airing in 2009 and continues airing to this day. Each episode is through the eyes of a well known filmmaker and has featured some of the biggest directors in Hollywood.[20] The 30 for 30 film O.J.: Made in America won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2017, the first such Oscar for ESPN.[21]

Ultimate Fighting Championship signed a 5-year contract with ESPN starting 2019[22] on ESPN and ESPN+ which estimate every quarter 2 event on UFC on ESPN and 6 events on UFC Fight Night on ESPN+.[23]

In March 2019, ESPN announced a new betting-themed daily program, Daily Wager, hosted by the network's gambling analyst Doug Kezirian.[24] The program was ESPN's first regularly scheduled program solely dedicated to gaming-related content. On May 14, 2019, ESPN announced a deal with casino operator Caesars Entertainment to establish an ESPN-branded studio at The LINQ Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas to produce betting-themed content.[25]

In search of a new strategic direction that will reduce the impact of covid on business in 2021 The Walt Disney CEO Bob Chapek during Q4 FY21 Earnings Conference with investor told that the company ready to expand gambling meaning ESPN department: "We're also moving towards a greater presence in online sports betting, and given our reaching scale, we have the potential to partner with third-parties in this space in a very meaningful way".[26][27][28]

Related channels

ESPN on ABC

Main article: ESPN on ABC

Since September 2006, ESPN has been integrated with the sports division of sister broadcast network ABC, with sports events televised on that network airing under the banner ESPN on ABC;[29] much of ABC's sports coverage since the rebranding has become increasingly limited to secondary coverage of sporting events whose broadcast rights are held by ESPN (such as NBA games, NHL games, and the X Games and its related qualifying events) as well as a limited array of event coverage not broadcast on ESPN (most notably, the NBA Finals).

ESPN2

Main article: ESPN2

ESPN2 was launched on October 1, 1993. It carried a broad mix of event coverage from conventional sports—including auto racing, college basketball and NHL hockey—to extreme sports—such as BMX, skateboarding and motocross.[30] The "ESPN BottomLine", a ticker displaying sports news and scores during all programming that is now used by all of ESPN's networks, originated on ESPN2 in 1995.[31] In the late 1990s, ESPN2 was gradually reformatted to serve as a secondary outlet for ESPN's mainstream sports programming.[32]

ESPN Classic

Main article: ESPN Classic

ESPNClassic is a subscription television network that launched in 1995 as Classic Sports Network, founded by Brian Bedol and Steve Greenberg. ESPN Inc. purchased Classic Sports Network in 1997 for $175 million,[33] rebranding the channel to its current name the following year. The channel broadcasts notable archived sporting events (originally including events from past decades, but now focusing mainly on events from the 1990s and later), sports documentaries and sports-themed movies.

ESPNews

Main article: ESPNews

ESPNews' is a subscription television network that was launched on November 1, 1996, originally focusing solely on sports news, highlight,s and press conferences. Since August 2010, the network has gradually incorporated encores of ESPN's various sports debate and entertainment shows and video simulcasts of ESPN Radio shows, in addition to sports news programming (which since the 2013 cancellation of Highlight Express,[34] consists mainly of additional runs of SportsCenter); ESPNews also serves as an overflow feed due to programming conflicts caused by sporting events on the other ESPN networks.

ESPN Deportes

Main article: ESPN Deportes

ESPN Deportes (Spanish pronunciation: [i.es.piˈen deˈpoɾtes], "ESPN Sports") is a subscription television network that was originally launched in July 2001 to provide Spanish simulcasts of certain Major League Baseball telecasts from ESPN. It became a 24-hour sports channel in January 2004.

ESPNU

Main article: ESPNU

ESPNU' is a subscription television network that launched on March 4, 2005, and focuses on college athletics including basketball, football, baseball, college swimming, and ice hockey.

Longhorn Network

Main article: Longhorn Network

The LonghornNetwork is a subscription television network that was launched on August 26, 2011, focusing on events from the Texas Longhorns varsity sports teams of the University of Texas at Austin.[35] It features events from the 20 sports sanctioned by the Texas Longhorns athletics department, along with original programming (including historical, academic and cultural content).

SEC Network

Main article: SEC Network

SECNetwork is a subscription television network that launched on August 14, 2014, focusing on the coverage of sporting events sanctioned by the Southeastern Conference. Created as a result of a 20-year broadcast partnership between the two entities, the network is a joint venture between the conference and ESPN Inc. (which operates the network).[36][37]

ACC Network

Main article: ACC Network

Launching on August 22, 2019, the ACCNetwork is a subscription television networkthath focuses on the sporting events of the Atlantic Coast Conference as part of a current agreement extending to the 2036–37 academic term as a joint venture of network operator ESPN Inc. and the ACC.[38]

Other services

ESPN HDD

ESPN launched it's high definition simulcast feed, originally branded as ESPNHD, on March 30, 2003, with a broadcast of the Texas Rangers and the Los Angeles Angels (then the Anaheim Angels).[39] All studio shows based in Bristol and at L. A. Live, along with most live event telecasts on ESPN, are broadcast in high definition. ESPN is one of the few television networks with an all-digital infrastructure. Archived non-HD programming is presented in 4:3 standard definition with stylized pillarboxing. Pardon the Interruption and Around the Horn began airing in HD on September 27, 2010, with the relocation of the production of both shows into the facility housing the Washington, D.C. bureau for ABC News.[40]

ESPN, as with Disney/ABC's other television networks, broadcasts HD programming in the 720p resolution format; this because ABC executives had proposed a progressive scan signal that resolves fluid and high-speed motion in sports better, particularly during slow-motion replays.[41] The network's Digital Center itself natively holds 2160p UHD/4K operations and equipment.[42][43] In 2011, ESPNHD began to downplay its distinct promotional logo in preparation for the conversion of its standard definition feed from a 4:3 full-screen to a letterboxed format (via the application of the AFD #10 display flag), which occurred on June 1 of that year.

WatchESPN

WatchESPN was a website for desktop computers, as well as an application for smartphones and tablet computers that allows subscribers of participating pay-TV providers to watch live streams of programming from ESPN and its sister networks except for ESPN Classic), including most sporting events, on computers, mobile devices, Apple TV, Roku and Xbox Live via their TV Everywhere login provided by their cable provider. The service originally launched on October 25, 2010, as ESPN Networks, a streaming service that provided a live stream of ESPN exclusive to Time Warner Cable subscribers.[44] ESPN3, an online streaming service providing live streams and replays of global sports events that launched in 2005 as a separate website,[45] was incorporated into the WatchESPN platform on August 31, 2011.[46] Likewise, ESPN+ was launched in April 2018 as an add-on subscription for $4.99 per month.[47] On June 1, 2019, WatchESPN was discontinued the service's full merger into the ESPN app.[citation needed]

ESPN Events

ESPN Regional Television (formerly branded as ESPN Plus) is the network's syndication arm, which produces collegiate sporting events for free-to-air television stations throughout the United States (primarily those affiliated with networks such as The CW and MyNetworkTV or independent stations). ESPN Plus syndicates college football and basketball games from the American Athletic Conference, Big 12 Conference,[48] Mid-American Conference, Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, Sun Belt Conference and the Western Athletic Conference.[citation needed]

ESPN on Snapchat

ESPN distributes various content on Snapchat Discover, including a Snapchat-only version of SportsCenter.[citation needed]

ESPN MVP

ESPN MVP (initially known as Mobile ESPN) was a 2005 attempt at having ESPN operate a mobile virtual network operator with exclusive mobile content, first as a feature phone, then after ESPN MVP's termination into a Verizon Wireless paid service. Technologies developed for it have since been transferred to the network's successful mobile strategy in the smartphone era.[citation needed]

International channels

Main article: ESPN International

ESPN owns and operates regional channels in Brazil, Caribbean, Latin America, Netherlands, Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Canada, ESPN is a minority owner of The Sports Network (TSN) and the French-language Réseau des sports (RDS). ESPN also has a minority stake in J Sports in Japan.

As executive vice president and managing director, Russell Wolff is responsible for all of ESPN's businesses outside of the United States. He is based in New York and reports directly to Jimmy Pitaro. Wolff serves on the boards of CTV Specialty Television, Inc. and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.[49]

In popular culture

ESPN has been a part of popular culture since its inception. Many movies with a general sports theme will include ESPN announcers and programming their storylines.

Many jokes have been made by comedians about fake obscure sports that are shown on ESPN. Dennis Miller mentioned watching "sumo rodeo," while George Carlin stated that ESPN showed "Australian dick wrestling." One of several Saturday Night Live sketches poking fun at the network features a fictional ESPN2 program called Scottish Soccer Hooligan Weekly, which includes a fake advertisement for "Senior Women's Beach Lacrosse."

An occasional joke used in comedic television and film involves people getting ESP (the common abbreviation for extrasensory perception which was coincidentally the working abbreviation for the channebeforeto its launch) confused with ESPN, often including someone saying a sentence along the lines of "I know these kinds of things, I've got ESPN." There are also at least 22 children that are named after the network.[50][51]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of ESPN

ESPN has been criticized for focusing too much on men's college and professional sports, and very little on women's sports or other extreme sports.[52] Baseball, ice hockey, and soccer fans have also criticized ESPN for not giving their respective sports more coverage.[53][54] Other criticism has focused on ethnicity in ESPN's varying mediated forms, as well as carriage fees and issues regarding the exportation of ESPN content.[55] Some critics argue that ESPN's success is their ability to provide other enterprise and investigative sports news while competing with other hard sports-news-producing outlets such as Yahoo! Sports and Fox Sports.[56] Some scholars have challenged ESPN's journalistic integrity, calling for an expanded standard of professionalism to prevent biased coverage and conflicts of interest.[57]

On October 8, 2019, Deadspin reported that an internal memo was sent to ESPN employees instructing them to avoid any political discussions regarding the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong in the aftermath of a tweet by Rockets general manager Daryl Morey.[58]

Awards

  • National Hispanic Media Coalition's "Outstanding Commitment and Outreach to the Latino Community", 2016[59]

ESPN has now won 232 Sports Emmy Awards in 35 years of eligibility

See also

References

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  2. ^ "What does ESPN stand for?". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures, LLC. Retrieved September 8, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ James, Meg (November 23, 2011). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  4. ^ "Geography lesson: Breaking down the bias in ESPN's coverage". June 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. ESPN.com, August 15, 2008.
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  8. ^ Potts, Mark (May 1, 1984). "ABC to Buy Texaco's ESPN Cable Channel". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ "40 Years of Top Rank Boxing on ESPN". April 10, 2020.
  10. ^ a b Wolverton, Brad; López-Rivera, Marisa; Killough, Ashley C. (September 4, 2009). "A Powerful League Piles Up Its Advantages". Chronicle of Higher Education. Vol. 56, no. 2. pp. A1–A28. from the original on November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
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  52. ^ Lavelle, Katherine L (2015). "Chapter 10 The ESPN Effect Representation of Women in 30 for 30 Films". The ESPN effect: exploring the worldwide leader in sports. McGuire, John, 1961-, Armfield, Greg G.; Earnheardt, Adam C., 1970-. New York. ISBN 978-1-4331-2600-0. OCLC 917889678.
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  55. ^ Earnheardt, Adam C. (July 17, 2015). "Chapter 20 Afterword: Challenging the Worldwide Leader in Sports". In McGuire, John; Armfield, Greg; Earnheardt, Adam C. (eds.). The ESPN Effect: Exploring the Worldwide Leader in Sports. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 265–270. ISBN 978-1-4331-2600-0.
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  57. ^ Oates, T. P.; Pauly, J. (2007). "Sports journalism as moral and ethical discourse". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 22 (4): 332–347. doi:10.1080/08900520701583628. S2CID 143559022.
  58. ^ "Internal Memo: ESPN Forbids Discussion Of Chinese Politics When Discussing Daryl Morey's Tweet About Chinese Politics". Deadspin. October 8, 2019. from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  59. ^ "Pasadena-Based National Hispanic Media Coalition Honors Positive Portrayals of Latinos in Media – Pasadena Now". www.pasadenanow.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021.

Bibliography

  • McGuire, John; Armfield, Greg G.; Earnheardt, Adam C., eds. (2015). The ESPN Effect: The Making of a Sports Media Empire. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-2600-0.
  • Miller, James Andrew; Shales, Tom (2011). Those Guys Have All the Fun: Inside the World of ESPN. New York: Little, Brow,n and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-04300-7.
  • Vogan, Travis (2015). ESPN: The Making of a Sports Media Empire. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03976-8.

External links

  • Official website

January 13, 2023
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This article is about the U S television channel For the company and other channels of the same name see ESPN Inc For the railroad see East Penn Railroad For the gene see ESPN gene ESPN originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network 2 is an American international basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company 80 and Hearst Communications 20 The company was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen along with his son Scott Rasmussen and Ed Eagan ESPNCountryUnited StatesHeadquartersBristol ConnecticutProgrammingLanguage s EnglishPicture format2160p 4K UHD downscaled to letterboxed 480i for the SDTV feed OwnershipOwnerESPN Inc The Walt Disney Company 80 Hearst Communications 20 Sister channelsESPN on ABC ESPN2 ESPN3 ESPN ESPNews ESPNU ESPNW ESPN Deportes ESPN College Extra Longhorn Network SEC Network ACC NetworkHistoryLaunchedSeptember 7 1979 43 years ago 1979 09 07 1 LinksWebsitewww wbr espn wbr comAvailabilityStreaming mediaESPN www wbr espn wbr com wbr espnplus U S pay TV subscribers only Service s DirecTV Stream FuboTV Hulu with Live TV Sling TV YouTube TVESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol Connecticut The network also operates offices and auxiliary studios in Miami New York City Las Vegas Seattle Charlotte Washington D C and Los Angeles James Pitaro currently serves as chairman of ESPN a position he has held since March 5 2018 following the resignation of John Skipper on December 18 2017 3 While ESPN is one of the most successful sports networks there has been criticism of ESPN This includes accusations of biased coverage 4 conflict of interest and controversies with individual broadcasters and analysts ESPN headquarters in Bristol Connecticut As of November 2021 update ESPN reaches approximately 76 million television households in the United States a drop of 24 from nearly a decade ago 5 In addition to the flagship channel and its seven related channels in the United States ESPN broadcasts in more than 200 countries 6 It operates regional channels in Africa Australia Latin America the Netherlands and the United Kingdom In Canada it owns a 20 interest in The Sports Network TSN and its five sister networks Contents 1 History 2 Programming 3 Related channels 3 1 ESPN on ABC 3 2 ESPN2 3 3 ESPN Classic 3 4 ESPNews 3 5 ESPN Deportes 3 6 ESPNU 3 7 Longhorn Network 3 8 SEC Network 3 9 ACC Network 3 10 Other services 4 International channels 5 In popular culture 6 Criticism 7 Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External linksHistory EditMain article History of ESPN Bill Rasmussen came up with the concept of ESPN in May 1978 after he was fired from his job with the World Hockey Association s New England Whalers One of the first steps in Bill and his son Scott s who had also been let go by the Whalers process was finding land to build the channel s broadcasting facilities The Rasmussens first rented office space in Plainville Connecticut However the plan to base ESPN there was put on hold because of a local ordinance prohibiting buildings from bearing rooftop satellite dishes Available land area was quickly found in Bristol Connecticut where the channel remains headquartered to this day with funding to buy the property provided by Getty Oil which purchased 85 of the company from Bill Rasmussen on February 22 1979 in an attempt to diversify the company s holdings This helped the credibility of the fledgling company however there were still many doubters about the viability of their sports channel concept Another event that helped build ESPN s credibility was securing an advertising agreement with Anheuser Busch in the spring of 1979 the company invested 1 million to be the exclusive beer advertised on the network 7 8 ESPN s first logo used from 1979 to 1985 ESPN launched on September 7 1979 beginning with the first telecast of what would become the channel s flagship program SportsCenter Taped in front of a small live audience inside the Bristol studios it was broadcast to 1 4 million cable subscribers throughout the United States 7 ESPN s next big break came when the channel acquired the rights to broadcast coverage of the early rounds of the NCAA Division I men s basketball tournament It first aired the NCAA tournament in March 1980 creating the modern day television event known as March Madness The channel s tournament coverage also launched the broadcasting career of Dick Vitale who at the time he joined ESPN had just been fired as head coach of the Detroit Pistons In April of that year ESPN created another made for TV spectacle when it began televising the NFL Draft It provided complete coverage of the event that allowed rookie players from the college ranks to begin their professional careers in front of a national television audience in ways they were not able to previously Also in April 1980 specifically on April 10th ESPN began broadcasting Top Rank Boxing on ESPN marking the beginning of professional boxing shows on that channel 9 The show lasted 16 years and ESPN has since shown boxing live intermittently with other shows including ESPN Friday Night Fights and others For a period during the 1980s the network had boxing tournaments crowning champions in different boxing weight divisions as ESPN champions The next major stepping stone for ESPN came throughout a couple of months in 1984 During this period the American Broadcasting Company ABC purchased 100 of ESPN from the Rasmussens and Getty Oil 7 Under Getty ownership the channel was unable to compete for the television rights to major sports events contracts as its majority corporate parent would not provide the funding leading ESPN to lose out for broadcast deals with the National Hockey League to USA Network and NCAA Division I college football to TBS For years the NFL NBA and Major League Baseball refused to consider cable as a means of broadcasting some of their games 10 However with the backing of ABC ESPN s ability to compete for major sports contracts greatly increased and gave it credibility within the sports broadcasting industry Later that year the U S Supreme Court ruled in NCAA v Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma 1984 that the NCAA could no longer monopolize the rights to negotiate the contracts for college football games allowing each school to negotiate broadcast deals of their choice ESPN took full advantage and began to broadcast a large number of NCAA football games creating an opportunity for fans to be able to view multiple games each weekend instead of just one the same deal that the NCAA had previously negotiated with TBS 10 ESPN s breakthrough moment occurred in 1987 when it secured a contract with the NFL to broadcast eight games during that year s regular season all of which aired on Sunday nights marking the first broadcasts of Sunday NFL primetime games ESPN s Sunday Night Football games would become the highest rated NFL telecasts for the next 17 years before losing the rights to NBC in 2006 11 The channel s decision to broadcast NFL games on Sunday evenings resulted in a decline in viewership for the daytime games shown on the major broadcast networks marking the first time that ESPN had been a legitimate competitor to NBC and CBS which had long dominated the sports television market In 1992 ESPN launched ESPN Radio a national sports talk radio network providing analysis and commentary programs including shows such as Mike and Mike in the Morning and The Herd as well as audio play by play of sporting events including some simulcasted with the ESPN television channel 7 On October 10 1993 ESPN2 a secondary channel that originally was programmed with a separate lineup of niche sports popular with males 18 49 years old with snowboarding and the World Series of Poker as its headliners as well as serving as an overflow channel for ESPN launched on cable systems reaching to 10 million subscribers 7 It became the fastest growing cable channel in the U S during the 1990s eventually expanding its national reach to 75 million subscribers 7 Ownership of ABC and in effect control of ESPN was acquired by Capital Cities Communications in 1985 12 ESPN s parent company renamed themselves as Capital Cities ABC Inc Capital Cities ABC Inc was then acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 1996 13 and was re branded as Walt Disney Television On April 26 2017 approximately 100 ESPN employees were notified that their positions with the sports network had been terminated among them athletes turned analysts Trent Dilfer and Danny Kanell and noted journalists like NFL beat reporter Ed Werder and Major League Baseball expert Jayson Stark 14 The layoffs came as ESPN continued to shed viewers more than 10 million over a period of several years while paying big money for the broadcast rights to such properties as the NFL NBA and College Football Playoff 15 Further cost cutting measures taken include moving the studio operations of ESPNU to Bristol from Charlotte North Carolina 16 reducing its longtime MLB studio show Baseball Tonight to Sundays as a lead in to the primetime game and adding the MLB Network produced Intentional Talk to ESPN2 s daily lineup 17 On April 12 2018 ESPN began a supplemental over the top streaming service known as ESPN 18 After having last carried national televised NHL games in 2004 ESPN and ABC agreed on a seven year contract agreed on March 10 2021 to televise games and will also air some games on ESPN and Hulu The contract also states that both ESPN and ABC will air four of the seven Stanley Cup Finals All other nationally televised games will air on TBS and TNT under a separate deal the league struck with Turner Sports the following month 19 Programming EditMain articles List of programs broadcast by ESPN List of ESPN sports properties and List of UFC events Alongside its live sports broadcasts ESPN also airs a variety of sports highlight talk and documentary styled shows These include Around the Horn Competitive debating between four sports writers across the country College GameDay basketball Weekly college basketball show airing from the Saturday Primetime game of the week site College GameDay football Weekly college football preview show airing from the site of a major college football game E 60 An investigative newsmagazine program focusing on American and international sports First Take A daily morning talk show with Stephen A Smith and Molly Qerim moved from ESPN2 on January 3 2017 Get Up A daily morning show focusing on the previous night s game results and the burning sports issues of the day Monday Night Countdown Weekly recap show aired on Monday evenings during the NFL season also serves as the pre game show for Monday Night Football Outside the Lines Talk and debate show that examines critical sports issues on and off the field of play Pardon the Interruption A daily afternoon talk show where Tony Kornheiser and Michael Wilbon debate an array of sports topics SportsCenter The flagship program of ESPN a daily sports news program delivering the latest sports news and highlights Sunday NFL Countdown Weekly preview show that airs on Sunday mornings during the NFL season This Just In with Max Kellerman A daily afternoon talk show with news opinion and analysisMany of ESPN s documentary programs such as 30 for 30 and Nine for IX are produced by ESPN Films a film division created in March 2008 as a restructuring of ESPN Original Entertainment a programming division that was originally formed in 2001 30 for 30 started airing in 2009 and continues airing to this day Each episode is through the eyes of a well known filmmaker and has featured some of the biggest directors in Hollywood 20 The 30 for 30 film O J Made in America won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2017 the first such Oscar for ESPN 21 Ultimate Fighting Championship signed a 5 year contract with ESPN starting 2019 22 on ESPN and ESPN which estimate every quarter 2 event on UFC on ESPN and 6 events on UFC Fight Night on ESPN 23 In March 2019 ESPN announced a new betting themed daily program Daily Wager hosted by the network s gambling analyst Doug Kezirian 24 The program was ESPN s first regularly scheduled program solely dedicated to gaming related content On May 14 2019 ESPN announced a deal with casino operator Caesars Entertainment to establish an ESPN branded studio at The LINQ Hotel amp Casino in Las Vegas to produce betting themed content 25 In search of a new strategic direction that will reduce the impact of covid on business in 2021 The Walt Disney CEO Bob Chapek during Q4 FY21 Earnings Conference with investor told that the company ready to expand gambling meaning ESPN department We re also moving towards a greater presence in online sports betting and given our reaching scale we have the potential to partner with third parties in this space in a very meaningful way 26 27 28 Related channels EditESPN on ABC Edit Main article ESPN on ABC Since September 2006 ESPN has been integrated with the sports division of sister broadcast network ABC with sports events televised on that network airing under the banner ESPN on ABC 29 much of ABC s sports coverage since the rebranding has become increasingly limited to secondary coverage of sporting events whose broadcast rights are held by ESPN such as NBA games NHL games and the X Games and its related qualifying events as well as a limited array of event coverage not broadcast on ESPN most notably the NBA Finals ESPN2 Edit Main article ESPN2 ESPN2 was launched on October 1 1993 It carried a broad mix of event coverage from conventional sports including auto racing college basketball and NHL hockey to extreme sports such as BMX skateboarding and motocross 30 The ESPN BottomLine a ticker displaying sports news and scores during all programming that is now used by all of ESPN s networks originated on ESPN2 in 1995 31 In the late 1990s ESPN2 was gradually reformatted to serve as a secondary outlet for ESPN s mainstream sports programming 32 ESPN Classic Edit Main article ESPN Classic ESPNClassic is a subscription television network that launched in 1995 as Classic Sports Network founded by Brian Bedol and Steve Greenberg ESPN Inc purchased Classic Sports Network in 1997 for 175 million 33 rebranding the channel to its current name the following year The channel broadcasts notable archived sporting events originally including events from past decades but now focusing mainly on events from the 1990s and later sports documentaries and sports themed movies ESPNews Edit Main article ESPNews ESPNews is a subscription television network that was launched on November 1 1996 originally focusing solely on sports news highlight s and press conferences Since August 2010 the network has gradually incorporated encores of ESPN s various sports debate and entertainment shows and video simulcasts of ESPN Radio shows in addition to sports news programming which since the 2013 cancellation of Highlight Express 34 consists mainly of additional runs of SportsCenter ESPNews also serves as an overflow feed due to programming conflicts caused by sporting events on the other ESPN networks ESPN Deportes Edit Main article ESPN Deportes ESPN Deportes Spanish pronunciation i es piˈen deˈpoɾtes ESPN Sports is a subscription television network that was originally launched in July 2001 to provide Spanish simulcasts of certain Major League Baseball telecasts from ESPN It became a 24 hour sports channel in January 2004 ESPNU Edit Main article ESPNU ESPNU is a subscription television network that launched on March 4 2005 and focuses on college athletics including basketball football baseball college swimming and ice hockey Longhorn Network Edit Main article Longhorn Network The LonghornNetwork is a subscription television network that was launched on August 26 2011 focusing on events from the Texas Longhorns varsity sports teams of the University of Texas at Austin 35 It features events from the 20 sports sanctioned by the Texas Longhorns athletics department along with original programming including historical academic and cultural content SEC Network Edit Main article SEC Network SECNetwork is a subscription television network that launched on August 14 2014 focusing on the coverage of sporting events sanctioned by the Southeastern Conference Created as a result of a 20 year broadcast partnership between the two entities the network is a joint venture between the conference and ESPN Inc which operates the network 36 37 ACC Network Edit Main article ACC Network Launching on August 22 2019 the ACCNetwork is a subscription television networkthath focuses on the sporting events of the Atlantic Coast Conference as part of a current agreement extending to the 2036 37 academic term as a joint venture of network operator ESPN Inc and the ACC 38 Other services Edit ESPN HDDESPN launched it s high definition simulcast feed originally branded as ESPNHD on March 30 2003 with a broadcast of the Texas Rangers and the Los Angeles Angels then the Anaheim Angels 39 All studio shows based in Bristol and at L A Live along with most live event telecasts on ESPN are broadcast in high definition ESPN is one of the few television networks with an all digital infrastructure Archived non HD programming is presented in 4 3 standard definition with stylized pillarboxing Pardon the Interruption and Around the Horn began airing in HD on September 27 2010 with the relocation of the production of both shows into the facility housing the Washington D C bureau for ABC News 40 ESPN as with Disney ABC s other television networks broadcasts HD programming in the 720p resolution format this because ABC executives had proposed a progressive scan signal that resolves fluid and high speed motion in sports better particularly during slow motion replays 41 The network s Digital Center itself natively holds 2160p UHD 4K operations and equipment 42 43 In 2011 ESPNHD began to downplay its distinct promotional logo in preparation for the conversion of its standard definition feed from a 4 3 full screen to a letterboxed format via the application of the AFD 10 display flag which occurred on June 1 of that year WatchESPNWatchESPN was a website for desktop computers as well as an application for smartphones and tablet computers that allows subscribers of participating pay TV providers to watch live streams of programming from ESPN and its sister networks except for ESPN Classic including most sporting events on computers mobile devices Apple TV Roku and Xbox Live via their TV Everywhere login provided by their cable provider The service originally launched on October 25 2010 as ESPN Networks a streaming service that provided a live stream of ESPN exclusive to Time Warner Cable subscribers 44 ESPN3 an online streaming service providing live streams and replays of global sports events that launched in 2005 as a separate website 45 was incorporated into the WatchESPN platform on August 31 2011 46 Likewise ESPN was launched in April 2018 as an add on subscription for 4 99 per month 47 On June 1 2019 WatchESPN was discontinued the service s full merger into the ESPN app citation needed ESPN EventsESPN Regional Television formerly branded as ESPN Plus is the network s syndication arm which produces collegiate sporting events for free to air television stations throughout the United States primarily those affiliated with networks such as The CW and MyNetworkTV or independent stations ESPN Plus syndicates college football and basketball games from the American Athletic Conference Big 12 Conference 48 Mid American Conference Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Sun Belt Conference and the Western Athletic Conference citation needed ESPN on SnapchatESPN distributes various content on Snapchat Discover including a Snapchat only version of SportsCenter citation needed ESPN MVPESPN MVP initially known as Mobile ESPN was a 2005 attempt at having ESPN operate a mobile virtual network operator with exclusive mobile content first as a feature phone then after ESPN MVP s termination into a Verizon Wireless paid service Technologies developed for it have since been transferred to the network s successful mobile strategy in the smartphone era citation needed International channels EditMain article ESPN International ESPN owns and operates regional channels in Brazil Caribbean Latin America Netherlands Oceania and Sub Saharan Africa In Canada ESPN is a minority owner of The Sports Network TSN and the French language Reseau des sports RDS ESPN also has a minority stake in J Sports in Japan As executive vice president and managing director Russell Wolff is responsible for all of ESPN s businesses outside of the United States He is based in New York and reports directly to Jimmy Pitaro Wolff serves on the boards of CTV Specialty Television Inc and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences 49 In popular culture EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message ESPN has been a part of popular culture since its inception Many movies with a general sports theme will include ESPN announcers and programming their storylines Many jokes have been made by comedians about fake obscure sports that are shown on ESPN Dennis Miller mentioned watching sumo rodeo while George Carlin stated that ESPN showed Australian dick wrestling One of several Saturday Night Live sketches poking fun at the network features a fictional ESPN2 program called Scottish Soccer Hooligan Weekly which includes a fake advertisement for Senior Women s Beach Lacrosse An occasional joke used in comedic television and film involves people getting ESP the common abbreviation for extrasensory perception which was coincidentally the working abbreviation for the channebeforeto its launch confused with ESPN often including someone saying a sentence along the lines of I know these kinds of things I ve got ESPN There are also at least 22 children that are named after the network 50 51 Criticism EditMain article Criticism of ESPN ESPN has been criticized for focusing too much on men s college and professional sports and very little on women s sports or other extreme sports 52 Baseball ice hockey and soccer fans have also criticized ESPN for not giving their respective sports more coverage 53 54 Other criticism has focused on ethnicity in ESPN s varying mediated forms as well as carriage fees and issues regarding the exportation of ESPN content 55 Some critics argue that ESPN s success is their ability to provide other enterprise and investigative sports news while competing with other hard sports news producing outlets such as Yahoo Sports and Fox Sports 56 Some scholars have challenged ESPN s journalistic integrity calling for an expanded standard of professionalism to prevent biased coverage and conflicts of interest 57 On October 8 2019 Deadspin reported that an internal memo was sent to ESPN employees instructing them to avoid any political discussions regarding the People s Republic of China and Hong Kong in the aftermath of a tweet by Rockets general manager Daryl Morey 58 Awards EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2022 National Hispanic Media Coalition s Outstanding Commitment and Outreach to the Latino Community 2016 59 ESPN has now won 232 Sports Emmy Awards in 35 years of eligibilitySee also EditList of ESPN personalities List of past ESPN personalities ESPN 3D ESPN Wieden KennedyReferences Edit Couch Teri January 2 1980 ESPN Inc 1979 in Review ESPN com Retrieved August 29 2022 The sports television landscape was changed forever on September 7 1979 with the launch of the world s first all sports satellite delivered cable television network The Entertainment and Sports Programming Network based in Bristol Conn is beamed to affiliate systems nationwide on Satcom I Transponder 7 and is now seen in approximately four million U S households ESPN is led by former NBC Sports president Chester R Simmons a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link What does ESPN stand for ESPN com ESPN Internet Ventures LLC Retrieved September 8 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link James Meg November 23 2011 John Skipper is promoted to ESPN president Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 27 2012 Retrieved January 24 2012 Geography lesson Breaking down the bias in ESPN s coverage Archived June 20 2019 at the Wayback Machine ESPN com August 15 2008 ESPN Pay TV Carriage Fell Another 10 to End Fiscal 2021 at 76 Million U S Households November 24 2021 Retrieved November 25 2021 ESPN Inc Archived April 15 2008 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopaedia Britannica a b c d e f Kleinfield N R May 1 1984 ABC TO ACQUIRE ESPN AS TEXACO SELLS ITS 72 The New York Times Retrieved August 30 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Potts Mark May 1 1984 ABC to Buy Texaco s ESPN Cable Channel The Washington Post Retrieved August 30 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link 40 Years of Top Rank Boxing on ESPN April 10 2020 a b Wolverton Brad Lopez Rivera Marisa Killough Ashley C September 4 2009 A Powerful League Piles Up Its Advantages Chronicle of Higher Education Vol 56 no 2 pp A1 A28 Archived from the original on November 11 2015 Retrieved November 11 2015 Goodwin Michael December 29 1987 ESPN Ends Season in Middle of Pack The New York Times Vise David A March 19 1985 Capital Cities Communications To Buy ABC for 3 5 Billion The Washington Post Archived from the original on December 23 2017 Retrieved December 23 2017 Geraldine Fabrikant January 5 1996 THE MEDIA BUSINESS Disney and ABC Shareholders Solidly Approve Merger Deal The New York Times Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved July 8 2013 Richard Deitsch April 26 2017 ESPN layoffs Firings list details on state at network SI com Sports Illustrated Archived from the original on August 30 2017 Retrieved October 28 2017 Joe Drape and Brooks Barnes April 26 2017 A Struggling ESPN Lays Off Many On Air Personalities The New York Times Archived from the original on April 29 2017 Retrieved April 26 2017 Katherine Peralta April 26 2017 ESPN layoffs hit Charlotte offices The Charlotte Observer Archived from the original on April 26 2017 Retrieved April 27 2017 Ian Casselberry April 27 2017 ESPN cutting Baseball Tonight to Sundays only partnering with MLB Network on Intentional Talk Awful Announcing Awful Announcing Archived from the original on April 28 2017 Retrieved April 27 2017 ESPN will launch on April 12th for 4 99 per month The Verge Archived from the original on April 2 2018 Retrieved April 3 2018 Hayes Dade Pedersen Erik April 27 2021 Turner amp NHL Ice Seven Year Rights Deal Including Some Playoff amp Stanley Cup Final Games HBO Max Deadline Retrieved April 27 2021 Welcome TheTVDB com thetvdb com Archived from the original on June 17 2020 Retrieved March 15 2020 O J Made In America wins best documentary feature Oscar ESPN February 27 2017 Archived from the original on July 1 2019 Retrieved July 1 2019 ESPN wrestles UFC television rights deal from Fox Sports USA Today Archived from the original on May 23 2018 Retrieved January 30 2019 UFC announces 2019 first quarter schedule ESPN debut Jan 19 in Brooklyn MMAjunkie November 4 2018 Archived from the original on February 13 2019 Retrieved January 30 2019 Battaglio Stephen March 11 2019 ESPN launches Daily Wager as sports betting goes showtime Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on May 13 2019 Retrieved May 14 2019 Schulz Bailey May 14 2019 ESPN studio coming to The Linq Hotel on Las Vegas Strip Las Vegas Review Journal Archived from the original on May 14 2019 Retrieved May 14 2019 DIS The Walt Disney Company November 10 2021 Walt DisneCompanyny DIS CEO Bob Chapek on Q4 fiscal year 2021 earnings conference call Transcript Seekingalpha Retrieved January 20 2022 Alexander Liam November 18 2021 Disney starts the invasion of the online gambling industry Onlinerca Retrieved January 20 2022 Timothy L O Brien September 23 2021 Disney Builds a New Magic Kingdom in Sports Betting Bloomberg Retrieved January 20 2022 ESPN on ABC to debut during college football season ESPN Associated Press August 10 2006 Archived from the original on June 17 2020 Retrieved July 1 2019 Whether you get it or not ESPN2 has no tie to the tried and true Baltimore Sun October 1 1993 Archived from the original on October 1 2012 Retrieved September 25 2012 Hiestand Michael March 7 2008 Dedicated staff keeps close watch on ESPN s Bottom Line USA Today Archived from the original on April 9 2008 Retrieved March 27 2008 The Last Days Of ESPN2 February 1 2012 Deadspin February 2007 Archived from the original on May 23 2012 Retrieved September 26 2012 Whitford David May 25 2010 The king of the sports deal Fortune Archived from the original on May 22 2010 Retrieved June 2 2010 ESPN Cancels Highlight Express And Unite While Schwab Hoenig Among Layoffs Street amp Smith s Sports Business Daily June 13 2013 Archived from the original on June 16 2013 Retrieved June 14 2013 ESPN and University of Texas unveil Longhorn Network name and logo TexasSports com April 3 2011 Archived from the original on May 22 2013 Retrieved August 29 2014 SEC And ESPN Announce New TV Network SEC February 5 2013 Archived from the original on October 3 2013 Retrieved September 1 2013 SEC Releases 2014 Conference Football Schedule SEC August 21 2013 Archived from the original on August 23 2013 Retrieved September 1 2013 ACC Network set to launch in August 2019 ESPN com Archived from the original on January 9 2019 Retrieved November 30 2018 On This Day in ESPN History ESPN HD debuts ESPN Front Row March 30 2016 Archived from the original on November 9 2018 Retrieved November 8 2018 ESPN Yakkers Go HD Next Week Archived September 22 2010 at the Wayback Machine TVPredictions com September 20 2010 The HD Experience PDF ESPN Archived from the original PDF on March 9 2008 Retrieved July 5 2011 Butts Tom May 28 2014 ESPN Opens New Digital Center TV Technology Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 McCracken Harry June 13 2016 The Technology Behind ESPN S Digital Transformation Fast Company Archived from the original on August 18 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 Phillips Amy October 22 2010 Time Warner Cable Customers Can Now Watch ESPN and ESPN3 com On Their Computer ESPN Inc Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved September 6 2012 Roberts Daniel January 22 2014 ESPN s secret web weapon ESPN3 Fortune Archived from the original on August 21 2014 Retrieved August 20 2014 Nagle Dave January 6 2012 ESPN Inc 2011 in Review ESPN Inc Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved September 6 2012 ESPN will launch on April 12th for 4 99 per month April 2 2018 Archived from the original on June 26 2018 Retrieved October 3 2018 Men抯 Basketball Television FAQ Big12Sports com Archived from the original on September 3 2014 Retrieved August 29 2014 ESPN International Fact Sheet ESPN Press Room Caribbean Retrieved July 25 2022 Texas toddler at least third named ESPN ESPN June 16 2006 Archived from the original on June 20 2019 Retrieved July 1 2019 Hiestand Michael February 7 2006 Lampley nearing most called Olympics USA Today Archived from the original on January 8 2009 Retrieved June 9 2008 ESPN says it s heard of at least 22 babies named ESPN Lavelle Katherine L 2015 Chapter 10 The ESPN Effect Representation of Women in 30 for 30 Films The ESPN effect exploring the worldwide leader in sports McGuire John 1961 Armfield Greg G Earnheardt Adam C 1970 New York ISBN 978 1 4331 2600 0 OCLC 917889678 Steinberg Dan ESPN just gutted its hockey coverage in the middle of the Stanley Cup playoffs Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on December 3 2020 Retrieved April 17 2020 ESPN is another smack in the face for soccer fans World Soccer Talk April 10 2018 Archived from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved June 28 2018 Earnheardt Adam C July 17 2015 Chapter 20 Afterword Challenging the Worldwide Leader in Sports In McGuire John Armfield Greg Earnheardt Adam C eds The ESPN Effect Exploring the Worldwide Leader in Sports New York Peter Lang pp 265 270 ISBN 978 1 4331 2600 0 Badenhausen Kurt November 9 2012 Why ESPN Is Worth 40 Billion As The World s Most Valuable Media Property Forbes Archived from the original on February 24 2018 Retrieved February 23 2018 Oates T P Pauly J 2007 Sports journalism as moral and ethical discourse Journal of Mass Media Ethics 22 4 332 347 doi 10 1080 08900520701583628 S2CID 143559022 Internal Memo ESPN Forbids Discussion Of Chinese Politics When Discussing Daryl Morey s Tweet About Chinese Politics Deadspin October 8 2019 Archived from the original on October 13 2019 Retrieved October 8 2019 Pasadena Based National Hispanic Media Coalition Honors Positive Portrayals of Latinos in Media Pasadena Now www pasadenanow com Retrieved August 4 2021 Bibliography EditMcGuire John Armfield Greg G Earnheardt Adam C eds 2015 The ESPN Effect The Making of a Sports Media Empire New York Peter Lang ISBN 978 1 4331 2600 0 Miller James Andrew Shales Tom 2011 Those Guys Have All the Fun Inside the World of ESPN New York Little Brow n and Company ISBN 978 0 316 04300 7 Vogan Travis 2015 ESPN The Making of a Sports Media Empire Urbana University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 03976 8 External links EditOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title ESPN amp oldid 1132863385, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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