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Qualcomm

February 15, 2024

Qualcomm Incorporated (/ˈkwɒlkɒm/)[2] is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego, California, and incorporated in Delaware.[3] It creates semiconductors, software, and services related to wireless technology. It owns patents critical to the 5G,[4] 4G,[4] CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards.

Qualcomm Incorporated
Headquarters in San Diego, California
Company typePublic
IndustryTelecoms equipments
Semiconductors
FoundedJuly 1985; 38 years ago (1985-07)
Founders
Headquarters
San Diego, California
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
ProductsCDMA/WCDMA chipsets, Snapdragon, BREW, OmniTRACS, MediaFLO, QChat, mirasol displays, uiOne, Gobi, Qizx, CPU
Revenue US$35.82 billion (2023)
US$7.788 billion (2023)
US$7.232 billion (2023)
Total assets US$51.04 billion (2023)
Total equity US$21.58 billion (2023)
Number of employees
c. 50,000 (2023)
Subsidiaries
Websitequalcomm.com
Footnotes / references
Financials as of September 24, 2023.[1]

Qualcomm was established in 1985 by Irwin Jacobs and six other co-founders. Its early research into CDMA wireless cell phone technology was funded by selling a two-way mobile digital satellite communications system known as Omnitracs. After a heated debate in the wireless industry, CDMA was adopted as a 2G standard in North America with Qualcomm's patents incorporated.[5] Afterwards there was a series of legal disputes about pricing for licensing patents required by the standard.[citation needed]

Over the years, Qualcomm has expanded into selling semiconductor products in a predominantly fabless manufacturing model. It also developed semiconductor components or software for vehicles, watches, laptops, wi-fi, smartphones, and other devices.

History edit

Early history edit

Qualcomm was created in July 1985[6][5] by seven former Linkabit employees led by Irwin Jacobs.[7] Other co-founders included Andrew Viterbi, Franklin Antonio, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, and Harvey White.[8] The company was named Qualcomm for "Quality Communications".[9] It started as a contract research and development center[10] largely for government and defense projects.[7][11]

Qualcomm merged with Omninet in 1988 and raised $3.5 million in funding to produce the Omnitracs satellite communications system for trucking companies.[7] Qualcomm grew from eight employees in 1986 to 620 employees in 1991, due to demand for Omnitracs.[12] By 1989, Qualcomm had $32 million in revenue, 50 percent of which was from an Omnitracs contract with Schneider National.[7][13] Omnitracs profits helped fund Qualcomm's research and development into code-division multiple access (CDMA) technologies for cell phone networks.[10][14]

1990–2015 edit

Qualcomm was operating at a loss in the 1990s due to its investment in CDMA research.[10][14] To obtain funding, the company filed an initial public offering in September 1991[15] raising $68 million.[7] An additional $486 million was raised in 1995 through the sale of 11.5 million more shares. The second funding round was done to raise money for the mass manufacturing of CDMA-based phones, base-stations, and equipment, after most US-based cellular networks announced they would adopt the CDMA standard.[10] The company had $383 million in annual revenue in 1995[16] and $814 million by 1996.[17]

In 1998, Qualcomm was restructured, leading to a 700-employee layoff. Its base station and cell-phone manufacturing businesses were spun-off in order to focus on its higher-margin patents and chipset businesses.[7][10]: 310–311  Since the base station division was losing $400M a year (having never sold another base station after making its 10th sale), profits skyrocketed in the following year, and Qualcomm was the fastest growing stock on the market with a 2,621 percent growth over one year.[18][19][20] By 2000, Qualcomm had grown to 6,300 employees, $3.2 billion in revenues, and $670 million in profit. 39 percent of its sales were from CDMA technology, followed by licensing (22%), wireless (22%), and other products (17%).[10] Around this time, Qualcomm established offices in Europe, Asia Pacific, and Latin America.[10]: 316  By 2001, 65 percent of Qualcomm's revenues originated from outside the United States with 35 percent coming from South Korea.[10]: 19 

In 2005, Paul E. Jacobs, son of Qualcomm founder Irwin Jacobs, was appointed as Qualcomm's new CEO.[21] Whereas Irwin Jacobs focused on CDMA patents, Paul Jacobs refocused much of Qualcomm's new research and development on projects related to the Internet of things.[21] In the same year they acquired Flarion Technologies, a developer of wireless broadband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) technology.[22]

Qualcomm announced Steven Mollenkopf would succeed Paul Jacobs as CEO in December 2013.[23][24] Mollenkopf said he would expand Qualcomm's focus to wireless technology for cars, wearable devices, and other new markets.[25][26]

2015–present: NXP, Broadcom and NUVIA edit

Qualcomm announced its intent to acquire NXP Semiconductors for $47 billion in October 2016.[27] The deal was approved by U.S. antitrust regulators in April 2017[28] with some standard-essential patents excluded to get the deal approved by antitrust regulators.[29][30]

As the NXP acquisition was ongoing, Broadcom made a $103 billion offer to acquire Qualcomm,[31][32] and Qualcomm rejected the offer.[33] Broadcom attempted a hostile takeover,[34] and raised its offer, eventually to $121 billion.[35] The potential Broadcom acquisition was investigated by the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment[36] and blocked by an executive order from former U.S. President Donald Trump, citing national security concerns.[37]

Qualcomm's NXP acquisition then became a part of the 2018 China–United States trade war.[38] U.S. President Donald Trump blocked China-based ZTE Corporation from buying American-made components, such as those from Qualcomm.[38][39] The ZTE restriction was lifted after the two countries reached an agreement,[40] but then Trump raised tariffs against Chinese goods.[38] Qualcomm extended a tender offer to NXP at least 29 times pending Chinese approval,[41] before abandoning the deal in July 2018.[42][43]

On January 6, 2021, Qualcomm appointed its president and chip division head Cristiano Amon as its new chief executive.[44]

On January 13, 2021, Qualcomm announced it would acquire NUVIA, a server CPU startup founded in early 2019 by ex-Apple and ex-Google architects, for approximately $1.4 billion.[45][46] The acquisition was completed in March 2021, and it was announced that its first products would be laptop CPUs, shipping in the second half of 2022.[47]

In March 2022, Qualcomm acquired the advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous driving software brand Arriver from the investment company SSW Partners.[48]

In June 2022, Qualcomm acquired Israeli startup Cellwize through its investment arm Qualcomm Ventures.[49]

In August 2022, Bloomberg News reported that Qualcomm was planning to return to server CPU market based on NUVIA's product.[50] Later that month, Arm Ltd. announced that it sued Qualcomm and NUVIA for breaching license agreements and trademark violations.[51] Arm cited that the chip designs using Arm licenses developed by NUVIA could not be transferred to its parent Qualcomm without permission.[52] Qualcomm indicated that its licenses with Arm cover custom-designed processors.[52]

In January 2023, the company announced a new partnership with Salesforce to develop a connected vehicle platform for automakers using the Snapdragon digital chassis. [53]

In May 2023, Qualcomm announced their intent to purchase Israeli fabless chipmaking company Autotalks for a reported $350–400 million. The purchase is subject to review by the Competition and Markets Authority.[54][55]

In September 2023, the company announced that it had signed a contract rumored to be worth $75 million per year for its Snapdragon brand to be the primary shirt sponsor for English football club Manchester United starting with the 2024–25 season, replacing German company TeamViewer.[56]

In October 2023, Qualcomm introduced the Snapdragon X series, a computing platform for Windows PCs which includes a custom ARM-based Oryon CPU (from NUVIA acquisition), a GPU, and a dedicated neural processing unit.[57][58]

Wireless CDMA edit

2G edit

Early history edit

In mid-1985, Qualcomm was hired by Hughes Aircraft to provide research and testing for a satellite network proposal to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[7]: 38  The following year, Qualcomm filed its first CDMA patent (No. 4,901,307).[7] This patent established Qualcomm's overall approach to CDMA[7] and later became one of the most frequently cited technical documents in history.[59]: 84  The project with the FCC was scrapped in 1988, when the FCC told all twelve vendors that submitted proposals to form a joint venture to create a single proposal.[7]: 38 

Qualcomm further developed the CDMA techniques for commercial use and submitted them to the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA) in 1989 as an alternative to the time-division multiple access (TDMA) standard for second-generation cell-phone networks.[7]: 49  A few months later, CTIA officially rejected Qualcomm's CDMA standard[60] in favor of the more established TDMA standard developed by Ericsson.[10][17]

At the time, CDMA wasn't considered viable in high-volume commercial applications due to the near-far field effect, whereby phones closer to a cell tower with a stronger signal drown out callers that are further away and have a weaker signal.[7]: 54–55, 62–65 [61] Qualcomm filed three additional patents in 1989. They were for: a power management system that adjusts the signal strength of each call to adjust for the near-far field effect; a "soft handoff" methodology for transferring callers from one cell-tower to the next; and a variable rate encoder, which reduces bandwidth usage when a caller isn't speaking.[7]: 54–55, 62–65 [61]

Holy wars of wireless edit

After the FCC said carriers were allowed to implement standards not approved by the CTIA, Qualcomm began pitching its CDMA technology directly to carriers.[7] This started what is often referred to as "the Holy Wars of Wireless", an often heated debate about whether TDMA or CDMA was better suited for 2G networks.[7]: 117–120  Qualcomm-supported CDMA standards eventually unseated TDMA as the more popular 2G standard in North America, due to its network capacity.[17]

Qualcomm conducted CDMA test demonstrations in 1989[62] in San Diego and in 1990 in New York City.[63][64] In 1990, Nynex Mobile Communications and Ameritech Mobile Communications were the first carriers to implement CDMA networks instead of TDMA.[63] Motorola, a prior TDMA advocate, conducted CDMA test implementations in Hong Kong and Los Angeles.[65][61] This was followed by a $2 million trial network in San Diego for Airtouch Communications.[17][64]: 177  In November 1991, 14 carriers and manufacturers conducted large-scale CDMA field tests.[17][66]

Results from the test implementations convinced CTIA to re-open discussions regarding CDMA and the 2G standard.[67] CTIA changed its position and supported CDMA in 1993,[17] adopting Qualcomm's CDMA as the IS-95A standard, also known as cdmaOne.[68] This prompted widespread criticism in forums, trade press, and conventions from businesses that had already invested heavily in the TDMA standard and from TDMA's developer, Ericsson.[17][67]

The first commercial-scale CDMA cellular network was created in Hong Kong in 1995.[68] On July 21, 1995, Primeco, which represented a joint venture of Bell Atlantic, Nynex, US West and AirTouch Communications, announced it was going to implement CDMA-based services[17] on networks in 15 states.[68] By this time, 11 out of 14 of the world's largest networks supported CDMA.[17][69] By 1997 CDMA had 57 percent of the US market, whereas 14 percent of the market was on TDMA.[17]

International edit

In 1991, Qualcomm and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) agreed to jointly develop CDMA technologies for the Korean telecommunications infrastructure.[70][71] A CDMA standard was adopted as the national wireless standard in Korea in May 1993[7] with commercial CDMA networks being launched in 1996.[71][70] CDMA networks were also launched in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, India, and Venezuela.[72][73] Qualcomm entered the Russian and Latin American markets in 2005.[7] By 2007, Qualcomm's technology was in cell phone networks in more than 105 countries.[72] Qualcomm also formed licensing agreements with Nokia in Europe, Nortel in Canada, and with Matsushita and Mitsubishi in Japan.[10]

Qualcomm entered the Chinese market through a partnership with China Unicom in 2000,[10] which launched the first CDMA-based network in China in 2003.[73] China became a major market for Qualcomm's semiconductor products, representing more than fifty percent of its revenues,[74] but also the source of many legal disputes regarding Qualcomm's intellectual property.[75] By 2007, $500 million of Qualcomm's annual revenues were coming from Korean manufacturers.[76]

Manufacturing edit

Initially, Qualcomm's manufacturing operations were limited to a small ASIC design and manufacturing team to support the Omnitracs system.[7] Qualcomm was forced to expand into manufacturing in the 1990s in order to produce the hardware carriers needed to implement CDMA networks that used Qualcomm's intellectual property.[7] Qualcomm's first large manufacturing project was in May 1993, in a deal to provide 36,000 CDMA phones to US West.[7][64]

For a time, Qualcomm experienced delays and other manufacturing problems, because it was inexperienced with mass manufacturing.[10] In 1994, Qualcomm partnered with Northern Telecom and formed a joint partnership with Sony, in order to leverage their manufacturing expertise.[62] Nokia, Samsung and Motorola introduced their own CDMA phones in 1997.[62] Qualcomm's manufacturing business was losing money due to large capital equipment costs and declining prices caused by competition.[62][59][7] Also, in March 1997, after Qualcomm introduced its Q phone, Motorola initiated a lawsuit (settled out of court in 2000) for allegedly copying the design of its Startac phone.[77][78]

In December 1999, Qualcomm sold its manufacturing interests to Kyocera Corporation, a Japanese CDMA manufacturer and Qualcomm licensee.[79][80] Qualcomm's infrastructure division was sold to competitor Ericsson in 1999 as part of an out-of-court agreement for a CDMA patent dispute that started in 1996.[81][82] The sale of the infrastructure division marked the beginning of an increase in Qualcomm's stock price and stronger financial performance, but many of the 1,200 employees involved were discontented working for a competitor and losing their stock options.[81][83] This led to a protracted legal dispute regarding employee stock options, resulting in $74 million in settlements by 2005.[7]

3G edit

3G standards were expected to force prior TDMA carriers onto CDMA, in order to meet 3G bandwidth goals.[59][84] The two largest GSM manufacturers, Nokia and Ericsson, advocated for a greater role for GSM,[85] in order to negotiate lower royalty prices from Qualcomm.[84] In 1998, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) voted in support of the WCDMA standard, which relied less on Qualcomm's CDMA patents.[86] Qualcomm responded by refusing to license its intellectual property for the standard.[84]

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the Third Generation Partnership Program 2, advocated for a competing CDMA-2000 standard developed primarily by Qualcomm.[87][88] American and European politicians advocated for the CDMA-2000 and WCDMA standards respectively.[7][84] The ITU said it would exclude Qualcomm's CDMA technology from the 3G standards entirely if a patent dispute over the technology with Ericsson was not resolved.[7][89] The two reached an agreement out-of-court in 1999, one month before a deadline set by the ITU. Both companies agreed to cross-license their technology to each other[89]: 30  and to work together on 3G standards.[90]

A compromise was eventually reached whereby the ITU would initially endorse three standards: CDMA2000 1X, WCDMA and TD-SCDMA.[84] Qualcomm agreed to license its CDMA patents for variants such as WCDMA.[84] There were 240 million CDMA 3G subscribers by 2004 and 143 carriers in 67 countries by 2005.[64] Qualcomm claimed to own 38 percent of WCDMA's essential patents, whereas European GSM interests sponsored a research paper alleging Qualcomm only owned 19 percent.[59]

Qualcomm consolidated its interests in telecommunications carriers, such as Cricket Communications and Pegaso into a holding company, Leap Wireless, in 1998.[91][10] Leap was spun-off later that year[92] and sold to AT&T in 2014.[92]

4G edit

Qualcomm initially advocated for the CDMA-based Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) standard for fourth generation wireless networks.[93] UMB wasn't backwards compatible with prior CDMA networks and didn't operate as well in narrow bandwidths as the LTE (long-term evolution) standard. No cellular networks adopted UMB.[94] Qualcomm halted development of UMB in 2005 and decided to support the LTE standard,[95][96] even though it didn't rely as heavily on Qualcomm patents.[97] Then, Qualcomm purchased LTE-related patents through acquisitions.[98] By 2012, Qualcomm held 81 seminal patents used in 4G LTE standards, or 12.46 percent.[99]

Qualcomm also became more focused on using its intellectual property to manufacture semiconductors in a fabless manufacturing model.[100] A VLSI Technology Organization division was founded in 2004, followed by a DFX group in 2006, which did more of the manufacturing design in-house.[101] Qualcomm announced it was developing the Scorpion central processing unit (CPU) for mobile devices in November 2005.[102][103] This was followed by the first shipments of the Snapdragon system-on-chip product, which includes a CPU, GPS, graphics processing unit, camera support and other software and semiconductors,[104] in November 2007.[105] The Gobi family of modems for portable devices was released in 2008.[106][107] Gobi modems were embedded in many laptop brands[108][109] and Snapdragon system on chips were embedded into most Android devices.[110]

Qualcomm won a government auction in India in 2010 for $1 billion in spectrum and licenses from which to offer broadband services. It formed four joint ventures with Indian holding companies for this purpose. A 49 percent stake in the holding companies was acquired by Bharti in May 2012 and the remaining was acquired in October 2012[111] by AT&T.[112]

5G edit

According to Fortune Magazine, Qualcomm has been developing technologies for future 5G standards in three areas: radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to, creating larger ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces, and a set of services for Internet of things applications.[113] Qualcomm's first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016[114] and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017.[115] Qualcomm's first 5G antennas were announced in July 2018.[116] As of 2018, Qualcomm had partnerships with 19 mobile device manufacturers and 18 carriers to commercialize 5G technology.[117] By late 2019, several phones were being sold with Qualcomm's 5G technology incorporated.[118]

Software and other technology edit

Early software edit

Qualcomm acquired an email application called Eudora in 1991.[119] By 1996, Eudora was installed on 63 percent of PCs.[120] Microsoft Outlook eclipsed Eudora, since it was provided for free by default on Windows-based machines.[121] By 2003 Qualcomm's Eudora was the most popular alternative to Microsoft Outlook, but still had only a five percent share of the market.[122] Software development for Eudora was retired in 2006.[121]

In 2001, Qualcomm introduced Brew, a smartphone app development service[123][124][125] with APIs to access contacts, billing, app-stores, or multimedia on the phone.[124] South Korean carrier KTFreeTel was the first to adopt the Brew system in November 2001, followed by Verizon in March 2002[126] for its "Get it Now" program. There were 2.5 million Brew users by the end of 2002 and 73 million in 2003.[64]

Other technology edit

In 2004, Qualcomm created a MediaFLO subsidiary to bring its FLO (forward link only) specification to market. Qualcomm built an $800 million MediaFLO network of cell towers to supplement carrier networks with one that is designed for multimedia.[127][128] In comparison to cellular towers that provide two-way communications with each cell phone individually, MediaFLO towers would broadcast multimedia content to mobile phones in a one-way broadcast.[129][130] Qualcomm also sold FLO-based semiconductors and licenses.[131][132]

Qualcomm created the FLO Forum standards group with 15 industry participants in July 2005.[133] Verizon was the first carrier to partner with MediaFlo in December 2005[130] for its Verizon Wireless' V Cast TV,[134] which was followed by the AT&T Mobile TV service a couple months later.[135][136] The MediaFlo service was launched on Super Bowl Sunday in 2007.[137] Despite the interest the service got among carriers, it was unpopular among consumers.[137][138][139] The service required users to pay for a subscription and have phones that were equipped with special semiconductors.[138][139] The service was discontinued in 2011 and its spectrum was sold to AT&T for $1.93 billion.[138][139] Qualcomm rebooted the effort in 2013 with LTE Broadcast, which uses pre-existing cell towers to broadcast select content locally on a dedicated spectrum, such as during major sporting events.[138][140]

Based on technology acquired from Iridigm in 2004 for $170 million,[141] Qualcomm began commercializing Mirasol displays in 2007, which was expanded into eight products in 2008.[142] Mirasol uses natural light shining on a screen to provide lighting for the display, rather a backlight, in order to reduce power consumption.[143] The amount of space between the surface of the display and a mirror within a 10 micron-wide "interferometric modulator" determines the color of the reflected light.[144] Mirasol was eventually closed down after an attempt to revive it in 2013 in Toq watches.[145]

In June 2011, Qualcomm introduced AllJoyn, a wireless standard for communicating between devices like cell phones, televisions, air-conditioners, and refrigerators.[146][147][148] The Alljoyn technology was donated to the Linux Foundation in December 2013. Qualcomm and the Linux Foundation then formed the Allseen Alliance to administer the standard[146][149] and Qualcomm developed products that used the AllJoyn standard[150][151][152] In December 2011, Qualcomm formed a healthcare subsidiary called Qualcomm Life. Simultaneously, the subsidiary released a cloud-based service for managing clinical data called 2net and the Qualcomm Life Fund, which invests in wireless healthcare technology companies.[153][154] The subsidiary doubled its employee-count by acquiring HealthyCircles Inc., a healthcare IT company, the following May.[155] Qualcomm life was later sold to a private equity firm, Francisco Partners, in 2019.[156]

Developments since 2016 edit

In 2016, Qualcomm developed its first beta processor chip for servers and PCs called "Server Development Platform" and sent samples for testing.[157] In January 2017, a second generation data center and PC server chip called Centriq 2400 was released.[157] PC Magazine said the release was "historic" for Qualcomm, because it was a new market segment for the company.[158] Qualcomm also created a Qualcomm Datacenter Technologies subsidiary to focus on the PCs and servers market.[159] In 2017, Qualcomm introduced embedded technology for 3D cameras intended for augmented reality apps,[160] and also developed and demonstrated laptop processors.[161]

In 2000, Qualcomm formed a joint venture with Ford called Wingcast, which created telematics equipment for cars, but was unsuccessful and closed down two years later.[162][163][164] Qualcomm acquired the wireless electric car charging company, HaloIPT, in November 2011[165] and later sold the company to WiTricity in February 2019.[166] Qualcomm also started introducing Snapdragon system-on-chips[167] and Gobi modems[168] and other software or semiconductor products for self-driving cars and modern in-car computers.[169][170]

In 2020, Qualcomm hired Baidu veteran, Nan Zhou, to head Qualcomm's push into AI.[171]

Patents and patent disputes edit

In 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Qualcomm's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 5th in the world, with 2,173 patent applications being published during 2020.[172] This position is down from their previous ranking as 4th in 2019 with 2,127 applications.[173] In 2017, Qualcomm owned more than 130,000 current or pending patents,[5] an increase from the early 2000s when Qualcomm had more than 1,000 patents.[174][175] As the sole early investor in CDMA research and development, Qualcomm's patent portfolio contains much of the intellectual property that is essential to CDMA technologies.[62]

Since many of Qualcomm's patents are part of an industry standard, the company has agreed to license those patents under "fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory" terms.[176] Qualcomm's royalties come out to about 5% or $30 per mobile device.[5] According to Fortune Magazine, this is about 5–10 times more than what is typically charged by other patent-holders.[176] Qualcomm says its patents are more expensive because they are more important and its pricing is within the range of common licensing practices.[176] However, competitors, clients, and regulators often allege Qualcomm charges unreasonable rates or engages in unfair competition for mandatory patents.[177]

Broadcom edit

In 2005, Broadcom and Qualcomm were unable to reach an agreement on cross-licensing their intellectual property,[178] and Broadcom sued Qualcomm alleging it was breaching ten Broadcom patents.[179][180] Broadcom asked the International Trade Commission to prohibit importing the affected technology.[179][181] A separate lawsuit alleged Qualcomm was threatening to withhold UMTS patent licenses against manufacturers that bought their semiconductors from competitors, in violation of the standards agreement.[182][183][184]

Qualcomm alleged Broadcom was using litigation as a negotiation tactic and that it would respond with its own lawsuits.[183][185] Qualcomm sued Broadcom, alleging it was using seven Qualcomm patents without permission.[186] By late 2006, more than 20 lawsuits had been filed between the two parties and both sides claimed to be winning.[187]

In September 2006, a New Jersey court judge ruled that Qualcomm's patent monopoly was an inherent aspect of creating industry standards and that Qualcomm's pricing practices were lawful.[187][188] In May 2007, a jury ordered Qualcomm to pay Broadcom $19.6 million for infringing on three Broadcom patents.[189] In June 2007, the ITC ruled that Qualcomm had infringed on at least one Broadcom patent and banned corresponding imports.[180][190] Qualcomm and Broadcom reached a settlement in April 2009, resulting in a cross-licensing agreement, a dismissal of all litigation and Qualcomm paying $891 million over four years.[191]

During the litigation, Qualcomm claimed it had never participated in the JVT standards-setting process.[192]: 153  However, an engineer's testimony led to discovery of 21 JVT-related emails Qualcomm lawyers had withheld from the court, and 200,000 pages of JVT-related documents.[193] Qualcomm's lawyers said the evidence was accidentally overlooked, whereas the judge said it was gross misconduct.[193][194][195] Qualcomm was fined $8.5 million for legal misconduct.[196] On appeal, the court held that Qualcomm could only enforce the related patents against non-JVT members, based on the agreements signed to participate in JVT.[192][197]: 7 

Nokia and Project Stockholm edit

Six large telecommunications companies[198] led by Nokia[199] filed a complaint against Qualcomm with the European Commission's antitrust division[199] in October 2005.[200] They alleged Qualcomm was abusing its market position to charge unreasonable rates for its patents.[201][202] Qualcomm alleged the six companies were colluding together under the code name Project Stockholm in a legal strategy to negotiate lower rates.[203][204][205] These events led to a protracted legal dispute.[198]

Qualcomm filed a series of patent-infringement lawsuits against Nokia in Europe, Asia, the US, and with the ITC.[206][207] The parties initiated more than one dozen lawsuits against one another.[207] Several companies filed antitrust complaints against Qualcomm with the Korean Fair Trade Commission,[208] who initiated an investigation into Qualcomm's practices in December 2006.[209] The dispute between Qualcomm and Nokia escalated, when their licensing agreement ended in April 2007.[210]

In February 2008, the two parties agreed to halt any new litigation until an initial ruling is made on the first lawsuit in Delaware.[193][207] Nokia won three consecutive court rulings with the German Federal Patent Court, the High Court in the United Kingdom, and the International Trade Commission respectively. Each found that Nokia was not infringing on Qualcomm's patents.[199][202][211] In July 2008, Nokia and Qualcomm reached an out-of-court settlement that ended the dispute and created a 15-year cross-licensing agreement.[199]

Recent disputes edit

ParkerVision filed a lawsuit against Qualcomm in July 2011 alleging that it infringed on seven ParkerVision patents related to converting electromagnetic radio signals to lower frequencies.[212] A $173 million jury verdict against Qualcomm was overturned by a judge.[213]

In November 2013, the China National Development and Reform Commission initiated an anti-trust investigation into Qualcomm's licensing division.[74][75] The Securities and Exchange Commission also started an investigation into whether Qualcomm breached antibribery laws through its activities in China.[75][214] The Chinese regulator raided Qualcomm's Chinese offices in August 2013.[215] The dispute was settled in 2015 for $975 million.[216]

In late 2016 The Korea Fair Trade Commission alleged Qualcomm abused a "dominant market position" to charge cell phone manufacturers excessive royalties for patents and limit sales to companies selling competing semiconductor products.[217] The regulator gave Qualcomm a fine of $854 million, which the company said it will appeal.[217]

In April 2017, Qualcomm paid an $814.9 million settlement with BlackBerry as a refund for prepaid licensing fees.[218]

In October 2017, Taiwan's Fair Trade Commission fined Qualcomm another $773 million.[219] In late 2018 Qualcomm paid a settlement to Taiwan for $93 million in fines and a promise to spend $700 million in the local Taiwan economy.[220][221]

Apple edit

In January 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) initiated an investigation into allegations that Qualcomm charged excessive royalties for patents that are "essential to industry standards".[222] That same year, Apple initiated a $1 billion lawsuit against Qualcomm in the U.S. alleging Qualcomm overcharged for semiconductors and failed to pay $1 billion in rebates.[223][224] Apple also filed lawsuits in China[176] and the United Kingdom.[225]

Apple alleged Qualcomm was engaging in unfair competition by selling industry-standard patents at a discount rate in exchange for an exclusivity agreement for its semiconductor products.[226] An FTC report reached similar conclusions.[226] Qualcomm filed counter-claims alleging Apple made false and misleading statements to induce regulators to sue Qualcomm.[227] Qualcomm also sued Apple's suppliers for allegedly not paying Qualcomm's patent royalties, after Apple stopped reimbursing them for patent fees.[227][228] Qualcomm petitioned the International Trade Commission to prohibit imports of iPhones, on the premise that they contain stolen Qualcomm patents after Apple's suppliers stopped paying.[229]

In August 2017, the International Trade Commission responded to Qualcomm's complaints by starting an investigation of Apple's use of Qualcomm patents without royalties.[230] Qualcomm also filed suit against Apple in China for alleged patent infringement in October 2017.[231] The following month, Apple counter-sued, alleging Qualcomm was using patented Apple technology in its Android components.[232]

In December 2018, Chinese[233] and German[234] courts held that Apple infringed on Qualcomm patents and banned sales of certain iPhones. Some patents were held to be invalid,[235] while others were infringed by Apple.[236]

In April 2019, Apple and Qualcomm reached an agreement to cease all litigation and sign a six-year licensing agreement.[237] The settlement included a one-time payment from Apple of about $4.5 to 4.7 billion.[238] Terms of the six-year licensing agreement were not disclosed, but the licensing fees were expected to increase revenues by $2 per-share.[237][238]

In January 2018, the European Competition Commission fined Qualcomm $1.2 billion for an arrangement to use Qualcomm chips exclusively in Apple's mobile products.[239][240][241] Qualcomm appealed the decision,[239][240][241] and in June 2022, Qualcomm announced the company had won its appeal of the European Union antitrust fine. The appeal had highlighted that Apple as a company had no technical alternative other than to use Qualcomm's LTE chipsets.[242]

Federal Trade Commission edit

Stemming from the investigation that led to the Apple lawsuit actions, the FTC filed suit against Qualcomm in 2017 alleging it engaged in antitrust behavior due to its monopoly on wireless broadband technology. The complaints filed by the FTC included that Qualcomm charged "disproportionately high" patent royalty rates to phone manufacturers and refused to sell them broadband chips if they did not license the patents, a policy referred to as "no license, no chips", that Qualcomm refused to license the patent to other chip manufacturers as to maintain their monopoly, and that Qualcomm purposely offered Apple a lower license cost to use their chips exclusively, locking other competitors as well as wireless service providers out of Apple's lucrative market.[243] The trial starting in January 2019, heard by Judge Lucy Koh of the federal Northern District Court that also oversaw the Apple case. Judge Koh ruled in May 2019 against Qualcomm, asserting that Qualcomm's practices did violate antitrust. As part of the ruling, Qualcomm was forced to stop its "no license, no chips" bundling with phone manufacturers, and was required to license its patents to other chip manufacturers. As Qualcomm had expressed its intent to appeal, a panel of judges on the 9th circuit of appeals stayed the orders pending the litigation action.[244]

Qualcomm appealed to the Ninth Circuit, which reversed the decision in August 2020. The Ninth Circuit determined that Judge Koh's decision strayed beyond the scope of antitrust law and that whether Qualcomm's patent licensing may be considered reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing does not fall within the scope of antitrust law, but rather is a matter of contract and patent law. The court concluded that the FTC failed to meet its burden of proof and that Qualcomm's business practices were better characterized as "hypercompetitive" rather than "anticompetitive".[245][246][247]

Operations and market-share edit

Qualcomm develops software, semiconductor designs, patented intellectual property, development tools and services, but does not manufacture physical products like phones or infrastructure equipment.[248] The company's revenues are derived from licensing fees for use of its intellectual property, sales of semiconductor products that are based on its designs, and from other wireless hardware, software or services.[249]

Qualcomm divides its business into three categories:[250]

  • QCT (Qualcomm CDMA Technologies): CDMA wireless products; 80% of revenue
  • QTL (Qualcomm Technology Licensing): Licensing; 19% of revenue
  • QSI (Qualcomm strategic initiatives): Investing in other tech companies; less than 1% of revenue

Qualcomm is a predominantly fabless provider of semiconductor products for wireless communications and data transfer in portable devices.[251] According to the analyst firm Strategy Analytics, Qualcomm has a 39 percent market-share for smartphone application processors and a 50 percent market-share of baseband processors.[252] Its share of the market for application processors on tablets is 18 percent.[253] According to analyst firm ABI Research, Qualcomm has a 65 percent market-share in LTE baseband.[254] Qualcomm also provides licenses to use its patents, many of which are critical to the CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA wireless standards.[255] The company is estimated to earn $20 for every smartphone sold.[256]: 64 

Qualcomm is the largest public company in San Diego.[257][11] It has a philanthropic arm called The Qualcomm Foundation.[258][259] A January 2013 lawsuit resulted in Qualcomm voluntarily adopting a policy of disclosing its political contributions. According to The New York Times, Qualcomm's new disclosure policy was praised by transparency advocates.[260][261]

See also edit

References edit

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February 15, 2024
qualcomm, incorporated, american, multinational, corporation, headquartered, diego, california, incorporated, delaware, creates, semiconductors, software, services, related, wireless, technology, owns, patents, critical, cdma2000, scdma, wcdma, mobile, communi. Qualcomm Incorporated ˈ k w ɒ l k ɒ m 2 is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego California and incorporated in Delaware 3 It creates semiconductors software and services related to wireless technology It owns patents critical to the 5G 4 4G 4 CDMA2000 TD SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards Qualcomm IncorporatedHeadquarters in San Diego CaliforniaCompany typePublicTraded asNasdaq QCOMNasdaq 100 componentS amp P 100 componentS amp P 500 componentIndustryTelecoms equipmentsSemiconductorsFoundedJuly 1985 38 years ago 1985 07 FoundersIrwin JacobsAndrew ViterbiFranklin P AntonioHeadquartersSan Diego California U S Area servedWorldwideKey peopleCristiano Amon CEO Mark D McLaughlin chairman ProductsCDMA WCDMA chipsets Snapdragon BREW OmniTRACS MediaFLO QChat mirasol displays uiOne Gobi Qizx CPURevenueUS 35 82 billion 2023 Operating incomeUS 7 788 billion 2023 Net incomeUS 7 232 billion 2023 Total assetsUS 51 04 billion 2023 Total equityUS 21 58 billion 2023 Number of employeesc 50 000 2023 SubsidiariesAirgo NetworksCSR plcIkanos CommunicationsNuviaQualcomm AtherosSiRFWebsitequalcomm comFootnotes referencesFinancials as of September 24 2023 update 1 Qualcomm was established in 1985 by Irwin Jacobs and six other co founders Its early research into CDMA wireless cell phone technology was funded by selling a two way mobile digital satellite communications system known as Omnitracs After a heated debate in the wireless industry CDMA was adopted as a 2G standard in North America with Qualcomm s patents incorporated 5 Afterwards there was a series of legal disputes about pricing for licensing patents required by the standard citation needed Over the years Qualcomm has expanded into selling semiconductor products in a predominantly fabless manufacturing model It also developed semiconductor components or software for vehicles watches laptops wi fi smartphones and other devices Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 1990 2015 1 3 2015 present NXP Broadcom and NUVIA 2 Wireless CDMA 2 1 2G 2 1 1 Early history 2 1 2 Holy wars of wireless 2 1 3 International 2 1 4 Manufacturing 2 2 3G 2 3 4G 2 4 5G 3 Software and other technology 3 1 Early software 3 2 Other technology 3 3 Developments since 2016 4 Patents and patent disputes 4 1 Broadcom 4 2 Nokia and Project Stockholm 4 3 Recent disputes 4 4 Apple 4 5 Federal Trade Commission 5 Operations and market share 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editEarly history edit Qualcomm was created in July 1985 6 5 by seven former Linkabit employees led by Irwin Jacobs 7 Other co founders included Andrew Viterbi Franklin Antonio Adelia Coffman Andrew Cohen Klein Gilhousen and Harvey White 8 The company was named Qualcomm for Quality Communications 9 It started as a contract research and development center 10 largely for government and defense projects 7 11 Qualcomm merged with Omninet in 1988 and raised 3 5 million in funding to produce the Omnitracs satellite communications system for trucking companies 7 Qualcomm grew from eight employees in 1986 to 620 employees in 1991 due to demand for Omnitracs 12 By 1989 Qualcomm had 32 million in revenue 50 percent of which was from an Omnitracs contract with Schneider National 7 13 Omnitracs profits helped fund Qualcomm s research and development into code division multiple access CDMA technologies for cell phone networks 10 14 1990 2015 edit Qualcomm was operating at a loss in the 1990s due to its investment in CDMA research 10 14 To obtain funding the company filed an initial public offering in September 1991 15 raising 68 million 7 An additional 486 million was raised in 1995 through the sale of 11 5 million more shares The second funding round was done to raise money for the mass manufacturing of CDMA based phones base stations and equipment after most US based cellular networks announced they would adopt the CDMA standard 10 The company had 383 million in annual revenue in 1995 16 and 814 million by 1996 17 In 1998 Qualcomm was restructured leading to a 700 employee layoff Its base station and cell phone manufacturing businesses were spun off in order to focus on its higher margin patents and chipset businesses 7 10 310 311 Since the base station division was losing 400M a year having never sold another base station after making its 10th sale profits skyrocketed in the following year and Qualcomm was the fastest growing stock on the market with a 2 621 percent growth over one year 18 19 20 By 2000 Qualcomm had grown to 6 300 employees 3 2 billion in revenues and 670 million in profit 39 percent of its sales were from CDMA technology followed by licensing 22 wireless 22 and other products 17 10 Around this time Qualcomm established offices in Europe Asia Pacific and Latin America 10 316 By 2001 65 percent of Qualcomm s revenues originated from outside the United States with 35 percent coming from South Korea 10 19 In 2005 Paul E Jacobs son of Qualcomm founder Irwin Jacobs was appointed as Qualcomm s new CEO 21 Whereas Irwin Jacobs focused on CDMA patents Paul Jacobs refocused much of Qualcomm s new research and development on projects related to the Internet of things 21 In the same year they acquired Flarion Technologies a developer of wireless broadband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access OFDMA technology 22 Qualcomm announced Steven Mollenkopf would succeed Paul Jacobs as CEO in December 2013 23 24 Mollenkopf said he would expand Qualcomm s focus to wireless technology for cars wearable devices and other new markets 25 26 2015 present NXP Broadcom and NUVIA edit Qualcomm announced its intent to acquire NXP Semiconductors for 47 billion in October 2016 27 The deal was approved by U S antitrust regulators in April 2017 28 with some standard essential patents excluded to get the deal approved by antitrust regulators 29 30 As the NXP acquisition was ongoing Broadcom made a 103 billion offer to acquire Qualcomm 31 32 and Qualcomm rejected the offer 33 Broadcom attempted a hostile takeover 34 and raised its offer eventually to 121 billion 35 The potential Broadcom acquisition was investigated by the U S Committee on Foreign Investment 36 and blocked by an executive order from former U S President Donald Trump citing national security concerns 37 Qualcomm s NXP acquisition then became a part of the 2018 China United States trade war 38 U S President Donald Trump blocked China based ZTE Corporation from buying American made components such as those from Qualcomm 38 39 The ZTE restriction was lifted after the two countries reached an agreement 40 but then Trump raised tariffs against Chinese goods 38 Qualcomm extended a tender offer to NXP at least 29 times pending Chinese approval 41 before abandoning the deal in July 2018 42 43 On January 6 2021 Qualcomm appointed its president and chip division head Cristiano Amon as its new chief executive 44 On January 13 2021 Qualcomm announced it would acquire NUVIA a server CPU startup founded in early 2019 by ex Apple and ex Google architects for approximately 1 4 billion 45 46 The acquisition was completed in March 2021 and it was announced that its first products would be laptop CPUs shipping in the second half of 2022 47 In March 2022 Qualcomm acquired the advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous driving software brand Arriver from the investment company SSW Partners 48 In June 2022 Qualcomm acquired Israeli startup Cellwize through its investment arm Qualcomm Ventures 49 In August 2022 Bloomberg News reported that Qualcomm was planning to return to server CPU market based on NUVIA s product 50 Later that month Arm Ltd announced that it sued Qualcomm and NUVIA for breaching license agreements and trademark violations 51 Arm cited that the chip designs using Arm licenses developed by NUVIA could not be transferred to its parent Qualcomm without permission 52 Qualcomm indicated that its licenses with Arm cover custom designed processors 52 In January 2023 the company announced a new partnership with Salesforce to develop a connected vehicle platform for automakers using the Snapdragon digital chassis 53 In May 2023 Qualcomm announced their intent to purchase Israeli fabless chipmaking company Autotalks for a reported 350 400 million The purchase is subject to review by the Competition and Markets Authority 54 55 In September 2023 the company announced that it had signed a contract rumored to be worth 75 million per year for its Snapdragon brand to be the primary shirt sponsor for English football club Manchester United starting with the 2024 25 season replacing German company TeamViewer 56 In October 2023 Qualcomm introduced the Snapdragon X series a computing platform for Windows PCs which includes a custom ARM based Oryon CPU from NUVIA acquisition a GPU and a dedicated neural processing unit 57 58 Wireless CDMA edit2G edit Early history edit In mid 1985 Qualcomm was hired by Hughes Aircraft to provide research and testing for a satellite network proposal to the Federal Communications Commission FCC 7 38 The following year Qualcomm filed its first CDMA patent No 4 901 307 7 This patent established Qualcomm s overall approach to CDMA 7 and later became one of the most frequently cited technical documents in history 59 84 The project with the FCC was scrapped in 1988 when the FCC told all twelve vendors that submitted proposals to form a joint venture to create a single proposal 7 38 Qualcomm further developed the CDMA techniques for commercial use and submitted them to the Cellular Telephone Industries Association CTIA in 1989 as an alternative to the time division multiple access TDMA standard for second generation cell phone networks 7 49 A few months later CTIA officially rejected Qualcomm s CDMA standard 60 in favor of the more established TDMA standard developed by Ericsson 10 17 At the time CDMA wasn t considered viable in high volume commercial applications due to the near far field effect whereby phones closer to a cell tower with a stronger signal drown out callers that are further away and have a weaker signal 7 54 55 62 65 61 Qualcomm filed three additional patents in 1989 They were for a power management system that adjusts the signal strength of each call to adjust for the near far field effect a soft handoff methodology for transferring callers from one cell tower to the next and a variable rate encoder which reduces bandwidth usage when a caller isn t speaking 7 54 55 62 65 61 Holy wars of wireless edit After the FCC said carriers were allowed to implement standards not approved by the CTIA Qualcomm began pitching its CDMA technology directly to carriers 7 This started what is often referred to as the Holy Wars of Wireless an often heated debate about whether TDMA or CDMA was better suited for 2G networks 7 117 120 Qualcomm supported CDMA standards eventually unseated TDMA as the more popular 2G standard in North America due to its network capacity 17 Qualcomm conducted CDMA test demonstrations in 1989 62 in San Diego and in 1990 in New York City 63 64 In 1990 Nynex Mobile Communications and Ameritech Mobile Communications were the first carriers to implement CDMA networks instead of TDMA 63 Motorola a prior TDMA advocate conducted CDMA test implementations in Hong Kong and Los Angeles 65 61 This was followed by a 2 million trial network in San Diego for Airtouch Communications 17 64 177 In November 1991 14 carriers and manufacturers conducted large scale CDMA field tests 17 66 Results from the test implementations convinced CTIA to re open discussions regarding CDMA and the 2G standard 67 CTIA changed its position and supported CDMA in 1993 17 adopting Qualcomm s CDMA as the IS 95A standard also known as cdmaOne 68 This prompted widespread criticism in forums trade press and conventions from businesses that had already invested heavily in the TDMA standard and from TDMA s developer Ericsson 17 67 The first commercial scale CDMA cellular network was created in Hong Kong in 1995 68 On July 21 1995 Primeco which represented a joint venture of Bell Atlantic Nynex US West and AirTouch Communications announced it was going to implement CDMA based services 17 on networks in 15 states 68 By this time 11 out of 14 of the world s largest networks supported CDMA 17 69 By 1997 CDMA had 57 percent of the US market whereas 14 percent of the market was on TDMA 17 International edit In 1991 Qualcomm and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute ETRI agreed to jointly develop CDMA technologies for the Korean telecommunications infrastructure 70 71 A CDMA standard was adopted as the national wireless standard in Korea in May 1993 7 with commercial CDMA networks being launched in 1996 71 70 CDMA networks were also launched in Argentina Brazil Mexico India and Venezuela 72 73 Qualcomm entered the Russian and Latin American markets in 2005 7 By 2007 Qualcomm s technology was in cell phone networks in more than 105 countries 72 Qualcomm also formed licensing agreements with Nokia in Europe Nortel in Canada and with Matsushita and Mitsubishi in Japan 10 Qualcomm entered the Chinese market through a partnership with China Unicom in 2000 10 which launched the first CDMA based network in China in 2003 73 China became a major market for Qualcomm s semiconductor products representing more than fifty percent of its revenues 74 but also the source of many legal disputes regarding Qualcomm s intellectual property 75 By 2007 500 million of Qualcomm s annual revenues were coming from Korean manufacturers 76 Manufacturing edit Initially Qualcomm s manufacturing operations were limited to a small ASIC design and manufacturing team to support the Omnitracs system 7 Qualcomm was forced to expand into manufacturing in the 1990s in order to produce the hardware carriers needed to implement CDMA networks that used Qualcomm s intellectual property 7 Qualcomm s first large manufacturing project was in May 1993 in a deal to provide 36 000 CDMA phones to US West 7 64 For a time Qualcomm experienced delays and other manufacturing problems because it was inexperienced with mass manufacturing 10 In 1994 Qualcomm partnered with Northern Telecom and formed a joint partnership with Sony in order to leverage their manufacturing expertise 62 Nokia Samsung and Motorola introduced their own CDMA phones in 1997 62 Qualcomm s manufacturing business was losing money due to large capital equipment costs and declining prices caused by competition 62 59 7 Also in March 1997 after Qualcomm introduced its Q phone Motorola initiated a lawsuit settled out of court in 2000 for allegedly copying the design of its Startac phone 77 78 In December 1999 Qualcomm sold its manufacturing interests to Kyocera Corporation a Japanese CDMA manufacturer and Qualcomm licensee 79 80 Qualcomm s infrastructure division was sold to competitor Ericsson in 1999 as part of an out of court agreement for a CDMA patent dispute that started in 1996 81 82 The sale of the infrastructure division marked the beginning of an increase in Qualcomm s stock price and stronger financial performance but many of the 1 200 employees involved were discontented working for a competitor and losing their stock options 81 83 This led to a protracted legal dispute regarding employee stock options resulting in 74 million in settlements by 2005 7 3G edit 3G standards were expected to force prior TDMA carriers onto CDMA in order to meet 3G bandwidth goals 59 84 The two largest GSM manufacturers Nokia and Ericsson advocated for a greater role for GSM 85 in order to negotiate lower royalty prices from Qualcomm 84 In 1998 the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI voted in support of the WCDMA standard which relied less on Qualcomm s CDMA patents 86 Qualcomm responded by refusing to license its intellectual property for the standard 84 The Telecommunications Industry Association TIA and the Third Generation Partnership Program 2 advocated for a competing CDMA 2000 standard developed primarily by Qualcomm 87 88 American and European politicians advocated for the CDMA 2000 and WCDMA standards respectively 7 84 The ITU said it would exclude Qualcomm s CDMA technology from the 3G standards entirely if a patent dispute over the technology with Ericsson was not resolved 7 89 The two reached an agreement out of court in 1999 one month before a deadline set by the ITU Both companies agreed to cross license their technology to each other 89 30 and to work together on 3G standards 90 A compromise was eventually reached whereby the ITU would initially endorse three standards CDMA2000 1X WCDMA and TD SCDMA 84 Qualcomm agreed to license its CDMA patents for variants such as WCDMA 84 There were 240 million CDMA 3G subscribers by 2004 and 143 carriers in 67 countries by 2005 64 Qualcomm claimed to own 38 percent of WCDMA s essential patents whereas European GSM interests sponsored a research paper alleging Qualcomm only owned 19 percent 59 Qualcomm consolidated its interests in telecommunications carriers such as Cricket Communications and Pegaso into a holding company Leap Wireless in 1998 91 10 Leap was spun off later that year 92 and sold to AT amp T in 2014 92 4G edit Qualcomm initially advocated for the CDMA based Ultra Mobile Broadband UMB standard for fourth generation wireless networks 93 UMB wasn t backwards compatible with prior CDMA networks and didn t operate as well in narrow bandwidths as the LTE long term evolution standard No cellular networks adopted UMB 94 Qualcomm halted development of UMB in 2005 and decided to support the LTE standard 95 96 even though it didn t rely as heavily on Qualcomm patents 97 Then Qualcomm purchased LTE related patents through acquisitions 98 By 2012 Qualcomm held 81 seminal patents used in 4G LTE standards or 12 46 percent 99 Qualcomm also became more focused on using its intellectual property to manufacture semiconductors in a fabless manufacturing model 100 A VLSI Technology Organization division was founded in 2004 followed by a DFX group in 2006 which did more of the manufacturing design in house 101 Qualcomm announced it was developing the Scorpion central processing unit CPU for mobile devices in November 2005 102 103 This was followed by the first shipments of the Snapdragon system on chip product which includes a CPU GPS graphics processing unit camera support and other software and semiconductors 104 in November 2007 105 The Gobi family of modems for portable devices was released in 2008 106 107 Gobi modems were embedded in many laptop brands 108 109 and Snapdragon system on chips were embedded into most Android devices 110 Qualcomm won a government auction in India in 2010 for 1 billion in spectrum and licenses from which to offer broadband services It formed four joint ventures with Indian holding companies for this purpose A 49 percent stake in the holding companies was acquired by Bharti in May 2012 and the remaining was acquired in October 2012 111 by AT amp T 112 5G edit According to Fortune Magazine Qualcomm has been developing technologies for future 5G standards in three areas radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to creating larger ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces and a set of services for Internet of things applications 113 Qualcomm s first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016 114 and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017 115 Qualcomm s first 5G antennas were announced in July 2018 116 As of 2018 Qualcomm had partnerships with 19 mobile device manufacturers and 18 carriers to commercialize 5G technology 117 By late 2019 several phones were being sold with Qualcomm s 5G technology incorporated 118 Software and other technology editEarly software edit Qualcomm acquired an email application called Eudora in 1991 119 By 1996 Eudora was installed on 63 percent of PCs 120 Microsoft Outlook eclipsed Eudora since it was provided for free by default on Windows based machines 121 By 2003 Qualcomm s Eudora was the most popular alternative to Microsoft Outlook but still had only a five percent share of the market 122 Software development for Eudora was retired in 2006 121 In 2001 Qualcomm introduced Brew a smartphone app development service 123 124 125 with APIs to access contacts billing app stores or multimedia on the phone 124 South Korean carrier KTFreeTel was the first to adopt the Brew system in November 2001 followed by Verizon in March 2002 126 for its Get it Now program There were 2 5 million Brew users by the end of 2002 and 73 million in 2003 64 Other technology edit In 2004 Qualcomm created a MediaFLO subsidiary to bring its FLO forward link only specification to market Qualcomm built an 800 million MediaFLO network of cell towers to supplement carrier networks with one that is designed for multimedia 127 128 In comparison to cellular towers that provide two way communications with each cell phone individually MediaFLO towers would broadcast multimedia content to mobile phones in a one way broadcast 129 130 Qualcomm also sold FLO based semiconductors and licenses 131 132 Qualcomm created the FLO Forum standards group with 15 industry participants in July 2005 133 Verizon was the first carrier to partner with MediaFlo in December 2005 130 for its Verizon Wireless V Cast TV 134 which was followed by the AT amp T Mobile TV service a couple months later 135 136 The MediaFlo service was launched on Super Bowl Sunday in 2007 137 Despite the interest the service got among carriers it was unpopular among consumers 137 138 139 The service required users to pay for a subscription and have phones that were equipped with special semiconductors 138 139 The service was discontinued in 2011 and its spectrum was sold to AT amp T for 1 93 billion 138 139 Qualcomm rebooted the effort in 2013 with LTE Broadcast which uses pre existing cell towers to broadcast select content locally on a dedicated spectrum such as during major sporting events 138 140 Based on technology acquired from Iridigm in 2004 for 170 million 141 Qualcomm began commercializing Mirasol displays in 2007 which was expanded into eight products in 2008 142 Mirasol uses natural light shining on a screen to provide lighting for the display rather a backlight in order to reduce power consumption 143 The amount of space between the surface of the display and a mirror within a 10 micron wide interferometric modulator determines the color of the reflected light 144 Mirasol was eventually closed down after an attempt to revive it in 2013 in Toq watches 145 In June 2011 Qualcomm introduced AllJoyn a wireless standard for communicating between devices like cell phones televisions air conditioners and refrigerators 146 147 148 The Alljoyn technology was donated to the Linux Foundation in December 2013 Qualcomm and the Linux Foundation then formed the Allseen Alliance to administer the standard 146 149 and Qualcomm developed products that used the AllJoyn standard 150 151 152 In December 2011 Qualcomm formed a healthcare subsidiary called Qualcomm Life Simultaneously the subsidiary released a cloud based service for managing clinical data called 2net and the Qualcomm Life Fund which invests in wireless healthcare technology companies 153 154 The subsidiary doubled its employee count by acquiring HealthyCircles Inc a healthcare IT company the following May 155 Qualcomm life was later sold to a private equity firm Francisco Partners in 2019 156 Developments since 2016 edit In 2016 Qualcomm developed its first beta processor chip for servers and PCs called Server Development Platform and sent samples for testing 157 In January 2017 a second generation data center and PC server chip called Centriq 2400 was released 157 PC Magazine said the release was historic for Qualcomm because it was a new market segment for the company 158 Qualcomm also created a Qualcomm Datacenter Technologies subsidiary to focus on the PCs and servers market 159 In 2017 Qualcomm introduced embedded technology for 3D cameras intended for augmented reality apps 160 and also developed and demonstrated laptop processors 161 In 2000 Qualcomm formed a joint venture with Ford called Wingcast which created telematics equipment for cars but was unsuccessful and closed down two years later 162 163 164 Qualcomm acquired the wireless electric car charging company HaloIPT in November 2011 165 and later sold the company to WiTricity in February 2019 166 Qualcomm also started introducing Snapdragon system on chips 167 and Gobi modems 168 and other software or semiconductor products for self driving cars and modern in car computers 169 170 In 2020 Qualcomm hired Baidu veteran Nan Zhou to head Qualcomm s push into AI 171 Patents and patent disputes editIn 2021 the World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Qualcomm s number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 5th in the world with 2 173 patent applications being published during 2020 172 This position is down from their previous ranking as 4th in 2019 with 2 127 applications 173 In 2017 Qualcomm owned more than 130 000 current or pending patents 5 an increase from the early 2000s when Qualcomm had more than 1 000 patents 174 175 As the sole early investor in CDMA research and development Qualcomm s patent portfolio contains much of the intellectual property that is essential to CDMA technologies 62 Since many of Qualcomm s patents are part of an industry standard the company has agreed to license those patents under fair reasonable and non discriminatory terms 176 Qualcomm s royalties come out to about 5 or 30 per mobile device 5 According to Fortune Magazine this is about 5 10 times more than what is typically charged by other patent holders 176 Qualcomm says its patents are more expensive because they are more important and its pricing is within the range of common licensing practices 176 However competitors clients and regulators often allege Qualcomm charges unreasonable rates or engages in unfair competition for mandatory patents 177 Broadcom edit In 2005 Broadcom and Qualcomm were unable to reach an agreement on cross licensing their intellectual property 178 and Broadcom sued Qualcomm alleging it was breaching ten Broadcom patents 179 180 Broadcom asked the International Trade Commission to prohibit importing the affected technology 179 181 A separate lawsuit alleged Qualcomm was threatening to withhold UMTS patent licenses against manufacturers that bought their semiconductors from competitors in violation of the standards agreement 182 183 184 Qualcomm alleged Broadcom was using litigation as a negotiation tactic and that it would respond with its own lawsuits 183 185 Qualcomm sued Broadcom alleging it was using seven Qualcomm patents without permission 186 By late 2006 more than 20 lawsuits had been filed between the two parties and both sides claimed to be winning 187 In September 2006 a New Jersey court judge ruled that Qualcomm s patent monopoly was an inherent aspect of creating industry standards and that Qualcomm s pricing practices were lawful 187 188 In May 2007 a jury ordered Qualcomm to pay Broadcom 19 6 million for infringing on three Broadcom patents 189 In June 2007 the ITC ruled that Qualcomm had infringed on at least one Broadcom patent and banned corresponding imports 180 190 Qualcomm and Broadcom reached a settlement in April 2009 resulting in a cross licensing agreement a dismissal of all litigation and Qualcomm paying 891 million over four years 191 During the litigation Qualcomm claimed it had never participated in the JVT standards setting process 192 153 However an engineer s testimony led to discovery of 21 JVT related emails Qualcomm lawyers had withheld from the court and 200 000 pages of JVT related documents 193 Qualcomm s lawyers said the evidence was accidentally overlooked whereas the judge said it was gross misconduct 193 194 195 Qualcomm was fined 8 5 million for legal misconduct 196 On appeal the court held that Qualcomm could only enforce the related patents against non JVT members based on the agreements signed to participate in JVT 192 197 7 Nokia and Project Stockholm edit Six large telecommunications companies 198 led by Nokia 199 filed a complaint against Qualcomm with the European Commission s antitrust division 199 in October 2005 200 They alleged Qualcomm was abusing its market position to charge unreasonable rates for its patents 201 202 Qualcomm alleged the six companies were colluding together under the code name Project Stockholm in a legal strategy to negotiate lower rates 203 204 205 These events led to a protracted legal dispute 198 Qualcomm filed a series of patent infringement lawsuits against Nokia in Europe Asia the US and with the ITC 206 207 The parties initiated more than one dozen lawsuits against one another 207 Several companies filed antitrust complaints against Qualcomm with the Korean Fair Trade Commission 208 who initiated an investigation into Qualcomm s practices in December 2006 209 The dispute between Qualcomm and Nokia escalated when their licensing agreement ended in April 2007 210 In February 2008 the two parties agreed to halt any new litigation until an initial ruling is made on the first lawsuit in Delaware 193 207 Nokia won three consecutive court rulings with the German Federal Patent Court the High Court in the United Kingdom and the International Trade Commission respectively Each found that Nokia was not infringing on Qualcomm s patents 199 202 211 In July 2008 Nokia and Qualcomm reached an out of court settlement that ended the dispute and created a 15 year cross licensing agreement 199 Recent disputes edit ParkerVision filed a lawsuit against Qualcomm in July 2011 alleging that it infringed on seven ParkerVision patents related to converting electromagnetic radio signals to lower frequencies 212 A 173 million jury verdict against Qualcomm was overturned by a judge 213 In November 2013 the China National Development and Reform Commission initiated an anti trust investigation into Qualcomm s licensing division 74 75 The Securities and Exchange Commission also started an investigation into whether Qualcomm breached antibribery laws through its activities in China 75 214 The Chinese regulator raided Qualcomm s Chinese offices in August 2013 215 The dispute was settled in 2015 for 975 million 216 In late 2016 The Korea Fair Trade Commission alleged Qualcomm abused a dominant market position to charge cell phone manufacturers excessive royalties for patents and limit sales to companies selling competing semiconductor products 217 The regulator gave Qualcomm a fine of 854 million which the company said it will appeal 217 In April 2017 Qualcomm paid an 814 9 million settlement with BlackBerry as a refund for prepaid licensing fees 218 In October 2017 Taiwan s Fair Trade Commission fined Qualcomm another 773 million 219 In late 2018 Qualcomm paid a settlement to Taiwan for 93 million in fines and a promise to spend 700 million in the local Taiwan economy 220 221 Apple edit In January 2017 the Federal Trade Commission FTC initiated an investigation into allegations that Qualcomm charged excessive royalties for patents that are essential to industry standards 222 That same year Apple initiated a 1 billion lawsuit against Qualcomm in the U S alleging Qualcomm overcharged for semiconductors and failed to pay 1 billion in rebates 223 224 Apple also filed lawsuits in China 176 and the United Kingdom 225 Apple alleged Qualcomm was engaging in unfair competition by selling industry standard patents at a discount rate in exchange for an exclusivity agreement for its semiconductor products 226 An FTC report reached similar conclusions 226 Qualcomm filed counter claims alleging Apple made false and misleading statements to induce regulators to sue Qualcomm 227 Qualcomm also sued Apple s suppliers for allegedly not paying Qualcomm s patent royalties after Apple stopped reimbursing them for patent fees 227 228 Qualcomm petitioned the International Trade Commission to prohibit imports of iPhones on the premise that they contain stolen Qualcomm patents after Apple s suppliers stopped paying 229 In August 2017 the International Trade Commission responded to Qualcomm s complaints by starting an investigation of Apple s use of Qualcomm patents without royalties 230 Qualcomm also filed suit against Apple in China for alleged patent infringement in October 2017 231 The following month Apple counter sued alleging Qualcomm was using patented Apple technology in its Android components 232 In December 2018 Chinese 233 and German 234 courts held that Apple infringed on Qualcomm patents and banned sales of certain iPhones Some patents were held to be invalid 235 while others were infringed by Apple 236 In April 2019 Apple and Qualcomm reached an agreement to cease all litigation and sign a six year licensing agreement 237 The settlement included a one time payment from Apple of about 4 5 to 4 7 billion 238 Terms of the six year licensing agreement were not disclosed but the licensing fees were expected to increase revenues by 2 per share 237 238 In January 2018 the European Competition Commission fined Qualcomm 1 2 billion for an arrangement to use Qualcomm chips exclusively in Apple s mobile products 239 240 241 Qualcomm appealed the decision 239 240 241 and in June 2022 Qualcomm announced the company had won its appeal of the European Union antitrust fine The appeal had highlighted that Apple as a company had no technical alternative other than to use Qualcomm s LTE chipsets 242 Federal Trade Commission edit Stemming from the investigation that led to the Apple lawsuit actions the FTC filed suit against Qualcomm in 2017 alleging it engaged in antitrust behavior due to its monopoly on wireless broadband technology The complaints filed by the FTC included that Qualcomm charged disproportionately high patent royalty rates to phone manufacturers and refused to sell them broadband chips if they did not license the patents a policy referred to as no license no chips that Qualcomm refused to license the patent to other chip manufacturers as to maintain their monopoly and that Qualcomm purposely offered Apple a lower license cost to use their chips exclusively locking other competitors as well as wireless service providers out of Apple s lucrative market 243 The trial starting in January 2019 heard by Judge Lucy Koh of the federal Northern District Court that also oversaw the Apple case Judge Koh ruled in May 2019 against Qualcomm asserting that Qualcomm s practices did violate antitrust As part of the ruling Qualcomm was forced to stop its no license no chips bundling with phone manufacturers and was required to license its patents to other chip manufacturers As Qualcomm had expressed its intent to appeal a panel of judges on the 9th circuit of appeals stayed the orders pending the litigation action 244 Qualcomm appealed to the Ninth Circuit which reversed the decision in August 2020 The Ninth Circuit determined that Judge Koh s decision strayed beyond the scope of antitrust law and that whether Qualcomm s patent licensing may be considered reasonable and non discriminatory licensing does not fall within the scope of antitrust law but rather is a matter of contract and patent law The court concluded that the FTC failed to meet its burden of proof and that Qualcomm s business practices were better characterized as hypercompetitive rather than anticompetitive 245 246 247 Operations and market share editQualcomm develops software semiconductor designs patented intellectual property development tools and services but does not manufacture physical products like phones or infrastructure equipment 248 The company s revenues are derived from licensing fees for use of its intellectual property sales of semiconductor products that are based on its designs and from other wireless hardware software or services 249 Qualcomm divides its business into three categories 250 QCT Qualcomm CDMA Technologies CDMA wireless products 80 of revenue QTL Qualcomm Technology Licensing Licensing 19 of revenue QSI Qualcomm strategic initiatives Investing in other tech companies less than 1 of revenueQualcomm is a predominantly fabless provider of semiconductor products for wireless communications and data transfer in portable devices 251 According to the analyst firm Strategy Analytics Qualcomm has a 39 percent market share for smartphone application processors and a 50 percent market share of baseband processors 252 Its share of the market for application processors on tablets is 18 percent 253 According to analyst firm ABI Research Qualcomm has a 65 percent market share in LTE baseband 254 Qualcomm also provides licenses to use its patents many of which are critical to the CDMA2000 TD SCDMA and WCDMA wireless standards 255 The company is 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